an ecological land survey and landcover map of the selawik national ...

AN ECOLOGICAL LAND SURVEY AND LANDCOVER MAP OF THE
SELAWIK NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
M. TORRE JORGENSON
JOANNA E. ROTH
PATRICIA F. MILLER
MATTHEW J. MACANDER
MICHAEL S. DUFFY
ERIK R. PULLMAN
ERIC A. MILLER
LAUREN B. ATTANAS
AARON F. WELLS
STEPHEN TALBOT
PREPARED FOR
U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
KOTZEBUE, ALASKA
PREPARED BY
ABR, INC.–ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH & SERVICES
FAIRBANKS, ALASKA
AND
U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA

AN ECOLOGICAL LAND SURVEY AND LANDCOVER MAP OF THE
SELAWIK NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
Prepared for
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Selawik National Wildlife Refuge
P.O. Box 270
Kotzebue, AK 99752
M. Torre Jorgenson
Joanna E. Roth
Patricia F. Miller
Matthew J. Macander
Michael S. Duffy
Erik R. Pullman
Eric A. Miller
Lauren B. Attanas
Aaron F. Wells
ABR, Inc. - Environmental Research & Services
P.O. Box 80410
Fairbanks, Alaska 99708
And
Stephen Talbot
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1011 East Tudor Road
Anchorage, AK 99503
November 2009
Printed on recycled paper.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF APPENDICES.............................................................................................................................viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................ ix
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1
METHODS.................................................................................................................................................... 4
FIELD SURVEYS ...................................................................................................................................... 4
GROUND SURVEYS ................................................................................................................................ 4
AERIAL SURVEYS................................................................................................................................... 6
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ...................................................................................................................... 6
DATA MANAGEMENT............................................................................................................................ 6
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION.......................................................................................................... 6
ECOLOGICAL COMPONENTS ............................................................................................................ 8
ECOTYPES.............................................................................................................................................. 8
SOILS....................................................................................................................................................... 9
ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS SYNTHESIS........................................................................................ 9
LAND COVER AND ECOSYSTEM MAPPING...................................................................................... 9
LANDSAT IMAGERY PREPROCESSING........................................................................................... 9
SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................ 12
RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 14
ECOTYPES AND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS ......................................................................................... 14
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ECOLOGICAL COMPONENTS ........................................................... 121
LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS....................................................................................................... 121
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS...................................................................................... 121
VEGETATION COMPOSITION ........................................................................................................ 136
LANDCOVER MAPPING ..................................................................................................................... 158
VEGETATION AND ECOTYPES...................................................................................................... 158
ACCURACY ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................ 158
SOIL LANDSCAPES............................................................................................................................. 164
CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOIL LANDSCAPES .............................................. 164
SOIL LANDSCAPES MAPPING ....................................................................................................... 171
FACTORS AFFECTING LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION AND ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT ...... 172
CLIMATE ............................................................................................................................................ 172
OCEANOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................. 177
TECTONIC SETTING AND PHYSIOGRAPHY ............................................................................... 178
BEDROCK GEOLOGY....................................................................................................................... 178
GEOMORPHOLOGY.......................................................................................................................... 179
FIRE ..................................................................................................................................................... 180
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................ 182
LITERATURE CITED.............................................................................................................................. 184
iii
Selawik Ecological Land Survey

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Interaction of interrelated state factors that control the structure and function of
ecosystems and the scales at which they operate...................................................................... 2
Figure 2. Plot locations for the ecological land survey and land cover map for the Selawik
National Wildlife Refuge.......................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3. Flowchart illustrating image processing steps for creating the landcover map...................... 10
Figure 4. Mean thickness of the surface organic layer, depth to rock and depth of thaw for
ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge............................................................... 129
Figure 5. Mean pH, electrical conductivity, and water depth for ecotypes in the Selawik
National Wildlife Refuge...................................................................................................... 130
Figure 6. Mean thickness of the surface organic layer, depth to rock and depth of thaw for
plant and cryptogam species in upland and alpine ecotypes in the Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................................................... 132
Figure 7. Mean pH, electrical conductivity, and water depth for plant and cryptogam species
in upland and alpine ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ............................. 133
Figure 8. Mean thickness of the surface organic layer, depth to rock and depth of thaw for
plant and cryptogam species in lowland, lacustrine, riverine and coastal ecotypes in
the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge.................................................................................. 134
Figure 9. Mean pH, electrical conductivity, and water depth for plant and cryptogam species in
lowland, lacustrine, riverine and coastal ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife
Refuge................................................................................................................................... 135
Figure 10. Detrended correspondence analysis species composition for alpine and upland
ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, based on the dataset for the
regional classification ........................................................................................................... 146
Figure 11. Detrended correspondence analysis species composition for lowland and lacustrine
ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, based on the dataset for the
regional classification ........................................................................................................... 147
Figure 12. Detrended correspondence analysis species composition for riverine and coastal
ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, based on the dataset for the
regional classification ........................................................................................................... 148
Figure 13. Map of vegetation classes of the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ................................... 159
Figure 14. Map of ecotypes of the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge.................................................. 161
Figure 15. Map of soil landscapes derived from ecotype-soil relationships for the Selawik
National Wildlife Refuge...................................................................................................... 173
Figure 16. Mean annual air temperatures across the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ...................... 175
Figure 17. Mean annual precipitation values across the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge................. 176
Figure 18. Map of historical fire perimeters in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge from
1942–2007 ............................................................................................................................ 181
Selawik Ecological Land Survey
iv

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Auxiliary datasets used for mapping and analysis purposes .................................................... 7
Table 2. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Acidic Barrens .................................................. 16
Table 3. Soil characteristics for Alpine Acidic Barrens ....................................................................... 17
Table 4. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub................................ 18
Table 5. Soil characteristics for Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub .................................................... 19
Table 6. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Alkaline Barrens ............................................... 20
Table 7. Soil characteristics for Alpine Alkaline Barrens .................................................................... 21
Table 8. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub ............................ 22
Table 9. Soil characteristics for Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub ................................................. 23
Table 10. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub ...................................... 24
Table 11. Soil characteristics for Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub ........................................................... 25
Table 12. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub........................ 26
Table 13. Soil characteristics for Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub............................................. 27
Table 14. Vegetation cover and frequency for Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow .......................................... 28
Table 15. Soil characteristics for Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow............................................................... 29
Table 16. Vegetation cover and frequency for Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh ..................................... 30
Table 17. Soil characteristics for Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh .......................................................... 31
Table 18. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Barrens ........................................................ 32
Table 19. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Barrens............................................................................. 32
Table 20. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow....................................... 33
Table 21. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow............................................................ 34
Table 22. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Buckbean Fen.............................................. 35
Table 23. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Buckbean Fen .................................................................. 36
Table 24. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh........................................... 37
Table 25. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh................................................................ 38
Table 26. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Marestail Marsh .......................................... 39
Table 27. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Marestail Marsh ............................................................... 39
Table 28. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh .................................. 40
Table 29. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh ....................................................... 41
Table 30. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow .................................... 42
Table 31. Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow......................................................... 43
Table 32. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Alder Tall Shrub ............................................ 44
Table 33. Soil characteristics for Lowland Alder Tall Shrub ................................................................. 45
Table 34. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub........................ 46
Table 35. Soil characteristics for Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub............................................. 47
v
Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 36. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Birch–Willow Low Shrub ............................. 48
Table 37. Soil characteristics for Lowland Birch–Willow Low Shrub .................................................. 49
Table 38. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Black Spruce Forest....................................... 50
Table 39. Soil characteristics for Lowland Black Spruce Forest............................................................ 51
Table 40. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog ................................... 52
Table 41. Soil characteristics for Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog ........................................................ 53
Table 42. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Lake ............................................................... 54
Table 43. Water characteristics for Lowland Lake.................................................................................54
Table 44. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Sedge Fen ...................................................... 55
Table 45. Soil characteristics for Lowland Sedge Fen ........................................................................... 56
Table 46. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen ........................................ 57
Table 47. Soil characteristics for Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen. ............................................................ 58
Table 48. Vegetation cover and frequency for Lowland Willow Low Shrub ........................................ 59
Table 49. Soil characteristics for Lowland Willow Low Shrub ............................................................. 60
Table 50. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Alder Tall Shrub............................................. 61
Table 51. Soil characteristics for Riverine Alder Tall Shrub ................................................................. 62
Table 52. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Barrens ........................................................... 63
Table 53. Soil characteristics for Riverine Barrens ................................................................................ 64
Table 54. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Birch–Willow Low Shrub.............................. 65
Table 55. Soil characteristics for Riverine Birch–Willow Low Shrub................................................... 66
Table 56. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Bluejoint Meadow.......................................... 67
Table 57. Soil characteristics for Riverine Bluejoint Meadow............................................................... 68
Table 58. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub ........................................ 69
Table 59. Soil characteristics for Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub ............................................................. 70
Table 60. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Forb Marsh..................................................... 71
Table 61. Soil characteristics for Riverine Forb Marsh.......................................................................... 72
Table 62. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub ............................... 73
Table 63. Soil characteristics for Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub .................................................... 74
Table 64. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh ..................................... 75
Table 65. Soil characteristics for Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh .......................................................... 76
Table 66. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Poplar Forest .................................................. 77
Table 67. Soil characteristics for Riverine Poplar Forest ....................................................................... 77
Table 68. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Water.............................................................. 78
Table 69. Water characteristics for Riverine Water ...............................................................................78
Table 70. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow ....................................... 79
Table 71. Soil characteristics for Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow ............................................................ 80
Selawik Ecological Land Survey
vi

Table 72. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub .................................. 81
Table 73. Soil characteristics for Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub....................................................... 81
Table 74. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest............................ 82
Table 75. Soil characteristics for Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest................................................. 83
Table 76. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine White Spruce–Poplar Forest .......................... 84
Table 77. Soil characteristics for Riverine White Spruce–Poplar Forest ............................................... 85
Table 78. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest......................... 86
Table 79. Soil characteristics for Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest.............................................. 87
Table 80. Vegetation cover and frequency for Riverine Willow Low Shrub......................................... 88
Table 81. Soil characteristics for Riverine Willow Low Shrub.............................................................. 89
Table 82. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub................................. 90
Table 83. Soil characteristics for Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub ..................................................... 91
Table 84. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Birch Forest...................................................... 92
Table 85. Soil characteristics for Upland Birch Forest...........................................................................93
Table 86. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub .......................... 94
Table 87. Soil characteristics for Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub ............................................... 95
Table 88. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub................................ 96
Table 89. Soil characteristics for Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub..................................................... 97
Table 90. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Bluejoint Meadow............................................ 98
Table 91. Soil characteristics for Upland Bluejoint Meadow................................................................. 99
Table 92. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub.......................... 100
Table 93. Soil characteristics for Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub............................................... 101
Table 94. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Sandy Barrens ................................................ 102
Table 95. Soil characteristics for Upland Sandy Barrens ..................................................................... 103
Table 96. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow ................................... 104
Table 97. Soil characteristics for Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow ........................................................ 105
Table 98. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Spruce–Birch Forest....................................... 106
Table 99. Soil characteristics for Upland Spruce–Birch Forest............................................................ 107
Table 100. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest ................... 108
Table 101. Soil characteristics for Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest. ....................................... 109
Table 102. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland ................... 110
Table 103. Soil characteristics for Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland........................................ 111
Table 104. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest......................... 112
Table 105. Soil characteristics for Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest.............................................. 113
Table 106. Vegetation cover and frequency for Upland Willow Low Shrub......................................... 114
Table 107. Soil characteristics for Upland Willow Low Shrub.............................................................. 115
vii
Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 108. Key to ecotypes for Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ....................................................... 118
Table 109. Landscape relationships for ecotypes in the the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge,
2002–2008 ............................................................................................................................ 122
Table 110. Crosswalk of abbreviated ecotypes with original ecotypes, floristic classes and
Viereck level IV vegetation classes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge .................... 137
Table 111. Plant cover by alpine ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge..................... 149
Table 112. Plant cover by upland ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge.................... 150
Table 113. Plant cover by lowland ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge.................. 152
Table 114. Plant cover by lacustrine ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge............... 154
Table 115. Plant cover by riverine ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge .................. 155
Table 116. Areal extent of ecotypes within Selawik National Wildlife Refuge..................................... 157
Table 117. Areal extent of vegetation classes within Selawik National Wildlife Refuge...................... 163
Table 118. Areal extent of soil landscapes within Selawik National Wildlife Refuge .......................... 171
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Coding system for characterizing ecological characteristics of field plots .................. 192
Appendix 2. List of ecological components of ground reference plots in the Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge, northwestern Alaska, including data collected by Stephen
Talbot and used for the ELS.......................................................................................... 194
Appendix 3. List of environmental characteristics by ground reference plot in Selawik
National Wildlife Refuge, including plots collected by Stephen Talbot and
used for the ELS ........................................................................................................... 210
Appendix 4. List of vascular plant species documented in the Selawik National Wildlife
Refuge with synomyny ................................................................................................. 220
Appendix 5. List of non-vascular species documented in the Selawik National Wildlife
Refuge by ABR and Stephen Talbot............................................................................. 225
Appendix 6. List of ecological components of aerial plots in the Selawik National Wildlife
Refuge, northwestern Alaska, 2008.............................................................................. 228
Appendix 7a. Landsat ETM+ and TM data used for mosaic and spectral classification of the
Selawik National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................ 233
Appendix 7b. Landsat ETM+ and TM scene parameters by data source............................................ 233
Appendix 8. Cross tabulation of clustering of spectral characteristics of training polygons and
ecotypes ........................................................................................................................ 234
Appendix 9. Map accuracy assessed by tabulating mapped ecotype against ground plots used
to create the map ........................................................................................................... 236
Appendix 10. Map accuracy assessed by tabulating mapped vegetation type against ground
plots used to create the map.......................................................................................... 238
Selawik Ecological Land Survey
viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Lee-Anne Ayres and Tina Moran of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for their support
and management of this project. We appreciate the safe helicopter flying provided by Troy Cambier, fixed
wing support provided by Buck Maxim, and boat support provided by Sonny Berry, Clyde Ramoth and the
Selawik IRA. We thank Carolyn Parker, Misha Zhurbenko and Olga Afonina for their plant identification
skills. Kate Beattie made several figures for this report, and Janet Kidd and Sue Bishop provided technical
review. Allison Zusi-Cobb and Dorte Dissing produced the map images. We give Pam Odom a special
thanks for producing this report.
ix
Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Selawik Ecological Land Survey
x

Introduction
INTRODUCTION
This report provides the results of a three-year
effort (2007–2009) by ABR, Inc.—Environmental
Research & Services (ABR) to survey, compile,
analyze, and map ecosystems for the Selawik
National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR). We compiled
existing vegetation and soils data from a variety of
sources and included them in a standardized
database for analysis. We used satellite image
processing and rule-based modeling incorporating
the landscape analysis of the large dataset to
produce a new landcover map, taking advantage of
extraordinarily clear and comprehensive Landsat
imagery from 2002.
An ecological land survey (ELS) and
classification in conjunction with land cover
mapping improves the ability of resource managers
to evaluate land resources and develop
management strategies that are appropriate to the
varying conditions of the landscape. An ELS can
be used to provide a strong foundation for
evaluating habitat distribution, wildlife use, and
long-term monitoring. By linking quantitative
vegetation and soil characteristics as attributes of a
landcover map, the landcover map becomes a tool
to effectively partition ecological information for
analysis of ecological relationships, to develop
predictive ecological models, and to improve
techniques for assessing and mitigating impacts.
This approach combines field data from the
“bottom up” with satellite image processing and
environmental modeling to differentiate the
distribution of ecosystems from the “top down”.
To enhance the land cover mapping, which is
based primarily on spectral characteristics, we used
a multi-step process to improve partitioning of the
variability in vegetation and other ecological
characteristics. These included: (1) an integrated
ecological land survey to characterize vegetation,
soils, and other ecological characteristics; (2)
classification of plant communities (floristic
associations), soils, and local-scale ecosystems
(termed “ecotypes”) that integrate co-varying
ecological properties; and (3) analysis of
relationships among ecological components. We
used rule-based modeling in conjunction with
landscape analysis to create a discrete basis for
organizing relationships among vegetation, soils,
physiography, and other environmental properties.
Using this integrated ecological land survey
approach results in an ecosystem map that has
accompanying attributes for vegetation, soils,
ecotypes, and a suite of environmental properties.
The structure and function of natural
ecosystems are regulated largely along gradients of
energy, moisture, nutrients, and disturbance. These
gradients are affected by many ecological
components including climate, physiography,
geomorphology, soils, hydrology, vegetation, and
fauna, and are referred to as state factors (Barnes et
al. 1982, ECOMAP 1993, Bailey 1996). We used
the state-factor approach (Jenny 1941, Van Cleve
et al. 1990, Vitousek 1994, Bailey 1996, Ellert et
al. 1997) to evaluate relationships among
individual ecological components and to develop a
reduced set of ecotypes (Figure 1).
An ecological land classification also involves
organizing ecological components within a
hierarchy of spatial and temporal scales (Wiken
1981, Allen and Starr 1982, Driscoll et al. 1984,
O’Neil et al. 1986, Delcourt and Delcourt 1988,
Klijn and Udo de Haes 1994, Forman 1995, Bailey
1996). Local-scale features (e.g., vegetation) are
nested within regional-scale components, (e.g.,
climate and physiography) (Figure 1). Climate,
particularly temperature and precipitation,
accounts for the largest proportion of global
variation in ecosystem structure and function
(Walter 1979, Vitousek 1994, Bailey 1998). Within
a given climatic zone, physiography (characteristic
geologic substrate, surface shape, and relief)
controls the rates and spatial arrangements of
geomorphic processes and energy flow. These
processes result in the formation of geomorphic
units with characteristic lithologies, textures, and
surface forms, which in turn affect soil properties
and the movement of water (Wahrhaftig 1965,
Swanson et al. 1988, Bailey 1996). Water
movement through soil is a critical factor in
determining the distribution of vegetation (Fitter
and Hay 1987, Oberbauer et al. 1989), due to its
influence on both water balance and nutrient
availability for plants. Finally, vegetation provides
structure and energy that affect the distribution of
many wildlife species. The interrelated processes
that operate across these components at the various
scales can also be sources of disturbance that
greatly influence the timing and development of
ecosystems (Watt 1947, Pickett et al. 1989, Walker
1 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Introduction
a)
ECOREGION
Climate
Organisms
Ecotype
Parent
Material
Disturbance
Time
Soil Type
b)
100000
Hydrology
Topography
(Physiography)
Time (yr)
10000
1000
100
10
Physiography
Geomorphology
Soil Texture
Geomorphic Unit
Slope Position
Hydrology Drainage
Water Level
Permafrost
Soil Moisture
Vegetation
Structure
Plant Association
Disturbance
Fire
Fluvial
Thermokarst
Human
Regional
Climate
1
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Space (m 2 )
Figure 1.
Interaction of interrelated state factors that control the structure and function of ecosystems
and the scales at which they operate.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 2

Introduction
and Walker 1991, Forman 1995). Official systems
for classifying ecosystems across scales have been
developed for both the United States (ECOMAP
1993) and Canada (Wiken and Ironside 1977),
while the proposed system for Europe incorporates
elements of both the U.S. and Canadian systems
(Klijn and Udo de Haes 1994).
A hierarchical approach to mapping
vegetation and land cover was developed for
northern Alaska by Everett and Walker (Everett et
al. 1978; Walker 1983, 1999). They also applied an
integrated geobotanical approach to mapping
ecosystem components in the Prudhoe Bay region,
but did not group the integrated units hierarchically
(Walker et al. 1980). Recently, an integratedterrain-unit
(ITU) approach was developed for
large-scale mapping of ecosystems on the Arctic
Coastal Plain (Jorgenson et al. 1997, Jorgenson et
al. 2003a), the entire North Slope (Walker 1999,
Jorgenson and Heiner 2003), Wrangell St. Elias
National Park and Preserve (Jorgenson et al.,
2008), Cape Krusenstern National Monument and
Bering Land Bridge National Preserve (Jorgenson
et al., 2004), Noatak National Park and Preserve
(Jorgenson et al. in review), Yukon-Kuskokwim
Delta (Jorgenson 2000), interior Alaska (Jorgenson
et al. 1999, Jorgenson et al. 2001), and
south-central Alaska (Jorgenson et al. 2003b). The
ITU approach also has been used for mapping
circumpolar arctic vegetation (Walker et al. 2002).
To implement the ecological land
classification portion of overall mapping effort, we
used a simplified ITU approach that incorporates
physiography, surface form, and vegetation; these
features are readily mapped or modeled. The
physiographic units are derived from an ecological
subsection map delineated at a scale of 1:100,000
for this project, and are closely related to surficial
geology and geomorphology. The surface forms
are derived from the digital elevation model
(DEM) (primarily slope-related features). The
vegetation classes are derived from the land cover
spectral classification. This ITU approach, along
with the landscape relationships developed from
the analysis of the field survey data, allows us to
develop an enhanced set of ecosystem types from
remote sensing that essentially differentiate
ecosystems at the ecotype level (“ecotypes”) of
ecological land classification. This integrated
approach has several benefits. First, it incorporates
the important effects of geomorphic processes on
natural disturbance regimes (e.g., flooding,
thermokarst) and the flow of energy and material.
Second, it preserves the diversity of environmental
characteristics. Finally, it uses a systematic
approach to classifying landscape features for
applied analyses. To demonstrate one application
of this approach, we analyzed the relationships
among soil and ecotypes and used these
relationships to develop a map of soil landscapes.
Thus, the maps can serve as a spatial database with
differing ecological components to aid resource
managers in evaluating ecological impacts and
developing land management strategies
appropriate for a diversity of landscape conditions.
Specific objectives of the project were to:
1) Collect appropriate information and
construct a baseline landcover map for
the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge
using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)
satellite imagery;
2) Compile existing vegetation, soil, and
ecological data into a standardized
comprehensive Access database and
identify any gaps in existing data;
3) Conduct ecological land surveys with
increased emphasis on soil
characterization on the Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge, targeted toward
identification and filling data gaps;
4) Analyze and synthesize ecological
information across the Refuge;
5) Integrate past and newly collected
vegetation, ecological, and soils data
into a single comprehensive thematic
landcover mapping product; and
6) Ensure that the final product follows the
protocol used by and produces a product
that is compatible and comparable with
similar landcover efforts currently
underway by the National Park Service
on adjacent conservation lands
(Jorgenson et al. 2009).
3 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Methods
METHODS
FIELD SURVEYS
We conducted field work during the summers
of 2007 and 2008. Ground-based surveys (Figure
2) took place during 3–15 Aug 2007 and were
based out of float-plane accessible lakes. During
2008, 33 additional ground plots were sampled
from 28 June–2 July in conjunction with a study
evaluating caribou habitat in the refuge. Aerial
surveys (Figure 2) were conducted from 27 June–2
July 2008 at 182 plots to fill in gaps in the dataset
and to collect signature-specific data based on the
preliminary land cover classification.
GROUND SURVEYS
We used a gradient-directed sampling scheme
(Austin and Heyligers 1989) for the ground
surveys to sample the range of ecological
conditions and to provide the spatially-related data
needed to interpret ecosystem development.
Intensive sampling was done along toposequences
(transects) located within major physiographic
units, including riverine, lacustrine, lowland,
upland, and alpine areas. Data were collected at
275 plots along 16 toposequences. Along each
transect, 1–36 plots were sampled, each in a
distinct vegetation type or spectral signature
identifiable on aerial photographs. All sample
coordinates (including approximate elevations)
were obtained with a Global Positioning System
(GPS) receiver (accuracy ±15 m). At each plot
(~10-m radius), descriptions or measurements of
geology, hydrology, soil stratigraphy, soil
chemistry and vegetation structure and cover were
recorded (Appendix 1). Photos were taken at all
sample locations. Data and photos are archived at
ABR.
Geologic and surface-form variables recorded
include physiography, surface geomorphic unit,
slope, aspect, surface form, and height of
microrelief. Hydrologic variables measured at each
sampling site included depth of water above or
below ground surface, depth to saturated soil, pH,
and electrical conductivity (EC). Water-quality
measurements (pH and EC) were made with
Oakton or Cole-Palmer portable meters that were
calibrated daily with standard solutions. These data
are compiled in Appendices 2 and 3.
We described soil stratigraphy from a shallow
soil core or soil pit at each plot. Most soil profiles
were limited to the seasonally thawed layer
(~0.5–1 m) above the permafrost and were
described from soil plugs dug with a shovel. For all
intensive plots, the dominant mineral texture, the
depth of surface organic matter, cumulative
thickness of all organic horizons, depth to rock
(>15% by volume), and depth of thaw were
recorded. When water was not present, EC and pH
were measured from a saturated soil paste. A single
simplified texture (i.e., loamy, sandy, organic) was
assigned to characterize the dominant texture in the
top 40 cm at each plot for ecotype classification. A
more complete soil stratigraphy was described at
45 plots using standard methods (SSS 2003).
Detailed soil horizon descriptions were
summarized into more general lithofacies classes
for the purposes of consolidating sites by
depositional setting.
In 2007, we assessed vegetation composition
and structure semiquantitatively. If cover was
90%, then cover of each species was
visually estimated to the nearest 1%; for cover of
10–90%, it was estimated to the nearest 5%.
Isolated individuals or species with very low cover
were assigned a cover value of 0.1%. A species list
was compiled that included most vascular plants
and the dominant nonvascular plants observed in
the plot. Total cover of each plant growth form
(e.g., tall shrub, dwarf shrub, lichens) was
estimated independently of the cover estimates for
individual species. Data were cross-checked to
ensure that the summed cover of individual species
within a growth form category was comparable to
the total cover estimated for that growth form.
In 2008, we assessed vegetation using a point
sample method, with 100 points of data collected
within a 10 × 10 m plot. Ocular estimate data of
dominant species were also collected for
comparison to the semiquantitative method used in
2007. Values were generally comparable across the
two sample methods.
Taxonomic nomenclature is based on Viereck
and Little (1972) for shrubs and Hultén (1968) for
other vascular plants. Unknown dominant vascular
species were identified by Dave Murray and
Carolyn Parker, University of Alaska Museum of
the North Herbarium (ALA), Fairbanks.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 4

Methods
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5 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Methods
Nomenclature for bryophytes and lichens followed
the National Plants Database (USDA 2008).
Identification of mosses and lichens during field
sampling was limited to dominant, readily
identifiable species. Dominant cryptogams that
could not be identified in the field were collected
and sent to Mikhail Zhurbenko and Olga Afonina,
Komarov Botanical Institute, Russia, for
identification. Plant species identified are listed in
Appendices 4 and 5. Appendix 4 also contains
references to currently accepted synonyms for
vascular plants.
AERIAL SURVEYS
We selected sites for aerial surveys based on a
preliminary unsupervised 100–class classification
developed using Erdas Imagine 9.3.1 software.
Sample sites were distributed across the Refuge to
encompass the range of spectral variation of the
imagery and the Refuge’s ecosystems. Sampling
focused on large polygons (> 50 pixels within a
class). Prior to fieldwork, we programmed daily
sampling routes into the GPS unit to gain maximal
plot coverage and most efficient usage of
helicopter time. Additionally we opportunistically
sampled rare or underrepresented types as we
encountered them (i.e., birch forests or fresh sedge
marshes). These data are compiled in Appendix 6.
Variables collected aerially consisted of
physiography, general surface form, presence or
absence of surface water, cover of bare ground,
Viereck level IV vegetation class, and cover and
vegetation class of any inclusions within the
polygon. The cover of dominant plant species was
determined by ocular estimation. Photos were
taken at all plots.
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
To increase our sample size and improve the
quality of the land cover map, we acquired
ecological datasets from several additional sources
through the duration of the project (Table 1). The
quality of both the ecological analysis and
landcover map were greatly improved by the
addition of Stephen Talbot’s vegetation monitoring
dataset, which provided an additional 159 high
quality sampling points throughout the Refuge.
Refuge personnel provided several datasets. The
most useful of these contained vegetation species
data collected during 1996 and 1998 for the
purpose of making a land cover map. This
provided 98 sample points. Another dataset was
part of a study on moose herbivory in SNWR; there
were no vegetation cover data, but the dataset did
contain Viereck vegetation class and locations for
664 plots. These data were primarily used for
mapping purposes. The final dataset provided by
USFWS consisted of a post-fire vegetation study in
the Waring Mountains (Foote, 2002). These data
were not included in the mapping effort because
they lacked location data. Additionally, ABR
collected field data for an ELS and land cover map
for the adjacent National Park Service (NPS)
parklands during 2005-2008 (Jorgenson et al.
2009) and these data were compiled with the
SNWR data to create a seamless map for both
management units. These data were also used to
create a regional classification and to provide more
robust descriptions of those ecotypes that we
identified and mapped in SNWR but where our
sample size was small.
DATA MANAGEMENT
We processed the data using several screening
steps. All datasets were imported into a
comprehensive MS Access database and variable
codes were converted into ABR’s coding system.
Plot photos were linked to plot data, and the entire
dataset was run through quality control routines.
Records that lacked location data were excluded
from the dataset; as were records that had sparse or
suspect data. In addition, plot locations were
screened using GIS. In some cases we moved plot
locations to an area that was more accurate based
on the plot data and photos (i.e., moving water
plots into lakes from the margins). This database
was linked to the spectral database that we
developed for mapping, providing a direct link
between ground data and the land cover map.
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
We classified ecosystems at two levels. First,
individual ecological components were classified
and coded using standard classification systems
developed for Alaska. Second, these ecological
components were integrated to classify ecotypes
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 6

Methods
Table 1.
Auxiliary datasets used for mapping and analysis purposes. Values in parentheses are number
of plots that met the minimal criteria for mapping.
Data Set Source Location Description
Talbot USFWS- Stephen
Selawik Data Talbot
Selawik
NWR
Site and species data
in the Refuge
Data
collection
Range
Used for
floristic
analysis
Used for
mapping
Number
of Plots
2005 Yes* Yes 159 (159)
USFWS-
Prehoda
USFWS-
SVMP
Gaar
Compliance
& Bear
Surveys
NPS Firepro-
GT
NPS Firepro-
IM
NPS Firepro-
Paired Plots
NPS-
Neitlich
NPS
Swanson
USFWS
USFWS
NPS- BRIM
database; Bear
Survey photo
points, unpubl. data
NPS (2005)
NPS (2005)
NPS (2005)
Selawik
NWR
Selawik
NWR
Moose herbivory
dataset, only used
veg class data.
Vegetation dataset
for land-cover
mapping
2004-
2005
1996 &
1998
No Yes 664 (663)
No Yes 98 (92)
GAAR Photo points only - No Yes 53 (49)
GAAR,
KOVA,
NOAT
GAAR,
KOVA,
NOAT
GAAR,
KOVA,
NOAT
Fire Program ground
truth data- mixed
collection methods,
aerial and ground.
Fire Program
intensive mapping
data- mostly aerial
data.
Fire Program paired
burned and nonburned
plot data.
High quality location
and vegetation data.
Neitlich (2007) NOAT Lichen dataset. Used
location, site and
dominant vascular
species data.
Swanson (1995) GAAR Landscape
ecosystems data for
the Kobuk Boot.
1984-
1988
1985-
1992
1984-
1987
2004-
2005
1992-
1993
No Yes 1048
(932)
No Yes 822 (531)
No Yes 174 (116)
No Yes 88 (84)
No Yes 249 (249)
UAF Plot
Data
Bret-Harte et al.,
(2007)
NOAT
Shrub expansion data
in the upper Noatak
River Basin.
2006 No Yes 45 (45)
*Floristic analysis was based on data collected by Stephen Talbot and by ABR.
7 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Methods
(local-scale ecosystems) that best partitioned the
range of variation for all the measured
components.
ECOLOGICAL COMPONENTS
Geomorphic units were classified according to
a system based on landform-soil characteristics for
Alaska, originally developed by Kreig and Reger
(1982) and the Alaska Division of Geological and
Geophysical Survey (1983), and modified for this
study. We delineated an ecosystem subsection layer
based on previous landscape analysis of northern
Alaska (Jorgenson et al. 2002, Nowacki et al.
2002) as a guide to our identification of
geomorphic and geologic units. We emphasized
materials near the surface (

Methods
atypical (outliers). Finally, ecotype names were
abbreviated to emphasize primary characteristics
of the class and facilitate discussion (e.g., Riverine
Spruce–Poplar Forest). The resulting final
ecotypes were used for mapping and to summarize
the ground data.
SOILS
We classified soils to the subgroup level
according to NRCS soil taxonomy, Tenth Edition
(NRCS 2006). When data needed for the
taxonomic keys were not available, a best guess
was used when assigning classes. For example, it
was difficult to determine if permafrost was
present in rocky soils. Consequently, permafrost
was assumed to be present in alpine environments
assuming mean annual air temperatures were low.
Similarly, differentiating Eutrocryepts from
Dystrocryepts was based on a cutpoint of 5.5 for
the pH reaction, although the actual diagnostic
criteria is based on a cutpoint of 50% base
saturation from laboratory analyses.
Soil-landscape associations, or soil
landscapes, were developed to characterize and
map broader relationships among soil type,
physiography, and vegetation. The soil landscapes
were developed by cross-tabulating ecotypes and
soil subgroups to identify associations of similar
ecotypes that group with similar soil subgroups.
The resulting associations were named based on
physiography, soil texture, and dominant
vegetation structure (e.g., dwarf shrub, woodland
forest).
ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS SYNTHESIS
Ecosystem components were analyzed to
identify responses to evolving landscapes
comprising a wide variety of geomorphic processes
associated with physiographic regimes within the
park. Identifying patterns associated with
geomorphic units and vegetation, along with
analysis of changes in soil properties within
physiographic settings, helps identify processes
(e.g., acidification, sedimentation) that affect the
changing patterns observed on the landscape.
Understanding these ecological relationships
provided parameters to recode the ecotype map
into a derived map of other ecological
characteristics, such as a soils or lichen map (see
Soils Landscape Mapping in Results section).
The contingency table analysis also was used
to evaluate how well these general relationships
conformed to the data set, and how reliably they
could be used to extrapolate trends across the
landscape. During development of the
relationships, outliers were excluded from the table
because of inconsistencies among physiography,
texture, geomorphology, drainage, soil chemistry,
and vegetation. We excluded these points because
our primary goal was to identify the most distinct
and consistent trends. These sites may be
transitional ecotones, or sites where vegetation and
soils have been affected by historical factors (e.g.,
changes in water levels, disturbances) in ways that
are not readily explainable based on current
environmental conditions.
LAND COVER AND ECOSYSTEM
MAPPING
LANDSAT IMAGERY PREPROCESSING
Acquistion
We reviewed Enhanced Thematic Mapper
Plus (ETM+) imagery of the study area, and
identified a period in late July and early August
2002 that provided nearly complete, cloud-free
coverage. Additional ETM+ and Thematic Mapper
(TM) scenes were acquired for the few areas that
that were cloudy or hazy. Three different sources of
Landsat data were used. First, we worked with the
agencies to order several scenes which covered
most of the study area. Second, circa-2000
GeoCover scenes were downloaded from the
Goddard Land Cover Facility. Finally, additional
scenes as well as new versions of the previously
acquired scenes were ordered after the USGS
opened the entire Landsat archive for free access in
September 2008. Some processing parameters
differed among these three data sources (Appendix
7). After the USGS free Landsat program went into
effect, the capability to order scenes using
user-specified processing parameters was removed.
A flow chart illustrating the imaging processing
routine is shown in Figure 3.
Reprojection and Georeferencing
Following selection and import of the Landsat
data from various sources, we reprojected and
georeferenced all of the imagery to a consistent
coordinate system and resolution. The project
9 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Methods
Raw Landsat Scenes (DN)
Reprojection and Edge Masking
Earth-Sun Distance table
Raw Landsat Scenes (DN)
ESUN table
Calibrated Landsat ETM+ Scenes
(Radiance, TOA Reflectance)
Scene Metadata
•Acquisition date
•Sun angle
•Gain/bias values
Calibrated Landsat ETM+ Swaths
Normalized Landsat ETM+ Swaths
Normalized Landsat ETM+ Mosaic
NDVI
Normalized ETM+ Mosaic, Illumination Corrected
Figure 3. Flowchart illustrating image processing steps for creating the landcover map.
Edge Masks
Cloud Masks
Calibration sample points
Mosaic map
DEM
Slope (degrees)
Aspect (adjusted)
Illumination Angle
Illumination Correction sample points
k-Images
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 10

