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30 Proceedings of 66 th Annual Conference Identifying Gaps and Opportunities for Interregional Ex situ Species Management Kathy Traylor-Holzer – Senior Program Officer for the IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group Abstract Cooperation and management among regional zoo programs may improve the viability of non-sustainable regional populations. A database of 942 taxa with studbooks and/or management programs was compiled to understand the characteristics of currently managed species and as a tool for identifying management opportunities. Threatened species account for 48% of managed species, which focus heavily on mammals and birds. Regional differences exist in number of programs, taxa, and management intensity. There are 77 threatened and 106 non-threatened taxa with multiple regional studbooks that are potential candidates for an international studbook. Similarly, 69 threatened and 16 nonthreatened species are intensively managed in multiple regions, and should be assessed for the potential benefits and feasibility of interregional management. Introduction Biodiversity is being lost at an increasingly alarming rate. About one-fifth of the 33,468 vertebrate species on the 2010 IUCN Red List are classified as Threatened (IUCN 2010), and each year about 52 species of mammals, birds and amphibians move one Red List category closer to extinction (Hoffmann et al. 2010). As wildlife populations decline in size and become more fragmented and isolated, they also become more vulnerable to extinction risks. There is an increasing conservation role, and responsibility, of zoos and aquariums to manage species in an appropriate and effective manner to contribute positively to their conservation in the wild. Global Management However, recent evaluations indicate that most regional zoo populations are not self-sustainable and cannot meet the common goal of retaining 90% gene diversity for 100 years as closed populations under current management strategies (Barlow and Hibbard 2005; Lees and Wilcken 2009; Leus et al. 2011; Long et al. 2011). The growing concern over the sustainability of ex situ managed populations was the focus of the recent issue of the WAZA Magazine (Vol. 12, August 2011) as well as the theme of this annual WAZA conference symposium. Alternative management strategies provide several options that can increase the viability and sustainability of zoo populations. One promising option is the potential for increased population viability through interregional or global management. Examples include the recently established WAZA Global Species Management Plans (GSMPs) for the Javan gibbon and Sumatran tiger, as well as other species that have been successfully managed across regions such as lion tamarins and okapis. Well planned, coordinated animal exchanges between regional populations can increase viability through improved demographic stability and genetic status. To contribute most effectively to conservation, such meta-population management should include an intensive managed population in the species’ range country. But what is the current potential for interregional management? Which species currently have, or have the potential to develop, multiple well-managed ex situ populations that would benefit from coordinated management? What criteria should be used to prioritize such species for global management?
October 2011 | Prague 31 In order to address these questions, a database of managed programs was compiled for 942 taxa managed by the following zoo associations: • European Association of Zoos and Aquariums (EAZA); • Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA); • Zoo and Aquarium Association (ZAA); • Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA); • Chinese Association of Zoological Gardens (CAZG); • Southeast Asian Zoo Association (SEAZA); • Central Zoo Authority of India (CZA); • African Association of Zoos and Aquaria (PAAZAB); • Latin American Zoo and Aquarium Association (ALZPA); • Mesoamerican and Caribbean Zoo and Aquaria (AMACZOOA); • World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA); • Plus programs organized under the Amphibian AArk (AArk). For each taxon, the database included the IUCN Red List level of threat, information on any existing international studbook and/or global management plan, and level of management intensity (studbook only, basic management, or intensive management) for each zoo association. Species can be filtered by taxonomy, threat level, region, management program type, and/or the number of managed programs. For example, it is possible to quickly determine those bird species that are Endangered or Critically Endangered and are currently managed in at least two regions, or identify which species are managed by both JAZA and ZAA, or other such data subsets of interest. This database is also useful to examine trends in species population management. Management programs vary across taxonomy and level of threat. Mammals and birds comprise the majority (76%) of the managed species: mammals (44%); birds (32%); reptiles (10%); amphibians (7%); fish (7%); and invertebrates (
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