Methods
horizontal coordinate system is the Alaska Albers
Conical Equal Area, NAD1983 horizontal datum.
We selected a pixel resolution of 28.5 m, as this
was closest to the actual pixel resolution. The
raster cell alignment followed the same convention
as the GeoCover imagery. This resulted in a cell
alignment where the center of one pixel was
located at (0,0) in the target coordinate system.
The GeoCover and most of the USGS
imagery was precision terrain corrected. That is, it
was geolocated with subpixel accuracy to match
the circa-1990 GeoCover global Landsat mosaic.
We conducted an informal assessment of the
geolocation accuracy of the precision terrain
corrected imagery by comparing it to a set of GPS
tracks that followed water body edges and to the
orthorectified Ikonos imagery. These comparisons
indicated that the precision terrain corrected
imagery was generally within ~15-m of these
independent data sources. Based on this finding,
precision terrain corrected scenes were simply
reprojected into the project coordinate system (all
precision terrain corrected scenes were in a UTM
coordinate system). The non-precision terrain
corrected scenes were georeferenced to a
panchromatic (14.25 m) mosaic constructed from
the precision terrain corrected scenes using first- or
second-order polynomials.
The choice of resampling algorithm is
important when reprojecting or georeferencing
Landsat scenes,. Nearest-neighbor (NN)
resampling preserves the original pixel values, but
introduces geolocation errors of up to a half pixel
horizontally and vertically. Cubic convolution
(CC) resampling alters pixel values but more
effectively preserves image smoothness and
geolocation. Generally, the NN approach is
preferred when performing a single image analysis
such as classification. However, the CC approach
produces better results when comparing one image
to another, as in the radiometric normalization.
Edge Masking
Following reprojection, all of the scenes were
masked to remove both inconsistent edge data and
large empty borders. The USGS scenes include all
of the data for each band, including at the edges
where the coverage of each band is different. Also,
cubic convolution resampling results in spurious
values at the top and bottom of the scenes where
the zero (background) values affect the resulting
pixel values. We manually digitized an edge mask
for each scene to remove these edge artifacts.
Radiometric Calibration
We then converted the scenes to
top-of-atmosphere reflectance using the scene
metadata and calibration coefficients from the
Landsat 7 Science Data Users Handbook (LPSO,
2009). Landsat 5 data were calibrated using the
coefficients from Chander et al. 2009. The scenes
were stored in a 16-bit signed-integer format to
preserve precision (reflectance values were scaled
by a factor of 10,000). Adjacent scenes from the
same acquisition date were then mosaicked into
swaths.
Radiometric Normalization
The primary reference images for the mosaic
were the Landsat ETM+ scenes acquired July 29,
2002 (path 78, rows 13–15). The objective of
radiometric normalization was to correct the other
scenes so that their pixel values were compatible
with those of the primary image. Corrections were
needed mainly to account for the effects of
different atmospheric conditions on different
acquisition dates. Scenes that did not overlap the
primary swath were normalized using previously
normalized Landsat images.
We developed a preliminary cloud mask for
each scene. We generated a set of stratified random
points for the mosaic area, to ensure that the full
range of scene brightness was represented,
including rare, bright pixels. Points within the
preliminary cloud mask were excluded. Random
points were used to sample the reference image and
the target images, and the resulting values were
assessed interactively using scatterplots in
ArcMap. The sample set was screened to filter out
snow, small clouds, and calibration points located
near abrupt brightness changes. A table containing
the resulting set of filtered points was analyzed in a
statistical package to determine linear regression
coefficients. The normalization then applied these
coefficients to the target image.
Mosaicing
A mosaic map layer (a non-overlapping vector
polygon dataset) was maintained that identified
which scene would be passed through to the final
mosaic for each region of the study area. The
11 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Methods
construction of the final mosaic was an iterative
process in which a mosaic was created and
reviewed visually, adjustments were made to the
mosaic map layer, the mosaic was regenerated, and
the process was repeated. When completed, the
mosaic was maintained at 16-bit radiometric
resolution (reflectance scaled by 10,000). In
addition, we produced an 8-bit version following
the MRLC2001 convention (USGS 2006). The
8-bit version stored reflectance scaled by 400, and
truncated at 0.6375. The mosaic map layer allowed
the scene specific information (such as solar
elevation and azimuth) to be compiled for all
portions of the mosaic.
Illumination Normalization
The radiometric calibration and normalization
techniques described above do not address the
problem of topographic effects on remote-sensing
imagery. The imagery covers extensive areas of
mountainous terrain, where these topographic
effects are most pronounced. Sun angles are low at
high latitudes, further increasing topographic
effects. To minimize these effects, we performed
an illumination normalization procedure and a
backwards radiance correction transformation
(Colby 1991). Rather than using a single Minnaert
constant (k) for each band, a k-image was
constructed for each band, similar to the procedure
used by Lu et al. (2008). They related the k value to
slope, while we related the k value to the
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).
NDVI is fairly resistant to topographic effects and
was used to distinguish a gradient of barren,
partially vegetated, and densely vegetated land
cover types for the illumination normalization. The
geolocation of the DEM was assessed as part of the
illumination normalization procedure and
adjustment of the DEM was considered.
To perform the illumination correction, the
DEM data were compiled and several derivatives
were calculated. These included the slope, aspect,
and illumination angle (which varies with
sun-sensor geometry). We used the adjusted aspect
(corrected for the map projection distortion; see
below) for this analysis. Areas without direct
sunlight were masked using the ArcGIS hillshade
function to model shadows. Stratified random
points were generated, ensuring that a full range of
illumination and brightness conditions were
sampled. The points were used to sample the
mosaic pixel values, DEM derivatives, and NDVI.
We reviewed and filtered the samples interactively.
We analyzed the variability of the estimated
k-value in relation to band, slope, and NDVI; and
produced models to calculate k-images for each
band as a function of NDVI. The k-images were
applied in the backwards radiance correction
transformation to produce a normalized mosaic in
floating point format. The mosaic was converted to
8-bit format using the MRLC conventions
(reflectance scaled by 400, and truncated at
0.6375).
SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION
DEVELOPMENT
Preliminary Unsupervised Classifications
We generated several preliminary
unsupervised classifications from the illumination
normalized mosaic. These were intended primarily
to identify spectrally homogeneous patches to
guide the development of the supervised training
set. The mosaic was stratified using NDVI
thresholds to segregate the image into vegetated
and non-vegetated strata. Initially, values greater
than 0.3 were assigned to a vegetated strata and
unsupervised classifications were performed in
Erdas Imagine 9.3.1 to generate preliminary
spectral classes. Three unsupervised vegetated
strata classifications were produced, with 50, 75,
and 100 classes (referred to as Veg50, Veg75 and
Veg100). A 25-class non-vegetated strata
classification (Nonveg25) was also produced based
on pixels with NDVI ≤0.3. A 75-class
non-vegetated strata classification (Nonveg75) was
produced from pixels with NDVI ≤0.4.
Supervised Training Set Development
Plot locations were displayed in ArcGIS
overlaid on the Landsat image mosaic, Ikonos
imagery, and the preliminary unsupervised
classifications. We digitized training polygons so
that each included a discrete vegetation patch
consistent with interpretation of the plot data,
Landsat imagery and Ikonos imagery. In addition,
the training polygons were at least 10 Landsat
pixels in area and included a maximum of two
spectral classes in at least one of the unsupervised
strata (Veg50, Veg75, Veg100, or Nonveg75).
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 12

Methods
Some training polygons were digitized in
areas without plot data. We generated these
non-plot training polygons mainly for
non-vegetated or partially vegetated types,
primarily water and barrens. These types could be
easily recognized on the Ikonos imagery and/or the
Landsat mosaic. In addition, some non-plot
training polygons were digitized over types for
which limited plot data were available, but which
could be reliably distinguished on the Ikonos
imagery.
The training polygons were compiled into a
comprehensive vector GIS dataset. The training
polygons were labeled with the plot GID (unique
identifier) based on an overlay with the plot points.
We converted these polygons to a raster at the same
resolution and cell alignment as the Landsat
mosaic. The raster included all pixels whose center
was contained within the polygon boundary. The
training polygons were used to generate maximum
likelihood signatures for each training polygon.
The plot data, pixel data, and signature data for
each training polygon were saved to a spectral
database in Microsoft Access format. Several
criteria were applied to remove problematic
signatures, for example: the covariance matrix was
not invertible; size was below the threshold of 10
pixels; or spectral heterogeneity was high (based
on the diversity of classes from the preliminary
unsupervised classifications).
Signature separability was evaluated based on
the Bhattacharyya distance (which is also used to
calculate the Jeffries-Matsushita distance that is
commonly used). Lee and Choi (2000) estimated
the probability of class confusion between two
normally distributed maximum-likelihood
signatures. Pairs of signatures with high
probabilities of confusion were reviewed to
identify problematic training polygons and/or plot
data. Training polygons were revised or deleted to
improve spectral separability. In addition a spectral
cluster analysis was performed and overlaps
among similar signatures were identified.
Signature clusters were compared with ecotypes
and poorly characterized signatures were
eliminated.
We evaluated signature fidelity
(self-classification) by assessing the classification
of pixels within training polygons. Training
polygons that did not classify to the correct
vegetation class (Viereck Level 4) with a frequency
of at least 70% were carefully reviewed, and were
either reconfigured or were removed from the
training data set.
Stratification and Supervised Classification
The classification area was stratified based on
physiography, geology and treeline/vegetation
structure layers that were developed for this
project. Coastal and riverine physiographic zones
were derived from ecosubsection mapping. Alpine
zones were derived from lower and upper elevation
cutpoints defined for points on a 100-km grid. A
subalpine zone was defined to identify the area
where alpine and upland physiographies
overlapped. The remaining area was comprised of
upland and lowland physiographies, which were
often difficult to distinguish using subsections or
topographic metrics. Some upland and lowland
zones were defined using topographic metrics
while much of the area was categorized to upland
or lowland based on spectral signatures. The final
physiographic strata included alpine, subalpine,
upland, upland/lowland, lowland, riverine, and
coastal.
For alpine and subalpine strata, we used the
ecosubsection map layer to categorize the
predominant geology and substrate chemistry into
four classes: acidic/circumacidic, alkaline/
circumalkaline, alkaline, and mafic.
A treeline layer was developed to delineate
regions with no trees (tundra), white spruce (boreal
white spruce), and black or white spruce (boreal
black spruce). This layer was based primarily on
the linework from the subsection mapping with
some editing. In addition, a mosaic of winter
Landsat imagery (acquired late March to early
April, 2000–2003) was used to separate some
spectrally similar vegetation types in the boreal
riverine, boreal lowland, and boreal
upland/lowland strata. Forested areas were darker
in the winter imagery due to the vegetation canopy
and shadows, while areas with short stature
vegetation were covered by snow and had a very
bright signature. Bright pixels (band 1 reflectance
>0.7) were stratified into a low vegetation structure
stratum, while dark pixels (band 1 reflectance
≤0.7) were stratified into a tall vegetation structure
stratum.
13 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Results
These routines resulted in a total of 31 strata
that partitioned the study area. We classified each
stratum independently using a set of signatures
based on a lookup table for each stratum. Ecotypes
were previously assigned to signatures based on
plot data, thereby producing a map of ecotypes by
strata. Some ecotypes identified by ground data
were not mappable; each was merged with the
most ecologically similar mappable ecotype.
The entire study area was also classified using
the full signature set, and in some strata a filter was
applied based on the classification confidence. In
these cases, including alpine, coastal, riverine,
lowland, and upland/lowland strata, pixels that
were not classified at the 99% confidence level or
higher (approximately three standard deviations
from the class mean) were replaced with ecotypes
derived from the full signature set classification.
We then assigned signatures from the full
classification to ecotypes that were appropriate to
the target strata from a crosswalk table for each
strata. The crosswalk assignments were based on
similarities in vegetation structure or spectral
characteristics as identified by the signature cluster
analysis.
Shadow and Snow Classification
Two additional strata (snow and shadow) were
classified using special methods. Snow was
mapped using the SnowMap algorithm (Hall
1995). The supervised classification was not
applied to areas mapped as snow by this algorithm.
Shadowed areas were extracted using two rules.
First, cells with a solar incidence angle of ≥85
degrees (calculated using the DEM and
image-specific solar elevation and azimuth
parameters) were included in the shadow strata.
This included cells that faced away from the sun
(for which the illumination correction algorithm
was undefined), but did not necessarily include all
cells that were shadowed by intervening terrain.
Second, a potential terrain shadow was constructed
by modeling shadows using a hillshade function. A
sun elevation angle of 35° (lower than the actual
angle) and sun azimuths of 152°, 162°, and 172°
were input and a potential shadow layer from the
three hillshades was merged. Within this potential
terrain shadow layer, pixels with band 5 reflectance

Ecotypes
15 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

ALPINE ACIDIC BARRENS
Table 2.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Alpine Acidic Barrens (n=5).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype occurs in the Waring Mts.,
Kiliovilik Range, Western Hockley Hills, Selawik
Hills, and Purcell Mts. on the edges of SNWR.
Geomorphology includes non-carbonate bedrock,
hillside colluvium, and talus. It is typically found
on upper slopes and crests, on all aspects, at greater
than 200 m elevation. Slope varies from gradual to
steep.
Plant Association:
Lichen–Hierochloe alpina
Alpine Acidic Barrens has sparse plant cover
(

Table 2.
Continued.
Soils:
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Rhytidium rugosum 0.6 0.9 40
Schistidium sp. 0.4 0.9 20
Tortella fragilis 0.8 0.8 60
Total Lichen Cover 21.2 8.2 100
Alectoria nigricans 0.4 0.9 20
Alectoria ochroleuca 0.6 1.3 20
Arctoparmelia separata 0.6 0.9 40
Asahinea chrysantha 1.2 0.4 100
Bryocaulon divergens 0.6 1.3 20
Bryoria nitidula 1.2 1.8 40
Cetraria laevigata 0.4 0.5 40
Cetraria nigricans 1.6 1.1 80
Cetraria odontella 0.2 0.4 20
Cladina arbuscula 0.4 0.9 20
Cladina stygia 0.6 0.9 40
Cladonia albonigra 0.4 0.9 20
Cladonia borealis 0.4 0.5 40
Cladonia macroceras 0.6 1.3 20
Cladonia sp. 0.8 1.8 20
Cladonia subfurcata 0.4 0.9 20
Cladonia uncialis 1.4 1.1 80
Flavocetraria cucullata 0.8 0.8 60
Flavocetraria nivalis 2.4 0.9 100
Lopadium pezizoideum 0.2 0.4 20
Ochrolechia bryophaga 0.2 0.4 20
Ochrolechia sp. 0.6 1.3 20
Parmelia omphalodes 0.4 0.9 20
Parmelia skultii 0.6 1.3 20
Peltigera sp. 0.2 0.4 20
Sphaerophorus fragilis 0.4 0.9 20
Sphaerophorus globosus 2.4 1.1 100
Stereocaulon paschale 1.0 1.4 40
Thamnolia vermicularis 2.8 0.8 100
Total Bare Ground 61.6 21.5 100
Bare Soil 61.6 21.5 100
Soils are blocky or rubbly, and surface organic
horizons are very thin or lacking (Table 3).
Permafrost is presumed to be present below 1 m
due to the cold annual temperatures at elevation.
Surface fragments are common and abundant.
Loess caps are absent. Soil pH is acidic to
circumneutral. The soils are typically excessively
to somewhat excessively drained. Depth to water
table is assumed to be substantial, given the well
drained soils.
Table 3.
Soil characteristics for Alpine Acidic
Barrens.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 281.6 53.7 5
Slope (degrees) 10.0 2.8 2
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 6.0 5.7 2
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 0
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 0
Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.0 0.5 5
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 0
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a 0
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The following description is based on data
collected in ARCN and used for the regional
classification. The dominant soils in this ecotype
are Typic Gelorthents (poorly developed with
permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Dystrogelepts
(acidic, well drained, moderately thin organic
horizon, permafrost below 1 m).
17 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

ALPINE ACIDIC DRYAS DWARF SHRUB
Table 4.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub
(n=11).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype occurs in similar geographic
locations as Alpine Acidic Barrens, on weathered
bedrock and hillside colluvium. It mainly occurs on
ridge crests and slopes, generally between 300 and
700 m elevation. Slopes are typically gentle, and
occur on all aspects.
Plant Association:
Dryas octopetala–Hierochloe alpina
Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf has high species
diversity (Table 4). Trees and tall shrubs are absent.
Dwarf shrubs and lichens are the most common life
forms. Most species except Dryas octopetala have
less than 3% average cover. Common species
include Dryas octopetala, Antennaria friesiana,
Smelowskia calycina var. porsildii, Hierochloe
alpina, Rhytidium rugosum, and Flavocetraria
nivalis.
This ecotype is similar to Alpine Acidic
Barrens, except for higher species cover, and Alpine
Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub, but differs in the
reduced presence of ericaceous dwarf shrubs. It has
different species assemblages relative to the alpine
alkaline ecotypes.
Soils:
Soils are blocky or rubbly and are overlain by
thin organic horizons (Table 5). Thaw depths often
could not be determined in the rocky soils, but
permafrost is presumed to be present below 1 m due
to the cold temperatures at high elevations. Frost
boils are uncommon, and surface fragments are
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 103.7 25.8 100
Total Vascular Cover 67.1 20.4 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.1 0.3 9
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 29.5 13.6 100
Diapensia lapponica 0.2 0.6 9
Dryas octopetala 29.3 13.3 100
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.1 0.3 9
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 3.1 3.3 55
Arctostaphylos alpina 1.1 2.6 18
Salix phlebophylla 0.7 1.7 18
Salix rotundifolia 0.9 1.6 27
Total Forb Cover 27.6 13.7 100
Androsace chamaejasme 0.5 0.7 36
Anemone drummondii 1.3 1.3 55
Anemone narcissiflora 1.0 1.1 55
Antennaria friesiana 2.4 1.2 100
Arenaria chamissonis 0.5 0.8 36
Arnica alpina ssp. angustifolia 1.0 1.1 55
Arnica frigida 0.2 0.6 9
Artemisia furcata 0.8 0.9 55
Bupleurum triradiatum ssp. arcticum 0.7 0.6 64
Campanula lasiocarpa 0.7 1.0 45
Campanula uniflora 0.2 0.4 18
Castilleja caudata 0.2 0.4 18
Castilleja hyperborea 0.5 0.8 27
Dianthus repens 1.3 1.0 64
Draba palanderiana 0.9 1.1 45
Eritrichium splendens 0.7 1.0 45
Gentiana propinqua 0.4 0.7 27
Lupinus arcticus 1.1 1.6 36
Minuartia arctica 2.5 1.3 91
Oxytropis kokrinensis 0.5 1.0 18
Oxytropis nigrescens 0.9 1.0 55
Papaver lapponicum 0.3 0.6 18
Pedicularis kanei 1.0 0.9 64
Podistera macounii 0.4 0.7 27
Polygonum viviparum 0.8 1.1 45
Potentilla uniflora 0.5 0.7 36
Saxifraga bronchialis 1.4 1.5 55
Saxifraga flagellaris 0.6 0.8 45
Saxifraga reflexa 0.7 1.1 36
Selaginella sibirica 1.1 1.6 36
Senecio ogotorukensis 0.3 0.5 27
Silene acaulis 0.2 0.4 18
Smelowskia calycina var. porsildii 1.5 1.2 73
Viola biflora 0.2 0.6 9
Total Grass Cover 4.2 2.0 100
Agrostis trinii 0.3 0.6 18
Festuca lenensis 1.2 1.3 55
Hierochloe alpina 1.8 1.3 82
Poa glauca 0.6 1.1 27
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 2.5 1.9 91
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 18

Table 4.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Carex podocarpa 0.5 1.2 18
Carex scirpoidea 1.0 1.3 45
Luzula confusa 0.9 1.0 55
Total Nonvascular Cover 36.6 14.1 100
Total Moss Cover 8.2 2.5 100
Abietinella abietina 0.3 0.5 27
Ceratodon purpureus 0.4 0.9 18
Dicranum spadiceum 0.2 0.6 9
Grimmia torquata 0.2 0.6 9
Pogonatum dentatum 0.6 1.2 27
Pogonatum urnigerum 0.2 0.6 9
Polytrichum juniperinum 0.4 1.2 9
Polytrichum piliferum 1.6 1.7 55
Polytrichum sp. 0.3 0.9 9
Racomitrium lanuginosum 1.2 1.3 55
Rhytidium rugosum 1.6 0.9 82
Unknown moss 0.5 1.8 9
Total Lichen Cover 25.8 11.9 100
Alectoria nigricans 0.4 1.2 9
Alectoria ochroleuca 1.8 1.3 73
Arctoparmelia separata 0.4 0.8 18
Asahinea chrysantha 1.1 1.1 55
Bryocaulon divergens 1.6 1.2 73
Bryoria nitidula 0.8 1.5 27
Bryoria tenuis 0.2 0.6 9
Cetraria hepatizon 0.5 1.0 18
Cetraria islandica ssp. crispiformis 0.5 1.2 18
Cetraria laevigata 0.6 0.9 36
Cetraria nigricans 0.8 1.4 36
Cladina arbuscula 0.5 0.8 27
Cladonia amaurocraea 0.3 0.9 9
Cladonia borealis 0.7 1.3 27
Cladonia gracilis ssp. elongata 0.4 0.9 18
Cladonia pleurota 0.3 0.9 9
Cladonia pyxidata 0.2 0.6 9
Cladonia sp. 1.2 1.2 64
Cladonia uncialis 0.9 1.2 45
Cladonia wainioi 0.3 0.9 9
Flavocetraria cucullata 0.5 0.9 27
Flavocetraria nivalis 2.0 1.4 82
Hypogymnia bitteri 0.4 0.7 27
Hypogymnia subobscura 0.3 0.9 9
Melanelia stygia 0.5 1.0 18
Ochrolechia bryophaga 0.4 1.2 9
Parmelia omphalodes 1.0 1.2 55
Pertusaria bryontha 0.4 1.2 9
Sphaerophorus fragilis 0.3 0.6 18
Sphaerophorus globosus 2.1 1.4 73
Stereocaulon paschale 0.5 1.3 18
Thamnolia vermicularis 3.1 1.2 91
Umbilicaria arctica 0.3 0.9 9
Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii 0.4 1.2 9
Unknown lichen 0.5 1.8 9
Vulpicida tilesii 0.4 0.7 27
Total Bare Ground 50.5 22.9 91
Bare Soil 50.5 22.9 91
common and abundant. Loess caps are absent. Soil
pH is acidic to circumneutral and EC is generally
low. The soils are typically somewhat excessively
to excessively drained. Depth to water table often
could not be measured, but it is assumed to be > 1.5
m depth given the well drained soils.
Table 5
Soil characteristics for Alpine Acidic
Dryas Dwarf Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 440.9 104.3 11
Slope (degrees) 12.4 7.7 9
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 5.7 3.4 6
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 0
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 20.0 1
Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.3 0.4 11
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 110.0 1
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a 0
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The following description is based on data
collected in ARCN and used for the regional
classification. The soils in this ecotype include
Typic Haplorthels (mineral soil over permafrost
lacking cryoturbation), Typic Dystrogelepts (acidic,
well drained, moderately thin organic horizon,
permafrost below 1 m), Lithic Cryorthents (poorly
developed,

ALPINE ALKALINE BARRENS
Table 6.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Alpine Alkaline Barrens (n=52).*
Geomorphology:
Alpine Alkaline Barrens is uncommon and
occurs at higher elevations in SNWR in the
Purcell Mountains and Kiliovilik Range.
Geomorphology includes carbonate sedimentary
bedrock, metamorphic carbonate (marble) bedrock,
weathered bedrock, hillside colluvium, and talus.
Site chemistry is alkaline due to carbonate-rich
parent material. Macrotopography consists of
upper slopes, shoulders, ridge crests, and plateaus.
Slopes are steep and occur at all aspects. We did
not collect any plot data in SNWR for this ecotype,
and the following data reflect plots sampled in
ARCN. This ecotype was developed as part of the
regional classification and was identified in SNWR
through the spectral classification and mapping
effort.
Plant Association:
Dryas octopetala–Saxifraga oppositifolia
Salix arctica–Minuartia arctica
Vegetation cover is sparse in this ecotype,
although species diversity is high. Plants are
present in trace quantities (Table 6). Trees and
shrubs taller than 20 cm are absent. Total
non-vascular cover is low, and not always present
at sites. Common species include Dryas
octopetala, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Androsace
chamaejasme, and Minuartia arctica.
The most similar ecotype is Alpine Alkaline
Dryas Dwarf Shrub, except that it has higher
vegetation cover. Alpine Acidic Barrens is also
similar except for differences in bedrock type, soil
chemistry, and plant assemblages.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 34.3 25.9 100
Total Vascular Cover 27.2 20.8 98
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0 0 2
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 4 5 56
Cassiope tetragona 0.1 0.7 7
Dryas integrifolia 0.7 2.1 14
Dryas octopetala 2.8 4.5 37
Dryas octopetala ssp. alaskensis 0.4 1.7 7
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 9.5 12 84
Potentilla fruticosa 0.1 0.8 5
Salix arctica 0.1 0.4 21
Salix brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada 0.1 0.9 2
Salix glauca

Table 6.
Continued.
Soils:
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Calamagrostis purpurascens 0.5 1.5 16
Poa glauca 0.2 0.9 19
Trisetum spicatum ssp. spicatum 0.1 0.3 14
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 0.8 1.8 53
Carex franklinii

ALPINE ALKALINE DRYAS DWARF SHRUB
Table 8.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub
(n=160).
Geomorphology:
Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub is
uncommon. It occurs on carbonate substrates on
stable slopes and crests in the Purcell Mountains
and Kiliovilik Range. Parent material consists of
weathered bedrock, hillside colluvium, talus, young
moraine, solifluction deposits and inactive alluvial
fan deposits. We did not collect any plot data in
SNWR for this ecotype, and the following data
reflect plots sampled in ARCN. This ecotype was
developed as part of the regional classification and
was identified in SNWR through the spectral
classification and mapping effort.
Plant Association:
Dryas octopetala–Saxifraga oppositifolia
Dryas integrifolia–Carex scirpoidea–Silene acaulis
Vegetation is dominated by dwarf shrubs,
mainly Dryas species, and has a strong subcomponent
of forbs and sedges (Table 8). Trees and
shrubs taller than 20 cm are absent. Nonvascular
species are always present in low quantities. This is
a diverse ecotype. Common species in addition to
the floristic class components include Minuartia
arctica, Polygonum viviparum, Dactylina arctica,
and Vulpicida tilesii.
The most similar ecotype is Alpine Alkaline
Barrens, except it has much higher vegetative cover.
It is also similar to Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf
Shrub except for differences in bedrock type, higher
soil pH, and much higher plant diversity.
Soils:
Soils are blocky or rubbly and are overlain by
thin organic horizons (Table 9). Thaw depths often
could not be determined in the rocky soils, but
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 98.1 36.6 100
Total Vascular Cover 78.5 29 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 42.5 17.1 100
Andromeda polifolia

Table 8.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Solidago multiradiata 0.1 0.4 5
Thalictrum alpinum 0.1 0.4 26
Tofieldia coccinea

ALPINE CASSIOPE DWARF SHRUB
Table 10.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub (n=38).
Geomorphology:
Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub is distributed in
small patches on north aspects and is not common.
It occurs at higher elevations on upper and lower
slopes on hillside colluvium. It generally occurs on
north aspects and in late-lying snow beds, where
soils are generally colder and moister than other
alpine ecotypes. Slopes vary from gradual to steep.
We did not collect any plot data in SNWR for this
ecotype, and the following data reflect plots
sampled in ARCN. This ecotype was developed
as part of the regional classification and was
identified in SNWR through the spectral
classification and mapping effort.
Plant Association:
Cassiope tetragona–Dryas octopetala–Polygonum
bistorta
This ecotype is dominated by dwarf shrubs,
specifically Cassiope tetragona. Other common
dwarf shrubs include Dryas octopetala, Salix
reticulata, and Vaccinium uliginosum (Table 10).
Similar ecotypes include Alpine Ericaceous–
Dryas Dwarf Shrub and Alpine Alkaline Dryas
Dwarf Shrub. In these types the dominant species
that defines the vegetation type is Dryas as
opposed to Cassiope. Also, site chemistry is more
acidic in Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub
and more alkaline in Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf
Shrub.
Soils:
Soils are blocky or rubbly and are overlain by
thin organic horizons (Table 11). Thaw depths
often could not be determined in the rocky soils,
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 180.5 50 100
Total Vascular Cover 119.2 35.2 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 69.7 21.5 100
Cassiope tetragona 29.3 18.1 100
Dryas octopetala 36.1 20.1 89
Dryas octopetala ssp. alaskensis 3.4 11.2 9
Ledum decumbens

Table 10.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Total Grass Cover 3.1 4.2 63
Arctagrostis latifolia 0.2 1.2 9
Festuca altaica 2.6 4.2 48
Hierochloe alpina 0.1 0.5 13
Poa arctica 0.1 0.2 11
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 3.7 5.6 59
Carex bigelowii 0.3 1.1 11
Carex microchaeta 0.4 2.2 11
Carex misandra 0.8 3.8 17
Carex podocarpa 0.8 1.7 22
Carex rupestris 0.6 1.7 13
Carex scirpoidea 0.5 1.6 20
Total Nonvascular Cover 61.3 32.1 98
Total Moss Cover 34 24.4 96
Abietinella sp. 0.2 0.7 11
Blepharostoma sp. 0.1 0.5 15
Brachythecium sp. 1.3 3.1 22
Bryum sp. 0.1 0.4 9
Campylium sp. 1.8 4 20
Cinclidium sp. 0.2 0.9 9
Dicranum sp. 3.2 4.6 57
Distichium sp. 0.1 0.4 11
Ditrichum sp. 0.8 1.2 43
Drepanocladus sp. 0.8 2.7 13
Hylocomium splendens 12.3 17.3 72
Hypnum sp. 2.7 5.1 43
Pleurozium schreberi 0.8 1.6 22
Racomitrium sp. 1.4 2.7 28
Rhytidium rugosum 0.9 2.8 22
Sanionia sp. 1.4 3.9 13
Timmia sp. 0.2 0.6 13
Tomentypnum nitens 3.2 6.2 39
Total Lichen Cover 28 21.7 98
Alectoria sp. 0.1 0.5 11
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.4 1 17
Cetraria sp. 6.5 7.5 63
Cladina arbuscula 3.8 6.8 57
Cladina rangiferina 0.6 1.8 22
Cladina stellaris 4 8.2 37
Cladonia sp. 1.1 2 65
Dactylina arctica 0.1 0.5 22
Dactylina sp. 1 1.5 54
Flavocetraria cucullata 4 5 78
Flavocetraria nivalis 0.5 1.1 35
Lobaria sp. 0.2 0.9 9
Masonhalea richardsonii 1.1 3.4 43
Peltigera aphthosa 0.3 0.7 26
Peltigera sp. 0.2 0.6 13
Pertusaria sp. 0.2 0.7 9
Stereocaulon sp. 0.3 0.8 22
Thamnolia sp. 0.3 0.9 37
Thamnolia vermicularis 0.3 0.8 15
Unknown crustose lichen 1.3 3.7 15
Total Bare Ground 4.8 9.9 26
Bare Soil 1.6 3.9 26
Litter alone 3.2 6.7 26
but permafrost is presumed to be present below 1
m due to the cold temperatures at the high
elevations. Frost boils are rare, however when
present they tend to occur at high abundance.
Surface fragments are common and moderately
abundant, and loess caps are absent. Soil pH is
circumneutral and EC is low. The soils are
typically somewhat excessively to well drained.
Depth to water table often could not be measured
but it is assumed to be substantial, given the well
drained soils.
Table 11.
Soil characteristics for Alpine
Cassiope Dwarf Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 713.6 250.4 12
Slope (degrees) 20.3 10.2 12
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 5.4 3.6 10
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 5.4 3.6 10
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 6.2 3.6 9
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 13.8 11.0 10
Frost Boil Cover (%) 10.5 13.4 2
Thaw Depth (cm) 0
Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.8 0.6 11
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 106.2 59.5 10
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -200.0 0.0 12
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The dominant soils in this ecotype are Typic
Eutrogelepts (non-acidic, partially developed with
permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Gelorthents
(poorly developed soils, permafrost below 1 m).
25 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

ALPINE ERICACEOUS–DRYAS DWARF
SHRUB
Table 12.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf
Shrub (n=5).
Geomorphology:
Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub occurs
on hillside colluvium and weathered bedrock
above 200 m elevation in the Selawik Hills,
Western Hockley Hills, and Waring Mountains.
Macrotopography includes upper slopes and crests.
Slopes vary from gentle to steep and occur at all
aspects.
Plant Association:
Betula nana–Vaccinium vitis-idaea–Dryas
octopetala
Dwarf shrubs characterize this ecotype (Table
12), while trees and tall shrubs are absent. Mosses
and lichens are always present. Sedges, grasses and
forbs are well represented but typically have low
total cover. Common species include Betula nana,
Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea,
Vaccinium uliginosum, Anemone narcissiflora,
Hierochloe alpina, Carex bigelowii, Pohlia nutans,
and Cladina rangiferina.
This ecotype is most similar to Alpine Acidic
Dryas Dwarf Shrub and Alpine Cassiope Dwarf
Shrub, except for differences in site chemistry and
plant associations.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 165.0 44.8 100
Total Vascular Cover 101.6 26.4 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 32.0 14.3 100
Cassiope tetragona 1.0 1.4 40
Diapensia lapponica 0.4 0.9 20
Dryas octopetala 0.4 0.9 20
Empetrum nigrum 7.6 6.1 100
Ledum decumbens 6.0 2.7 100
Loiseleuria procumbens 1.6 1.1 80
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 15.0 14.0 100
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 41.4 16.1 100
Arctostaphylos alpina 12.4 15.9 100
Betula nana 14.8 14.2 100
Salix arctica 0.8 1.8 20
Salix glauca 0.6 0.9 40
Salix phlebophylla 2.6 3.3 60
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 1.8 3.5 40
Salix reticulata 0.4 0.9 20
Vaccinium uliginosum 7.6 6.6 100
Total Forb Cover 12.8 5.4 100
Anemone drummondii 0.4 0.9 20
Anemone narcissiflora 1.0 1.0 60
Antennaria friesiana 0.4 0.9 20
Arnica alpina ssp. angustifolia 0.8 1.3 40
Epilobium angustifolium 0.6 1.3 20
Lupinus arcticus 1.0 1.7 40
Pedicularis capitata 0.6 0.9 40
Pedicularis kanei 1.4 1.5 60
Pedicularis labradorica 1.4 1.3 60
Pedicularis sudetica ssp. pacifica 0.4 0.9 20
Petasites frigidus 1.6 1.8 60
Polygonum bistorta 1.4 1.3 60
Pyrola grandiflora 0.8 1.1 40
Saxifraga hieracifolia 0.4 0.5 40
Saxifraga punctata ssp. nelsoniana 0.4 0.5 40
Tofieldia coccinea 0.2 0.4 20
Total Grass Cover 5.6 2.1 100
Arctagrostis latifolia 1.0 1.4 40
Hierochloe alpina 3.2 0.8 100
Poa arctica 1.2 1.3 60
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 9.8 7.0 100
Carex bigelowii 7.2 6.4 100
Eriophorum callitrix 0.4 0.9 20
Luzula arcuata unalaschensis 0.8 1.3 40
Luzula confusa 0.8 1.3 40
Luzula kjellmaniana 0.6 1.3 20
Total Nonvascular Cover 63.4 26.4 100
Total Moss Cover 31.6 18.8 100
Anastrophyllum minutum 0.4 0.5 40
Aulacomnium turgidum 2.0 1.2 80
Ceratodon purpureus 0.8 1.1 40
Dicranum acutifolium 1.6 1.7 60
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 26

Table 12.
Continued.
Soils:
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Dicranum elongatum 2.2 2.0 60
Dicranum groenlandicum 0.4 0.9 20
Dicranum spadiceum 0.4 0.9 20
Hamatocaulis vernicosus 0.4 0.9 20
Hylocomium splendens 8.2 16.7 40
Hypnum plicatulum 0.8 1.1 40
Pleurozium schreberi 0.4 0.5 40
Pohlia nutans 1.6 0.9 100
Polytrichum hyperboreum 0.8 1.8 20
Polytrichum juniperinum 9.6 16.2 60
Polytrichum strictum 0.2 0.4 20
Ptilium crista-castrensis 0.4 0.9 20
Racomitrium lanuginosum 0.4 0.9 20
Rhytidium rugosum 1.0 1.0 60
Total Lichen Cover 27.4 11.9 100
Alectoria nigricans 0.4 0.9 20
Arctoparmelia incurva 0.4 0.9 20
Asahinea chrysantha 1.0 0.7 80
Bryocaulon divergens 1.2 1.3 60
Bryoria nitidula 0.2 0.4 20
Cetraria islandica ssp. islandica 0.2 0.4 20
Cetraria laevigata 1.4 1.7 60
Cladina arbuscula 1.6 1.1 80
Cladina rangiferina 1.8 0.8 100
Cladina stellaris 0.2 0.4 20
Cladina stygia 0.6 1.3 20
Cladonia amaurocraea 0.4 0.9 20
Cladonia bellidiflora 0.4 0.9 20
Cladonia borealis 1.0 1.4 40
Cladonia coccifera 0.8 1.1 40
Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata 0.4 0.5 40
Cladonia macroceras 0.2 0.4 20
Cladonia macrophylla 0.4 0.9 20
Cladonia pleurota 1.0 1.2 60
Cladonia singularis 0.2 0.4 20
Cladonia sp. 0.8 0.8 60
Cladonia subfurcata 0.2 0.4 20
Cladonia sulphurina 0.6 1.3 20
Cladonia uncialis 1.6 1.1 80
Dactylina arctica 0.8 1.1 40
Flavocetraria cucullata 2.0 1.2 80
Flavocetraria nivalis 1.8 0.8 100
Melanelia stygia 0.4 0.9 20
Ochrolechia frigida 0.2 0.4 20
Peltigera aphthosa 0.4 0.5 40
Peltigera britannica 0.2 0.4 20
Peltigera conspersa 1.2 0.8 80
Peltigera sp. 0.6 0.9 40
Pertusaria bryontha 0.8 1.8 20
Psoroma hypnorum 0.2 0.4 20
Sphaerophorus globosus 1.2 1.3 60
Stereocaulon paschale 0.8 0.8 60
Thamnolia vermicularis 2.4 0.5 100
Umbilicaria arctica 0.6 1.3 20
Total Bare Ground 16.4 35.6 60
Bare Soil 16.4 35.6 60
Soils are blocky or rubbly and are overlain by
thin organic horizons (Table 13). Permafrost is
presumed to be present below 1 m due to the cold
annual temperatures. Frost boils are uncommon,
however when present they tend to occur at high
abundance. Loess caps are generally absent, and
surface fragments are common and abundant. Soil
pH is acidic. The soils are typically somewhat
excessively to well drained. Depth to water table is
assumed to be substantial, given the well drained
soils.
Table 13.
Soil characteristics for Alpine
Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 384.2 139.1 5
Slope (degrees) 4.3 1.5 3
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 4.2 1.1 5
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 0
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 0
Site pH at 10-cm depth 4.8 0.3 5
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 0
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a 0
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The following description is based on data
collected in ARCN and used for the regional
classification. The dominant soils in this ecotype
are Typic Dystrogelepts (acidic, well drained,
moderately thin organic horizon, permafrost below
1 m), Typic Haploturbels (mineral soil over
permafrost with cryoturbation), and Typic
Gelorthents (poorly developed soils, permafrost
below 1 m).
27 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

ALPINE WET SEDGE MEADOW
Table 14.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow (n=8).
Geomorphology:
Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow is uncommon and
occurs on gradual slopes of hillside colluvium. It is
found on concave surfaces and toe slopes where
water tends to collect and is often associated with
non-incised water tracks or seeps. We did not
collect any plot data in SNWR for this ecotype, and
the following data reflect plots sampled in ARCN.
This ecotype was developed as part of the regional
classification and was identified in SNWR through
the spectral classification and mapping effort.
Plant Association:
Eriophorum angustifolium–Pedicularis sudetica
Sedges dominate this type, specifically
Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex bigelowii, and
C. aquatilis (Table 14). Forb and deciduous shrub
cover is also high. Mosses are common, but due to
wet surfaces, lichens are not. Common species
include a variety of dwarf willows, and the forbs
Pedicularis sudetica and Polygonum bistorta.
Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow is relatively
species-rich, but total diversity is not as high as
other alpine ecotypes.
Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow and Riverine
Wet Sedge Meadow are similar in soil moisture,
site chemistry and vegetation structure except
deciduous shrub cover is lower. Due to
physiographic and geomorphic differences, Alpine
Wet Sedge Meadow has rockier soils and a thinner
organic horizon.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 162.5 86.9 100
Total Vascular Cover 97.2 35.6 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 3.2 4.9 55
Cassiope tetragona 0.3 0.9 9
Dryas integrifolia 0.5 1.5 9
Dryas octopetala 1.3 2.3 36
Dryas octopetala ssp. alaskensis 0.7 2.4 9
Empetrum nigrum 0.1 0.3 9
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.4 1.2 9
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 11 14.1 73
Salix arctica 2.5 3.3 45
Salix fuscescens 2.7 7.5 18
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.7 2.4 18
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 1.4 4.5 27
Salix reticulata 2.4 7.5 18
Salix rotundifolia 0.6 1.8 18
Vaccinium uliginosum 0.5 1.5 18
Total Forb Cover 19.6 14.8 100
Aconitum delphinifolium 0.4 0.9 27
Anemone parviflora 0.4 1.2 9
Arnica lessingii 0.2 0.6 27
Caltha palustris 0.5 1 27
Cerastium beeringianum 0.1 0.3 18
Claytonia acutifolia ssp.
graminifolia 0.5 1.3 18
Claytonia sarmentosa 0.3 0.5 36
Claytonia scammaniana 0.3 0.9 9
Dodecatheon frigidum 0.1 0.3 9
Equisetum arvense 8.3 14.7 36
Gentiana propinqua 0.1 0.3 9
Lagotis glauca ssp. glauca 0.2 0.4 36
Melandrium apetalum

Table 14.
Continued.
Soils:
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Hierochloe pauciflora 0.2 0.6 9
Poa arctica 1.1 1.7 45
Trisetum spicatum ssp. spicatum 1.9 4.6 36
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 35.5 24 100
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 2.3 7.5 9
Carex atrofusca 0.8 1.7 27
Carex bigelowii 9.2 9.6 73
Carex canescens 0.5 1.5 9
Carex capillaris 0.5 0.9 36
Carex kelloggii 0.3 0.9 9
Carex membranacea 0.5 1.8 9
Carex misandra 1.1 2.2 27
Carex podocarpa 6.2 10.9 45
Carex saxatilis 0.5 1 18
Carex scirpoidea 0.7 1.7 36
Eriophorum angustifolium 10.9 17.5 73
Eriophorum callitrix 0.6 1.5 36
Juncus biglumis 0.5 0.8 45
Kobresia myosuroides 0.1 0.3 9
Kobresia simpliciuscula 0.5 1.5 9
Total Nonvascular Cover 65.2 56.7 100
Total Moss Cover 57.7 48.8 100
Anastrophyllum sp. 0.2 0.6 9
Aulacomnium palustre 9.5 12.5 55
Brachythecium sp. 0.4 0.9 18
Bryum cryophilum 1.1 2.6 18
Calliergon sp. 0.9 3 9
Campylium sp. 0.7 1.7 18
Cinclidium sp. 0.5 1.5 9
Dicranum sp. 1.1 1.8 45
Ditrichum sp. 0.3 0.9 9
Drepanocladus sp. 0.7 1.7 18
Hylocomium splendens 14.8 23 55
Hypnum sp. 0.7 2.4 9
Mnium sp. 0.3 0.6 18
Pleurozium schreberi 2.7 4.7 27
Pohlia sp. 0.2 0.6 9
Racomitrium sp. 0.4 0.8 18
Rhytidium rugosum 0.5 1 18
Sanionia sp. 3.2 5.6 27
Tomentypnum nitens 3.6 8.9 36
Unknown moss 15.6 26.8 45
Total Lichen Cover 7.8 16.4 73
Cetraria sp. 0.9 2.1 27
Cladina arbuscula 2.9 5.1 27
Cladina rangiferina 0.6 1.5 27
Cladonia sp. 1.5 4.5 18
Dactylina sp. 0.7 2.1 27
Lobaria sp. 0.5 1.5 18
Peltigera aphthosa 0.3 0.6 18
Peltigera sp. 0.3 0.6 18
Total Bare Ground 29.1 23.2 73
Bare Soil 5.2 5.2 73
Water 10.5 9.7 73
Litter alone 13.4 14.7 73
Soils are gravelly, rubbly, blocky, or bouldery
and are overlain by thin to moderately thick surface
organic horizons (Table 15). Permafrost typically
occurred within 2 m of the soil surface. Frost boils
are rare, and surface fragments are common and
abundant. Loess caps are absent. Soil pH is
alkaline to circumneutral and EC is generally low.
The soils are typically poorly drained, and feature a
shallow water table.
Table 15.
Soil characteristics for Alpine Wet
Sedge Meadow.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 604.1 83.3 8
Slope (degrees) 6.8 6.0 8
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 6.9 4.9 8
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 6.9 4.9 8
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 8.3 6.2 6
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 14.0 15.7 8
Frost Boil Cover (%) 15.0 1
Thaw Depth (cm) 78.0 38.0 4
Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.1 0.3 8
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 138.8 107.9 8
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -9.0 5.6 8
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The dominant soils in this ecotype are Typic
Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost,
lacking cryoturbation) and Typic Aquiturbels (wet,
mineral soil over permafrost, with cryoturbation).
A less common subgroup is Typic Gelaquepts (wet,
partially developed, permafrost below 1 m).
29 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

COASTAL BRACKISH SEDGE MARSH
Table 16.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh
(n=10).
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Geomorphology:
In SNWR this ecotype occurs on the Kobuk
River Delta on margins of tidal rivers and ponds,
and on delta abandoned overbank deposits.
Elevations are at sea level or slightly raised. Soil
electrical conductivity values are above
800µS.cm-1. This ecotype could not be mapped
because it only occurred in small patches.
Plant Association:
Carex lyngbaei
Sedges characterize this ecotype, while forbs,
grasses and low deciduous shrubs contribute a
minor amount to the overall assemblage (Table 16).
Trees, tall shrubs, mosses and lichens are absent.
Vegetation is dominated by Carex lyngbyaei,
Eriophorum russeolum, and Potentilla palustris.
Total Live Cover 71.7 28.5 100
Total Vascular Cover 71.7 28.5 100
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0.7 1.6 20
Salix alaxensis 0.2 0.6 10
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.3 0.7 20
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 0.2 0.4 20
Total Forb Cover 2.5 5.0 40
Caltha palustris 0.2 0.6 10
Cicuta virosa 0.2 0.6 10
Equisetum fluviatile 0.2 0.6 10
Iris setosa 0.1 0.3 10
Myriophyllum spicatum ssp.
exalbescens 0.1 0.3 10
Potentilla palustris 1.5 2.5 40
Ranunculus pallasii 0.2 0.6 10
Total Grass Cover 0.3 0.9 10
Calamagrostis canadensis 0.3 0.9 10
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 68.2 26.2 100
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 0.4 1.0 20
Carex lyngbyaei 64.7 25.7 100
Carex mackenziei 0.8 1.0 40
Eriophorum angustifolium 1.1 1.4 40
Eriophorum russeolum 1.2 1.4 50
Total Bare Ground 32.2 32.2 90
Water 32.2 32.2 90
Soils:
Soils are loamy and typically feature a
moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table
17). Permafrost occurs in the upper meter of the
soil profile. Organic horizons, buried by ocean
sands and silts during tidal floods, are sometimes
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 30

found in these soils. Soil pH is circumneutral and
site chemistry is brackish. The soils are very poorly
drained, and the water table is very shallow to
above ground. Surface water is always present.
LACUSTRINE BARRENS
Table 17.
Soil characteristics for Coastal
Brackish Sedge Marsh.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 1.3 0.6 3
Slope (degrees) 0
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 13.0 1
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 25.0 1
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 6.0 1
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 68.6 18.0 9
Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.2 0.8 9
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 1850.0 1
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a 1.0 1
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
We documented the soil subgroup Typic
Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost
lacking cryoturbation) in this ecotype.
Geomorphology:
Lacustrine Barrens is a transitional ecotype
that occurs either when a lake basin becomes
tapped and drained, or when lakes lose water or
completely dry up due to other factors. It occurs in
lowlands along lake beaches, in draining organic
fens, in both ice-rich and ice-poor thaw basin
centers, and on older moraine kettle lakes where
thawing of subsurface permafrost affects the water
table. Lacustrine Barrens are found at low
elevations throughout SNWR, but were too small
and spectrally indistinct to map.
Plant Association:
Eriophorum angustifolium–Epilobium palustre
Early colonizing forbs and sedges are the
characteristic life forms in Lacustrine Barrens
(Table 18). Total live cover is variable but is
typically

Table 18.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lacustrine Barrens (n=2).
Soils:
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 24.9 12.8 100
Total Vascular Cover 23.9 11.4 100
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 1.1 1.5 50
Salix alaxensis 0.1 0.1 50
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 1.0 1.4 50
Total Forb Cover 9.6 2.0 100
Artemisia tilesii 0.1 0.1 50
Aster sibiricus 0.1 0.1 50
Calla palustris 0.1 0.1 50
Caltha natans 0.6 0.6 100
Caltha palustris 0.1 0.1 50
Cicuta mackenzieana 0.1 0.1 50
Cicuta virosa 0.5 0.7 50
Epilobium angustifolium 0.1 0.1 50
Epilobium palustre 1.1 1.3 100
Equisetum arvense 1.1 1.3 100
Equisetum fluviatile 0.1 0.1 50
Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum 0.1 0.1 50
Hippuris vulgaris 1.1 1.3 100
Iris setosa 0.1 0.1 50
Polygonum alaskanum 0.1 0.1 50
Polygonum lapathifolium 0.5 0.7 50
Potentilla norvegica 0.1 0.1 50
Potentilla palustris 0.1 0.1 50
Ranunculus gmelini 1.1 1.3 100
Ranunculus hyperboreus 0.1 0.1 50
Rorippa barbareaefolia 0.1 0.1 50
Rorippa islandica ssp. fernaldiana 1.0 1.4 50
Rumex arcticus 0.1 0.1 50
Senecio congestus 1.5 2.1 50
Sparganium sp. 0.5 0.7 50
Stellaria crassifolia 0.1 0.1 50
Wilhelmsia physodes 0.1 0.1 50
Total Grass Cover 4.2 1.7 100
Arctagrostis latifolia 0.1 0.1 50
Arctophila fulva 4.0 1.4 100
Beckmannia erucaeformis 0.1 0.1 50
Calamagrostis canadensis 0.1 0.1 50
Deschampsia caespitosa 0.1 0.1 50
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 9.1 12.6 100
Eleocharis acicularis 9.1 12.7 100
Eriophorum vaginatum 0.1 0.1 50
Total Nonvascular Cover 1.0 1.4 50
Total Moss Cover 1.0 1.4 50
Brachythecium sp. 0.5 0.7 50
Marchantia polymorpha 0.5 0.7 50
Total Bare Ground 50.0 70.7 50
Bare Soil 47.5 67.2 50
Litter alone 2.5 3.5 50
Soils are typically loamy and can have a thin
to thick surface organic horizon depending on
drainage history (Table 19). Permafrost can occur
within the upper meter of the soil profile. Soil pH
is circumneutral to alkaline, and EC is moderate.
The soils are somewhat poorly to well drained, and
the water table is moderately deep to deep.
Table 19.
Soil characteristics for Lacustrine
Barrens.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 18.0 7.1 2
Slope (degrees) 1.0 1
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 37.0 1
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 37.0 1
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 53.0 1
Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.7 1
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 640.0 1
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -21.0 1
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
We documented Terric Fibristels (wet, thick
poorly decomposed organic horizon, with ≥ 30cm
mineral horizon within 1 m) in SNWR. Additional
common soil types (from ARCN data) include
Oxyaquic Gelorthents (wet, saturated early in
growing season, poorly developed with permafrost
below 1 m) and Typic Gelorthents (poorly
developed with permafrost below 1 m).
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 32

LACUSTRINE BLUEJOINT MEADOW
Table 20.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow (n=4).
Geomorphology:
These meadows occur on glaciolacustrine
deposits and on drained-lake basins, including both
ice-poor thaw basin centers and margins. Surfaces
are flat and non-patterned. These meadows occur
at low elevations in lowland areas. Lacustrine
Bluejoint Meadow was not mappable because it
occurred in small patches.
Plant Association:
Calamagrostis canadensis–Potentilla palustris
Bluejoint grass (C. canadensis) grows
profusely in this ecotype (Table 20). Forbs and
sedges create a quasi-understory in the tall grass.
Mosses are typically present. Trees are absent,
while shrubs and lichens occur infrequently,
always with low total cover. Common species
include Polemonium acutiflorum, Eriophorum
angustifolium and Aulacomnium palustre.
This ecotype is similar to Lacustrine Barrens
as described in the previous section. Riverine
Bluejoint Meadow is very similar and shares a
floristic association, but it occurs on a different
terrain type with a different flooding and
sedimentation regime. Upland Bluejoint Meadow
is only similar in the characteristic species, C.
canadensis.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 139.3 56.0 100
Total Vascular Cover 104.0 31.9 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 0.3 0.5 50
Chamaedaphne calyculata 0.2 0.5 25
Oxycoccus microcarpus

Table 20.
Soils:
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Total Nonvascular Cover 35.3 31.3 100
Total Moss Cover 35.3 31.3 100
Calliergon sp. 1.2 2.5 25
Cinclidium arcticum 1.2 2.5 25
Dicranum undulatum 5.0 10.0 25
Marchantia polymorpha 1.2 2.5 25
Plagiomnium ellipticum 1.2 2.5 25
Polytrichum commune 6.2 12.5 25
Polytrichum longisetum 6.2 12.5 25
Sphagnum sp. 4.0 7.3 50
Sphenolobus minutus 3.8 7.5 25
Unknown liverwort

LACUSTRINE BUCKBEAN FEN
Table 22.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lacustrine Buckbean Fen (n=10).
Geomorphology:
This productive ecotype occurs in fens (thick
peat with groundwater input), margins of drained
basins, shore fens and in shallow thaw lakes. It is
broadly distributed throughout lowland areas at
low elevations in SNWR. Water actively moves
through these hydrologically connected
ecosystems. This ecotype could not be mapped
separately due to the high reflectance of water.
Plant Association:
Menyanthes trifoliata–Potentilla palustris
Buckbean (M. trifoliata) is the dominant
species in this ecotype (Table 22). It grows in dense
mats, often floating over open water, which creates
substrate for other species to establish on.
Water-tolerant or aquatic species occur on these
mats or in shallow water at the margins, while
more terrestrial species occur along the shoreline.
Flowing water supplies minerals and nutrients that
promote productivity and species diversity.
Common species include Potentilla palustris,
Carex aquatilis, Eriophorum angustifolium, and
Sphagnum squarrosum. Trees and lichens are
absent.
Similar ecotypes to Lacustrine Buckbean Fen
include Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh and Lacustrine
Marestail Marsh. The main differences that
Lacustrine Buckbean Fen has abundant cover of M.
trifoliata and occurs at shallower water depths.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 113.9 52.3 100
Total Vascular Cover 77.5 27.2 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 0.0 0.0 10
Chamaedaphne calyculata

Table 22.
Soils:
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Eriophorum scheuchzeri 0.2 0.6 10
Total Nonvascular Cover 36.4 37.7 100
Total Moss Cover 36.4 37.7 100
Calliergon giganteum 0.6 1.6 20
Calliergon sp. 2.1 4.2 30
Drepanocladus sp. 1.0 2.1 20
Limprichtia revolvens 1.7 4.7 20
Scorpidium scorpioides 4.6 14.2 20
Sphagnum girgensohnii 0.2 0.6 10
Sphagnum obtusum 0.5 1.6 10
Sphagnum sp. 2.0 4.8 20
Sphagnum squarrosum 17.4 31.3 30
Unknown moss 6.2 18.9 20
Warnstorfia fluitans 0.1 0.3 10
Total Bare Ground 51.7 34.9 100
Bare Soil 12.4 19.7 60
Water 27.8 35.2 100
Litter alone 11.5 16.1 60
Table 23.
Soil characteristics for Lacustrine
Buckbean Fen.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 12.0 17.1 10
Slope (degrees) 0
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 33.4 16.4 7
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 29.7 10.0 7
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 65.2 28.8 5
Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.1 0.7 10
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 1097.0 2446.6 10
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -1.4 23.3 8
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The most common soil subgroups in this
ecotype are Typic Historthels (wet, organic rich
soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation), Typic
Fibristels (wet, poorly decomposed thick peat,
permafrost in upper meter) and Hydric Cryofibrists
(wet, poorly decomposed peat with a water layer
below 60 cm, lacking permafrost). Less common
subgroups include Fluvaquentic Cryofibrists (wet,
poorly decomposed peat, with thin buried mineral
horizons), and Typic Cryofibrists (wet, poorly
decomposed peat, lacking permafrost).
Soils are poorly drained with thick
accumulations of peat (Table 23). Permafrost
typically occurs within 1m of the surface. Coarse
fragments are absent in the active layer. Frost boils,
loess caps, and surface fragments are absent. Soil
pH is circumneutral to acidic and EC is low. The
soils are typically very poorly drained to flooded,
and the water table occurs at shallow depths or
above ground.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 36

LACUSTRINE HORSETAIL MARSH
Table 24.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh (n=14).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype occurs in water along the
margins of shallow isolated thaw lakes and in
organic fens, and creates a highly visible swath of
deep green color from a distance. It occurs in small
dense patches throughout SNWR. This ecotype
could not be mapped separately due to the high
reflectance of water. Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh
occurs at low elevations where water depths are
less than 1 m.
Plant Association:
Equisetum fluviatile–Potentilla palustris
The horsetail E. fluviatile is the predominant
species in this ecotype, often appearing to grow in
a monoculture. However, other forbs, sedges and
mosses are prevalent, while grasses and low shrubs
are less common (Table 24). Common species
include Equisetum fluviatile, Potentilla palustris,
Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza, and
Calliergon sp.
This ecotype has similar site conditions as
Lacustrine Marestail Marsh and Lacustrine
Pendent Grass Marsh, but is dominated by
Equisetum fluviatile.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 101.7 38.4 100
Total Vascular Cover 70.8 28.3 100
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.0 0.0 8
Betula papyrifera

Table 24.
Continued.
LACUSTRINE MARESTAIL MARSH
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Calliergon giganteum 5.4 13.1 15
Calliergon megalophyllum 0.3 1.1 8
Calliergon richardsonii 6.8 24.4 8
Calliergon sp. 2.0 3.8 46
Drepanocladus sp. 0.2 0.6 8
Hamatocaulis lapponicus 6.9 25.0 8
Limprichtia revolvens 0.6 2.2 8
Scorpidium scorpioides 1.1 2.4 31
Sphagnum squarrosum 0.1 0.3 8
Warnstorfia exannulata 7.5 15.2 31
Total Lichen Cover 0.0 0.0 8
Ricciocarpus natans

Table 26.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lacustrine Marestail Marsh (n=9).
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 54.6 35.1 100
Total Vascular Cover 52.6 36.0 100
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0.0 0.0 11
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra

LACUSTRINE PENDENT GRASS MARSH
Table 28.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh
(n=5).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype is common in the shallow
margins of small to large lakes. This includes deep
isolated or connected thaw, moraine or kettle lakes,
ice-rich thaw basins, and on glaciolacustrine
deposits. It occurs at low elevations. Water depths
are typically around 0.5 m but can be deeper. Water
is always present in this ecotype, making it
spectrally indistinct and therefore not mappable.
Plant Association:
Arctophila fulva–Hippuris vulgaris
Emergent species such as pendent grass (A.
fulva) and common marestail (H. vulgaris)
predominate (Table 28). Forbs, grasses and sedges
are the dominant life forms. Shrubs and mosses are
sometimes present with low cover. Trees and
lichens are absent. Common species include
Potentilla palustris, Cicuta virosa, Galium trifidum
ssp. trifidum, and Eriophorum angustifolium.
This ecotype is distinguishable from other
lacustrine ecotypes by the prevalence of the grass
A. fulva relative to the cover of forb species.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 53.0 55.0 100
Total Vascular Cover 36.6 30.0 100
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0.0 0.0 20
Salix sp.

Soils:
LACUSTRINE WET SEDGE MEADOW
Soils were predominantly loam or
peat-dominated with a thick surface organic layer.
Soils were typically flooded. Soil pH was
circumneutral, and EC was moderate (Table 29).
Permafrost may or may not be present.
Table 29.
Soil characteristics for Lacustrine
Pendent Grass Marsh.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 79.2 73.9 5
Slope (degrees) 0
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 23.0 29.7 2
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 21.0 26.9 2
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 79.5 36.1 2
Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.5 0.6 5
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 616.0 1022.8 5
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -0.5 13.3 4
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype
are Typic Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over
permafrost lacking cryoturbation), Typic
Cryohemists (wet, moderately decomposed organic
matter, lacking permafrost), and Typic Cryaquents
(wet, minimally developed, lacking permafrost).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype is commonly found on lacustrine
deposits, including lake shores and ice-poor
centers and margins of drained-lake basins. It is
also found in organic fens. Surfaces are flat, and
water is commonly visible. It occurs at low
elevations. This ecotype occurred in small patches
and was mapped as Lowland Sedge Fen.
Plant Association:
Carex aquatilis–Potentilla palustris
Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow is
characterized by sedges and forbs, while shrubs,
grasses and mosses are present in lower quantities
(Table 30). Trees are absent, and lichens are
uncommon. Common species include Salix
planifolia ssp. pulchra, Eriophorum angustifolium,
Calamagrostis canadensis and Sphagnum
squarrosum.
This ecotype is most similar to Lowland
Sedge Fen, except it is strongly associated with
lake processes and the characteristic species, such
as Carex aquatilis and Eriophorum angustifolium,
are rapid colonizers.
41 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 30.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow
(n=14).
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 116.3 28.8 100
Total Vascular Cover 101.9 25.8 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 1.1 4.0 14
Andromeda polifolia 0.3 1.1 7
Chamaedaphne calyculata 0.6 2.1 7
Oxycoccus microcarpus 0.3 0.8 14
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 4.0 7.9 64
Alnus crispa 0.1 0.5 7
Betula nana 0.7 2.1 21
Myrica gale 0.1 0.5 7
Salix fuscescens 0.3 1.1 7
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.9 1.7 29
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 1.2 2.2 50
Vaccinium uliginosum 0.6 2.1 7
Total Forb Cover 28.3 22.4 100
Caltha palustris 0.7 1.1 43
Cardamine pratensis ssp. angustifolia 0.2 0.6 14
Cardamine sp.

Soils are organic-rich loams and silt-loams
with a moderately thick surface organic horizon
(Table 31). Permafrost usually occurs within the
upper meter of the soil profile. Frost boils, surface
fragments, and loess caps are absent. Soil pH is
circumneutral to acidic and EC is low. The soils are
typically very poorly to somewhat poorly drained,
and the water table is typically slightly above or
below the ground surface.
LOWLAND ALDER TALL SHRUB
Table 31.
Soil characteristics for Lacustrine Wet
Sedge Meadow.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 19.3 23.2 10
Slope (degrees) 2.5 0.7 2
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 45.5 34.6 2
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 30.5 13.4 2
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 75.3 25.2 7
Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.6 1.0 14
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 213.3 102.6 3
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a 8.0 19.8 4
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype
are Histic Cryaquepts (wet, moderate soil
development with thick surficial organic horizon,
lacking permafrost) and Typic Fibristels (wet,
poorly decomposed thick peat, permafrost in upper
1 m). Soils identified in the regional classification
also include Typic Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil
over permafrost lacking cryoturbation) and Typic
Historthels (wet, organic rich soil over permafrost
lacking cryoturbation).
Geomorphology:
Lowland Alder Tall Shrub occurs on delta
abandoned overbank deposits in SNWR. Surfaces
are flat. Site elevation is low. This ecotype
represents a community in transition from dwarf
shrub or graminoid-dominated vegetation, and may
be expanding in response to a warming climate. We
only sampled one plot in this ecotype in SNWR.
The following description mostly uses data from
plots sampled in ARCN to provide a more robust
description.
Plant Association:
Alnus crispa–Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra–
Hylocomium splendens
All life forms are represented in this stable
ecotype, although it is not particularly species rich
(Table 32). Alder, A. crispa grows in mostly open
patches. Additional common species include
Vaccinium uliginosum, Equisetum arvense,
Calamagrostis canadensis, and Tomentypnum
nitens.
This ecotype is most similar to Lowland
Willow Low Shrub in environmental factors but
shrubs are typically of taller stature and alder is
co-dominant with willow. It differs from Upland
Alder-Willow Tall Shrub in physiography,
dominant soil type, and the prevalence of S.
planifolia ssp. pulchra instead of S. lanata ssp.
richardsonii.
43 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 32.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lowland Alder Tall Shrub (n=6).
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 176.3 69.6 100
Total Vascular Cover 134.7 44.1 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 2.5 4 50
Picea glauca 1.4 2.4 50
Picea mariana 1.2 2.9 17
Total Evergreen Shrub
Cover 11 10.7 67
Andromeda polifolia 2.7 6.1 33
Cassiope tetragona 0.2 0.4 17
Chamaedaphne calyculata 1.7 4.1 33
Empetrum nigrum 1.9 4 50
Ledum decumbens 2.5 4.2 33
Ledum groenlandicum 0.7 1.6 17
Linnaea borealis 0.3 0.8 17
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.2 1.8 33
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.4 0.9 17
Betula hybrids

Soils:
The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype
are Typic Cryofluvents (poorly developed with
buried organic horizons, lacking permafrost within
1 m) and Typic Cryorthents (poorly developed
soils, lacking permafrost within 1 m). Additional
soils identified in this ecotype for the regional
classification include Typic Aquorthels (wet,
mineral soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation)
and Typic Histoturbels (wet, organic rich soil over
permafrost with cryoturbation).
Soils are typically loamy with a thin to
moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table
33). Permafrost and evidence of cryoturbation
often occurs within the upper 1.5 m of the soil
profile. Frost boils and surface fragments are
absent, and loess caps are absent to thick. Soil pH
is circumneutral, and EC is low. The soils are
poorly to moderately well drained, and the water
table is typically shallow.
Table 33.
Soil characteristics for Lowland Alder
Tall Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 151.8 106.9 6
Slope (degrees) 7.7 3.8 3
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 14.7 14.7 6
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 18.2 13.7 6
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 71.5 86.1 4
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 62.8 25.7 4
Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.2 0.4 5
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 94.0 53.2 5
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -36.8 24.7 4
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
45 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

LOWLAND BIRCH–ERICACEOUS LOW
SHRUB
Table 34.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub
(n=18).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype is abundant in SNWR, and
usually occurs at 120 cm) accumulation of loess occurred.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 163.7 50.0 100
Total Vascular Cover 101.7 42.7 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.1 0.2 11
Picea glauca 0.1 0.2 11
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 34.3 18.2 100
Andromeda polifolia 1.1 2.0 50
Chamaedaphne calyculata 1.0 1.7 56
Empetrum nigrum 7.4 9.7 94
Ledum decumbens 14.3 13.0 100
Oxycoccus microcarpus 0.5 1.0 22
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 10.0 10.5 83
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.1 0.5 6
Betula papyrifera 0.1 0.2 6
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 45.5 29.9 100
Alnus crispa 6.0 4.9 78
Arctostaphylos alpina 0.5 0.9 50
Betula nana 20.6 12.8 100
Salix fuscescens 0.4 1.3 11
Salix glauca 0.1 0.3 11
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.2 0.7 17
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 2.2 7.0 56
Spiraea beauverdiana 1.2 2.9 22
Vaccinium uliginosum 14.2 11.0 94
Total Forb Cover 12.9 16.3 94
Boschniakia rossica 0.1 0.3 11
Drosera anglica 0.1 0.5 6
Drosera rotundifolia 0.1 0.2 11
Pedicularis labradorica 0.1 0.3 17
Pedicularis parviflora ssp. parviflora 0.1 0.2 6
Petasites frigidus 0.1 0.5 11
Pinguicula villosa 0.2 0.4 28
Polygonum alaskanum 0.3 1.2 6
Potentilla norvegica 0.1 0.2 6
Rorippa islandica ssp. fernaldiana 0.1 0.5 6
Rubus chamaemorus 11.6 16.7 72
Tofieldia pusilla 0.1 0.2 6
Total Grass Cover 1.3 2.8 61
Arctagrostis latifolia 0.5 1.0 33
Calamagrostis canadensis 0.6 1.7 44
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 7.6 6.1 89
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 2.6 4.9 61
Carex bigelowii 1.3 2.8 33
Carex rotundata 0.1 0.2 11
Carex vaginata 0.5 1.7 17
Eriophorum angustifolium 0.3 1.2 28
Eriophorum vaginatum 2.7 2.8 83
Total Nonvascular Cover 62.0 23.5 100
Total Moss Cover 48.4 23.0 100
Anastrophyllum minutum 0.2 0.5 11
Aulacomnium acuminatum 0.3 1.2 6
Aulacomnium palustre 2.3 5.2 28
Aulacomnium turgidum 6.7 5.5 83
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 46

Table 34.
Continued.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Barbilophozia binsteadii 0.3 0.8 17
Bryum sp. 0.3 1.2 6
Campylium stellatum 0.2 0.7 6
Cynodontium strumiferum 0.1 0.5 6
Dicranum acutifolium 0.3 0.8 11
Dicranum groenlandicum 0.4 1.3 11
Dicranum sp. 1.3 3.6 22
Dicranum spadiceum 0.3 0.8 11
Ditrichum flexicaule 0.3 1.2 6
Drepanocladus sp. 0.6 2.4 6
Hylocomium splendens 6.3 7.3 67
Mylia anomala 0.1 0.2 6
Pleurozium schreberi 11.2 12.9 83
Polytrichum commune 0.1 0.2 6
Polytrichum juniperinum 0.1 0.5 6
Polytrichum sp. 0.6 1.6 11
Polytrichum strictum 0.2 0.5 11
Psilopilum cavifolium 0.8 3.5 6
Ptilidium ciliare 0.3 0.8 17
Rhytidium rugosum 2.3 4.6 28
Sphagnum balticum 0.6 1.9 11
Sphagnum fuscum 0.8 3.5 6
Sphagnum lenense 1.6 4.5 17
Sphagnum magellanicum 0.3 0.8 11
Sphagnum rubellum 0.3 1.2 6
Sphagnum sp. 3.7 9.8 33
Sphagnum steerei 0.2 0.7 6
Sphagnum warnstorfii 0.1 0.5 6
Thuidium recognitum 0.4 1.6 6
Tomentypnum nitens 1.4 4.8 17
Unknown moss 3.7 5.7 39
Total Lichen Cover 12.3 11.1 89
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.9 1.9 39
Cetraria islandica ssp. islandica 1.4 5.9 6
Cetraria laevigata 1.4 2.7 28
Cladina arbuscula 0.7 2.1 11
Cladina ciliata 0.2 0.7 6
Cladina mitis 1.0 1.7 33
Cladina portentosa ssp. pacifica 0.3 1.0 11
Cladina rangiferina 0.8 1.4 39
Cladina sp. 0.4 1.2 22
Cladina stygia 1.2 2.3 28
Cladonia albonigra 0.2 0.5 11
Cladonia amaurocraea 0.4 0.9 17
Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata 0.2 0.6 11
Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata 0.3 0.8 11
Cladonia sp. 0.4 0.8 44
Cladonia uncialis 0.2 0.5 11
Flavocetraria cucullata 1.7 2.6 50
Icmadophila ericetorum 0.2 0.6 11
Ochrolechia bryophaga 0.1 0.3 11
Peltigera aphthosa 0.3 0.7 28
Peltigera sp. 0.1 0.2 11
Total Bare Ground 14.4 16.8 72
Bare Soil 2.9 11.8 39
Litter alone 11.6 11.1 72
Soil pH is acidic, and EC is low. The soils are
typically very poorly to somewhat poorly drained.
Water table is typically shallow to moderately
deep.
Table 35.
Soil characteristics for Lowland
Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 29.1 53.6 16
Slope (degrees) 8.3 14.6 6
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 25.2 9.1 17
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 26.5 9.3 13
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 12.0 7.7 5
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 35.1 13.7 18
Site pH at 10-cm depth 4.4 0.6 18
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 127.5 82.8 12
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -33.0 3.6 3
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
Dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype are
Typic Hemistels (wet, moderately decomposed
organic horizon >40 cm, permafrost present),
Typic Historthels (wet, organic rich soil over
permafrost lacking cryoturbation) and Fluventic
Historthels (wet, organic rich soil with buried
organic horizons over permafrost, lacking
cryoturbation). Less common subgroups include
Terric Fibristels (wet, thick poorly decomposed
organic horizon, with ≥ 30cm mineral horizon
within 1 m) and Typic Histoturbels (wet, organic
rich soil over permafrost with cryoturbation).
47 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

LOWLAND BIRCH–WILLOW LOW SHRUB
Table 36.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lowland Birch–Willow Low Shrub
(n=20).
Geomorphology:
This common ecotype is found on hillside
colluvium, lowland loess, lowland retransported
deposits, solifluction deposits, abandoned braided
overbank deposits, older moraine, ice-poor and
ice-rich centers and ice-rich margins of thaw
basins, and in bogs. Surfaces are flat or either
concave or planar gradual slopes. Ice-cored,
peat-cored or undifferentiated mounds are common
micro-topographic features. This ecotype is stable
and not prone to disturbance except for changes
associated with thawing permafrost. We sampled
six plots in this ecotype during the aerial
assessment. However, we did not collect any
ground plot data, therefore the following data
reflect plots sampled in ARCN.
Plant Association:
Betula nana–Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra–
Eriophorum angustifolium
Low deciduous shrubs characterize this
ecotype (Table 36). Mosses and lichens are always
present in small quantities. Forbs make up a minor
component. Common species include Vaccinium
uliginosum, Petasites frigidus, Carex bigelowii,
Aulacomnium palustre, and Flavocetraria
cucullata.
This ecotype is most similar to Lowland
Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub, although S.
planifolia ssp. pulchra has higher cover than that
of ericaceous species, and to Lowland Willow Low
Shrub, except for the prevalence of dwarf birch.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 48
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 144.3 53.2 100
Total Vascular Cover 94 35.3 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.2 0.5 15
Picea glauca 0.2 0.5 15
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 8.6 8.5 95
Andromeda polifolia 0.5 1.2 20
Cassiope tetragona 0.5 1.3 25
Chamaedaphne calyculata 0.1 0.2 5
Dryas integrifolia 0.8 3.3 10
Dryas octopetala 0.1 0.7 5
Empetrum nigrum 1.2 1.9 50
Ledum decumbens 3 3.8 75
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2.5 3.9 55
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 59.1 24.2 100
Alnus crispa 0.4 1.2 15
Arctostaphylos rubra 0.1 0.3 10
Betula nana 24.2 17 95
Potentilla fruticosa 0.3 1.2 10
Salix barclayi 0.2 1.1 5
Salix glauca 0.8 3.4 5
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.6 2.2 10
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 21.9 18.2 100
Salix reticulata 0.8 2.4 20
Spiraea beauverdiana 0.1 0.4 15
Vaccinium uliginosum 9.4 10.2 95
Total Forb Cover 10.8 18.8 85
Aconitum delphinifolium 0.1 0.2 5
Equisetum arvense 4.8 16.8 25
Pedicularis sudetica 0.1 0.3 15
Petasites frigidus 2.4 2.9 60
Polemonium acutiflorum 0.1 0.2 15
Polygonum bistorta 0.1 0.4 10
Polygonum viviparum 0.1 0.2 20
Potentilla palustris 0.1 0.7 5
Pyrola grandiflora 0.4 0.9 25
Rubus arcticus 0.3 1.2 10
Rubus arcticus ssp. arcticus 0.1 0.2 10
Rubus chamaemorus 1.5 4.5 35
Saussurea angustifolia 0.1 0.2 10
Saxifraga punctata 0.1 0.2 20
Valeriana capitata 0.1 0.2 20
Total Grass Cover 2.2 3.3 85
Arctagrostis latifolia 0.7 1.3 45
Calamagrostis canadensis 1.1 3.4 20
Poa arctica 0.1 0.3 50
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 13.2 15.6 95
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 2.9 8.9 35
Carex bigelowii 3.9 5.7 70
Carex chordorrhiza 0.1 0.4 5
Carex limosa 0.1 0.3 10
Carex membranacea 0.1 0.5 10
Carex saxatilis 0.2 1.1 5
Carex vaginata 0.1 0.2 10

Table 36.
Continued.
Soils:
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Carex williamsii 0.1 0.7 5
Eriophorum angustifolium 3.1 5.2 50
Eriophorum scheuchzeri 0.1 0.7 5
Eriophorum vaginatum 2.3 4.3 50
Luzula parviflora 0.1 0.2 10
Total Nonvascular Cover 50.2 25.8 100
Total Moss Cover 46.5 26.7 100
Aulacomnium palustre 9.3 12.1 75
Aulacomnium turgidum 2 3.4 35
Bryum sp. 0.2 1.1 5
Campylium stellatum 0.1 0.4 10
Dicranum groenlandicum 0.2 1.1 5
Dicranum sp. 1.9 3.7 30
Drepanocladus revolvens 0.3 1.1 15
Drepanocladus sp. 0.6 2.2 15
Hylocomium splendens 12.5 18.7 65
Mnium sp. 0.1 0.2 10
Paludella squarrosa 0.9 3.4 10
Pleurozium schreberi 0.6 1.5 35
Polytrichum juniperinum 0.9 2.4 20
Polytrichum sp. 0.4 0.7 30
Polytrichum strictum 0.6 2.3 10
Ptilidium ciliare 0.2 0.7 10
Rhytidium rugosum 0.4 0.9 25
Sanionia uncinata 0.3 0.8 15
Sphagnum capillifolium 1.1 4.9 5
Sphagnum fuscum 1 3.5 10
Sphagnum lenense 0.5 2.2 5
Sphagnum sp. 2.3 4.9 40
Sphagnum squarrosum 2.8 9.1 15
Sphagnum warnstorfii 1.2 5.6 5
Sphenolobus minutus 0.3 1.1 10
Tomentypnum nitens 4.8 8.1 50
Unknown moss 0.3 0.7 20
Total Lichen Cover 3.8 5.2 100
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.1 0.2 30
Cladina arbuscula 0.4 1.1 40
Cladina rangiferina 0.1 0.3 25
Cladina sp. 0.1 0.3 20
Cladina stygia 0.3 1.1 20
Cladonia sp. 0.2 0.5 45
Cladonia subfurcata 0.2 0.7 10
Dactylina arctica 0.2 0.5 30
Flavocetraria cucullata 0.5 0.9 40
Flavocetraria nivalis 0.1 0.2 10
Masonhalea richardsonii 0.1 0.3 15
Nephroma arcticum 0.3 1.1 10
Nephroma expallidum 0.2 0.9 5
Peltigera aphthosa 0.3 0.4 40
Thamnolia vermicularis 0.1 0.2 25
Unknown crustose lichen 0.2 0.8 10
Total Bare Ground 9.3 7 100
Bare Soil 1.2 2.4 50
Water 0.4 1.2 35
Litter alone 7.7 6.3 100
Soils are typically loamy with moderately
thick to thick surface organic horizons (Table 37).
Depth to permafrost is typically less than 1 m.
Frost boils and surface fragments are rare. Loess is
rare, however when loess did occur it was
generally thick (>20 cm). Soil pH is circumneutral
to acidic and EC is low. The soils are typically very
poorly to somewhat poorly drained. Water table
was typically shallow to moderately deep.
Table 37.
Soil characteristics for Lowland
Birch–Willow Low Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 401.8 381.6 20
Slope (degrees) 4.0 2.5 10
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 16.3 8.5 20
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 17.5 9.9 20
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 32.2 55.2 4
Depth to Rocks (cm) 122.8 83.7 8
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 1.0 NA 1
Frost Boil Cover (%) 3.4 2.8 3
Thaw Depth (cm) 40.6 29.0 18
Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.8 0.6 20
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 67.3 42.5 20
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -23.5 22.8 17
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype
are Typic Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over
permafrost lacking cryoturbation), Typic Hemistels
(wet, moderately decomposed organic horizon
thicker than 40 cm, permafrost present), and Typic
Aquiturbels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost
with cryoturbation).
49 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

LOWLAND BLACK SPRUCE FOREST
Table 38.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lowland Black Spruce Forest (n=5).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype is common at elevations < 120 m
on hillside colluvium, upland and lowland loess,
and retransported deposits. Surfaces topography
includes basins, flats, upper and lower slopes and
toe slopes. Common micro-topographic features
include mineral-cored and undifferentiated
hummocks.
Plant Association:
Picea mariana–Ledum decumbens
This fire-prone, late-successional ecotype is
dominated by black spruce (Table 38). The forest
canopy is open and the understory shrub canopy
includes tall, low and dwarf shrubs growing out of
a thick carpet of mosses and lichens. Forbs are
always present while sedge and grass cover is
variable. Common species include Empetrum
nigrum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium
uliginosum, Rubus chamaemorus, Carex bigelowii,
Hylocomium splendens, Cladina stygia, and
Peltigera aphthosa.
This is the only ecotype characterized by
black spruce trees. Upland White Spruce–
Ericaceous Forest has some similar species but
soils are rockier with less organic accumulation
and higher pH.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 204.3 62.3 100
Total Vascular Cover 112.4 41.0 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 28.8 13.6 100
Picea glauca 1.6 2.3 40
Picea mariana 27.2 13.5 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 23.0 18.4 100
Andromeda polifolia 0.8 1.1 40
Chamaedaphne calyculata 1.2 1.8 40
Empetrum nigrum 14.2 15.6 100
Ledum decumbens 2.2 1.8 100
Oxycoccus microcarpus 0.6 1.3 20
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 4.0 2.7 100
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.0 0.0 20
Betula papyrifera

Table 38.
Continued.
Soils:
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Eriophorum vaginatum 0.2 0.4 20
Total Nonvascular Cover 91.9 31.6 100
Total Moss Cover 72.6 24.0 100
Aulacomnium palustre 1.2 2.2 40
Aulacomnium turgidum 4.0 8.9 20
Climacium dendroides 0.2 0.4 20
Dicranum acutifolium 0.2 0.4 20
Dicranum scoparium 0.2 0.4 20
Dicranum sp. 1.4 2.1 60
Hylocomium splendens 21.0 22.6 80
Hypnum lindbergii 0.2 0.4 20
Mylia anomala 0.4 0.9 20
Pleurozium schreberi 14.4 15.5 80
Pohlia nutans 1.0 1.7 40
Polytrichum commune 1.2 1.8 40
Polytrichum strictum 5.6 12.5 40
Ptilidium ciliare 1.6 3.6 20
Sphagnum angustifolium 0.8 1.1 40
Sphagnum fuscum 3.6 8.0 20
Sphagnum girgensohnii 0.6 1.3 20
Sphagnum magellanicum 0.6 1.3 20
Sphagnum obtusum 7.6 17.0 20
Sphagnum russowii 0.6 1.3 20
Sphagnum sp. 3.0 6.7 20
Tayloria sp. 0.2 0.4 20
Tomentypnum nitens 3.0 6.7 20
Total Lichen Cover 16.9 19.3 100
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.4 0.9 40
Cetraria islandica ssp. islandica 0.2 0.4 20
Cetraria laevigata 2.4 3.6 40
Cladina arbuscula 2.0 3.5 40
Cladina ciliata 0.6 0.9 40
Cladina rangiferina 1.0 1.7 40
Cladina stellaris

LOWLAND ERICACEOUS SHRUB BOG
Table 40.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
(n=43).
Geomorphology:
This common ecotype occurs in bogs. Flats,
drained basins, and thermokarst basins are the
common types of macrotopography in this ecotype.
Ground patterns, where present, include low and
high-centered polygons, disjunct polygon rims, and
peat, ice and mineral-cored mounds.
Plant Association:
Andromeda polifolia–Sphagnum sp.
These wet ombrotrophic bog communities
are characterized by shrubs, sedges and mosses
(Table 40). Lichens are infrequently present on
raised micro-sites. Common species include
Oxycoccus microcarpus, Betula nana, Carex
aquatilis, C. rotundata, Eriophorum russeolum,
Aulacomnium turgidum, and a mix of
Sphagnum species, including S. balticum and
S. steerei.
This ecotype is similar to Lowland
Sedge–Willow Fen, except it lacks Sphagnum
mosses, has more abundant willow, and occurs in
linear, hydrologically connected landforms.
Soils:
Soils are poorly drained with moderately thick
to thick accumulations of peat (Table 41).
Permafrost is present within 1 m depth. Coarse
fragments are rarely encountered in the active
layer. Frost boils and surface fragments are
absent. Loess caps are uncommon, however when
they occur they tend to be thick (>20 cm). Soil
pH is acidic and EC is low. The soils are typically
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 162.6 52.1 100
Total Vascular Cover 73.4 45.1 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.0 0.0 2
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 27.5 25.5 100
Andromeda polifolia 11.2 8.4 95
Chamaedaphne calyculata 3.7 6.7 60
Empetrum nigrum 2.5 5.6 56
Ledum decumbens 6.2 12.6 74
Oxycoccus microcarpus 1.8 1.8 84
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2.2 4.7 47
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.0 0.0 2
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 14.4 23.2 93
Alnus crispa 2.0 5.4 30
Betula nana 5.5 8.5 88
Salix fuscescens 1.5 4.7 26
Vaccinium uliginosum 5.1 9.5 77
Total Forb Cover 5.1 6.7 88
Drosera anglica 1.0 3.0 30
Drosera rotundifolia 0.9 1.1 72
Pedicularis kanei 0.1 0.4 21
Pedicularis langsdorffii ssp. arctica 0.2 0.5 19
Pedicularis parviflora ssp. parviflora 0.1 0.2 23
Pedicularis parviflora ssp. pennellii 0.1 0.4 9
Pinguicula villosa 0.1 0.3 19
Potentilla palustris 0.3 1.5 12
Rubus chamaemorus 2.1 5.9 44
Spiranthes romanzoffiana 0.1 0.3 19
Tofieldia pusilla 0.1 0.5 14
Total Grass Cover 0.1 0.6 7
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 26.3 16.3 100
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 4.1 7.2 65
Carex bigelowii 0.2 0.9 9
Carex canescens 0.1 0.5 5
Carex capillaris 0.1 0.6 7
Carex chordorrhiza 1.2 3.4 16
Carex limosa 0.4 1.6 7
Carex rariflora 2.0 6.6 21
Carex rotundata 6.6 9.9 60
Carex utriculata 0.1 0.8 5
Carex williamsii 0.1 0.6 7
Eriophorum angustifolium 0.3 0.9 21
Eriophorum russeolum 7.5 8.8 74
Eriophorum vaginatum 1.6 2.9 49
Trichophorum caespitosum 1.3 3.2 23
Total Nonvascular Cover 89.2 23.2 100
Total Moss Cover 83.0 22.6 100
Anastrophyllum minutum 0.2 0.6 9
Aulacomnium palustre 1.4 3.0 23
Aulacomnium turgidum 2.1 3.5 49
Barbilophozia binsteadii 0.2 0.7 9
Dicranum acutifolium 0.1 0.3 5
Dicranum elongatum 0.1 0.4 5
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 52

Table 40.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Dicranum sp. 0.4 1.1 14
Dicranum spadiceum 0.2 0.7 7
Gymnocolea inflata 0.3 0.8 14
Hylocomium splendens 0.1 0.5 7
Kiaeria glacialis 0.1 0.5 5
Limprichtia revolvens 0.2 1.0 5
Mylia anomala 0.2 0.6 9
Pleurozium schreberi 0.4 1.7 9
Polytrichum juniperinum 0.5 1.5 12
Polytrichum sp. 0.6 2.6 9
Polytrichum strictum 0.7 1.5 33
Ptilidium ciliare 0.1 0.4 7
Scorpidium scorpioides 0.1 0.6 5
Sphagnum angustifolium 0.9 5.4 5
Sphagnum balticum 5.9 16.0 28
Sphagnum compactum 5.0 13.8 23
Sphagnum fuscum 2.5 7.7 12
Sphagnum jensnii 1.5 7.3 7
Sphagnum kenaiense 5.6 18.2 9
Sphagnum lenense 4.4 11.0 21
Sphagnum magellanicum 2.7 7.6 23
Sphagnum riparium 1.7 10.0 5
Sphagnum sp. 28.8 36.6 47
Sphagnum squarrosum 0.7 3.9 5
Sphagnum steerei 10.7 20.5 28
Sphagnum tenellum 0.4 2.7 5
Warnstorfia fluitans 2.3 11.1 5
Total Lichen Cover 5.4 9.3 70
Cetraria andrejevii 0.2 0.7 7
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.1 0.3 12
Cetraria laevigata 0.8 2.9 16
Cladina arbuscula 0.1 0.6 9
Cladina ciliata 0.3 0.9 14
Cladina mitis 1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype
are Sphagnic Fibristels (wet, Sphagnum-rich,
poorly decomposed thick peat, permafrost in upper
meter), Typic Fibristels (wet, poorly decomposed
thick peat, permafrost in upper meter), Sphagnic
Cryofibrists (wet, Sphagnum-rich, poorly
decomposed peat, lacking permafrost), and Typic
Historthels (wet, organic rich soil over permafrost
lacking cryoturbation). Less common soil
subgroups include Terric Fibristels (wet, thick
poorly decomposed organic horizon, with ≥ 30cm
mineral horizon within 1 m) and Typic Hemistels
(wet, moderately decomposed organic horizon
thicker than 40 cm, permafrost present).
53 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

LOWLAND LAKE
Table 42.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lowland Lake (n=7).
Geomorphology:
Lowland Lake comprises the vast majority of
lakes in SNWR. This ecotype includes shallow and
deep isolated moraine or kettle lakes, deep
connected moraine or kettle lakes, shallow and
deep isolated thaw lakes, and shallow isolated dune
lakes.
Plant Association:
Water–Potamogeton spp.
Submerged aquatic species characterize
Lowland Lake (Table 42). Water usually covers at
least 96% of the total lake surface. Sedges, grasses,
forbs and mosses can occur at the shoreline.
Multiple pondweed species including Potamogeton
alpinus, Potamogeton perfoliatus ssp. richardsonii,
and Potamogeton zosterifolius are common.
Lowland Lake is similar to Lacustrine
Marestail Marsh, except it encompasses the entire
lake instead of the margin and has deeper water
and few emergent aquatic species. It is also similar
to Alpine Lake, except it is more common, occurs
at lower elevations, and has higher biological
productivity.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 39.2 31.0 100
Total Vascular Cover 37.2 31.3 100
Total Forb Cover 36.3 32.1 100
Callitriche hermaphroditica

LOWLAND SEDGE FEN
Table 44.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lowland Sedge Fen (n=21).
Geomorphology:
Lowland Sedge Fen occurs throughout SNWR
on flat terrain. Geomorphology includes ice-poor
thaw basin margins, and organic bogs and fens.
Peat mounds are found occasionally in bogs and
fens, but surface forms are mostly non-patterned,
especially on ice-poor soils.
Plant Association:
Carex chordorrhiza–Carex aquatilis
Lowland Sedge Fen is characterized by
sedges, mosses and forbs (Table 44). Trees and
lichens are absent. Common species include
Andromeda polifolia, Carex aquatilis, C.
rotundata, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum
russeolum, and Scorpidium scorpioides.
This ecotype is very similar to Lowland
Sedge–Willow Fen, except water levels are higher,
Carex rotundata and C. chordorrhiza are more
common, and it has fewer shrubs. These two
ecotypes are spectrally similar and were mapped
together. Lowland Sedge Fen is also comparable to
Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow except for
physiographic and species differences.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 113.4 53.1 100
Total Vascular Cover 59.0 26.6 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 1.7 1.6 80
Andromeda polifolia 1.1 1.0 70
Chamaedaphne calyculata 0.4 1.6 15
Ledum decumbens 0.1 0.2 10
Oxycoccus microcarpus 0.1 0.4 15
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 1.5 1.8 70
Alnus crispa

Table 44.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Carex rariflora 0.7 1.8 20
Carex rostrata 1.1 3.4 10
Carex rotundata 8.3 7.7 80
Carex saxatilis

LOWLAND SEDGE–WILLOW FEN
Table 46.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen (n=22).
Geomorphology:
Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen occurs on
abandoned meander overbank deposits, abandoned
braided fine channel deposits, abandoned alluvial
fan deposits, older moraine, channel fens, organic
fens and shore fens. Surfaces are flat and are
frequently non-patterned, although microtopographic
features include strang, mineral-cored
hummocks, peat mounds, and low-centered
polygons. We only sampled 1 plot in this ecotype
in SNWR. Therefore, the following description is
based on data collected in ARCN and used for the
regional classification.
Plant Association:
Eriophorum angustifolium–Carex aquatilis–Salix
planifolia ssp. pulchra
This ecotype is sedge-dominated with a
subcomponent of deciduous shrubs (Table 46). All
life forms may be present, although trees are
uncommon. Common species include Betula nana,
Potentilla palustris, Eriophorum angustifolium,
Aulacomnium palustre, and Paludella squarrosa.
This ecotype is most similar to Lowland
Sedge Fen except it is drier and has higher shrub
cover, particularly Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra. It
is also comparable to Lacustrine Wet Sedge
Meadow except for physiographic and species
differences. Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen was not
spectrally distinct and was mapped as Lowland
Sedge Fen.
Soils:
Soils are poorly drained with moderately thick
to thick accumulations of peat (Table 47).
Permafrost is often present within 1 m depth.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 92.9 40.2 100
Total Vascular Cover 50.4 21.2 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.2 1.1 10
Picea glauca 0.2 1.1 5
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 1.1 2.3 48
Andromeda polifolia 0.3 0.9 29
Empetrum nigrum 0.1 0.3 19
Ledum decumbens 0.5 1.2 33
Oxycoccus microcarpus 0.1 0.3 14
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.1 0.7 5
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0 0 5
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 11.3 13.2 90
Alnus crispa

Table 46.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Eriophorum scheuchzeri 0.2 1.1 5
Eriophorum sp.

LOWLAND WILLOW LOW SHRUB
Table 48.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Lowland Willow Low Shrub (n=11).
Geomorphology:
This willow-dominated lowland ecotype
occurs on older moraine, upland loess, ice-rich
thaw basins, glaciolacustrine deposits, and
abandoned meander overbank deposits. The
surface is usually flat or a gentle concave slope. It
occurs throughout SNWR at

Table 48.
Continued.
Soils:
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Saxifraga cernua

RIVERINE ALDER TALL SHRUB
Table 50.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Alder Tall Shrub (n=15).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype comprises closed and open alder
stands on younger riverine surfaces and is common
in SNWR. It occurs on upper delta, braided and
meander active and inactive overbank deposits.
Surface forms include interfluves, terraces, flat
banks, and point bars.
Plant Association:
Alnus crispa–Rubus arcticus
Riverine Alder Tall Shrub consists of open to
closed stands of A. crispa with an understory of
forbs, grasses and mosses (Table 50). Tall willows
occasionally are co-dominant with alder. Trees
sometimes occur as seedling in the understory, and
cover of lichens and grasses is variable. Common
species include Rubus arcticus, Aconitum
delphinifolium, Equisetum arvense, Calamagrostis
canadensis, and Sanionia uncinata.
This ecotype is similar to Lowland Alder Tall
Shrub and Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub,
although it is strongly affected by riverine
processes, and has different characteristic species
in the understory, such as Rubus arcticus.
Soils:
Soils are loamy with a thin overlying organic
horizon (Table 51). Permafrost is often found
within the upper 1 m of soil. Frost boils, loess caps,
and surface fragments are absent. Organic
horizons, buried during flooding by riverine silts
and sands, often occur in these soils. Soil pH is
acidic to circumneutral and EC is low. The soils are
typically moderately well to somewhat poorly
drained. Depth to water table often could not be
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 171.8 24.8 100
Total Vascular Cover 149.2 29.2 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.9 2.2 27
Picea glauca 0.9 2.2 20
Picea mariana 0.1 0.3 7
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 4.3 6.0 53
Andromeda polifolia 0.1 0.4 13
Chamaedaphne calyculata 0.7 1.5 20
Empetrum nigrum 0.5 1.2 13
Ledum decumbens 0.8 1.3 33
Linnaea borealis 0.7 1.4 27
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.5 2.4 40
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.5 1.4 13
Betula papyrifera 0.5 1.4 13
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 77.5 21.7 100
Alnus crispa 53.3 29.9 100
Arctostaphylos rubra 0.3 1.0 7
Betula nana 0.4 0.9 20
Potentilla fruticosa 0.2 0.6 13
Ribes triste 0.9 1.5 40
Rosa acicularis 0.9 2.2 27
Salix alaxensis 2.5 9.0 20
Salix arbusculoides 0.3 1.0 7
Salix bebbiana 0.3 1.3 7
Salix glauca 1.1 2.2 27
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 2.9 6.6 33
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 7.1 17.7 60
Spiraea beauverdiana 3.1 4.9 53
Vaccinium uliginosum 4.3 7.2 40
Total Forb Cover 46.1 18.7 100
Aconitum delphinifolium 0.6 0.8 60
Anemone parviflora 0.1 0.5 7
Anemone richardsonii 0.7 2.1 27
Artemisia tilesii 1.1 2.6 40
Boschniakia rossica 0.4 0.7 27
Cardamine pratensis ssp.
angustifolia 0.1 0.3 7
Delphinium brachycentrum 0.1 0.5 7
Equisetum arvense 16.9 14.6 80
Equisetum pratense 0.1 0.5 7
Equisetum sylvaticum 2.5 9.8 7
Galium boreale 0.4 0.9 20
Iris setosa 0.3 0.7 20
Mertensia paniculata 0.5 0.8 33
Moehringia lateriflora 0.6 1.1 40
Moneses uniflora 0.1 0.3 7
Petasites frigidus 2.5 4.2 47
Petasites hyperboreus 2.7 10.3 13
Polemonium acutiflorum 0.7 1.0 40
Polygonum viviparum 0.1 0.5 7
Potentilla palustris 1.1 2.1 47
Pyrola grandiflora 0.1 0.3 7
Ranunculus lapponicus 0.1 0.5 13
Rubus arcticus 10.3 8.2 100
61 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 50.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Rubus chamaemorus 1.5 2.8 33
Senecio atropurpureus ssp. frigidus 0.2 0.8 7
Senecio lugens 0.1 0.5 7
Stellaria longipes 0.1 0.3 7
Thalictrum alpinum 0.1 0.3 7
Trientalis europaea 0.3 0.9 13
Valeriana capitata 1.2 1.5 60
Wilhelmsia physodes 0.3 0.8 20
Total Grass Cover 18.5 15.7 100
Arctagrostis latifolia 3.5 9.8 33
Calamagrostis canadensis 14.3 16.5 87
Festuca altaica 0.3 1.0 7
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 1.2 2.8 27
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 0.3 1.0 7
Carex bigelowii 0.5 1.1 27
Carex membranacea 0.2 0.8 7
Carex vaginata 0.2 0.8 7
Eriophorum vaginatum 0.1 0.3 7
Total Nonvascular Cover 22.6 18.5 93
Total Moss Cover 21.6 18.0 93
Aulacomnium acuminatum 0.2 0.8 7
Aulacomnium palustre 0.7 2.1 13
Blepharostoma trichophyllum 0.1 0.5 7
Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostre 0.3 0.8 13
Calliergon cordifolium 0.3 0.7 13
Calliergon richardsonii 0.2 0.8 7
Campylium stellatum 0.1 0.5 13
Ceratodon purpureus 0.3 0.7 20
Climacium dendroides 1.7 3.9 40
Conocephalum conicum 0.2 0.6 13
Dicranum scoparium 0.2 0.8 13
Diplophyllum taxifolium 0.1 0.3 7
Drepanocladus aduncus 0.7 2.2 13
Hylocomium splendens 3.8 9.9 27
Leptobryum pyriforme 0.1 0.3 7
Pellia sp. 0.2 0.6 13
Plagiomnium ellipticum 0.3 1.0 7
Plagiomnium medium 0.2 0.8 7
Pleurozium schreberi 0.1 0.3 7
Pohlia nutans 0.5 1.1 27
Polytrichastrum alpinum 0.6 1.3 20
Polytrichum commune 0.3 0.6 20
Polytrichum juniperinum 0.1 0.3 7
Rhizomnium magnifolium 1.3 5.2 7
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 0.7 2.1 13
Sanionia orthothecioides 0.3 1.0 7
Sanionia uncinata 0.8 1.2 40
Tomentypnum nitens 0.7 1.4 20
Unknown moss 4.5 11.6 33
Total Lichen Cover 0.8 1.3 47
Cladonia sp. 0.2 0.6 33
Peltigera sp. 0.2 0.4 20
Total Bare Ground 21.5 35.2 53
Water 5.3 20.7 7
Litter alone 16.1 31.4 47
measured, but it is assumed to fluctuate throughout
the year within the upper 2 m of soil.
Table 51.
Soil characteristics for Riverine Alder
Tall Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 8.5 5.0 15
Slope (degrees) 9.3 13.1 6
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 7.2 5.4 13
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 9.3 3.9 7
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 35.0 1
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 56.2 14.0 10
Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.8 0.9 14
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 340.0 519.3 7
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -51.7 17.2 3
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
Dominant soil subgroups include Typic
Haplocryepts (non-acidic, partially developed,
lacking permafrost) and and Oxyaquic
Cryofluvents (wet, saturated early in growing
season, poorly developed with thin buried
horizons, lacking permafrost). Additional soil
subgroups documented in the regional
classification include Fluvaquentic Haplorthels
(wet, mineral soil with buried organic horizons,
permafrost within 1 m) and Fluventic Haplorthels
(moist, mineral soil with buried organic horizons,
permafrost within 1 m).
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 62

RIVERINE BARRENS
Table 52.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Barrens (n=4).
Geomorphology:
Riverine Barrens occurs on river bars that are
frequently flooded and scoured. Geomorphology is
depositional including both delta and meander
active channel deposits. Surface forms include
point bars and interfluves on nearly flat surfaces at
low elevations in SNWR.
Plant Association:
Salix alaxensis–Epilobium latifolium
Vegetation is sparse, with primarily ruderal
species and early colonizers present (Table 52).
Mature trees, mosses, and lichens are mostly
absent due to frequent disturbance. Common
species include Salix alaxensis, Equisetum
arvense, Rorippa islandica, Eriophorum
russeolum, and Juncus alpinus.
This ecotype is similar to Riverine Dryas
Dwarf Shrub and Riverine Moist Willow Tall
Shrub, except it occurs primarily on active deposits
where there is more frequent disturbance.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 45.7 38.3 100
Total Vascular Cover 45.7 38.3 100
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 4.7 1.1 100
Salix alaxensis 3 1.7 100
Salix arbusculoides 0.7 1.1 67
Salix interior 1 1.7 33
Total Forb Cover 30.6 34.5 100
Artemisia tilesii 0.4 0.6 67
Aster junciformis

Table 52.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Poa glauca

RIVERINE BIRCH–WILLOW LOW SHRUB
Table 54.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Birch–Willow Low Shrub
(n=12).
Geomorphology:
The low shrub communities that comprise this
ecotype grow in linear bands that segregate stands
of spruce forest along meandering rivers in SNWR.
It occurs on meander inactive overbank deposits
and meander fine inactive channel deposits at 75%) in this ecotype. Forbs and grasses
characterize the understory, while the presence of
trees, evergreen shrubs, sedges and nonvascular
species is variable (Table 54). Common species
include Vaccinium uliginosum, Petasites frigidus,
Valeriana capitata, and Hylocomium splendens.
This ecotype is similar to Lowland
Birch-Willow Low Shrub except soils are
predominantly loamy and haven’t had time to
develop thick organic horizons.
Soils:
Soils are loamy with a thin organic horizon
above the mineral soil surface (Table 55).
Permafrost is often found in the upper meter of the
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 163.4 33.8 100
Total Vascular Cover 126.4 25.3 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.3 0.7 22
Picea glauca 0.3 0.7 22
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 1.4 1.6 67
Ledum decumbens 0.7 0.9 56
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.7 1.7 33
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 98 26.7 100
Alnus crispa 0.1 0.3 11
Arctostaphylos rubra 0.6 1.7 11
Betula glandulosa 1.1 3.3 11
Betula nana 23.3 25.9 89
Potentilla fruticosa 1.4 1.8 56
Rosa acicularis 0.1 0.3 11
Salix alaxensis 7.2 19.9 22
Salix arbusculoides 4.7 13.3 22
Salix barclayi 0.9 1.8 22
Salix brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada 1.1 3.3 11
Salix glauca 3.7 6.9 44
Salix hastata 0.3 0.7 22
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 8.9 23.2 22
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 28.6 27.5 100
Salix reticulata 0.1 0.3 11
Spiraea beauverdiana 1.1 3.3 11
Vaccinium uliginosum 14.8 19 100
Total Forb Cover 12.5 8.4 100
Aconitum delphinifolium

Table 54.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Valeriana capitata 0.7 0.7 78
Wilhelmsia physodes

RIVERINE BLUEJOINT MEADOW
Table 56.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Bluejoint Meadow (n=3).
SNWR_T04_15_83_2007.jpg
Geomorphology:
This ecotype occurs at low elevations on delta
inactive overbank deposits, meandering abandoned
overbank deposits, and meander inactive overbank
deposits. Surface forms include channels, levees
and flats. The ground is usually non-patterned.
Plant Association:
Calamagrostis canadensis–Potentilla palustris
Riverine Bluejoint Meadow is dominated by
grasses, deciduous shrubs, and forbs (Table 56).
Cover of trees, sedges, and lichens is variable.
Common species include Salix planifolia ssp.
pulchra, Equisetum arvense, Iris setosa, Rubus
arcticus, and Valeriana capitata.
Riverine Bluejoint Meadow is most similar to
Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow. It shares a dominant
species with Upland Bluejoint Meadow but soils
are much wetter. Due to its low abundance,
Riverine Bluejoint Meadow was not mapped.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 162.8 37.1 100
Total Vascular Cover 137.6 31.1 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 2.3 4.0 33
Picea glauca 2.3 4.0 33
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 19.2 16.6 100
Alnus crispa

Table 56.
Soils:
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Unknown moss 3.0 2.6 67
Total Lichen Cover 0.1 0.2 33
Cladonia sp.

RIVERINE DRYAS DWARF SHRUB
Table 58.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub (n=9).
Geomorphology:
Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub occurs on
stabilized braided and meander abandoned and
inactive deposits of both coarse and fine materials,
and to a lesser extent on active braided overbank
and channel deposits. Surfaces are primarily flat
banks, terraces and interfluves at lower elevations
along the Kobuk River. We did not collect any plot
data in SNWR for this ecotype, and the following
data reflect plots sampled in ARCN. This ecotype
was developed as part of the regional classification
and was identified in SNWR through the spectral
classification and mapping effort.
Plant Associations:
Dryas integrifolia–Salix brachycarpa ssp.
niphoclada
Dryas drummondii–Oxytropis campestris
Evergreen shrubs characterize this ecotype
(Table 58) while deciduous low shrubs and forbs
contribute to the secondary component. Trees
species are present as seedlings in this
early-successional ecotype, as are a few
nonvascular species. Common species include
Salix alaxensis, Lupinus arcticus, Calamagrostis
purpurascens, and Rhytidium rugosum.
This ecotype is similar to Riverine Barrens,
although it is more stable and with much greater
vegetative cover. It differs from Alpine Dryas
Dwarf Shrub in physiography.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 128.6 68.9 100
Total Vascular Cover 66.6 20 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.3 0.5 43
Picea glauca 0.3 0.5 43
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 26 18.6 100
Dryas drummondii 7.1 15 29
Dryas integrifolia 16.9 20.3 71
Empetrum nigrum 0.4 1.1 29
Juniperus communis 1.4 3.8 14
Rhododendron lapponicum 0.1 0.4 14
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.7 1.9 29
Populus balsamifera 0.7 1.9 29
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 17.9 14.4 100
Arctostaphylos alpina 0.6 1.5 14
Arctostaphylos rubra 1.2 2 43
Potentilla fruticosa 0.4 0.7 86
Salix alaxensis 1.9 2 71
Salix brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada 8.9 10.8 100
Salix glauca 2.4 5.6 43
Salix hastata 0.6 1.5 14
Shepherdia canadensis 1 1.9 57
Vaccinium uliginosum 1 1.7 29
Total Forb Cover 14.4 14.3 100
Androsace chamaejasme

Table 58.
Continued.
Soils:
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Solidago multiradiata 0.3 0.8 29
Zygadenus elegans 0.2 0.4 57
Total Grass Cover 4.7 5.8 100
Bromus pumpellianus 0.2 0.4 43
Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus 0.6 1.5 14
Bromus pumpellianus var.
pumpellianus 0.4 0.8 29
Calamagrostis lapponica 0.1 0.4 14
Calamagrostis purpurascens 1.3 2.2 43
Elymus innovatus 0.3 0.5 29
Festuca altaica 0.9 1.9 43
Festuca rubra 0.1 0.4 14
Poa glauca 0.2 0.4 57
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 2.6 3.4 71
Carex concinna 0.7 1.9 29
Carex krausei 0.4 1.1 29
Carex scirpoidea 1 1.7 43
Kobresia myosuroides 0.3 0.7 43
Total Nonvascular Cover 62 52.7 100
Total Moss Cover 41.3 35.4 100
Abietinella abietina 10.4 24.2 29
Brachythecium salebrosum 0.3 0.8 14
Dicranum sp. 1.7 3.1 29
Distichium inclinatum 1.1 3 14
Ditrichum flexicaule 0.3 0.8 14
Hylocomium splendens 0.7 1.9 14
Polytrichum sp. 0.6 1.1 29
Racomitrium lanuginosum 7 14.7 43
Rhytidium rugosum 7.9 14.4 57
Sanionia uncinata 0.3 0.8 14
Tortella fragilis 1 2.6 14
Unknown moss 10 19.1 29
Total Lichen Cover 20.7 34.1 86
Alectoria ochroleuca 0.1 0.4 14
Asahinea chrysantha 0.4 1.1 29
Bryoria sp. 0.1 0.4 14
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.1 0.4 14
Cetrariella delisei 0.1 0.4 14
Cladonia pocillum 0.3 0.8 14
Cladonia pyxidata 0.1 0.4 14
Cladonia sp. 2.4 3.7 43
Cladonia symphycarpia 1.6 3 29
Flavocetraria cucullata 0.7 1.2 43
Flavocetraria nivalis 0.3 0.8 29
Hypogymnia sp. 0.4 1.1 14
Masonhalea richardsonii 0.3 0.5 29
Parmelia sp. 0.4 1.1 14
Peltigera sp. 0.2 0.4 43
Pertusaria sp. 0.7 1.9 29
Sphaerophorus sp. 0.4 1.1 14
Stereocaulon sp. 0.7 1.2 43
Thamnolia sp. 1.6 2.8 29
Thamnolia vermicularis 0.1 0.4 14
Unknown lichen 9.3 18.8 29
Total Bare Ground 36.5 29.4 100
Bare Soil 26.2 29.6 100
Litter alone 10.3 7.5 100
Soils are typically gravelly or bouldery and
often lack a surface organic horizon (Table 59).
Depth to permafrost is difficult to determine in the
rocky soils, however if permafrost does occur it is
assumed to be greater than 1 m given the well
drained soils. Frost boils and loess caps are absent.
Surface fragments are present at low to moderate
abundance. Soil pH is alkaline, and EC is low. The
soils are typically excessively to well drained, and
depth to water table is typically greater than 1 m.
Table 59.
Soil characteristics for Riverine Dryas
Dwarf Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 206.3 137.3 7
Slope (degrees) 2.0 0.0 2
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 3.0 0.0 2
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 2.2 1.4 3
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 2.3 1.2 3
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 11.8 13.4 6
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 0
Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.9 0.3 7
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 80.0 82.2 6
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -167.9 55.4 7
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
Dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype
include Oxyaquic Cryorthents (moist, occasionally
lacking permafrost) and Typic Gelorthents (poorly
developed with permafrost below 1 m).
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 70

RIVERINE FORB MARSH
Table 60.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Forb Marsh (n=3).
Geomorphology:
Riverine Forb Marsh occurs in channels,
swales or flood basins on inactive channel deposits
or on the margins of shallow riverine lakes. It is
found infrequently at low elevations along large
rivers.
Plant Association:
Eleocharis acicularis–Equisetum fluviatile
Forbs dominate this ecotype, in particular
horsetail (Table 60). Sedges and water-tolerant
mosses are always present, while trees, shrubs and
lichens are absent. Common species include
Equisetum fluviatile, Caltha palustris, Cicuta
mackenzieana, Potentilla palustris, Eriophorum
angustifolium, and Calliergon giganteum.
This ecotype is similar to Riverine Wet Sedge
Meadow which occurs on similar terrain, but is
drier and is dominated by sedges. Lacustrine
Horsetail Marsh has some similar plant species but
ecological processes, physical structure and
community associations are unrelated. Riverine
Forb Marsh was not mappable because it occurs in
small, isolated patches.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 101.6 20.1 100
Total Vascular Cover 94.6 13.8 100
Total Forb Cover 89.8 17.4 100
Calla palustris 0.4 0.6 67
Caltha palustris

Soils:
RIVERINE MOIST WILLOW TALL SHRUB
SNWR_T03_11_69_2007.jpg
Soils are typically loamy or sandy and lack a
surface organic horizon (Table 61). Thaw depths
could not be determined as the depth to permafrost,
if present, was always greater than the maximum
depth sampled (1.3 meters). Frost boils, surface
fragments, and loess caps are absent. Soil pH is
circumneutral to alkaline and EC is low to
moderate. The soils are typically very poorly
drained or flooded. The water table occurs at
shallow depths or above ground.
Table 61.
Soil characteristics for Riverine Forb
Marsh.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 14.0 3.0 3
Slope (degrees) 0
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 8.0 1
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 5.5 3.5 2
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 115.0 1
Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.4 0.7 3
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 276.7 349.6 3
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a 24.7 35.4 3
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
SNWR_T03_10_66_2007.jpg
Geomorphology:
These tall willow communities occur on
floodplains, including delta active and inactive
overbank deposits and meander active and inactive
overbank deposits. This ecotype is subject to
frequent flooding.
Plant Association:
Salix alaxensis–Aster sibiricus
This early-successional community is
characterized by tall felt-leaf willow (S. alaxensis).
Forbs are the prevalent understory life form,
although all other life forms except lichens can be
present in small quantities. The amount of
understory cover is variable (Table 62). Common
species include Alnus crispa, Artemisia tilesii,
Equisetum arvense, and Calamagrostis canadensis.
This ecotype varies in species assemblages
from two willow dominated riverine ecotypes:
Riverine Wet Tall Willow Shrub and Riverine
Willow Low Shrub. In particular, Salix alaxensis is
the dominant willow species. It has drier soils and
a higher disturbance rate than Riverine Wet Willow
Tall Shrub and higher canopy than Riverine
Willow Low Shrub.
The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype
are Typic Gelaquents (wet, poorly developed with
permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Cryaquents (wet,
minimally developed, lacking permafrost).
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 72

Table 62.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub
(n=18).
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 175.5 24.6 100
Total Vascular Cover 167.3 22.9 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.1 0.2 6
Picea glauca 0.1 0.2 6
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.2 0.5 11
Populus balsamifera 0.2 0.5 11
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 70.2 16.6 100
Alnus crispa 12.6 23.2 61
Arctostaphylos rubra 0.1 0.3 11
Rosa acicularis 1.1 2.1 33
Salix alaxensis 48.9 28.5 94
Salix arbusculoides 3.0 8.8 50
Salix hastata 0.2 0.4 22
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 3.3 12.9 11
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 0.2 0.7 22
Shepherdia canadensis 0.1 0.2 6
Vaccinium uliginosum 0.1 0.2 6
Viburnum edule 0.7 1.2 28
Total Forb Cover 88.4 20.6 100
Aconitum delphinifolium 0.3 0.7 33
Adoxa moschatellina 0.1 0.5 6
Anemone richardsonii 1.2 1.9 56
Artemisia tilesii 6.0 10.1 100
Aster junciformis

Soils:
The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype
are Oxyaquic Cryorthents (moist, saturated early in
growing season, lacking permafrost), Typic
Cryaquents (wet, minimally developed, lacking
permafrost), and Typic Gelorthents (poorly
developed with permafrost below 1 m).
Uncommon soil types include Typic
Cryopsamments (sandy, low coarse fragment
content, well drained, lacking permafrost) and
Typic Cryofluvents (poorly developed with buried
organic horizons, lacking permafrost).
Soils are typically gravelly, sandy, or loamy
and often lack a surface organic horizon (Table 63).
Depth to permafrost is typically within 1 m of the
surface. Frost boils were absent and loess caps are
rare. Surface fragments are uncommon, however,
when they occur they tend to be abundant. Soil pH
is circumneutral to alkaline, and EC is low. The
soils are typically somewhat excessively to well
drained, and depth to water table was typically
within 1 m.
Table 63.
Soil characteristics for Riverine Moist
Willow Tall Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 13.1 6.0 18
Slope (degrees) 3.0 0.0 2
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 4.7 3.0 6
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 5.1 3.3 7
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 42.0 1
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 81.4 22.8 7
Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.4 0.4 18
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 125.7 37.8 7
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -83.5 23.1 4
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 74

RIVERINE PENDENT GRASS MARSH
Table 64.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh (n=2).
Geomorphology:
Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh occurs at low
elevations on both active and inactive meander fine
channel deposits. Surfaces consist of point bars and
are non-patterned. This ecotype occurs in small
patches and was not mappable.
Plant Association:
Arctophila fulva–Eleocharis acicularis–Caltha
palustris
Pendent grass, A. fulva, is the dominant
species in this ecotype (Table 64). Trees, evergreen
shrubs and nonvascular species are absent.
Common species include Salix alaxensis,
Equisetum arvense, Stellaria crassifolia,
Deschampsia caespitosa and Carex aquatilis. Bare
ground and litter are always present.
This ecotype is similar to Lacustrine Pendent
Grass Marsh in species composition, but it occurs
along rivers and not in lake basins.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 96.2 2.5 100
Total Vascular Cover 96.2 2.5 100
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 4.1 5.5 100
Salix alaxensis 4.0 5.6 100
Salix arbusculoides 0.1 0.1 50
Total Forb Cover 9.2 10.4 100
Allium schoenoprasum 0.1 0.1 50
Artemisia tilesii 0.1 0.1 50
Braya humilis 0.1 0.1 50
Callitriche verna 0.1 0.1 50
Caltha natans 0.1 0.1 50
Cicuta mackenzieana 0.1 0.1 50
Epilobium palustre 0.1

Soils:
RIVERINE POPLAR FOREST
Soils are organic-rich loams and sands that
often lack a surface organic horizon (Table 65).
Buried organic horizons are common. Permafrost
and rock fragments are absent in the upper meter of
the soil profile. Frost boils, surface fragments, and
loess caps are absent. Soil pH is circumneutral, and
EC is low to moderate. Soils are typically poorly to
somewhat poorly drained, and the water table is
typically slightly above or below the ground
surface.
Table 65.
Soil characteristics for Riverine
Pendent Grass Marsh.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 9.0 0.0 2
Slope (degrees) 3.0 1
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 0
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 5.0 4.2 2
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 0
Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.6 0.4 2
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 630.0 70.7 2
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -16.5 10.6 2
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
Geomorphology:
These early to mid-successional poplar stands
occur on braided active and inactive overbank
deposits and meander active and inactive overbank
deposits. Surfaces consist of levees, interfluves,
flat banks and point bars.
Plant Association:
Populus balsamifera–Picea glauca–Salix alaxensis
The rapid rate of succession that this ecotype
experiences is reflected in its plant association,
which contains a dominant species from the first
three stages of the floodplain successional
sequence (willow dominated, then poplar
dominated, then spruce dominated stands).
Populus balsamifera is the dominant species while
forbs and deciduous shrubs characterize the
understory (Table 66). Picea glauca occurs as
seedlings in the understory. Additional common
species include Rosa acicularis, Equisetum
arvense, Galium boreale, Hedysarum alpinum, and
Calamagrostis canadensis.
Riverine Poplar Forest is most similar to
Riverine White Spruce–Poplar Forest which it
transitions to as spruce grow into mature trees.
The dominant soil subgroup in this ecotype is
Typic Cryaquents (wet, minimally developed,
lacking permafrost).
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 76

Table 66.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Poplar Forest (n=2). Bare
ground data not available.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 136.5 58.7 100
Total Vascular Cover 134.0 60.8 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 4.0 0.0 100
Picea glauca 4.0

RIVERINE WATER
Table 68.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Water (n=2).
Geomorphology:
Riverine Water occurs throughout SNWR and
includes upper and lower perennial non-glacial
rivers, mountain headwater streams, lowland
headwater streams and shallow oxbow lakes that
have been isolated from actively flowing rivers
through depositional processes. River channels are
both braided and meandering. Elevations vary
from sea level to >500 m in headwater streams.
This ecotype includes both rivers and riverine
lakes. We only sampled rivers in SNWR, and we
did not develop a plant association for these plots.
The following vegetation description is based on
data collected at plots in riverine lakes in ARCN,
while the water characteristic data is based on plots
sampled in SNWR.
Plant Association:
Potamogeton spp.–Utricularia vulgaris ssp.
macrorhiza
In riverine lakes, aquatic vegetation grows on
shallow bottoms and near the margins (Table 68).
Multiple species of pondweeds, Potamogeton spp.,
are common. Sedges and grasses sometimes occur
on shallow water near the margins of Riverine
Lake.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 31.4 41.2 100
Total Vascular Cover 24.9 32 100
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0.1 0 100
Alnus tenuifolia 0.1 0.1 50
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.1 0.1 50
Total Forb Cover 24.6 32.2 100
Caltha palustris 0.1 0.1 50
Cardamine pratensis ssp. angustifolia 0.1 0.1 50
Equisetum fluviatile 0.6 0.6 100
Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum 0.1 0.1 50
Hippuris vulgaris 2.5 3.5 100
Menyanthes trifoliata 0.1 0.1 50
Myriophyllum verticillatum 5 7.1 50
Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius 6 8.5 50
Potamogeton praelongus 0.1 0.1 50
Potamogeton zosterifolius 5 7.1 50
Potentilla palustris 0.1 1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 78

RIVERINE WET SEDGE MEADOW
Table 70.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow (n=2).
Geomorphology:
Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow occurs in
inactive or abandoned channels that were initially
shallow or have infilled. These include meander
fine abandoned channel deposits and meander
inactive overbank deposits along rivers.
Macrotopography includes channels, swales, and
flats margins.
Plant Association:
Carex aquatilis–Eriophorum angustifolium
Sedges are the dominant life form in Riverine
Wet Sedge Meadow, with forbs and mosses
comprising a lesser component (Table 70). Cover
of deciduous shrubs and grasses is variable. Trees
and lichens are absent. Common species include
Equisetum fluviatile, Potentilla palustris, Carex
aquatilis, C. rostrata, Eriophorum angustifolium,
and Warnstorfia exannulata.
This ecotype is similar to Riverine Forb
Marsh, which has deeper water and is forb instead
of sedge-dominated. Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow
could not be mapped because it occurred in small
patches.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 169.8 61.4 100
Total Vascular Cover 123.8 0.8 100
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 0.1 0.1 50
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 0.1 0.1 50
Total Forb Cover 33.7 13.5 100
Caltha palustris 2.5 3.5 100
Equisetum fluviatile 6.0 2.8 100
Iris setosa 0.1 0.1 50
Potentilla palustris 25.0 14.1 100
Rumex arcticus 0.1 0.1 50
Total Grass Cover 10.0 14.1 50
Calamagrostis canadensis 10.0 14.1 50
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 80.0 0.1 100
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 35.0 28.3 100
Carex rostrata 10.0 14.1 50
Eriophorum angustifolium 35.0 42.4 100
Eriophorum scheuchzeri 0.1 0.1 50
Total Nonvascular Cover 46.0 62.2 100
Total Moss Cover 46.0 62.2 100
Calliergon giganteum 20.0 28.3 50
Calliergon sp. 2.5 3.5 50
Unknown moss 1.0 1.4 50
Warnstorfia exannulata 22.5 31.8 50
Total Bare Ground 23.1 4.2 100
Water 0.6 0.6 100
Litter alone 22.5 3.5 100
Soils:
Soils are typically loamy with a thin to
moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table
71). Thaw depths were at least 70 cm but were
frequently deeper than the maximum depth
sampled (1.3 meters). Organic horizons, buried
during flooding by riverine silts and sands,
79 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

commonly occur in these soils. Frost boils, surface
fragments, and loess caps are absent. Soil pH is
circumneutral to acidic, and EC is generally low,
except along coastal rivers where it may be
moderately high. The soils are typically very
poorly to moderately well drained, and the water
table occurs at shallow depths or above ground.
RIVERINE WET WILLOW TALL SHRUB
Table 71.
Soil characteristics for Riverine Wet
Sedge Meadow. g
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 11.0 4.2 2
Slope (degrees) 0
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 19.0 17.0 2
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 19.0 17.0 2
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 70.0 1
Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.4 0.6 2
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 1035.0 1166.7 2
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -17.0 1.4 2
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype
are Typic Cryaquents (wet, minimally developed,
lacking permafrost) and Typic Aquiturbels (wet,
mineral soil over permafrost with cryoturbation).
Additional soil subgroups documented in the
regional classification include Typic Gelaquents
(wet, poorly developed with permafrost below 1
m) and Oxyaquic Cryofluvents (wet, saturated
early in growing season, poorly developed with
thin buried horizons, lacking permafrost).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype occurs along drainages and
channels on meander fine inactive channel
deposits, meander inactive overbank deposits, and
lowland headwater overbank deposits. It is usually
found on flat surfaces at low elevations.
Plant Association:
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra–Potentilla palustris
Tall (>1.5 m) deciduous shrubs, mainly S.
planifolia ssp. pulchra, dominate this ecotype with
a major component of low shrubs, forbs, grasses,
mosses and, to a lesser degree, sedges (Table 72).
This ecotype contains a mix of species that grow
in water-logged soils with those that grow on
raised micro-sites. Common species include Alnus
crispa, Equisetum fluviatile, Calamagrostis
canadensis, Carex aquatilis, and Rhizomnium sp..
This ecotype is similar to Riverine Moist Tall
Willow Shrub and Riverine Willow Low Shrub
except that Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra is the
dominant willow species, instead of S. alaxensis or
S. lanata ssp. richardsonii. It also has higher soil
moisture and a lower disturbance rate than
Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub as well as a
different distribution than Riverine Willow Low
Shrub. Due to spectral similarities, this ecotype
was mapped with Riverine Moist Willow Tall
Shrub.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 80

Table 72.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub
(n=3).
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 176.7 22.5 100
Total Vascular Cover 158.0 16.2 100
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 71.7 11.5 100
Alnus crispa 3.4 5.7 67
Salix alaxensis 3.3 5.8 33
Salix arbusculoides 1.7 2.9 33
Salix barclayi 6.7 11.5 33
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 55.0 10.0 100
Vaccinium uliginosum 1.7 2.9 33
Total Forb Cover 40.9 21.3 100
Anemone richardsonii

RIVERINE WHITE SPRUCE–ALDER
FOREST
Table 74.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest
(n=11).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype consists of mature white spruce
stands with alder characterizing the understory, a
legacy from an earlier successional stage. It occurs
on inactive and abandoned meander overbank
deposits. It is widespread in riverine corridors in
SNWR.
Plant Association:
Picea glauca–Alnus crispa–Calamagrostis
canadensis
All life forms are represented in Riverine
White Spruce–Alder Forest (Table 74). Evergreen
trees and tall deciduous shrubs are co-dominant.
Moss cover is typically high. Common species
include Linnaea borealis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea,
Alnus crispa, Rosa acicularis, Equisetum arvense,
Calamagrostis canadensis, Hylocomium
splendens, Sanionia uncinata, and Cladina stygia.
This ecotype is most similar to Riverine
White Spruce–Willow Forest, except spruce trees
are co-dominant with Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii
instead of Alnus crispa. Due to spectral
similarities, it was mapped as Riverine White
Spruce–Willow Forest.
Soils:
Soils are typically loamy, or sandy with a thin
surface organic horizon (Table 75). Permafrost is
often found in the upper meter of the soil profile.
Frost boils, surface fragments, and loess caps are
absent. Organic horizons, buried during flooding
by riverine silts and sands, often occur in these
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 193.0 40.4 100
Total Vascular Cover 122.0 21.5 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 29.5 16.7 100
Picea glauca 28.6 17.6 100
Picea mariana 0.9 2.4 18
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 23.8 14.0 100
Empetrum nigrum 7.4 8.5 64
Ledum decumbens 4.2 5.4 73
Linnaea borealis 4.7 2.8 91
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 7.4 5.9 100
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 1.1 1.6 36
Betula papyrifera 0.7 1.6 18
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 34.0 14.3 100
Alnus crispa 11.1 10.2 100
Arctostaphylos rubra 2.0 3.1 45
Betula nana 1.7 3.2 27
Ribes triste 0.6 1.1 27
Rosa acicularis 3.2 5.1 73
Salix glauca 1.9 3.4 36
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.4 0.9 18
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 1.5 1.7 55
Spiraea beauverdiana 0.6 0.8 45
Vaccinium uliginosum 9.6 11.4 82
Viburnum edule 0.7 1.3 27
Total Forb Cover 25.4 18.3 100
Aconitum delphinifolium 0.3 0.6 18
Anemone richardsonii 0.2 0.6 18
Artemisia tilesii 0.5 0.8 27
Aster sibiricus 0.3 0.6 18
Boschniakia rossica 1.0 1.1 55
Epilobium angustifolium 1.2 1.2 55
Equisetum arvense 9.4 18.8 73
Galium boreale 0.4 0.8 27
Hedysarum alpinum 0.3 0.6 18
Lycopodium annotinum 1.3 2.4 45
Lycopodium complanatum 0.3 0.6 18
Mertensia paniculata 1.1 1.6 36
Moehringia lateriflora 0.2 0.6 18
Petasites frigidus 0.6 1.2 27
Platanthera obtusata 0.5 0.8 36
Polemonium acutiflorum 0.3 0.5 27
Pyrola grandiflora 1.0 1.5 36
Pyrola secunda 0.6 1.1 27
Rubus arcticus 1.3 1.5 55
Rubus chamaemorus 0.8 2.4 18
Saussurea angustifolia 0.4 0.8 27
Solidago multiradiata 0.3 0.6 18
Valeriana capitata 0.8 1.1 45
Total Grass Cover 6.1 2.9 100
Arctagrostis latifolia 1.0 1.8 27
Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus 0.5 1.2 18
Calamagrostis canadensis 2.8 2.0 91
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 82

Table 74.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Festuca rubra 0.7 1.3 27
Poa pratensis 0.7 1.3 27
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 2.1 1.9 73
Carex bigelowii 0.6 1.0 36
Carex vaginata 0.9 1.4 45
Total Nonvascular Cover 70.9 29.9 100
Total Moss Cover 49.5 28.8 100
Aulacomnium palustre 7.5 20.1 73
Aulacomnium turgidum 0.5 1.0 18
Brachythecium albicans 0.5 1.2 18
Ceratodon purpureus 1.1 1.4 45
Climacium dendroides 0.7 1.6 27
Dicranum acutifolium 0.5 1.3 18
Dicranum scoparium 0.7 1.3 27
Dicranum undulatum 0.8 1.5 27
Eurhynchium pulchellum 0.6 1.2 27
Hylocomium splendens 18.8 21.1 91
Hypnum holmenii 0.3 0.6 18
Plagiomnium ellipticum 0.2 0.4 18
Pleurozium schreberi 2.6 6.2 27
Pohlia nutans 0.8 1.0 45
Polytrichum juniperinum 0.5 1.2 18
Polytrichum strictum 0.3 0.6 18
Ptilidium ciliare 1.1 1.2 55
Ptilium crista-castrensis 0.4 0.8 18
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 1.5 2.5 45
Rhytidium rugosum 1.4 2.4 45
Sanionia uncinata 3.5 4.6 91
Tomentypnum nitens 0.9 1.3 36
Total Lichen Cover 17.1 11.4 100
Cetraria laevigata 1.3 1.8 36
Cladina arbuscula 0.7 1.3 27
Cladina rangiferina 1.1 1.3 45
Cladina stellaris 1.0 1.7 27
Cladina stygia 1.7 1.8 55
Cladonia albonigra 1.2 2.5 27
Cladonia carneola 0.4 0.8 18
Cladonia chlorophaea 0.4 0.7 27
Cladonia cornuta 1.1 1.3 45
Cladonia furcata 1.0 1.5 36
Cladonia gracilis ssp. elongata 0.5 1.0 18
Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata 1.0 1.3 45
Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata 1.0 1.3 45
Cladonia scabriuscula 0.6 0.9 36
Cladonia sp. 0.6 1.0 36
Cladonia uncialis 0.5 1.2 18
Cladonia wainioi 0.5 0.8 27
Flavocetraria cucullata 0.9 1.4 45
Peltigera aphthosa 0.2 0.4 27
Peltigera concinna 0.4 0.9 18
Peltigera conspersa 0.5 1.0 18
Peltigera rufescens 0.5 0.9 27
Peltigera sp. 1.1 1.2 55
Stereocaulon paschale 0.8 1.5 27
Total Bare Ground 9.5 21.1 27
Water 9.1 21.3 18
soils. Soil pH is acidic to circumneutral, and EC is
low. The soils are well drained to moderately well
drained. Depth to water table often could not be
measured, but it is assumed to fluctuate throughout
the year within the upper 2 m of the soil profile
given the proximity of river water.
Table 75.
Soil characteristics for Riverine White
Spruce–Alder Forest.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 27.3 25.6 11
Slope (degrees) 9.7 6.8 3
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 10.0 6.0 10
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 10.0 1
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 59.9 13.8 8
Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.4 0.9 11
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 60.0 1
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -74.0 1
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The dominant soil subgroup in this ecotype
identified in SNWR is Typic Haplorthels (mineral
soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation).
Additional soil subgroups documented in the
regional classification include Typic Gelifluvents
(poorly developed with buried organic horizons,
permafrost below 1 m) and Fluventic Historthels
(wet, organic rich soil with buried organic horizons
over permafrost, lacking cryoturbation).
83 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

RIVERINE WHITE SPRUCE–POPLAR
FOREST
Table 76.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine White Spruce–Poplar Forest
(n=11).
Geomorphology:
This is a mid-successional ecotype that occurs
along rivers. It occurs on braided and meander
inactive overbank deposits and braided coarse
inactive channel deposits at low elevations. We did
not collect any plot data in SNWR for this ecotype,
and the following data reflect plots sampled in
ARCN. This ecotype was developed as part of the
regional classification and was identified in SNWR
through the spectral classification and mapping
effort.
Plant Association:
Populus balsamifera–Picea glauca–Salix alaxensis
A mix of evergreen and deciduous trees
characterizes this ecotype (Table 76). Deciduous
shrubs, forbs and mosses are prevalent in the
understory. Common species include Shepherdia
canadensis, Moneses uniflora, Pyrola secunda,
Hylocomium splendens, and Sanionia uncinata.
Riverine White Spruce–Poplar Forest is most
similar to Riverine Poplar Forest except it is an
older successional stage and spruce trees are
co-dominant.
Soils:
Soils are typically loamy or sandy with a thin
surface organic horizon (Table 77). Depth to
permafrost is difficult to determine; however, if
permafrost does occur it is assumed to be greater
than 1 m given the well drained soils and proximity
to flowing water. Frost boils and surface fragments
are rare, and loess caps are absent. Organic
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 170.3 47.8 100
Total Vascular Cover 119.6 50 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 22.8 10.7 100
Picea glauca 22.8 10.7 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 3.5 5.6 45
Dryas integrifolia 0.1 0.3 9
Dryas octopetala

Table 76.
Continued.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Polygonum viviparum

RIVERINE WHITE SPRUCE–WILLOW
FOREST
Table 78.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest
(n=4) Bare ground data not available.
Geomorphology:
Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest occurs
on braided and meander inactive overbank
deposits, and meander fine inactive channel
deposits. Surface forms include interfluves, flat
banks or channels.
Plant Association:
Picea glauca–Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii–
Moneses uniflora
Spruce trees in these mature forests have open
canopies, and the understory consists of mixed low
and tall shrubs and forbs growing out of a thick
carpet of feather mosses (Table 78). All life forms
can be present. Common species include Linnaea
borealis, Alnus crispa, Anemone parviflora,
Mertensia paniculata, Moneses uniflora, Senecio
lugens, and Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus.
This ecotype is most similar to Riverine
White Spruce–Alder Shrub although Salix lanata
ssp. richardsonii is more prevalent than Alnus
crispa.
Soils:
Soils are typically loamy or sandy with a thin
surface organic horizon (Table 79). Depth to
permafrost is usually within 1 m of the surface.
Frost boils, surface fragments, and loess caps are
absent. Organic horizons, buried during flooding
by riverine silts and sands, often occur in these
soils. Soil pH is circumneutral to alkaline, and EC
is low. The soils are typically well to moderately
well drained. Depth to water table often could not
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 203.8 40.5 100
Total Vascular Cover 171.0 45.2 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 40.5 32.0 100
Picea glauca 40.5 32.0 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 5.0 3.6 100
Chamaedaphne calyculata 0.8 1.5 25
Empetrum nigrum 0.5 1.0 25
Ledum decumbens 0.5 1.0 25
Linnaea borealis 2.0 1.6 75
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.2 1.5 50
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 41.8 8.1 100
Alnus crispa 14.5 7.0 100
Arctostaphylos rubra 5.0 3.8 75
Betula nana 0.5 1.0 25
Potentilla fruticosa 1.8 1.3 75
Ribes triste 0.5 1.0 25
Rosa acicularis 2.2 1.7 75
Salix arbusculoides 0.8 1.5 25
Salix glauca 1.8 1.7 75
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 6.8 2.5 100
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 2.0 1.8 75
Vaccinium uliginosum 5.2 8.6 50
Viburnum edule 0.8 1.5 25
Total Forb Cover 69.5 33.7 100
Aconitum delphinifolium 1.2 1.0 75
Anemone parviflora 1.8 0.5 100
Anemone richardsonii 2.0 1.8 75
Artemisia tilesii 1.5 1.3 75
Aster sibiricus 1.2 1.5 50
Boschniakia rossica 1.5 1.0 75
Cardamine hyperborea 0.8 0.5 75
Cerastium beeringianum 0.2 0.5 25
Cypripedium passerinum 0.5 0.6 50
Delphinium brachycentrum 0.5 0.6 50
Dodecatheon frigidum 0.8 1.0 50
Equisetum arvense 23.5 30.6 75
Equisetum scirpoides 0.5 0.6 50
Equisetum variegatum 1.0 1.2 50
Galium boreale 3.5 3.3 75
Gentiana propinqua 0.8 1.0 50
Hedysarum alpinum 1.8 1.7 75
Iris setosa 1.0 1.2 50
Listera borealis 1.0 0.8 75
Mertensia paniculata 4.2 2.9 100
Moneses uniflora 2.0 1.2 100
Pedicularis langsdorffii 0.2 0.5 25
Pedicularis verticillata 0.2 0.5 25
Petasites frigidus 0.8 1.0 50
Platanthera obtusata 1.2 1.0 75
Polemonium acutiflorum 0.5 0.6 50
Polygonum viviparum 1.2 1.3 75
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 86

Table 78.
Continued.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Pyrola grandiflora 2.0 1.8 75
Rubus arcticus 1.5 1.3 75
Saussurea angustifolia 1.2 1.5 50
Saxifraga hirculus 0.2 0.5 25
Selaginella selaginoides 0.5 1.0 25
Senecio atropurpureus ssp. frigidus 0.5 1.0 25
Senecio lugens 2.0 1.2 100
Solidago multiradiata 1.2 1.0 75
Stellaria longipes 0.2 0.5 25
Thalictrum sparsiflorum 0.2 0.5 25
Valeriana capitata 2.0 1.4 75
Wilhelmsia physodes 1.2 1.0 75
Zygadenus elegans 1.0 1.4 50
Total Grass Cover 10.2 5.6 100
Arctagrostis latifolia 2.8 0.5 100
Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus 2.8 3.8 50
Calamagrostis canadensis 1.2 1.5 50
Elymus alaskanus 0.5 1.0 25
Festuca altaica 1.5 1.3 75
Poa glauca 0.5 1.0 25
Poa pratensis 0.5 1.0 25
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 4.0 3.7 75
Carex bigelowii 1.0 1.2 50
Carex capitata 0.5 1.0 25
Carex membranacea 0.5 1.0 25
Carex vaginata 1.8 1.3 75
Eriophorum angustifolium 0.2 0.5 25
Total Nonvascular Cover 32.8 14.7 100
Total Moss Cover 32.2 13.6 100
Abietinella abietina 0.5 1.0 25
Aulacomnium acuminatum 1.0 2.0 25
Brachythecium turgidum 0.5 1.0 25
Bryum sp. 0.2 0.5 25
Campylium polygamum 1.2 1.5 50
Campylium stellatum 0.5 1.0 25
Climacium dendroides 1.5 1.9 50
Distichium capillaceum 1.2 1.3 75
Entodon concinnus 0.8 1.0 50
Hylocomium splendens 7.0 8.1 75
Hypnum bambergeri 1.2 1.9 50
Hypnum lindbergii 0.8 1.0 50
Mnium thomsonii 1.0 1.2 50
Pellia sp. 0.5 1.0 25
Plagiochila porelloides 0.8 1.0 50
Plagiomnium ellipticum 1.2 1.5 50
Pohlia nutans 1.0 1.2 50
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 3.8 2.9 100
Sanionia uncinata 0.8 1.5 25
Sphagnum russowii 0.5 1.0 25
Sphagnum warnstorfii 0.2 0.5 25
Thuidium recognitum 1.5 1.0 75
Timmia austriaca 1.2 1.3 75
Tomentypnum nitens 2.8 3.8 50
Tortella fragilis 0.2 0.5 25
Total Lichen Cover 1.8 2.9 50
Cladonia sp. 0.5 1.0 25
Peltigera sp. 0.5 1.0 25
be measured, but it is assumed to fluctuate
throughout the year within the upper 2 m of the soil
profile given the proximity of river water.
Table 79.
Soil characteristics for Riverine White
Spruce–Willow Forest.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 10.0 5.4 4
Slope (degrees) 0
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 10.3 9.5 3
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 0
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 69.2 18.4 4
Site pH at 10-cm depth 6.8 0.6 4
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 0
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a 0
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype
are Typic Gelorthents (poorly developed with
permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Gelifluvents
(poorly developed with buried organic horizons,
permafrost below 1 m).
87 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

RIVERINE WILLOW LOW SHRUB
Table 80.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Riverine Willow Low Shrub (n=16).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype occurs along rivers on braided
active channel deposits, braided and meander
active and inactive overbank deposits, meander
inactive channel deposits, old alluvial fans and
moderately steep headwater floodplains and
channel deposits. Surface forms include
interfluves, flat banks, terraces and drainage-ways.
We did not collect any plot data in SNWR for this
ecotype, therefore the following data reflect plots
sampled in ARCN. This ecotype was developed as
part of the regional classification and was
identified in SNWR through the spectral
classification and mapping effort.
Plant Association:
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii–Salix reticulata
This ecotype is characterized by open
canopied, low (

Table 80.
Continued.
Soils:
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Zygadenus elegans 0.2 0.5 29
Total Grass Cover 4.4 4.4 86
Arctagrostis latifolia 0.3 1.1 29
Bromus pumpellianus 0.5 1.4 14
Calamagrostis purpurascens 0.4 0.9 21
Festuca altaica 2.3 2.5 71
Festuca richardsonii 0.4 1.3 14
Festuca rubra 0.1 0.4 21
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 9 9 93
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 0.5 1.3 43
Carex bigelowii 1.4 3.3 21
Carex capillaris 0.6 1.5 57
Carex capitata 0.2 0.6 21
Carex krausei 0.1 0.3 14
Carex membranacea 3.3 5.9 50
Carex scirpoidea 1.1 2.7 29
Carex vaginata 0.1 0.5 14
Eriophorum angustifolium 0.3 0.8 14
Kobresia myosuroides 0.4 1.3 7
Kobresia simpliciuscula 0.7 2.7 7
Total Nonvascular Cover 66.7 61.2 93
Total Moss Cover 64.9 59.2 93
Abietinella abietina 0.9 2.7 21
Aulacomnium acuminatum 0.7 2.7 7
Aulacomnium palustre 3.3 5.3 57
Aulacomnium turgidum 0.2 0.8 7
Brachythecium sp. 1.1 4 7
Bryum sp. 0.4 1.3 7
Calliergon sp. 0.2 0.8 7
Campylium stellatum 0.5 1.6 14
Catoscopium nigritum 0.2 0.8 7
Ceratodon purpureus 0.7 2.7 7
Climacium dendroides 0.1 0.5 14
Distichium capillaceum 0.2 0.8 7
Ditrichum flexicaule 0.4 1.3 7
Drepanocladus sp. 1.8 5.4 14
Hamatocaulis vernicosus 0.2 0.8 7
Hylocomium splendens 5.9 8.4 43
Hypnum bambergeri 2.3 5.3 21
Hypnum lindbergii 0.4 1.3 7
Hypnum pratense 1.4 5.3 7
Rhytidium rugosum 2.9 7.5 21
Sanionia uncinata 2.7 6.9 21
Tomentypnum nitens 14.1 17.2 71
Tortella sp. 0.7 2.7 7
Unknown moss 23.1 35.7 50
Total Lichen Cover 1.8 3.5 57
Cladonia sp. 0.2 0.4 36
Flavocetraria cucullata 0.2 0.6 36
Masonhalea richardsonii 0.1 0.4 14
Stereocaulon sp. 0.2 0.4 29
Unknown lichen 0.7 1.7 21
Total Bare Ground 8 7.7 100
Bare Soil 2 3.5 71
Water 0.3 1.1 21
Litter alone 5.8 5.8 100
Soils are typically gravelly, loamy, or sandy
with a thin surface organic horizon (Table 81).
Depth to permafrost is difficult to determine in the
rocky soils; however, if permafrost does occur it is
assumed to be greater than 1 m given the well
drained soils. Frost boils and loess caps are absent,
and surface fragments are rare. Soil pH is
circumneutral to alkaline, and EC is low to
moderate. The soils are typically excessively to
well drained. Depth to water table often could not
be measured, but it is assumed to fluctuate
throughout the year within the upper 2 m of the soil
profile given its proximity to river water.
Table 81.
Soil characteristics for Riverine
Willow Low Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 240.3 206.7 14
Slope (degrees) 3.3 1.5 3
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 3.1 1.5 13
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 4.0 2.3 14
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 0
Depth to Rocks (cm) 24.8 17.4 10
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 9.7 13.3 3
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 51.5 4.9 2
Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.4 0.4 14
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 273.8 283.3 13
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -80.5 67.3 10
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype
are Typic Gelorthents (poorly developed with
permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Eutrogelepts
(non-acidic, partially developed with permafrost
below 1 m).
89 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

UPLAND ALDER–WILLOW TALL SHRUB
Table 82.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub
(n=5).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype occurs on hillside colluvium,
older moraine, and upland loess. It is found
throughout SNWR on steep to moderately steep,
upper and lower concave and convex slopes at up
to 300 m elevation. At some sites, gelifluction
lobes and undifferentiated mounds create
micro-topographic variation.
Plant Associations:
Alnus crispa–Calamagrostis canadensis
Alnus crispa–Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii
These tall shrub communities have open
(>25%) to closed (>75%) canopies with an
understory of low and dwarf shrubs, forbs, grasses
and mosses (Table 82). Lichen, sedge and tree
cover is more variable. There are two distinct
community types for Upland Alder–Willow Tall
Shrub. The first has bluejoint grass, C. canadensis
as an understory dominant, while the second has a
stronger willow subcomponent, particularly S.
lanata ssp. richardsonii. Common species include
S. planifolia ssp. pulchra, Empetrum nigrum,
Vaccinium uliginosum, Equisetum arvense, and
Epilobium angustifolium.
Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub is similar to
Upland Birch Forest in site factors, although it is a
shrub community, not a forest. It is similar to
Riverine Alder Tall Shrub in the dominance of A.
crispa, but physiographic characters are unrelated.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 173.5 28.5 100
Total Vascular Cover 133.9 20.7 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.4 0.5 40
Picea glauca 0.4 0.5 40
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 4.6 4.7 80
Dryas integrifolia

Table 82.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Poa alpigena 0.2 0.4 20
Poa arctica

UPLAND BIRCH FOREST
Table 84.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland Birch Forest (n=3).
Geomorphology:
The distribution of Upland Birch Forest is
limited to localized, fragmented patches in SNWR.
It occurs on slopes comprised of older moraine and
kame deposits.
Plant Association:
Betula papyrifera–Picea glauca–Ledum
decumbens
Betula papyrifera–Picea glauca–Vaccinium
vitis-idaea
Open to closed stands of birch (Betula
papyrifera) dominate this ecotype, and all life
forms except sedges are typically present (Table
84). Common species include Ledum decumbens,
Vaccinium uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea, Epilobium
angustifolium, and Cladina rangiferina.
Upland Birch Forest is comparable to Upland
Spruce–Birch Forest, with which it shares a plant
association. The primary difference is this ecotype
is strictly birch-dominated, while the other is
co-dominated by birch and white spruce.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 169.1 38.3 100
Total Vascular Cover 108.2 26.9 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 1.4 0.6 100
Picea glauca 1.3 0.6 100
Picea mariana

Table 84.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Total Lichen Cover 11.2 13.9 100
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.1 0.1 67
Cladina sp. 4.0 6.9 33
Cladina stygia 0.7 1.2 33
Cladonia sp. 2.3 2.3 100
Flavocetraria cucullata 0.7 1.1 67
Nephroma arcticum

UPLAND BIRCH–ERICACEOUS LOW
SHRUB
Table 86.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub
(n=18).
Geomorphology:
This low shrub-dominated ecotype is common
throughout SNWR in upland areas up to
approximately 400 meters. It occurs on hillside
colluvium, older moraine, solifluction deposits,
upland loess, and eolian inactive sand deposits.
Plant Association:
Betula nana–Ledum decumbens
Both dwarf and low shrubs characterize this
ecotype (Table 86). Mosses and lichens are well
represented, and sedges, grasses, forbs and trees
are present with low cover. Ericaceous shrubs and
dwarf birch, (B. nana) are abundant. Common
species include Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V.
uliginosum, Empetrum nigrum, Carex bigelowii,
Flavocetraria cucullata, and Aulacomnium
turgidum.
This ecotype is most similar to Upland
Birch–Willow Low Shrub, except ericaceous
species have higher total cover than willow
species. Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub
has similar species, but has wetter, loamy,
organic-rich soils.
Soils:
Soils are loamy, and feature a thin to
moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table
87). Permafrost typically occurred in the upper
meter of the soil profile. Cryoturbation is common.
Surface fragments are absent. Frost boils are rare,
and loess caps are uncommon. However, when
loess occurs it tends to be thick. Soil pH is acidic
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 166.9 53.3 100
Total Vascular Cover 118.1 41.6 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 1.1 2.0 44
Picea glauca 0.9 1.8 44
Picea mariana 0.2 0.5 11
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 44.0 23.5 100
Dryas integrifolia 0.4 1.2 11
Empetrum nigrum 7.0 10.3 72
Ledum decumbens 21.6 12.6 100
Linnaea borealis 0.2 0.9 6
Loiseleuria procumbens 0.3 1.0 22
Rhododendron lapponicum 0.1 0.2 6
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 14.4 11.7 100
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.8 1.9 33
Betula papyrifera 0.4 1.6 17
Populus tremuloides 0.4 1.0 28
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 47.7 24.8 100
Alnus crispa 1.2 2.7 33
Arctostaphylos alpina 2.0 4.3 33
Arctostaphylos rubra 1.7 7.1 6
Betula nana 20.2 13.2 94
Salix glauca 2.6 5.2 50
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.3 0.8 11
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 0.6 1.4 39
Spiraea beauverdiana 0.2 0.4 22
Vaccinium uliginosum 18.8 18.2 94
Total Forb Cover 11.2 18.2 83
Anemone narcissiflora 0.1 0.5 6
Artemisia arctica 0.1 0.2 6
Epilobium angustifolium 0.6 1.7 17
Equisetum arvense 0.3 1.2 17
Equisetum sylvaticum 7.2 17.3 17
Gentiana glauca 0.1 0.2 6
Huperzia haleakalae 0.1 0.2 6
Lycopodium annotinum 0.2 0.7 6
Minuartia macrocarpa 0.1 0.2 6
Pedicularis labradorica 0.1 0.5 28
Petasites frigidus 0.9 2.6 17
Petasites hyperboreus 0.1 0.5 6
Polemonium acutiflorum 0.1 0.2 6
Polygonum alaskanum 0.1 0.2 6
Polygonum bistorta 0.2 0.6 11
Pyrola minor 0.1 0.2 6
Rubus chamaemorus 0.8 1.2 44
Saussurea angustifolia 0.2 0.7 11
Total Grass Cover 2.5 3.7 72
Arctagrostis latifolia 1.4 3.3 28
Calamagrostis canadensis 0.3 0.7 28
Calamagrostis inexpansa 0.6 1.4 28
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 10.9 10.0 89
Carex bigelowii 6.7 5.5 78
Carex misandra 0.1 0.2 6
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 94

Table 86.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Carex podocarpa 0.1 0.2 6
Eriophorum vaginatum 3.1 8.9 44
Total Nonvascular Cover 48.9 23.7 100
Total Moss Cover 39.4 22.7 100
Anastrophyllum minutum 0.1 0.2 6
Aulacomnium acuminatum 1.4 3.1 33
Aulacomnium palustre 1.4 3.1 33
Aulacomnium turgidum 1.8 2.6 56
Bryum sp. 1.2 3.8 11
Calypogeia muelleriana 0.1 0.2 6
Cephalozia bicuspidata 0.1 0.2 6
Dicranum acutifolium 0.2 0.7 6
Dicranum elongatum 0.2 0.7 17
Dicranum sp. 1.1 3.7 11
Hylocomium splendens 4.9 8.7 33
Kiaeria glacialis 0.1 0.5 11
Pleurozium schreberi 1.7 3.9 28
Polytrichum commune 14.2 26.2 28
Polytrichum juniperinum 0.8 1.5 33
Polytrichum piliferum 0.6 2.4 6
Polytrichum sp. 1.5 3.7 28
Polytrichum strictum 1.9 4.5 28
Ptilidium ciliare 0.4 1.0 22
Sphagnum compactum 0.2 0.5 11
Sphagnum fuscum 0.1 0.2 6
Sphagnum girgensohnii 0.1 0.5 6
Sphagnum sp. 2.6 6.1 33
Sphenolobus minutus 0.1 0.5 11
Thuidium recognitum 0.1 0.2 6
Thuidium sp. 0.3 1.2 6
Tomentypnum nitens 0.6 2.4 6
Unknown moss 1.7 3.1 39
Total Lichen Cover 9.1 9.2 94
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.1 0.2 11
Cetraria laevigata 0.6 1.9 11
Cladina arbuscula 0.1 0.2 11
Cladina ciliata 0.2 0.9 6
Cladina mitis 0.7 1.4 33
Cladina rangiferina 0.8 1.6 39
Cladina sp. 1.1 3.7 22
Cladina stygia 0.3 1.0 11
Cladonia ecmocyna 0.1 0.3 11
Cladonia gracilis 0.2 0.7 6
Cladonia sp. 1.3 3.6 50
Flavocetraria cucullata 1.3 1.8 56
Flavocetraria nivalis 0.1 0.3 17
Nephroma arcticum 0.1 0.3 22
Peltigera aphthosa 0.6 2.4 17
Peltigera canina 0.2 0.7 11
Peltigera scabrosa 0.2 0.7 11
Peltigera sp. 0.1 0.2 28
Stereocaulon sp. 0.1 0.5 11
Unknown crustose lichen 0.5 1.3 17
Total Bare Ground 11.8 8.5 89
Bare Soil 3.7 5.3 78
Litter alone 8.2 9.9 61
to circumneutral, and EC is low. The soils are
typically well drained to somewhat poorly
drained.
Table 87.
Soil characteristics for Upland
Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 87.5 95.6 14
Slope (degrees) 4.8 5.4 14
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 9.4 5.5 17
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 9.7 5.6 15
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 101.8 49.3 6
Depth to Rocks (cm) 0
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 1.7 2.8 3
Thaw Depth (cm) 61.3 36.6 14
Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.0 0.6 15
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 53.1 41.5 13
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a 0
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
Common soil types include Typic Haplorthels
(mineral soil over permafrost lacking
cryoturbation) and Typic Haploturbels (mineral
soil over permafrost with cryoturbation). A less
common subgroup is Typic Cryorthents (poorly
developed soils, lacking permafrost).
95 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

UPLAND BIRCH–WILLOW LOW SHRUB
Table 88.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub
(n=27).
Geomorphology:
Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub is a
widespread ecotype that is abundant on older
moraine, hillside colluvium, solifluction deposits,
upland loess, upland retransported deposits, and
abandoned alluvial fan deposits. Surfaces are
typically sloped. We did not collect any ground plot
data in SNWR for this ecotype, therefore the
following data reflect plots sampled in ARCN. This
ecotype was developed as part of the regional
classification and was identified in SNWR through
the spectral classification and mapping effort.
Plant Association:
Betula nana–Vaccinium vitis-idaea–Dryas
octopetala
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra–Betula nana–
Polygonum bistorta
This ecotype has two plant associations, and
both contain a mix of low birch and willow shrub
communities (Table 88). The first is dominated by
B. nana with a reduced willow component, and the
second is dominated by S. planifolia ssp. pulchra
with a reduced dwarf birch component. Upland
Birch–Willow Low Shrub has variable cover of
most life forms. Common species include Salix
glauca, Vaccinium uliginosum, Polygonum
bistorta, Petasites frigidus, Carex bigelowii,
Hylocomium splendens, and Flavocetraria
cucullata.
This ecotype is most similar to Upland Birch–
Ericaceous Low Shrub as previously discussed. It is
also comparable to Lowland Birch–Willow Low
Shrub, although the vegetation community is
different because soils are drier and rockier with
less organic matter.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 169.8 61.6 100
Total Vascular Cover 115.1 46.4 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.2 1 20
Picea glauca 0.2 1 20
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 17.6 12.9 92
Andromeda polifolia 0.4 1.3 20
Cassiope tetragona 1.8 3 60
Dryas integrifolia 0.3 1.1 8
Dryas octopetala 2 5.2 24
Dryas octopetala ssp. alaskensis 2.8 9.3 12
Empetrum nigrum 1.9 2.6 60
Ledum decumbens 3 5.5 60
Linnaea borealis 1.4 6 8
Loiseleuria procumbens 0.5 1.2 20
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 3.5 3.4 84
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 68 25.9 96
Alnus crispa 0.6 2.1 12
Arctostaphylos alpina 0.2 1 12
Arctostaphylos rubra 0.8 4 8
Betula glandulosa 5.4 18.7 16
Betula nana 11.8 16.3 72
Salix arctica 0.8 2.4 12
Salix chamissonis 0.8 3 16
Salix glauca 5.9 9.3 52
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 1.2 3.5 16
Salix phlebophylla 0.2 0.7 16
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 26.1 24.7 88
Salix reticulata 3.4 5.2 52
Spiraea beauverdiana 0.8 2.2 36
Vaccinium uliginosum 9.6 10.1 88
Total Forb Cover 17 21.3 100
Aconitum delphinifolium 0.1 0.2 16
Anemone narcissiflora 0.6 1.3 40
Anemone parviflora 0.6 3 12
Arnica lessingii 0.6 1.5 24
Artemisia arctica ssp. arctica 1.6 3.1 36
Astragalus umbellatus

Table 88.
Continued.
Soils:
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Valeriana capitata 0.4 0.9 24
Total Grass Cover 4.9 5.1 92
Arctagrostis latifolia 2.4 2.5 72
Festuca altaica 1.8 3.8 32
Hierochloe alpina 0.1 0.4 16
Poa arctica 0.4 0.6 56
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 7.4 8.3 92
Carex bigelowii 4.3 5 72
Carex membranacea 0.4 1.3 8
Carex microchaeta 0.6 3 8
Carex podocarpa 1.4 3.3 24
Carex scirpoidea 0.1 0.4 8
Eriophorum angustifolium 0.2 1 8
Eriophorum vaginatum 0.2 1 8
Total Nonvascular Cover 54.7 27 96
Total Moss Cover 47 25.4 96
Aulacomnium acuminatum 0.7 2.2 12
Aulacomnium palustre 1.9 3.4 44
Aulacomnium turgidum 1.6 3.4 40
Brachythecium sp. 0.3 1.1 8
Dicranum elongatum 0.6 1.6 16
Dicranum sp. 0.4 1.2 24
Hylocomium splendens 14.2 16.3 60
Loeskypnum badium 0.4 1.5 8
Pleurozium schreberi 1.3 3 24
Polytrichum sp. 4 9.9 40
Polytrichum strictum 0.4 1.1 20
Rhytidium rugosum 1 2.2 20
Sanionia uncinata 1.2 5.1 12
Sphagnum sp. 3.4 10.6 28
Thuidium recognitum 2.4 7.1 12
Thuidium sp. 0.8 3.1 12
Tomentypnum nitens 3.7 7.2 36
Unknown moss 1.5 6 16
Total Lichen Cover 7.7 8.6 88
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.5 0.9 40
Cetraria islandica ssp. islandica 0.2 0.4 16
Cladina arbuscula 0.4 1.1 24
Cladina mitis 0.4 1.1 20
Cladina rangiferina 0.7 1.7 24
Cladina sp. 0.8 2.8 12
Cladonia sp. 0.5 0.8 52
Dactylina arctica 0.1 0.3 20
Flavocetraria cucullata 0.8 1.1 56
Flavocetraria nivalis 0.2 0.5 16
Lobaria sp. 0.1 0.2 20
Masonhalea richardsonii 0.2 0.5 36
Nephroma arcticum 0.4 0.8 28
Peltigera aphthosa 0.4 0.6 56
Sphaerophorus fragilis 0.1 0.4 12
Stereocaulon sp. 0.4 1.1 24
Thamnolia vermicularis 0.3 0.5 32
Unknown crustose lichen 0.4 1.2 16
Total Bare Ground 8.8 11.2 92
Bare Soil 3.7 11 68
Litter alone 5.1 4.2 88
Soils are loamy, blocky, or gravelly, with a thin
surface organic horizon (Table 89). Thaw depths
often could not be determined in the rocky soils, but
permafrost is presumed to be present within the
upper 2 m of the soil profile. Cryoturbation is rare.
Frost boils are uncommon, and surface fragments
and loess caps are rare. Soil pH is acidic to circumneutral,
and EC is low. The soils are typically well
drained to moderately well drained, or somewhat
poorly drained. Depth to water table ranged from
shallow to moderately deep; however, the rocky
soils made it difficult to measure.
Table 89.
Soil characteristics for Upland
Birch–Willow Low Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 504.8 261.9 25
Slope (degrees) 8.2 6.0 25
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 8.2 5.5 24
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 8.5 6.3 24
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 21.5 30.4 4
Depth to Rocks (cm) 19.1 15.7 20
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 13.4 27.3 8
Frost Boil Cover (%) 6.5 13.6 10
Thaw Depth (cm) 58.0 13.1 7
Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.6 1.0 24
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 62.5 54.1 24
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -84.9 70.5 10
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
At well drained sites, the dominant soil
subgroups are Typic Dystrogelepts (acidic, well
drained, moderately thin organic horizon,
permafrost below 1 m) and Typic Haplorthels
(mineral soil over permafrost lacking cryoturbation).
At poorly drained sites, dominant soil
subgroups include Typic Haploturbels (mineral soil
over permafrost with cryoturbation) and Typic
Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost
lacking cryoturbation).
97 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

UPLAND BLUEJOINT MEADOW
Table 90.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland Bluejoint Meadow (n=4).
Geomorphology:
Upland Bluejoint Meadow primarily occurs
after fire and is uncommon in SNWR. It occurs on
upper slopes comprised of hillside colluvium or
loess. Due to its low abundance, this ecotype was
not mapped. We only sampled one plot in this
ecotype in SNWR. The following description
mostly uses data from plots sampled in ARCN to
provide a more robust description of this ecotype.
Plant Association:
Calamagrostis canadensis–Polemonium
acutiflorum
Upland Bluejoint Meadow is primarily
grass-dominated although forbs can be
co-dominant at some sites (Table 90). Trees and
tall shrubs are rare, but all other life forms are well
represented. Total nonvascular cover is often low.
Common species include Aconitum delphinifolium,
Equisetum sylvaticum, Petasites frigidus, and
Carex podocarpa.
Upland Bluejoint Meadow is similar to
Riverine Bluejoint Meadow and Lacustrine
Bluejoint Meadow in species composition,
although physiographic factors are unrelated.
Soils:
Soils are loamy, blocky, or rubbly, with a thin
surface organic horizon and a thick, dense root mat
(Table 91). Thaw depths often could not be
determined in the rocky soils, but permafrost is
presumed to be absent or to occur below a depth of
1 m. Frost boils and loess caps are absent, and
surface fragments are rare. Soil pH is acidic to
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 137.1 34.8 100
Total Vascular Cover 119.8 38 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 0 0.1 25
Vaccinium vitis-idaea

Table 90.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Ranunculus nivalis

UPLAND DWARF BIRCH–TUSSOCK
SHRUB
Table 92.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub
(n=63).
Geomorphology:
Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub is the
most abundant ecotype in SNWR. It is found on
moderate to gentle slopes at low elevations. It
occurs on loess, older moraine, abandoned delta
deposits, ice-rich centers and margins of thaw
basins, drained basins, and bogs.
Plant Association:
Betula nana–Eriophorum vaginatum
Eriophorum vaginatum–Drosera rotundifolia
Vegetation in this type is dominated by the
tussock forming sedge Eriophorum vaginatum and
the dwarf shrub Betula nana (Table 92). It is the
primary ecotype used by caribou for winter lichen
grazing, and lichen cover is higher in this ecotype
than in other similar ones. Other common species
include Ledum decumbens, Vaccinium vitis-idaea,
V. uliginosum, Rubus chamaemorus, Carex
bigelowii, and Flavocetraria cucullata. Sphagnum
mosses are also abundant and diverse.
This ecotype is very similar to Upland Moist
Birch–Ericaceous Shrub, Lowland Moist
Birch–Ericaceous Shrub and Lowland Wet Dwarf
Birch–Ericaceous Shrub but differs in the
prevalence (≥25% cover) of tussocks and lower
cover of ericaceous shrubs.
Soils:
Soils are typically organic-rich loams and
silt-loams and feature a moderately thick to thick
surface organic horizon (Table 93). Depth to
permafrost is typically less than 1 m. Cryoturbation
was common in the upper meter of the soil profile,
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 163.9 60.2 100
Total Vascular Cover 114.1 48.7 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0.1 0.4 11
Picea glauca 0.1 0.4 8
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 43.4 25.2 100
Andromeda polifolia 1.8 4.5 27
Chamaedaphne calyculata 1.1 4.0 25
Empetrum nigrum 5.4 7.6 71
Ledum decumbens 17.8 11.8 98
Oxycoccus microcarpus 0.5 1.6 29
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 16.7 12.4 94
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.0 0.1 2
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 34.4 31.9 100
Alnus crispa 3.3 7.6 30
Arctostaphylos alpina 1.6 4.5 30
Betula nana 15.9 15.7 100
Salix fuscescens 0.1 0.5 8
Salix glauca 0.8 2.7 14
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 0.9 2.3 32
Spiraea beauverdiana 0.1 0.6 8
Vaccinium uliginosum 11.4 11.9 92
Total Forb Cover 8.7 11.5 97
Drosera rotundifolia 0.1 0.3 13
Pedicularis labradorica

Table 92.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Dicranum groenlandicum 0.2 0.8 6
Dicranum sp. 1.1 1.8 37
Dicranum spadiceum 0.2 0.7 10
Ditrichum flexicaule

UPLAND SANDY BARRENS
Table 94.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland Sandy Barrens (n=13).
Geomorphology:
Upland Sandy Barrens encompasses the active
portions of the Little Kobuk Sand Dunes and
isolated smaller exposed dunes in the Waring Mts.
region in SNWR. These eolian active sand dunes
occur under approximately 100 m elevation. We
did not collect ground data for this ecotype in
SNWR, therefore the following data reflect ground
plots sampled in ARCN. This ecotype was
developed as part of the regional classification and
was identified in SNWR through the aerial surveys
and spectral classification and mapping effort.
Plant Association:
Calamagrostis purpurascens–Oxytropis kobukensis
The unique flora of the Kobuk Sand Dunes
has been well documented (Parker 1996). All life
forms can be present in trace quantities (Table 94).
Forbs and grasses are the most common. We
documented two rare species in this ecotype,
Oxytropis kobukensis and Lupinus kuschei.
Common species include Eritrichium splendens,
Minuartia elegans, Senecio ogotorukensis, Bromus
pumpellianus var. arcticus, and Calamagrostis
purpurascens.
This ecotype is unique. It is somewhat similar
to Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland, which
occurs adjacent to it on more stabilized dunes.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 16.4 17.1 92
Total Vascular Cover 13.5 11.7 92
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 0 0 8
Picea glauca

Table 94.
Soils:
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Dicranum sp. 0.2 0.6 8
Racomitrium canescens 1.2 4.2 8
Tortella inclinata

UPLAND SEDGE–DRYAS MEADOW
Table 96.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow
(n=38).
Geomorphology:
These upland meadows are associated with
carbonate-rich bedrock. Surface geomorphology
consists of hillside colluvium, older moraine, and
upland retransported deposits. Surfaces are sloped
and feature mineral-cored hummocks, stripes, and
gelifluction lobes. We did not collect any plot data
in SNWR for this ecotype, and the following data
reflect plots sampled in ARCN. This ecotype was
developed as part of the regional classification and
was identified in SNWR through the spectral
classification and mapping effort.
Plant Association:
Dryas integrifolia–Carex bigelowii–Equisetum
arvense
Dryas integrifolia–Carex
scirpoidea–Rhododendron lapponicum
Dwarf shrubs, sedges, forbs and mosses are
prevalent in Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow
(Table 96). We identified two distinct plant
associations in this ecotype. Common species
include Salix reticulata, Chrysanthemum
integrifolium, Polygonum viviparum, Thalictrum
alpinum, Carex atrofusca, Rhytidium rugosum, and
Flavocetraria cucullata.
This ecotype is similar to Alpine Alkaline
Dryas Dwarf Shrub, except soils are moist to wet
instead of dry, and sites occur at slightly lower
elevations and have higher cover of sedges.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 141.1 49.8 100
Total Vascular Cover 92.8 22.2 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 29.4 22.4 100
Andromeda polifolia 0.5 1.2 32
Cassiope tetragona 0.7 1.3 41
Dryas integrifolia 23.6 22 68
Dryas octopetala 2.9 7.6 27
Rhododendron lapponicum 1.5 2.7 45
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 17.2 7.1 100
Arctostaphylos rubra 2.2 2.8 68
Potentilla fruticosa 0.7 1.5 36
Salix alaxensis 0.1 0.2 14
Salix arctica 3.5 3.6 73
Salix glauca 0.4 1.3 9
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.9 1.6 59
Salix reticulata 6.8 6.6 77
Salix rotundifolia 1.2 3 18
Shepherdia canadensis 0.1 0.5 18
Vaccinium uliginosum 1.3 1.5 50
Total Forb Cover 18.5 13.6 100
Androsace chamaejasme 0.4 1.1 50
Anemone parviflora 0.3 0.9 36
Astragalus umbellatus 0.2 0.3 41
Castilleja elegans 0.2 0.5 23
Chrysanthemum integrifolium 0.6 1.1 64
Epilobium latifolium 0.3 0.6 23
Equisetum arvense 7 13.1 41
Equisetum palustre 1.1 3.8 9
Equisetum scirpoides 0.1 0.2 14
Equisetum variegatum 0.2 0.5 18
Gentiana propinqua 0.1 0.2 14
Hedysarum alpinum 0.5 1.2 32
Lagotis glauca ssp. glauca 0.1 0.2 45
Minuartia arctica 0.1 0.2 32
Minuartia rossii 0.1 0.3 14
Oxytropis borealis 0.7 1.9 23
Papaver macounii 0.1 0.5 14
Parnassia palustris 0.1 0.2 32
Pedicularis capitata 0.1 0.3 32
Pinguicula vulgaris 0.1 0.2 36
Polygonum bistorta 0.1 0.2 14
Polygonum viviparum 0.5 0.6 82
Potentilla biflora 0.2 0.4 32
Saussurea angustifolia 0.2 0.3 32
Saxifraga hirculus 0.3 0.4 50
Saxifraga oppositifolia 1.9 4.4 41
Senecio atropurpureus 0.1 0.2 32
Silene acaulis 0.6 1 45
Thalictrum alpinum 0.1 0.1 55
Tofieldia pusilla 0.1 0.3 50
Total Grass Cover 0.9 1.3 68
Arctagrostis latifolia 0.5 0.8 41
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 104

Table 96.
Continued.
Soils:
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Festuca altaica 0.2 0.7 18
Poa arctica 0.1 0.2 14
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 26.8 19 100
Carex atrofusca 8.1 13.8 64
Carex bigelowii 3.5 5.5 45
Carex capillaris 0.2 0.5 27
Carex krausei 1 1.9 27
Carex membranacea 3 6.6 41
Carex misandra 3.6 8.8 55
Carex rotundata 0.4 1.2 18
Carex scirpoidea 2.4 2.2 77
Eriophorum angustifolium 1.4 2.9 27
Eriophorum callitrix 0.4 1.5 14
Eriophorum vaginatum 0.1 0.2 14
Juncus biglumis 0.2 0.4 32
Juncus castaneus ssp. castaneus 0.1 0.4 27
Juncus triglumis 0.2 0.9 18
Total Nonvascular Cover 48.3 36.1 100
Total Moss Cover 42 35.4 100
Andreaeobryum sp. 0.9 2.9 9
Aulacomnium acuminatum 1.6 4.7 14
Aulacomnium palustre 0.2 0.7 18
Campylium sp. 0.9 2.5 14
Campylium stellatum 0.5 1.5 14
Catoscopium sp. 1.3 2.9 18
Cinclidium sp. 0.7 1.8 14
Dicranum sp. 1.2 2.1 27
Distichium capillaceum 0.1 0.3 14
Ditrichum flexicaule 0.1 0.3 14
Drepanocladus sp. 0.7 1.7 18
Hylocomium splendens 4.5 7.9 36
Hypnum bambergeri 0.9 2.5 14
Hypnum sp. 1 2.4 18
Pohlia sp. 2 3.6 32
Ptilidium ciliare 0.6 1.5 18
Rhytidium rugosum 3.6 5.4 50
Sanionia sp. 0.6 2 9
Tomentypnum nitens 12.9 17.9 55
Unknown moss 4.1 16 23
Total Lichen Cover 6.5 8.1 82
Asahinea chrysantha 0.4 1.1 27
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.2 0.5 23
Cetraria tilesii 0.1 0.3 14
Cladonia sp. 0.2 0.5 27
Dactylina arctica 0.1 0.2 14
Flavocetraria cucullata 1.8 2.5 68
Flavocetraria nivalis 0.5 0.7 32
Masonhalea richardsonii 0.1 0.5 18
Pertusaria sp. 0.8 1.7 27
Thamnolia vermicularis 1.1 1.8 36
Unknown lichen 0.5 2.2 9
Vulpicida tilesii 0.1 0.2 14
Total Bare Ground 11 9.3 73
Bare Soil 2.6 3.6 73
Water 0.6 1 45
Litter alone 7.9 6.8 73
Soils are loamy to rubbly, with a thin to
moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table
97). Permafrost often occurs in the upper meter of
the soil profile. Frost boils and sorted ground are
common. Surface fragments and loess caps are
rare. Buried discontinuous organic layers
sometimes occur as the result of cryoturbation. Soil
pH is alkaline to circumneutral, and EC is low. The
soils are somewhat poorly drained, and
occasionally well drained. The water table is
shallow to moderately deep.
Table 97.
Soil characteristics for Upland
Sedge–Dryas Meadow.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 296.9 182.8 16
Slope (degrees) 7.5 5.6 16
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 6.9 4.8 16
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 7.0 4.9 16
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 10.0 NA 1
Depth to Rocks (cm) 34.8 64.7 16
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 4.7 4.7 3
Frost Boil Cover (%) 4.5 4.3 11
Thaw Depth (cm) 70.8 20.6 9
Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.6 0.3 16
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 313.1 133.5 16
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -35.5 34.2 15
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
Dominant soil subgroups include Typic
Aquiturbels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost
with cryoturbation), Ruptic-histic Aquiturbels
(wet, highly cryoturbated surface organics and
mineral soil above permafrost), and Typic
Gelaquepts (wet, partially developed, permafrost
below 1 m).
105 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

UPLAND SPRUCE–BIRCH FOREST
Table 98.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland Spruce–Birch Forest (n=5).
Geomorphology:
These mixed forests are uncommon and occur
on hillside colluvium and loess within the boreal
forest zone in SNWR. Slope gradient is high to
moderately high, and it usually occurs on south or
west-facing aspects.
Plant Association:
Betula papyrifera–Picea glauca–Vaccinium
vitis-idaea
White spruce and birch trees are co-dominant
in open to closed stands in this ecotype, and all life
forms except sedges are typically present (Table
98). Common species include Alnus crispa,
Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Linnaea borealis,
Equisetum pratense, Hylocomium splendens,
Cladina rangiferina, and Peltigera aphthosa.
Upland Spruce–Birch Forest is comparable to
Upland Birch Forest, as previously discussed. It is
somewhat similar to Upland White Spruce–
Ericaceous Forest and Upland White Spruce–
Willow Forest in that white spruce is a dominant
species but differs in site factors and cover of
birch trees.
Soils:
Soils are typically loamy, blocky, or rubbly
and feature a thin to moderately thick surface
organic horizon (Table 99). Thaw depths often
could not be determined in the rocky soils, but in
most cases permafrost is presumed to be absent or
to occur below a depth of 2 m. Frost boils and
surface fragments are absent. Loess caps are rare.
However, when loess does occur it tends to be
thick. Soil pH is acidic, and EC is low. The soils
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 176.2 31.1 100
Total Vascular Cover 117.9 36.2 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 19.6 12.1 100
Picea glauca 18.8 11.9 100
Picea mariana 0.8 1.8 20
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 18.8 12.1 100
Dryas octopetala 0.6 1.3 20
Empetrum nigrum 6.6 7.0 100
Ledum decumbens 1.4 2.2 40
Linnaea borealis 2.8 3.3 60
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 7.4 7.4 100
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 24.8 12.1 100
Betula hybrids

Table 98.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Luzula multiflora 0.2 0.4 20
Total Nonvascular Cover 58.3 23.7 100
Total Moss Cover 37.0 19.9 100
Abietinella abietina 0.2 0.4 20
Ceratodon purpureus 0.2 0.4 20
Cynodontium strumiferum 0.6 0.9 40
Dicranum elongatum 0.4 0.9 20
Dicranum fragilifolium 0.2 0.4 20
Dicranum sp. 1.2 1.6 40
Dicranum spadiceum 0.6 1.3 20
Dicranum undulatum 1.2 1.1 60
Herzogiella striatella 0.4 0.9 20
Hylocomium splendens 23.4 21.5 80
Hypnum plicatulum 0.4 0.5 40
Pleurozium schreberi 1.0 2.2 20
Pohlia nutans 0.4 0.5 40
Polytrichum commune 0.4 0.9 20
Polytrichum juniperinum 0.6 1.3 20
Polytrichum piliferum 0.6 0.9 40
Polytrichum sp. 0.4 0.9 20
Ptilidium ciliare 0.8 1.1 60
Racomitrium lanuginosum 0.6 1.3 20
Rhytidium rugosum 1.8 3.5 40
Sanionia uncinata 0.4 0.9 20
Tritomaria exsectiformis 0.2 0.4 20
Unknown moss 1.0 2.2 20
Total Lichen Cover 18.5 29.2 100
Cetraria laevigata 0.4 0.9 20
Cladina arbuscula 1.6 3.6 20
Cladina rangiferina 0.8 1.1 60
Cladina stellaris

UPLAND WHITE SPRUCE–ERICACEOUS
FOREST
Table 100.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous
Forest (n=13).
Geomorphology:
Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest is
common throughout SNWR in places forming the
circumpolar treeline. Slope gradient is typically
low to moderately steep. It is found on hillside
colluvium, upland loess, and older moraine
upwards to nearly 300 m elevation.
Plant Association:
Picea glauca–Ledum decumbens
Picea glauca–Vaccinium vitis-idaea
White spruce (P. glauca) predominates and
occurs in open stands (Table 100). The understory
is dominated by evergreen shrubs but also contains
a mixture of deciduous low and tall shrubs, forbs,
and nonvascular species, with more variable cover
of graminoids. Common species include Empetrum
nigrum, Ledum decumbens, Vaccinium uliginosum,
Lycopodium annotinum, Hylocomium splendens,
Pleurozium schreberi, and Cladina rangiferina.
This ecotype is similar to Upland White
Spruce–Willow Forest, except that low and dwarf
ericaceous shrubs are more prevalent than willow
species, it is more acidic, and has lower species
diversity.
Soils:
Soils are loamy, blocky, or rubbly, with a thin
to moderately thick surface organic horizon (Table
101). Depth to permafrost was often less then one
meter. Frost boils are absent, and surface fragments
are absent. Loess caps are uncommon, and
moderately thick to thick. Soil pH is acidic to
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 197.5 69.7 100
Total Vascular Cover 141.1 50.3 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 26.3 16.5 100
Picea glauca 26.2 16.6 100
Picea mariana 0.2 0.6 8
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 18.7 17.3 92
Andromeda polifolia 0.3 0.8 15
Dryas integrifolia 0.2 0.6 8
Empetrum nigrum 7.5 10.1 69
Ledum decumbens 2.4 3.6 54
Linnaea borealis 1.2 1.6 38
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 7.2 8.8 85
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 1.5 3.6 23
Betula papyrifera 1.3 3.2 23
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 62.2 37.3 100
Alnus crispa 16.6 17.5 85
Arctostaphylos alpina 0.8 2.8 8
Arctostaphylos rubra 2.5 4.8 31
Betula glandulosa 1.9 6.9 8
Betula nana 6.4 11.4 62
Ribes triste 0.9 2.3 15
Salix bebbiana 0.7 1.5 23
Salix glauca 3.2 6.4 31
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 0.5 1.5 15
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 7.2 12.1 69
Salix reticulata 0.8 2.8 8
Spiraea beauverdiana 2.7 3.3 62
Vaccinium uliginosum 18.1 16.9 92
Total Forb Cover 23.4 18.9 100
Epilobium angustifolium 0.6 1.0 46
Equisetum arvense 5.8 7.2 69
Equisetum pratense 3.8 13.9 8
Equisetum sylvaticum 6.1 11.7 31
Lycopodium annotinum 1.5 2.9 46
Moneses uniflora 0.2 0.6 8
Pedicularis capitata 0.1 0.3 15
Petasites frigidus 0.7 0.9 46
Polygonum alaskanum 0.2 0.6 8
Polygonum bistorta 0.4 0.8 23
Polygonum viviparum 0.2 0.4 15
Rubus arcticus 1.8 2.3 54
Rubus chamaemorus 0.3 0.6 23
Saussurea angustifolia 0.3 0.9 23
Saxifraga punctata ssp. nelsoniana 0.2 0.6 8
Trientalis europaea 0.4 1.0 15
Total Grass Cover 5.0 2.8 100
Arctagrostis latifolia 1.7 2.7 46
Calamagrostis canadensis 1.8 2.5 54
Festuca altaica 1.0 1.6 38
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 3.9 5.3 62
Carex bigelowii 2.8 5.0 54
Carex scirpoidea 0.2 0.6 8
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 108

Table 100.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Carex vaginata 0.6 1.3 23
Eriophorum vaginatum 0.2 0.6 8
Luzula parviflora 0.2 0.6 8
Total Nonvascular Cover 56.4 28.6 100
Total Moss Cover 42.4 22.7 100
Aulacomnium acuminatum 2.0 4.4 31
Aulacomnium palustre 3.2 5.3 54
Aulacomnium turgidum 1.0 1.9 31
Brachythecium sp. 0.4 1.4 8
Bryum sp. 0.2 0.8 8
Dicranum acutifolium 0.2 0.6 15
Dicranum majus 0.2 0.6 8
Dicranum scoparium 1.2 2.4 31
Dicranum sp. 0.4 1.4 8
Hylocomiastrum pyrenaicum 0.2 0.6 8
Hylocomium splendens 17.0 15.5 92
Hypnum holmenii 0.2 0.6 8
Hypnum plicatulum 0.3 0.9 15
Pleurozium schreberi 6.1 6.9 69
Pohlia nutans 0.4 0.8 23
Polytrichum commune 2.4 4.9 46
Polytrichum sp. 2.3 4.4 23
Polytrichum strictum 0.2 0.8 8
Ptilidium ciliare 0.6 1.0 38
Ptilium crista-castrensis 0.7 1.4 31
Sanionia orthothecioides 0.2 0.6 8
Sanionia uncinata 0.4 0.8 23
Sphagnum girgensohnii 0.3 0.9 15
Sphagnum russowii 0.2 0.6 8
Tomentypnum nitens 1.5 3.2 23
Total Lichen Cover 12.6 9.6 100
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.2 0.6 8
Cetraria islandica ssp. crispiformis 0.5 0.9 31
Cetraria islandica ssp. islandica 0.5 1.0 23
Cladina arbuscula 0.2 0.6 15
Cladina ciliata 0.2 0.6 15
Cladina rangiferina 1.6 3.7 23
Cladina sp. 2.6 4.6 31
Cladina stellaris 0.2 0.6 8
Cladina stygia 0.5 0.9 31
Cladonia amaurocraea 0.2 0.6 8
Cladonia coniocraea 0.2 0.6 8
Cladonia cornuta 0.2 0.6 15
Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata 0.2 0.8 8
Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata 1.1 1.4 46
Cladonia sp. 1.1 1.4 69
Cladonia sulphurina 0.4 0.8 23
Flavocetraria cucullata 1.2 1.9 38
Flavocetraria nivalis 0.5 1.9 8
Nephroma arcticum 0.3 0.6 23
Peltigera aphthosa 0.5 0.8 38
Peltigera sp. 0.4 0.8 38
Unknown crustose lichen 0.4 1.4 8
Total Bare Ground 9.0 11.6 54
Bare Soil 1.7 4.2 54
Litter alone 7.3 11.3 46
circumneutral, and EC is low. The soils are well to
moderately well drained. Depth to water table
often could not be measured, and it is assumed to
be at substantial depth.
Table 101.
Soil characteristics for Upland White
Spruce–Ericaceous Forest.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 151.9 80.1 13
Slope (degrees) 8.2 7.2 12
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 10.2 6.6 13
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 9.6 5.7 7
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 66.0 22.6 2
Depth to Rocks (cm) 82.0 38.2 2
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 0
Frost Boil Cover (%) 0
Thaw Depth (cm) 62.9 22.4 7
Site pH at 10-cm depth 5.1 1.3 13
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 231.4 213.3 7
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a 0
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
A common soil subgroup is Typic Haplorthels
(mineral soil over permafrost lacking
cryoturbation). Less common soil subgroups
include Typic Histoturbels (wet, organic rich soil
over permafrost with cryoturbation) and Typic
Haploturbels (mineral soil over permafrost with
cryoturbation).
109 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

UPLAND WHITE SPRUCE–LICHEN
WOODLAND
Table 102.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland White Spruce–Lichen
Woodland (n=4).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype occurs on eolian inactive sand
dunes in the Waring Mountains. These dunes are
stable enough for a thick cover of lichens to
develop. Surface forms include slopes, shoulders
and crests. We only collected aerial data for this
ecotype in SNWR, and the following data reflect
ground plots sampled in ARCN. This ecotype was
developed as part of the regional classification and
was identified in SNWR through the aerial surveys
and spectral classification and mapping efforts.
Plant Association:
Picea glauca–Cladina stellaris
Lichens and white spruce are co-dominant in
this ecotype (Table 102). Spruce trees have
10–24% cover. Deciduous and evergreen shrubs,
grasses and forbs are always present in low
quantities. Sedges are absent. Common species
include Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium uliginosum,
Solidago multiradiata, Cladina rangiferina, C.
stellaris, Flavocetraria nivalis and Stereocaulon
sp.
This ecotype is unique from other forested
ecotypes in SNWR due to the high ground cover of
lichens.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 122.6 6 100
Total Vascular Cover 45.7 27.4 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 20 10 100
Picea glauca 20 10 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 8 8.7 100
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 1.3 0.6 100
Empetrum nigrum 6 7.8 100
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.7 1.1 67
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0.1 0.1 67
Populus balsamifera

Table 102.
Soils:
Continued.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Rhytidium rugosum

UPLAND WHITE SPRUCE–WILLOW
FOREST
Table 104.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest
(n=19).
Geomorphology:
This ecotype is common in the Waring Mts.,
Kiliovilik Range, Purcell Mts. and the Selawik
Hills. Surfaces are sloped, and this ecotype occurs
at elevations up to 550 m. It is found on hillside
colluvium, older moraine, retransported deposits
and abandoned alluvial fan deposits. We only
sampled one plot in this ecotype in SNWR. The
following description also uses data from plots
sampled in ARCN to provide a more robust
description of this ecotype.
Plant Association:
Picea glauca–Salix reticulata–Carex scirpoidea
Vegetation is dominated by white spruce and
deciduous shrubs. White spruce stands vary from
woodlands to open canopies (10–74% cover).
Cover of evergreen shrubs, forbs and mosses can
be high (Table 104). Sedges are usually present in
low amounts. Common species include
Arctostaphylos rubra, Potentilla fruticosa, Salix
reticulata, S. lanata ssp. richardsonii, Vaccinium
uliginosum, Anemone parviflora, Carex
scirpoidea, Hylocomium splendens, and Peltigera
aphthosa.
This ecotype is similar to Upland White
Spruce–Ericaceous Forest except willow is the
dominant understory species instead of ericaceous
shrubs.
Soils:
Soils are typically rubbly, blocky, or loamy
and feature a thin to moderately thick surface
organic horizon (Table 105). Thaw depths often
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 176.9 59.7 100
Total Vascular Cover 132.2 41.1 100
Total Evergreen Tree Cover 26.2 15.5 100
Picea glauca 24.1 11.9 100
Picea mariana 2.1 8.5 12
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 17.2 12.3 100
Andromeda polifolia 1.1 2.6 59
Cassiope tetragona 1 1.8 41
Dryas integrifolia 2.5 6.4 41
Dryas octopetala 5.4 9.1 41
Empetrum nigrum 3.2 4.9 65
Juniperus communis 0.6 1.1 35
Ledum decumbens 0.3 0.7 18
Ledum groenlandicum 0.5 1.4 12
Linnaea borealis 0.7 1.6 24
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1 2.6 29
Total Deciduous Tree Cover 0 0 6
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 53.5 28 100
Alnus crispa 8.4 11.2 59
Arctostaphylos rubra 4.4 6.2 88
Betula glandulosa 0.4 1.2 18
Betula nana 4.3 11.9 47
Potentilla fruticosa 4.9 4.9 82
Salix alaxensis 1.4 3.9 29
Salix arctica 1.4 2.8 24
Salix glauca 4.2 5.4 59
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 5.6 5.1 76
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 0.7 2.4 24
Salix reticulata 8.6 9.4 76
Vaccinium uliginosum 8.1 9.6 76
Total Forb Cover 26.3 14.9 100
Anemone parviflora 1.4 2 71
Aster sibiricus 1.3 2.5 41
Boykinia richardsonii 1.6 6.1 12
Chrysanthemum integrifolium 0.4 0.9 29
Cypripedium passerinum 0.2 0.5 24
Cystopteris montana 0.2 0.7 12
Dodecatheon frigidum 0.4 0.6 35
Dodecatheon pulchellum 0.5 1.3 18
Equisetum arvense 7.6 12.7 59
Equisetum scirpoides 0.3 0.6 41
Equisetum variegatum 0.1 0.2 18
Gentiana propinqua 0.2 0.4 29
Hedysarum alpinum 1.4 2 47
Lagotis glauca ssp. glauca 0.4 0.7 47
Lycopodium annotinum 0.3 0.8 12
Mertensia paniculata 0.8 1.4 35
Minuartia arctica 0.2 0.6 18
Moneses uniflora 0.1 0.5 35
Parnassia palustris 0.1 0.3 24
Parrya nudicaulis 0.1 0.2 18
Pedicularis capitata 0.2 0.6 24
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 112

Table 104.
Continued.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Pedicularis labradorica 0.2 0.5 24
Pedicularis langsdorffii 0.1 0.3 24
Pinguicula vulgaris 0.1 0.2 18
Polygonum bistorta 0.1 0.2 18
Polygonum viviparum 0.3 0.5 47
Rubus arcticus 0.4 1.2 18
Saussurea angustifolia 1.2 1.7 65
Saxifraga bronchialis 0.1 0.2 18
Senecio atropurpureus 0.1 0.3 18
Silene acaulis 0.4 0.6 47
Solidago multiradiata 0.4 1 29
Solidago multiradiata var.
multiradiata 0.2 0.5 18
Thalictrum alpinum 0.3 0.8 47
Tofieldia coccinea 0.2 0.4 29
Tofieldia pusilla 0.1 0.2 24
Zygadenus elegans 0.6 0.9 41
Total Grass Cover 3 2.6 94
Arctagrostis latifolia 0.2 0.4 35
Calamagrostis canadensis 0.1 0.3 24
Festuca altaica 2.4 2.5 65
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 5.9 4.7 100
Carex bigelowii 0.4 1.3 18
Carex capillaris 0.1 0.3 24
Carex membranacea 0.5 1.1 35
Carex scirpoidea 4 4.4 71
Kobresia myosuroides 0.2 0.5 12
Total Nonvascular Cover 44.7 29.3 100
Total Moss Cover 39.9 29.9 100
Aulacomnium palustre 1.3 3.8 18
Brachythecium salebrosum 0.7 2.1 12
Dicranum sp. 0.9 1.8 29
Drepanocladus sp. 0.8 1.7 24
Hylocomiastrum pyrenaicum 0.3 1 12
Hylocomium splendens 23.2 25.4 71
Pleurozium schreberi 0.4 1.2 12
Ptilidium ciliare 0.1 0.3 18
Rhytidium rugosum 3.5 7.7 24
Sanionia uncinata 1.9 3 47
Tomentypnum nitens 3.8 6.5 41
Unknown moss 0.4 0.9 18
Total Lichen Cover 4.8 5.4 100
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.3 0.7 18
Cladina arbuscula 0.3 0.8 18
Cladina mitis 0.4 1.3 24
Cladina rangiferina 0.2 0.7 12
Cladina stygia 0.2 0.8 12
Cladonia sp. 0.5 1 65
Flavocetraria cucullata 0.2 0.7 18
Flavocetraria nivalis 0.4 1 12
Peltigera aphthosa 0.2 0.4 47
Peltigera sp. 0.1 0.3 24
Unknown crustose lichen 1 2.6 18
Vulpicida sp. 0.4 0.9 18
Total Bare Ground 9.3 12 94
Bare Soil 1.9 4.3 53
Litter alone 7.4 8.2 94
could not be determined in the rocky soils, but
permafrost is presumed to be present below 1 m.
Frost boils, loess caps, and surface fragments are
rare. Soil pH is alkaline to circumneutral, and EC is
low. The soils are typically moderately well to well
drained. Depth to water table often could not be
measured, but it is assumed to be at substantial
depths given the well drained soils.
Table 105.
Soil characteristics for Upland White
Spruce–Willow Forest.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 237.5 121.4 17
Slope (degrees) 10.3 7.7 17
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 9.2 6.7 17
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 9.5 6.8 17
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 13.0 NA 1
Depth to Rocks (cm) 16.1 11.5 15
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 13.3 10.4 3
Frost Boil Cover (%) 6.5 5.7 4
Thaw Depth (cm) 107.0 60.8 2
Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.0 0.8 16
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 118.8 39.8 16
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -152.3 45.4 11
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
We identified the soil subgroup Typic
Histoturbels (wet, organic rich soil over permafrost
with cryoturbation) in SNWR. Additional soil
subgroups in this ecotype identified in the regional
classification include Typic Eutrogelepts
(non-acidic, partially developed with permafrost
below 1 m), Humic Eutrogelepts (non-acidic, well
drained, a moderately thick organic-rich A horizon,
permafrost below 1 m), and Typic Haplorthels
(mineral soil over permafrost lacking
cryoturbation).
113 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

UPLAND WILLOW LOW SHRUB
Table 106.
Vegetation cover and frequency for
Upland Willow Low Shrub (n=13).
Geomorphology:
Upland Willow Low Shrub occurs on gentle
to moderate slopes on colluvium and alluvial fan
deposits. This type is found throughout SNWR at
elevations above 150 m and often is associated
with alkaline soil parent material. We did not
collect any plot data in SNWR for this ecotype,
therefore the following data reflect plots sampled
in ARCN. This ecotype was developed as part of
the regional classification and was identified in
SNWR through the spectral classification and
mapping effort.
Plant Association:
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii–Equisetum arvense
Vegetation is dominated by low willows
(0.2–1.5 m tall), with an open to closed canopy
(Table 106). The canopy is dominated by Salix
lanata ssp. richardsonii, but often includes S.
glauca and S. planifolia ssp. pulchra. Forbs are
prevalent, specifically Equisetum arvense and
Valeriana capitata. Other common species include
Dryas spp., Vaccinium uliginosum, S. reticulata,
and Festuca altaica. The mosses Tomentypnum
nitens and Hylocomium splendens are also
common. This ecotype has high species diversity.
Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub is similar to
this ecotype, except dwarf birch is co-dominant
and S. planifolia ssp. pulchra is usually the
dominant willow.
Soils:
Soils are loamy, with a moderately thick
surface organic horizon (Table 107). Permafrost
often occurs in the upper meter of the soil profile.
Cover Freq
Mean SD %
Total Live Cover 217.3 74.8 100
Total Vascular Cover 152.1 45.8 100
Total Evergreen Shrub Cover 13.2 12.3 77
Andromeda polifolia 0.9 1.9 31
Cassiope tetragona 0.3 0.4 54
Dryas integrifolia 5.2 7.9 46
Dryas octopetala 0.4 1.4 8
Dryas octopetala ssp. alaskensis 5.4 11.1 23
Empetrum nigrum 0.3 0.8 31
Ledum decumbens 0.4 1 31
Rhododendron lapponicum 0.2 0.6 31
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.1 0.3 23
Total Deciduous Shrub Cover 76.6 22.6 100
Arctostaphylos alpina 0.7 1.7 15
Arctostaphylos rubra 2.5 5.6 46
Betula glandulosa 2.1 6.9 23
Betula nana 0.9 1.5 46
Potentilla fruticosa 1.4 2.3 38
Salix alaxensis 1.4 4.2 23
Salix glauca 4.4 8.6 46
Salix hastata 5.8 20.8 15
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii 29.5 18.7 92
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra 2.7 5.9 38
Salix reticulata 21.2 16.6 92
Shepherdia canadensis 0.3 0.9 15
Vaccinium uliginosum 3.8 4.8 85
Total Forb Cover 49.1 31.5 100
Aconitum delphinifolium 0.2 0.6 15
Anemone parviflora 3 5.1 62
Anemone richardsonii 0.8 2.2 31
Arnica lessingii 0.1 0.3 15
Artemisia arctica ssp. arctica 0.3 0.9 15
Aster sibiricus 0.8 1.6 38
Boykinia richardsonii 0.5 1.4 15
Dodecatheon frigidum 1.1 2 54
Epilobium angustifolium 0.2 0.8 8
Equisetum arvense 30.8 31.1 92
Equisetum scirpoides 0.1 0.3 23
Equisetum variegatum 0.1 0.3 31
Hedysarum alpinum 1.8 3.3 38
Mertensia paniculata 0.5 1.9 8
Myosotis alpestris ssp. asiatica 0.5 1.1 15
Pedicularis capitata

Table 106.
Continued.
Cover
Freq
Mean SD %
Solidago multiradiata var.
multiradiata 0.1 0.3 23
Thalictrum alpinum 0.2 0.6 31
Valeriana capitata 1.6 2.7 92
Zygadenus elegans 0.3 0.8 38
Total Grass Cover 6.3 9.7 100
Arctagrostis latifolia 0.6 1.1 38
Festuca altaica 5 9.3 77
Poa alpina 0.1 0.3 31
Poa arctica 0.1 0.3 31
Trisetum spicatum ssp. spicatum 0.1 0.3 54
Total Sedge & Rush Cover 7 7.5 85
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis 0.8 2.8 8
Carex atrofusca 0.1 0.3 15
Carex bigelowii 3.6 5.8 62
Carex membranacea 0.4 0.8 23
Carex podocarpa 0.7 1.7 15
Carex scirpoidea 0.6 1 46
Eriophorum angustifolium 0.3 0.9 15
Eriophorum brachyantherum 0.3 1.1 8
Total Nonvascular Cover 65.2 48.4 100
Total Moss Cover 63.1 48.2 100
Abietinella abietina 0.2 0.6 8
Aulacomnium palustre 3.7 7.4 31
Brachythecium coruscum 0.8 2.8 8
Bryum pseudotriquetrum 0.8 2.8 8
Bryum sp. 0.1 0.3 15
Dicranum sp. 0.9 1.3 38
Distichium capillaceum 0.2 0.8 8
Drepanocladus sp. 2.3 5.6 15
Hylocomium splendens 14.4 21 69
Hypnum sp. 0.4 1.4 8
Mnium sp. 0.8 1.9 15
Pleurozium schreberi 0.7 1.7 15
Polytrichum juniperinum 0.2 0.8 15
Ptilidium ciliare 0.8 1.9 15
Racomitrium lanuginosum 0.2 0.6 8
Rhytidium rugosum 0.5 1.7 8
Sanionia uncinata 1.2 2.2 23
Syntrichia norvegica 0.2 0.6 8
Thuidium recognitum 0.6 2.2 8
Tomentypnum nitens 12.8 13.6 92
Tortula norvegica 0.2 0.8 15
Unknown moss 21.2 30.1 46
Total Lichen Cover 2.1 3.3 77
Cetraria cf. islandica 0.2 0.6 15
Cladina arbuscula 0.1 0.3 15
Cladonia sp. 0.3 0.6 46
Flavocetraria cucullata 0.2 0.5 31
Peltigera aphthosa 0.3 0.6 38
Peltigera sp. 0.1 0.3 23
Stereocaulon sp. 0.2 0.8 8
Unknown lichen 0.2 0.6 15
Total Bare Ground 6.3 5.4 100
Bare Soil 1 1.9 69
Water 0.2 0.6 15
Litter alone 5.2 4.8 100
Frost boils, surface fragments, and loess caps are
rare. Buried discontinuous organic layers
sometimes occur as the result of cryoturbation. Soil
pH is alkaline to circumneutral, and EC is low. The
soils are somewhat poorly to well drained. The
water table is shallow to moderately deep.
Table 107.
Soil characteristics for Upland Willow
Low Shrub.
Property Mean SD n
Elevation (m) 363.7 174.1 13
Slope (degrees) 10.2 7.3 13
Surface Organics Depth(cm) 9.5 6.3 13
Cumulative Org. in 40 cm (cm) 12.2 6.9 13
Loess Cap Thickness (cm) 13.0 NA 1
Depth to Rocks (cm) 85.2 81.2 10
Surface Fragment Cover (%) 1.0 NA 1
Frost Boil Cover (%) 1.0 0.0 2
Thaw Depth (cm) 67.0 33.7 7
Site pH at 10-cm depth 7.0 0.6 13
Site EC at 10-cm depth (μS/cm) 214.6 168.0 13
Water Depth (cm,+ above grnd) a -63.2 53.0 12
a Measurements >1 m indicate minimum depth, not true depth
Dominant soil subgroups include Typic
Aquorthels (wet, mineral soil over permafrost
lacking cryoturbation) and Typic Eutrogelepts
(non-acidic, partially developed with permafrost
below 1 m). Uncommon subgroups include Aquic
Eutrogelepts (wet, non-acidic, mineral soil,
permafrost below 1 m), Typic Historthels (wet,
organic rich soil over permafrost lacking
cryoturbation), and Typic Haploturbels (mineral
soil over permafrost with cryoturbation).
115 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

ALPINE LAKE
Geomorphology:
Alpine Lake occurs in mountain cirques and
in depressions in bedrock or glacial moraine. This
ecotype is found in mountainous regions
throughout our study area and includes shallow
(

Common species on these sites include Carex
ramenskii, Dupontia fischeri, and Calamagrostis
deschampsioides on lower, wetter micro-sites, and
Salix ovalifolia and Deschampsia caespitosa on
drier micro-sites. The second plant association is
related to saline sites. Common species on these
sites include Carex ramenskii, Puccinellia
phryganodes, Chrysanthemum arcticum and Carex
subspathacea.
Soils:
Soils are loamy and typically feature a
moderately thick surface organic horizon.
Permafrost occurs in the upper meter of the soil
profile. Frost boils, loess caps, and surface
fragments are absent. Coarse fragments are absent
in the active layer. Organic horizons, buried by
ocean sands and silts during tidal floods, are
sometimes found in these soils. Soil pH is
circumneutral, site chemistry is brackish and EC is
high. The soils are very poorly drained, and the
water table is very shallow to above ground.
The dominant soil subgroups in this ecotype
are Typic Historthels (wet, organic rich soil over
permafrost and lacking cryoturbation) and
Fluvaquentic Aquorthels (wet, saturated within 50
cm, mineral soil with thin buried horizons,
permafrost within 1 m).
COASTAL WATER
Geomorphology:
Coastal Water includes the nearshore waters
of the Chukchi Sea, Kotzebue Sound, and Hotham
Inlet. It also includes the brackish watering
comprising estuarine waters and lakes on the coast
that are influenced by both fresh and nearshore
water, such as Selawik Lake. Brackish waters are
flooded periodically with saltwater during high
tides or storm surges, subsequently resulting in
fluctuations in salinity levels. Some lakes have
distinct outlets or have been tapped and partially
drained through erosional processes. Shallow lakes
(

Table 108.
Key to ecotypes for Selawik National Wildlife Refuge.1,2
1a. Permanent waterbody (water typically 10 cm deep).……………………………………………………….……………………… 2
2a. Waterbody with < 10% cover of emergent vegetation………………………………………………………………………….. 3
3a. Waterbody occurs near the coast and is affected by the ocean…………………………………………………………… .. 4
4a. Waterbody is an ocean……………………………………………………………………….. Coastal Nearshore Water
4b. Waterbody is an estuarine lake or pond……………………………………………………….. Coastal Brackish Water
3b. Waterbody occurs inland and is not affected by the ocean………………………………………………………………. 5
5a. Waterbody is a perennial river (flowing water) or a lake formed from a perennial river……………… Riverine Water
5b. Waterbody is a lake or pond………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
6a. Lake is at low elevations in valley bottoms and flatlands …………………………………………..Lowland Lake
6b. Lake is at high elevations in the mountains……………………………………………………………Alpine Lake
2b. Waterbody with 10% cover of emergent vegetation………………………………………………………………………….. 7
7a. Waterbody occurs in a river channel and Equisetum fluviatile is the dominant species……..…………Riverine Forb Marsh
7b. Waterbody occurs in a river channel and Arctophila fulva is the dominant species………....Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh
7c. Waterbody occurs in a lake basin………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
8a. Vegetation has higher cover of graminoids than forbs …………………………….…Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh
8b. Vegetation is predominately forbs…………………………………………………………………………………… 9
9a. Vegetation occurs on floating mats and the dominant forb is Menyanthes trifoliata…..Lacustrine Buckbean Fen
9b. Vegetation does not occur on floating mats and Menyanthes trifoliata is not the dominant forb……………… 10
10a. The dominant species is marestail, Hippurus vulgaris………………………….. Lacustrine Marestail Marsh
10b. The dominant species is horsetail, Equisetum fluviatile………………………….Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh
1b. Not a permanent waterbody………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
11a. Site is proximal to the ocean, electrical conductivity (EC) is 800 μs/cm, and is affected by ocean processes
including tidal fluctuations, storm surges, and wind-borne salt water……………………………………………………… 12
12a. Vegetation cover

Table 108.
Continued.
24a. Site is located on a floodplain and soils are predominantly loamy…………… Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow
24b. Site is not located on a floodplain…………………………………………………………………………. 25
25a Site is located in a lake basin, soils are loamy to organic, Potentilla palustris
(syn: Comarum palustris) typically present……………………………. Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow
25b Site is not located in a lake basin………………………………………………………………………. 26
26a. Soils are rocky, site is in the mountains..……………………………… Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow
26b. Soils are peaty to organic-rich, site in lowland areas…………………………………………….. 27
27a. Diamond-leaved willow, S. planifolia ssp. pulchra (syn: S. pulchra)
is present………………………………………………………… Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen
27b. S. pulchra usually absent or in trace quantities, total shrub
cover is

Table 108.
Continued.
44c. Site is located on riverine floodplains…………………………………………………………………………... 45
45a. Vegetation is predominantly alder………………………………………………... Riverine Alder Tall Shrub
45b. Vegetation is predominantly willow……………………………………………………………………….. 46
46a. Felt-Leaf willow, Salix alaxensis is the dominant species……………Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub
46b. Diamond leaf willow, S. pulchra is the dominant species……………. Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub
18b. Tree canopy is 10% cover………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
47a. Needleleaf trees comprise 75% of total tree cover………………………………………………………………………….. 48
48a. Site occurs in lowland areas and black spruce, Picea mariana is the
dominant tree species.........…………………………………………………………………. Lowland Black Spruce Forest
48b. Site occurs in other areas and white spruce, P. glauca is the dominant tree…………………………………………….. 49
49a. Site occurs on a floodplain………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
50a. The dominant understory species is Alnus crispa and site chemistry
is circumacidic……………………………………………………………... Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest
50b. The dominant understory species is Salix richardsonii and site chemistry
is circumalkaline…………………………………………………………. Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest
49b. Site occurs in upland areas, not on floodplains ………………………………………………………………….. 51
51a. Site occurs on hill slopes and mountainsides, usually on rocky or loamy soils………………………………… 52
52a. Ericaceous species are dominant in the understory and site chemistry
is circumacidic……………………………………………………. Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest
52b. Willow species are dominant in the understory and site chemistry
is circumalkaline……………………………………………………….Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest
51b. Site occurs on stabilized sand dunes…………………………………… Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland
47b. Needleleaf trees comprise

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ECOLOGICAL
COMPONENTS
LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS
Hierarchical Organization of Ecological
Components
We developed hierarchical relationships
among ecological components for SNWR and
adjacent parklands by successively grouping field
data observations by physiography, soil texture,
geomorphology, slope position, surface form,
drainage, soil chemistry, vegetation structure, and
floristic class. Frequently, geomorphic units with
similar textures or genesis were grouped (e.g.,
loamy and organic were grouped for some
lowlands) to reduce the number of classes.
Ecotypes were then derived from these tabular
associations to differentiate sets of associated
characteristics.
Analyzing the cross-tabulation of the plot data
revealed consistent associations among soil
texture, geomorphic units that denote depositional
environments, slope position, surface forms related
to ice aggradation and active-layer processes,
hydrology, and vegetation structure (Table 109).
The hierarchical organization of the ecological
components reveals how tightly or loosely the
components are linked. For example, some
physiographic settings included several
geomorphic units with similar soil textures.
Similarly, a given vegetation type could occur on
several geomorphic units, depending on surface
form characteristics and hydrology. In contrast,
some geomorphic units (e.g., tidal flats) were
associated only with a few distinct vegetation
types.
Results from this analysis were used in
several ways. First, they were used to evaluate how
ecosystems respond to the evolving landscape
comprising a wide variety of geomorphic processes
associated with alpine, upland, lowland, lacustrine,
riverine, and coastal areas (see section on Factors
Affecting Landscape Evolution). Identifying the
changing patterns in geomorphic units and
vegetation, along with analysis of changes in soil
properties, helps identify processes (e.g.,
acidification, sedimentation) that affect the
changing patterns. Second, the hierarchical
relationships developed “from the ground up” were
used to determine the rules for modeling and
restricting the distribution of map classes
differentiated by spectral characteristics “from the
top down” (see Methods, Spectral Classification
Development). Third, knowing the ecological
relationships, we can recode the ecotype map and
derive maps of other ecological characteristics,
such as a soils map or pH map (see Results,
Classification and Description of Soil Landscapes).
The contingency table analysis also can be
used to evaluate how well these general
relationships conform to the data set, and how
reliably they can be used to extrapolate trends
across the landscape. During development of the
relationships, 13% of the observations were
excluded from the table because of inconsistencies
among physiography, texture, geomorphology,
drainage, soil chemistry, and vegetation. We
excluded these points because our primary goal
was to identify the most distinct and consistent
trends, not necessarily to include every plot. We
believe that there is an upper limit to our ability to
describe landscape patterns; there will always be a
proportion (in this case 13%) of sites that do not
conform to the overall relationships among factors.
These sites may be: (1) transitional ecotones; (2)
sites where vegetation and soils have been affected
by historical factors (e.g., changes in water levels,
disturbances) in ways that are not readily
explainable based on current environmental
conditions; or (3) rare and thus not mappable.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
Single-factor Comparisons by Ecotype
Six environmental parameters (surface
organic-horizon thickness, rock depth, thaw depth,
depth to groundwater, pH, and electrical
conductivity) were charted for comparison among
ecotypes. We excluded ecotypes with insufficient
data.
The thickness of the surface organic horizon
showed large differences among ecotypes (Figure
4). Ecotypes where surface organic accumulations
were absent ranged from areas with severe climate
and soil conditions, such as Alpine Acidic Barrens,
to areas with frequent sediment deposition, such as
Riverine Barrens and Riverine Moist Willow Tall
Shrub. The thickest surface organic accumulations
were found in Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow and
121 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 109. Landscape relationships for ecotypes in the the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, 2002–2008.
Physio–
graphy Geomorphic Units
Alpine Weathered Bedrock, Talus,
Hillside Colluvium, Solifluction
Deposit, Younger Moraine,
Carbonate Sedimentary
Weathered Bedrock, Talus,
Hillside Colluvium, Solifluction
Deposit, Older Moraine,
Noncarbonate Metamorphic,
Noncarbonate Sedimentary,
Soil–Water
Chemistry Soil Texture Drainage Vegetation Types (Level IV) Floristic Class Ecotype
Alkaline Blocky–
Rubbly
Acidic Blocky–
Rubbly
Excessive to
Somewhat
Excessive
Excessive to
Well
Excessive to
Somewhat
Excessive
Barrens (

Table 109. Continued.
Physio–
graphy Geomorphic Units
Hillside Colluvium, Solifluction
Deposit, Noncarbonate
Metamorphic, Noncarbonate
Sedimentary, Felsic Intrusive,
Mafic Intrusive, Ultramafic
Intrusive
Soil–Water
Chemistry Soil Texture Drainage Vegetation Types (Level IV) Floristic Class Ecotype
Circumneutral Blocky–
Rubbly–
Loamy–
Organic
Somewhat
Poor to Poor
Wet Sedge Tundra, Mixed Herbs Eriophorum
angustifolium–
Pedicularis sudetica
Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow
Deep Isolated Lake Circumalkaline Water Flooded Water Water Alpine Lake
Upland Sandy Barrens
Upland Eolian Active Sand Dune Alkaline Sandy Excessive to
Somewhat
Excessive
Eolian Active Sand Dune, Eolian
Inactive Sand Dune
Hillside Colluvium, Solifluction
Deposit, Retransported Deposit,
Carbonate Sedimentary, Older
Moraine, Alluvial Fan
Acidic Sandy Excessive to
Somewhat
Excessive
Alkaline Blocky– Moderately
Rubbly– Well to
Loamy Somewhat
Poor
Barrens (

Table 109. Continued.
Physio–
graphy Geomorphic Units
Hillside Colluvium, Upland
Loess, Eolian Inactive Sand
Dune, Alluvial Fan Abandoned
Deposit, Older Moraine,
Noncarbonate Sedimentary,
Schist, Mafic Intrusive
Soil–Water
Chemistry Soil Texture Drainage Vegetation Types (Level IV) Floristic Class Ecotype
Acidic Blocky–
Rubbly
Circumacidic Blocky–
Rubbly–
Sandy–
Loamy
Well to
Somewhat
Poor
Somewhat
Excessive to
Moderately
Well
Closed Low Birch Shrub, Closed
Low Birch Ericaceous Shrub,
Open Shrub Birch–Ericaceous
Shrub
Closed Birch Forest, Open Birch
Forest
Open Spruce–Birch Forest,
Spruce–Birch Woodland
Open White Spruce Forest,
Woodland White Spruce Forest
Open Quaking Aspen–Spruce,
Open Quaking Aspen Forest
Bluejoint Meadow, Bluejoint–
Shrub Meadow
Closed Tall Alder Shrub, Open
Tall Alder Shrub, Open Tall
Alder–Willow Shrub, Low Open
Alder–Willow Shrub
Betula nana–Ledum
decumbens
Betula papyrifera–Picea
glauca–Vaccinium vitisidaea
Betula papyrifera–Picea
glauca–Vaccinium vitisidaea
Picea glauca–Ledum
decumbens
Populus tremuloides–Picea
glauca–Salix glauca
Calamagrostis canadensis–
Polemonium acutiflorum
Alnus crispa–
Calamagrostis canadensis
Upland Birch–
Ericaceous Low Shrub
Upland Birch Forest
Upland Spruce–Birch
Forest
Upland White Spruce–
Ericaceous Forest
Upland Spruce–Aspen
Forest
Upland Bluejoint
Meadow
Upland Alder–Willow
Tall Shrub
Lowland Solifluction Deposit, Hillside Acidic Loamy–
Colluvium, Lowland Loess, Ice–
Organic
Rich Thaw Basin, Older
Moraine, Meander Abandoned
Overbank Deposit, Braided
Abandoned Overbank Deposit,
Delta Abandoned Overbank
Deposit
Well to
Somewhat
Poor
Moderately
Well to
Somewhat
Poor
Open Tall Willow, Open Low
Willow
Closed Low Birch Shrub, Closed
Low Birch–Willow Shrub, Low
Open Birch–Willow Shrub, Open
Shrub Birch–Ericaceous Shrub,
Open Low Willow
Closed Low Birch Ericaceous
Shrub, Open Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Salix bebbiana–Salix
glauca
Salix planifolia ssp.
pulchra–Betula nana–
Polygonum bistorta
Andromeda polifolia–
Sphagnum sp.
Ledum decumbens–
Vaccinium vitis-idaea–
Foliose/fruticose lichen
Upland Willow Tall
Shrub
Upland Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
Lowland Birch–
Ericaceous Low Shrub
Lowland Birch–
Ericaceous Low Shrub
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 124

Table 109. Continued.
Physio–
graphy Geomorphic Units
Bogs, Meander Abandoned
Overbank Deposit, Ice-rich and
Ice-poor Drained Basin, Older
Moraine
Organic Fen, Meander
Abandoned Overbank Deposit ,
Ice–rich Drained Basin, Ice–Poor
Drained Basin, Older Moraine
Lacustrine Ice–Poor Drained Basin,
Glaciolacustrine Deposit, Older
Moraine
Soil–Water
Chemistry Soil Texture Drainage Vegetation Types (Level IV) Floristic Class Ecotype
Acidic Open Black Spruce Forest, Black
Spruce Woodland, Dwarf Open
Black Spruce Scrub Forest
Picea mariana–Ledum
decumbens
Lowland Black Spruce
Forest
Circumacidic Loamy–
Organic
Moderately
Well to Poor
Open Tall Willow, Open Low
Willow, Closed Tall Willow,
Closed Low Willow
Salix planifolia ssp.
pulchra–Valeriana
capitata
Lowland Willow Low
Shrub
Open Tall Alder–Willow Alnus crispa– Salix
planifolia ssp.
pulchra– Hylocomium
splendens
Lowland Alder Tall Shrub
Closed Low Birch Shrub, Closed
Low Birch–Willow Shrub, Low
Open Birch–Willow Shrub, Open
Shrub Birch–Ericaceous Shrub
Betula nana–Salix
planifolia ssp.
pulchra–Eriophorum
angustifolium
Lowland Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
Acidic Peat–Organic Poor to
Very Poor
Open Low Ericaceous Shrub Bog,
Low Open Birch Shrub Bog, Wet
Sedge–Moss Bog
Andromeda polifolia–
Sphagnum sp.
Lowland Ericaceous Shrub
Bog
Circumacidic Peat–Organic Very Poor Wet Sedge–Moss Bog, Subarctic
Lowland Sedge Wet Meadow,
Wet Sedge Tundra
Carex chordorrhiza–
Carex aquatilis
Lowland Sedge Fen
Wet Sedge Tundra, Subarctic
Lowland Sedge Wet Meadow,
Wet Sedge–Moss Bog
Carex aquatilis–Salix
planifolia ssp. pulchra
Lowland Sedge–Willow
Fen
Circumalkaline Blocky–
Gravelly–
Sandy–
Loamy–Peat
Well to
Somewhat
Poor
Circumacidic Loamy Moderately
Well to
Somewhat
Poor
Circumneutral Blocky–
Gravelly–
Sandy–
Loamy–Peat
Somewhat
Poor to Poor
Barrens (

Table 109. Continued.
Physio–
graphy Geomorphic Units
Organic Fen, Ice–Poor Thaw
Basin, Ice–Rich Thaw Basin,
Older Moraine
Soil–Water
Chemistry Soil Texture Drainage Vegetation Types (Level IV) Floristic Class Ecotype
Circumacidic Loamy–
Organic
Very Poor Wet Sedge Tundra, Subarctic
Lowland Sedge Wet Meadow,
Subarctic Lowland Sedge Bog
Meadow
Carex aquatilis–
Potentilla palustris
Lacustrine Wet Sedge
Meadow
Peat–Organic Flooded to
Very Poor
Subarctic Lowland Herb Bog
Meadow, Subarctic Lowland
Sedge Wet Meadow
Menyanthes trifoliata–
Potentilla palustris
Lacustrine Buckbean Fen
Shallow Isolated Thaw Lake,
Shallow Isolated Moraine or
Kettle Lake, Ice–poor Drained
Basin, Older Moraine
Shallow Isolated Thaw Lake,
Shallow Isolated Moraine or
Kettle Lake
Deep or Shallow Isolated Thaw
Lake, Deep or Shallow Isolated
Moraine or Kettle Lake, Deep
Connected Moraine or Kettle
Lake, Shallow Isolated Dune L.
Circumneutral Sandy–
Loamy
Riverine Alkaline Blocky–
Braided or Meander Active
Channel Deposit, Braided or
Meaner Active Overbank
Deposit, Moderately Steep
Headwater Floodplain
Flooded to
Very Poor
Fresh Grass Marsh, Common
Marestail
Circumneutral Water Flooded Common Marestail, Pondlily,
Fresh Pondweed, Burreed
Circumalkaline Water Flooded Water, Aquatic Buttercup, Fresh
Pondweed
Gravelly–
Sandy
Circumalkaline Blocky–
Gravelly–
Sandy
Excessive to
Somewhat
Excessive
Excessive to
Well
Dryas Dwarf Shrub, Dryas–
Lichen Dwarf Shrub, Open Low
Willow Shrub
Barrens (

Table 109. Continued.
Physio–
graphy Geomorphic Units
Braided Active Overbank
Deposit, Meander Active
Overbank Deposit, Braided
Inactive Overbank Deposit,
Meander Inactive Overbank
Deposit
Meander Inactive Overbank
Deposit, Braided Inactive
Overbank Deposit, Meander
Inactive Channel Deposit,
Moderately Steep Headwater
Floodplain, Lowland Headwater
Floodplain
Soil–Water
Chemistry Soil Texture Drainage Vegetation Types (Level IV) Floristic Class Ecotype
Circumalkaline Blocky–
Gravelly–
Sandy–
Loamy
Circumalkaline Blocky–
Gravelly–
Sandy–
Loamy
Somewhat
Excessive to
Moderately
Well
Well to
Somewhat
Poor
Well to
Moderately
Well
Closed Poplar Forest, Open
Poplar Forest
Open Mixed Spruce–Poplar
Forest, Mixed Spruce–Poplar
Woodland
Open Tall Willow Shrub, Open
Low Willow Shrub, Moist
Sedge–Dryas Meadow
Open White Spruce Forest, White
Spruce Woodland
Populus balsamifera–
Picea glauca–Salix
alaxensis
Populus balsamifera–
Picea glauca–Salix
alaxensis
Salix lanata ssp.
richardsonii–Salix
reticulata
Picea glauca–Salix
lanata ssp.
richardsonii–Salix
arbusculoides
Riverine Poplar Forest
Riverine White Spruce–
Poplar Forest
Riverine Willow Low
Shrub
Riverine White Spruce–
Willow Forest
Circumacidic Blocky–
Gravelly–
Sandy–
Loamy
Well to
Moderately
Well
Loamy Moderately
Well to
Somewhat
Poor
Open White Spruce Forest, White
Spruce Woodland
Closed Low Birch–Willow
Shrub, Closed Low Birch Shrub,
Closed Low Birch–Ericaceous
Shrub
Closed Tall Alder Shrub, Open
Tall Alder Shrub, Closed Tall
Alder–Willow Shrub
Picea glauca–Alnus
crispa–Artemisia tilesii
Betula nana–Salix
planifolia ssp.
pulchra–Pyrola
grandiflora
Alnus crispa–Rubus
arcticus
Riverine White Spruce–
Alder Forest
Riverine Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
Riverine Alder Tall Shrub
Moderately
Well to Poor
Bluejoint Meadow, Bluejoint–
Herb Meadow
Calamagrostis
canadensis–Potentilla
palustris
Riverine Bluejoint Meadow
Closed Tall Willow Shrub, Open
Tall Willow Shrub, Tall Closed
Birch–Willow Shrub
Salix planifolia ssp.
pulchra–Potentilla
palustris
Riverine Wet Willow Tall
Shrub
Wet Sedge Tundra, Subarctic
Lowland Sedge Wet Meadow
Carex aquatilis–
Eriophorum
angustifolium
Riverine Wet Sedge
Meadow
127 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 109. Continued.
Physio–
graphy Geomorphic Units
Shallow Isolated Riverine Lake,
Braided Inactive Channel
Deposit, Meander Inactive
Channel Deposit,
Soil–Water
Chemistry Soil Texture Drainage Vegetation Types (Level IV) Floristic Class Ecotype
Fresh Grass Marsh Arctophila fulva–
Eleocharis acicularis–
Caltha palustris
Circumalkaline Water Flooded Fresh Pondweed Potamogeton sp.–
Utricularia vulgaris
ssp. macrorhiza
Riverine Pendent Grass
Marsh
Riverine Water
Non–glacial Lower Perennial
and Upper Perennial River,
Mountain Headwater Stream
Coastal Active Marine Beach, Eolian
Active Coastal Sand Deposit
Active Tidal Flat, Delta
Abandoned Overbank Deposit
Tidal River, Tidal Gut, Isolated
or Connected Brackish Shallow
Lake, Tidal Lake
Saline–
Brackish
Saline–
Brackish
Brackish Sandy–
Loamy–
Organic
Sandy Excessive to
Poor
Sandy Excessive to
Poor
Moderately
Well to Poor
Very Poor
to Flooded
Water Water Riverine Water
Barrens (

Alpine Acidic Barrens
Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub
Upland Birch Forest
Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub
Upland Bluejoint Meadow
Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub
Upland Spruce–Birch Forest
Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous
Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest
Lowland Alder Tall Shrub
Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub
Lowland Black Spruce Forest
Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Lowland Lake
Lowland Sedge Fen
Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen
Lowland Willow Low Shrub
Lacustrine Barrens
Lacustrine Bluejoint M eadow
Lacustrine Buckbean Fen
Lacustrine Horsetail M arsh
Lacustrine Marestail M arsh
Lacustrine Pendent Grass M arsh
Lacustrine Wet Sedge M eadow
River
Riverine Alder Tall Shrub
Riverine Barrens
Riverine Bluejoint Meadow
Riverine Forb Marsh
Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub
Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh
Riverine Poplar Forest
Riverine Wet Sedge M eadow
Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub
Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest
Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest
Coastal Brackish Sedge M arsh
u
u
u
Surface Organic Depth
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Rock Depth
v
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Thaw Depth
0 20 40 60 80
Depth (cm)
0 50 100 150 200
Depth (cm)
0 50 100 150
Depth (cm)
Figure 4.
Mean (± SD) thickness of the surface organic layer, depth to rock (>15% coarse fragments)
and depth of thaw for ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Outliers have been
excluded.
Lowland Sedge Fen, indicating long-term
paludification and reduced frequency or absence of
sedimentation events.
Depth to rocks (soils with >15% rocks) was
shallowest on alpine ridges and crests (e.g., Alpine
Acidic Barrens) and rocky hillsides (Upland
Alder–Willow Tall Shrub) and deepest in lowland
and coastal areas with fine-grained deposits (e.g.,
Coastal Barrens, Lacustrine Buckbean Fen)
(Figure 4). Measurement of depth to rocks was
absent for most ecotypes because of the thickness
of fine-grained surficial deposits and prevalence of
permafrost which limited probing depth.
Thaw depths varied four-fold among ecotypes
(Figure 4). While permafrost was found at all sites
with fine-grained soils, the permafrost status of
rocky sites, particularly on south-facing slopes, is
unknown. Values generally were shallowest for
lowland and lacustrine ecotypes and for gently
sloping upland areas with Upland Dwarf
Birch–Tussock Shrub. Deepest thaw depths were
found in riverine areas with well-drained sandy
soils and early- to mid-successional vegetation
(e.g., Riverine Barrens, Riverine Poplar Forest).
Depth to water above (+) or below (–) the
surface also varied widely among ecotypes, but
relatively little within ecotypes (Figure 5). Mean
water depths were above the soil surface for 6
ecotypes, and were highest for Lacustrine
Marestail Marsh and Lowland Lake. Ecotypes with
the deepest recordable water tables found in
riverine areas (e.g., Riverine Moist Willow Tall
129 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Alpine Acidic Barrens
Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub
Upland Birch Forest
Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub
Upland Bluejoint Meadow
Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub
Upland Spruce–Birch Forest
Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous
Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest
Lowland Alder Tall Shrub
Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub
Lowland Black Spruce Forest
Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Lowland Lake
Lowland Sedge Fen
Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen
Lowland Willow Low Shrub
Lacustrine Barrens
Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow
Lacustrine Buckbean Fen
Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh
Lacustrine Marestail Marsh
Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh
Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow
River
Riverine Alder Tall Shrub
Riverine Barrens
Riverine Bluejoint Meadow
Riverine Forb Marsh
Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub
Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh
Riverine Poplar Forest
Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow
Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub
Riverine White Spruce–Alder Forest
Riverine White Spruce–Willow Forest
Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh
pH
4 5 6 7 8 9
pH
u
u
u
u
EC
0 500 1000 1500 2000
EC (µS /cm)
Water Depth
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
-150 -50 50 150
Depth (cm)
Figure 5.
Mean (± SD) pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and water depth for ecotypes in the Selawik
National Wildlife Refuge. Outliers have been excluded.
Shrub) with sandy or rocky soils. Values ≥ 1 m
represent minimum, estimated depths.
Site pH values ranged from 3.2–8.7 among
ecotypes (Figure 5). Ecotypes with the lowest
(most acidic) pH values occurred in
late-successional upland ecotypes (Upland Dwarf
Birch–Tussock Shrub, Upland Spruce–Birch
Forest), and in lowland ecotypes (e.g., Lowland
Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub, Lowland Black
Spruce Forest). These ecotypes are late
successional, where carbonates have been leached
from soils over long periods. Ecotypes with the
highest pH values tended to occur in alkaline
upland areas (Upland White Spruce–Willow
Forest), relatively young lacustrine environments,
and in riverine early successional environments
with frequent mineral sedimentation (e.g., Riverine
Barrens, Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub).
Electrical conductivity (EC) measurements
indicated that most ecotypes were non-saline
(Figure 5). High mean EC values (>800 µS/cm),
indicating brackish or slightly brackish to saline
conditions, were limited to coastal areas (e.g.,
Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh) and riverine and
lacustrine areas on the Kobuk River Delta (e.g.,
Lacustrine Buckbean Fen, Riverine Wet Sedge
Meadow). EC values were low (

Single-factor Comparisons by Plant Species
To determine how the environmental
parameters measured influence the distribution of
individual plant and cryptogam species, we
calculated the mean value of each parameter for 99
common species that occur in lowland, lacustrine,
and riverine ecotypes (Figures 6–9) and for 98
common species that occur in upland and alpine
ecotypes. In order to exclude locations with
atypical conditions for that species, only sites
where a species had >1% cover were included in
the calculations.
Thickness of the surface organic horizon (an
indication of frequency of sedimentation) was
highly variable both among and within species in
field plots (Figures 6 and 8). Species typically
found on sites with thin organic horizons at the
surface (indicating frequent sedimentation),
included Chrysanthemum bipinnatum,
Stereocaulon paschale, Deschampsia caespitosa,
and Agropyron macrourum. These species
typically occur mainly in early successional
ecotypes subject to frequent fluvial or eolian
deposition. Species characteristic of sites with
thick surface organic accumulations included
Carex utriculata, Myrica gale, Salix fuscescens,
Trichophorum caespitosum, and Sphagnum
obtusum. These species typically occurred on wet
soils subjected to little or no disturbance.
Depth to rocks also was highly variable
among and within many species (Figures 6 and 8).
Species commonly associated with rocks near the
surface include Minuartia arctica, Potentilla
uniflora, Salix phlebophylla, Cladina stellaris, and
Alectoria ochroleuca. Species commonly found on
thick silt or organic deposits include Hippuris
vulgaris, Potentilla egedii, Rumex arcticus, Rubus
chamaemorus, and Sphagnum fuscum.
Measurement of depth to rocks was absent for most
ecotypes because of the thickness of fine-grained
surficial deposits and prevalence of permafrost
which limited probing depth.
Thaw depths varied up to four-fold among
species (Figures 6 and 8). Species associated with
the greatest thaw depths included Betula
papyrifera, Eleocharis acicularis, and
Chrysanthemum bipinnatum. These species
typically occur on sandy to loamy soils in early
successional ecotypes, or in the case of B.
papyrifera, on sandy or rocky, well-drained sites.
Species generally found on sites with shallow thaw
depths included Sphagnum fuscum, Myrica gale,
Eriophorum vaginatum, Ledum decumbens, and
Cladina rangiferina. These species are
characteristic of late successional sites where soils
are acidic, ice-rich, and highly organic.
Depth to water above (+) or below (–) the
surface varied widely both among and within
species (Figures 7 and 9). Species associated with
the deepest surface water were Sparganium
angustifolium, Potamogeton gramineus, and
Myriophyllum spicatum, a not so surprising result,
given that these species are aquatic. Species that
occurred mostly on sites where water was near the
surface included Carex aquatilis, Caltha natans,
Drosera anglica, Eriophorum angustifolium,
Carex rostrata, Salix fuscescens, and Sphagnum
obtusum. Species associated with the greatest
depths to groundwater included Chrysanthemum
bipinnatum, Linnaea borealis, Rhytidium rugosum,
Minuartia arctica, Dryas octopetala, and Rosa
acicularis. Many species occurred on sites with a
wide range of water depths, indicating that most
tundra plants can tolerate a wide range of moisture
conditions. Depth to groundwater was highly
variable both spatially and temporally, contributing
to high standard deviations both within and among
species.
The pH of groundwater or soil (when
groundwater was not present) was circumneutral
(5.6–7.3) for most species and highly variable
within species (Figures 7 and 9). Species
associated with strongly acidic sites included
Ledum decumbens, Picea mariana, Drosera
anglica, Cladina arbuscula, and Sphagnum
magellanicum. Species associated with alkaline
(>7.3) soils included Chrysanthemum bipinnatum,
Potamogeton richardsonii, Salix reticulata, and
Dryas integrifolia. However, most species
occurred on sites with a wide range of pH values,
indicating broad ecological tolerances to pH
conditions.
EC values were low for most species,
indicating non-saline conditions (Figures 7 and 9).
Species associated with saline conditions (mean
131 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Carex rotundata
Sphagnum balticum
Sphagnum angustifolium
Eriophorum russeolum
Sphagnum fuscum
Cladina portentosa ssp.
M ylia anomala
Sphagnum sp.
Barbilophozia binsteadii
Eriophorum vaginatum
Sphagnum lenense
Calypogeia sp.
Rubus chamaemorus
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis
Dicranum groenlandicum
Cetraria islandica ssp.
Betula nana
Ledum decumbens
Flavocetraria cucullata
Pleurozium schreberi
Cladina ciliata
Dicranum spadiceum
Dicranum scoparium
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Aulacomnium turgidum
Empetrum nigrum
Cladonia sulphurina
Vaccinium uliginosum
Tomentypnum nitens
Carex bigelowii
Cladonia amaurocraea
Alnus crispa
Ochrolechia frigida
Sphagnum compactum
Carex sp.
Cladina rangiferina
Carex vaginata
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii
Arctostaphylos rubra
Unknown crustose lichen
Salix reticulata
Hylocomium splendens
Bryum sp.
Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata
Cladonia subfurcata
Dryas integrifolia
Cladonia gracilis ssp.
Cladonia borealis
Lycopodium annotinum
Cladonia coccifera
Cladonia ecmocyna
Unknown lichen
Cladonia pleurota
Sphenolobus minutus
Alectoria ochroleuca
Carex scirpoidea
Hypnum plicatulum
Nephroma arcticum
Cetraria islandica ssp.
Picea glauca
Festuca altaica
Linnaea borealis
Rubus arcticus
Dicranum undulatum
Equisetum pratense
Dicranum acutifolium
Rosa acicularis
Artemisia furcata
Draba palanderiana
Festuca lenensis
Ceratodon purpureus
Calamagrostis inexpansa
Arctoparmelia separata
Arenaria chamissonis
Dianthus repens
Potentilla uniflora
Carex glacialis
Anemone drummondii
Cynodontium strumiferum
Peltigera conspersa
Bryoria nitidula
Cetraria nigricans
Cladonia gracilis ssp. elongata
Eritrichium splendens
Equisetum sylvaticum
Lupinus arcticus
Oxytropis nigrescens
Selaginella sibirica
Luzula confusa
Stereocaulon sp.
Anemone narcissiflora
Parmelia omphalodes
Stereocaulon paschale
Loiseleuria procumbens
Salix rotundifolia
Carex podocarpa
Salix phlebophylla
Surface Organic Depth
0 10 20 30 40 50
Depth (cm)
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Rock Depth
0 50 100 150
Depth (cm)
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Thaw Depth
0 50 100 150
Depth (cm)
Figure 6.
Mean (± SD) thickness of the surface organic layer, depth to rock (>15% coarse fragments)
and depth of thaw for plant and cryptogam species in upland and alpine ecotypes in the
Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Outliers have been excluded.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 132

Carex rotundata
Sphagnum balticum
Sphagnum angustifolium
Eriophorum russeolum
Sphagnum fuscum
Cladina portentosa ssp.
M ylia anomala
Sphagnum sp.
Barbilophozia binsteadii
Eriophorum vaginatum
Sphagnum lenense
Calypogeia sp.
Rubus chamaemorus
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis
Dicranum groenlandicum
Cetraria islandica ssp.
Betula nana
Ledum decumbens
Flavocetraria cucullata
Pleurozium schreberi
Cladina ciliata
Dicranum spadiceum
Dicranum scoparium
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Aulacomnium turgidum
Empetrum nigrum
Cladonia sulphurina
Vaccinium uliginosum
Tomentypnum nitens
Carex bigelowii
Cladonia amaurocraea
Alnus crispa
Ochrolechia frigida
Sphagnum compactum
Carex sp.
Cladina rangiferina
Carex vaginata
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii
Arctostaphylos rubra
Unknown crustose lichen
Salix reticulata
Hylocomium splendens
Bryum sp.
Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata
Cladonia subfurcata
Dryas integrifolia
Cladonia gracilis ssp.
Cladonia borealis
Lycopodium annotinum
Cladonia coccifera
Cladonia ecmocyna
Unknown lichen
Cladonia pleurota
Sphenolobus minutus
Alectoria ochroleuca
Carex scirpoidea
Hypnum plicatulum
Nephroma arcticum
Cetraria islandica ssp.
Picea glauca
Festuca altaica
Linnaea borealis
Rubus arcticus
Dicranum undulatum
Equisetum pratense
Dicranum acutifolium
Rosa acicularis
Artemisia furcata
Draba palanderiana
Festuca lenensis
Ceratodon purpureus
Calamagrostis inexpansa
Arctoparmelia separata
Arenaria chamissonis
Dianthus repens
Potentilla uniflora
Carex glacialis
Anemone drummondii
Cynodontium strumiferum
Peltigera conspersa
Bryoria nitidula
Cetraria nigricans
Cladonia gracilis ssp. elongata
Eritrichium splendens
Equisetum sylvaticum
Lupinus arcticus
Oxytropis nigrescens
Selaginella sibirica
Luzula confusa
Stereocaulon sp.
Anemone narcissiflora
Parmelia omphalodes
Stereocaulon paschale
Loiseleuria procumbens
Salix rotundifolia
Carex podocarpa
Salix phlebophylla
pH
3 4 5 6 7
pH
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
EC
0 100 200 300 400 500
EC (µS /cm)
Water Depth
u
u
u
u
-100 -50 0 50
Depth (cm)
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u Figure 7.
Mean (± SD) pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and water depth for plant and cryptogam
species in upland and alpine ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Outliers have
been excluded.
133 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Myrica gale
Carex utriculata
Sphagnum obtusum
Sphagnum compactum
Drosera anglica
Trichophorum caespitosum
Carex limosa
Sparganium angustifolium
Sp hagnum magellanicum
Gymnocolea inflata
Scorpidium scorpioides
Sphagnum fuscum
Carex canescens
Sphagnum steerei
Sphagnum balticum
Carex rariflora
Sphagnum lenense
Eriophorum russeolum
Salix fuscescens
Cladina sp.
Polytrichum strictum
Eriophorum angustifolium
Cladina ciliata
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis
Carex lyngbyaei
Barbilophozia binsteadii
Calla palustris
Betula nana
Cladonia amaurocraea
Cladonia uncialis
Ledum decumbens
Cetraria laevigata
Dicranum acutifolium
Limprichtia revolvens
Cladina mitis
Sphagnum squarrosum
Vaccinium uliginosum
Calliergon sp.
Cetraria cf. islandica
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina stygia
Polytrichum sp.
Warnstorfia exannulata
Dicranum sp.
Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius
Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata
Cladina arbuscula
Potamogeton gramineus
Cladonia albonigra
Potentilla palustris
Rhytidium rugosum
Calliergon giganteum
Polytrichum juniperinum
Carex vaginata
Cladonia pleurota
Drepanocladus sp.
Dicranum scoparium
Alnus crispa
Carex rostrata
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra
Betula papyrifera
Myriophyllum spicatum
Tomentypnum nitens
Aulacomnium acuminatum
Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata
Picea mariana
Boschniakia rossica
Calamagrostis canadensis
Polytrichum commune
Festuca rubra
Caltha natans
Campylium stellatum
Climacium dendroides
Salix glauca
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
Festuca altaica
Petasites frigidus
Petasites hyperboreus
Arctostaphylos rubra
Linnaea borealis
Epilobium angustifolium
Viburnum edule
Plagiomnium ellipticum
Rosa acicularis
Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus
Ribes triste
Potamogeton zosterifolius
Salix arbusculoides
Hedysarum alpinum
Marchantia polymorpha
Ceratodon purpureus
Brachythecium sp.
Eleocharis acicularis
Anemone richardsonii
Deschampsia caespitosa
Agropyron macrourum
Potamogeton richardsonii
Chrysanthemum bipinnatum
Cicuta virosa
Surface Organic Depth
0 20 40 60 80 100
Depth (cm)
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Rock Depth
0 50 100 150 200
Depth (cm)
Thaw Depth
u
0 50 100 150
Depth (cm)
Figure 8.
Mean (± SD) thickness of the surface organic layer, depth to rock (>15% coarse fragments)
and depth of thaw for plant and cryptogam species in lowland, lacustrine, riverine and coastal
ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Outliers have been excluded.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 134

M yrica gale
Carex utriculata
Sphagnum obtusum
Sphagnum compactum
Drosera anglica
Trichophorum caespitosum
Carex limosa
Sparganium angustifolium
Sphagnum magellanicum
Gymnocolea inflata
Scorpidium scorpioides
Sphagnum fuscum
Carex canescens
Sphagnum steerei
Sphagnum balticum
Carex rariflora
Sphagnum lenense
Eriophorum russeolum
Salix fuscescens
Cladina sp.
Polytrichum strictum
Eriophorum angustifolium
Cladina ciliata
Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis
Carex lyngbyaei
Barbilophozia binsteadii
Calla palustris
Betula nana
Cladonia amaurocraea
Cladonia uncialis
Ledum decumbens
Cetraria laevigata
Dicranum acutifolium
Limprichtia revolvens
Cladina mitis
Sphagnum squarrosum
Vaccinium uliginosum
Calliergon sp.
Cetraria cf. islandica
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina stygia
Polytrichum sp.
Warnstorfia exannulata
Dicranum sp.
Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius
Cladonia gracilis ssp. vulnerata
Cladina arbuscula
Potamogeton gramineus
Cladonia albonigra
Potentilla palustris
Rhytidium rugosum
Calliergon giganteum
Polytrichum juniperinum
Carex vaginata
Cladonia pleurota
Drepanocladus sp.
Dicranum scoparium
Alnus crispa
Carex rostrata
Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra
Betula papyrifera
Myriophyllum spicatum
Tomentypnum nitens
Aulacomnium acuminatum
Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata
Picea mariana
Boschniakia rossica
Calamagrostis canadensis
Polytrichum commune
Festuca rubra
Caltha natans
Campylium stellatum
Climacium dendroides
Salix glauca
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
Festuca altaica
Petasites frigidus
Petasites hyperboreus
Arctostaphylos rubra
Linnaea borealis
Epilobium angustifolium
Viburnum edule
Plagiomnium ellipticum
Rosa acicularis
Bromus pumpellianus var. arcticus
Ribes triste
Potamogeton zosterifolius
Salix arbusculoides
Hedysarum alpinum
Marchantia polymorpha
Ceratodon purpureus
Brachythecium sp.
Eleocharis acicularis
Anemone richardsonii
Deschampsia caespitosa
Agropyron macrourum
Potamogeton richardsonii
Chrysanthemum bipinnatum
Cicuta virosa
pH
4 5 6 7 8 9
pH
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
EC
±2327
±2338
±1098
±1227
±1021
±780
±1079
±2059
±1154
±759
0 200 400 600 800 1000
EC (µS /cm)
Water Depth
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
-150 -50 50 150
Depth (cm)
Figure 9.
Mean (± SD) pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and water depth for plant and cryptogam
species in lowland, lacustrine, riverine and coastal ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife
Refuge. Outliers have been excluded.
135 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

EC >16,000 µS/cm) included Carex lyngbyaei.
Species associated with minerotrophic (EC
400–800 µS/cm) fen environments included Caltha
natans, Potentilla palutris, Carex rariflora,
Scorpidium scorpioides, and Drepanocladus sp.
Their high standard deviations indicate they
tolerate a broad range of salinity conditions.
VEGETATION COMPOSITION
Species Summary
Based on the regional classification, there
were 57 ecotypes, consisting of 101 AVC
vegetation classes at the plot level and 40 plant
associations (Table 110). The highest species
richness occurred in alpine physiographies and on
the oldest riverine landscapes. The total species
count was, however, influenced by the number of
plots sampled per ecotype, and we did not control
for this. The least species rich ecotypes were those
where the AVC vegetation class was aquatic or
where the physiography was coastal. In general,
ecotypes where the landscape was young and
disturbance events occurred more frequently (such
as active floodplain riverine or coastal ecotypes),
were less species rich, and ecotypes with old
landscapes that were less frequently disturbed
(alpine) were more species rich. Species counts
should be considered a point for comparison
among ecotypes rather than an absolute number,
due to our sampling methods and the fact that we
probably overlooked species. This is especially
true for aquatic ecotypes since we were not
equipped to sample lakes thoroughly.
Ordination of Vegetation
In addition to the single-factor comparisons,
non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS)
(Shepard 1962a,b; Kruskal 1964a,b) was used to
separate plots by species composition. The
combined effects of physiography and various
environmental variables were assessed by
superimposing the ecotype class for each plot on
the ordination. Because of the large number of
species, ecotypes, and differing environmental
gradients, the ordinations were done separately for
each physiographic grouping (Figures 10–12). On
the ordinations, the central cluster of each ecotype
was circled and outliers were occasionally
excluded to better differentiate highly central
tendencies. The ordinations reveal which ecotypes
have very similar species composition and which
ones have distinct species assemblages.
Alpine ecotypes had numerous ecotypes with
good separation in species assemblages. There was
little overlap in species composition, or “species
space”, among alkaline, mafic, and acidic barren
ecotypes (Figure 10a). In contrast, there was
substantial overlap in species assemblages among
Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub, Alpine
Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub, and Alpine
Cassiope Dwarf Shrub.
Upland ecotypes had few very distinct classes
and many classes had substantial overlap among
ecotypes (Figure 10b). Distinct ecotypes included
Upland Sandy Barrens on the Kobuk Dunes, and
Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow on alkaline
bedrock. In contrast, upland forest types had a high
degree of overlap in species composition.
Lowland ecotypes showed numerous ecotypes
with distinct species composition (Figure 11a).
Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog had little similarity
to Lowland Sedge–Willow Fen and Lowland
Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub. The greatest
similarity occurred between Lowland Black Spruce
Forest and Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub.
Lacustrine ecotypes also were fairly distinct
(Figure 11b). The highest similarity occurred
between Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow and
Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow, and between
Lacustrine Marestail Marsh and Lowland Lake.
Riverine ecotypes were diverse because of
differences in fluvial regime, climate (mountain vs.
lowland), and successional stage. The most distinct
ecotypes include Riverine Barrens, Riverine Dryas
Dwarf Shrub, Riverine White Spruce–Alder
Forest, and Riverine Forb Marsh (Figure 12a).
High similarity occurred between Riverine Poplar
Forest and Riverine Moist Tall Willow Shrub and
between late-successional spruce forest ecotypes.
Coastal ecotypes had a few ecotypes with
distinct separation in species assemblages (Figure
12b). There was little overlap among any of the
ecotypes. The highest similarity occurred between
Coastal Saline Sedge–Grass Meadow and Coastal
Brackish Sedge–Grass Meadow.
Sorted Tables
Sorted vegetation tables (Tables 111–116)
were constructed using data collected by ABR and
by Stephen Talbot within SNWR to provide a more
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 136

Table 110.
Crosswalk of abbreviated ecotypes with original ecotypes, floristic classes and Viereck level
IV vegetation classes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge.
Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class
Alpine Acidic Barrens Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic
Barrens
Alpine Acidic Dryas
Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Alkaline
Barrens
Alpine Alkaline Dryas
Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Cassiope Dwarf
Shrub
Alpine Ericaceous–
Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic
Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline
Barrens
Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline
Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Moist
Circumneutral Cassiope
Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Moist
Circumacidic Ericaceous–
Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Lichen–Hierochloe alpina Barren
Dryas octopetala–
Hierochloe alpina
Dryas octopetala–
Saxifraga oppositifolia
Salix arctica–Minuartia
arctica
Dryas integrifolia–Carex
scirpoidea–Silene acaulis
Dryas octopetala–
Saxifraga oppositifolia
Cassiope tetragona–
Dryas octopetala–
Polygonum bistorta
Betula nana–Loiseleuria
procumbens
Alpine Herbs
Partially Vegetated
Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub
Tundra
Dryas–Forb Dwarf Shrub
Tundra
Barren
Partially Vegetated
Barren
Partially Vegetated
Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub
Tundra
Dryas–Sedge Dwarf
ShrubTundra
Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub
Tundra
Dryas–Sedge Dwarf Shrub
Tundra
Cassiope Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Dryas–Forb Dwarf Shrub
Tundra
Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Open Low Willow
Willow Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Crowberry Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub
Tundra
Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub–
Lichen Tundra
Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
137 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 110.
Continued.
Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class
Betula nana–Vaccinium
vitis-idaea–Dryas
octopetala
Closed Low Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub–
Lichen Tundra
Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow
Vaccinium Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Dryas octopetala–
Vaccinium uliginosum–
Festuca altaica
Cassiope Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub
Tundra
Dryas–Sedge Dwarf
ShrubTundra
Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Moist Sedge–Shrub Tundra
Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Open Low Willow
Alpine Wet Sedge
Meadow
Upland Alder–Willow
Tall Shrub
Upland Birch Forest
Upland Birch–
Ericaceous Low Shrub
Alpine Rocky Circumneutral
Wet Sedge Meadow
Upland Rocky–loamy Moist
Circumacidic Alder–Willow
Tall Shrub
Upland Rocky–loamy Moist
Circumacidic Birch Forest
Upland Rocky–loamy Moist
Acidic Birch–Ericaceous Low
Shrub
Eriophorum
angustifolium–Pedicularis
sudetica
Alnus crispa–
Calamagrostis canadensis
Alnus crispa–Salix lanata
ssp. richardsonii
Betula papyrifera–Picea
glauca–Vaccinium vitisidaea
Betula papyrifera–Picea
glauca–Ledum decumbens
Betula nana–Ledum
decumbens
Mixed Herbs
Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra
Wet Sedge–Willow Tundra
Closed Tall Alder
Closed Tall Alder–Willow
Open Low Alder
Open Tall Alder
Open Tall Alder–Willow
Open Low Alder–Willow
Open Paper Birch
Paper Birch Woodland
Open Paper Birch
Bearberry Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Closed Low Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 138

Table 110.
Continued.
Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class
Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow
Open Tall Scrub, post burn or
disturbance
Vaccinium Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Upland Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
Upland Bluejoint
Meadow
Upland Dwarf Birch–
Tussock Shrub
Upland Rocky–loamy Moist
Circumacidic Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
Upland Rocky–loamy Moist
Circumacidic Bluejoint
Meadow
Upland Organic–rich Moist
Acidic Dwarf Birch–Tussock
Shrub
Betula nana–Vaccinium
vitis-idaea–Dryas
octopetala
Salix planifolia ssp.
pulchra–Betula nana–
Polygonum bistorta
Calamagrostis
canadensis–Polemonium
acutiflorum
Betula nana–Eriophorum
vaginatum
Eriophorum vaginatum–
Drosera rotundifolia
Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow
Closed Low Ericaceous Shrub
Closed Low Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Closed Low Willow
Closed Tall Shrub Birch
Closed Tall Shrub Birch–
Willow
Closed Tall Willow
Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow
Open Low Willow
Open Tall Shrub Birch–Willow
Bluejoint Meadow
Bluejoint–Herb
Bluejoint–Shrub
Closed Low Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Open Low Alder
Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow
Open Mixed Low Shrub–Sedge
Tussock Bog Meadow
Open Mixed Low Shrub–Sedge
Tussock Tundra
Closed Low Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub–
Lichen Tundra
Open Low Ericaceous Shrub
Open Low Ericaceous Shrub
Bog
Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch-
Ericaceous Shrub
139 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 110.
Continued.
Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class
Open Low Shrub Birch-
Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Open Mixed Low Shrub–Sedge
Tussock Tundra
Subarctic Lowland Sedge-Moss
Bog Meadow
Subarctic Lowland Sedge-Shrub
Wet Meadow
Upland Sandy Barrens Upland Sandy Dry Alkaline
Barrens
Upland Sedge–Dryas
Meadow
Upland Spruce–Birch
Forest
Upland White Spruce–
Ericaceous Forest
Upland White Spruce–
Lichen Woodland
Upland White Spruce–
Willow Forest
Upland Rocky–loamy Moist
Alkaline Sedge–Dryas
Meadow
Upland Rocky–loamy Moist
Circumacidic Spruce–Birch
Forest
Upland Rocky–loamy Moist
Circumacidic White Spruce–
Ericaceous Forest
Upland Sandy Dry Acidic
White Spruce–Lichen
Woodland
Upland Rocky–loamy Moist
Circumalkaline White
Spruce–Willow Forest
Calamagrostis
purpurascens–Oxytropis
kobukensis
Dryas integrifolia–Carex
bigelowii–Equisetum
arvense
Dryas integrifolia–Carex
scirpoidea–Rhododendron
lapponicum
Betula papyrifera–Picea
glauca–Vaccinium vitisidaea
Picea glauca–Ledum
decumbens
Picea glauca– Vaccinium
vitis-idaea
Picea glauca–Cladina
stellaris
Picea glauca–Salix
reticulata–Carex
scirpoidea
Barren
Bluejoint–Herb
Open Dwarf Balsam Poplar
Partially Vegetated
Moist Sedge–Dryas Tundra
Moist Sedge–Shrub Tundra
Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Dryas–Forb Dwarf Shrub
Tundra
Dryas–Sedge Dwarf
ShrubTundra
Moist Sedge–Dryas Tundra
Moist Sedge–Shrub Tundra
Closed Spruce–Paper Birch
Open Spruce–Paper Birch
Spruce–Paper Birch Woodland
Open White Spruce Forest
White Spruce Woodland
Closed White Spruce Forest
Open White Spruce Forest
White Spruce Woodland
Open White Spruce Forest
White Spruce Woodland
Dwarf White Spruce Woodland
Open White Spruce Forest
White Spruce Woodland
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 140

Table 110.
Continued.
Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class
Upland Willow Low
Closed Low Willow
Shrub
Lacustrine Barrens
Lacustrine Bluejoint
Meadow
Upland Loamy Moist
Circumalkaline Willow Low
Shrub
Lacustrine Wet
Circumalkaline Barrens
Lacustrine Loamy Wet
Circumacidic Bluejoint
Meadow
Salix lanata ssp.
richardsonii–Equisetum
arvense
Eriophorum
angustifolium–Epilobium
palustre
Calamagrostis
canadensis–Potentilla
palustris
Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow
Open Low Willow
Open Tall Willow
Barren
Bluejoint–Herb
Mixed Herbs
Moist Forb Meadow
Partially Vegetated
Bluejoint Meadow
Bluejoint–Herb
Fresh Sedge Marsh
Bluejoint-Shrub
Lacustrine Buckbean
Fen
Lacustrine Horsetail
Marsh
Lacustrine Marestail
Marsh
Lacustrine Pendent
Grass Marsh
Lacustrine Circumacidic
Buckbean Fen
Lacustrine Circumneutral
Horsetail Marsh
Lacustrine Circumneutral
Marestail Marsh
Lacustrine Circumneutral
Pendent Grass Marsh
Menyanthes trifoliata–
Potentilla palustris
Equisetum fluviatile–
Potentilla palustris
Hippuris vulgaris–
Utricularia vulgaris ssp.
macrorhiza
Arctophila fulva–Hippuris
vulgaris
Subarctic Lowland Herb Bog
Meadow
Subartic Lowland Sedge Wet
Meadow
Subarctic Lowland Herb Wet
Meadow
Subarctic Lowland Graminoid–
Herb Wet Meadow
Subarctic Lowland Sedge-Moss
Bog Meadow
Aquatic Fresh Herb
Emergent Horsetail
Subarctic Lowland Herb Bog
Meadow
Wet Sedge–Herb Meadow
Tundra
Common Marestail
Fresh Pondweed
Fresh Water
Aquatic Fresh Herb
Burreed
Fresh Pondweed
Fresh Herb Marsh
Subarctic Lowland Graminoid–
Herb Wet Meadow
141 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 110.
Continued.
Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class
Fresh Grass Marsh
Fresh Water
Subarctic Lowland Grass Wet
Meadow
Wet Sedge–Grass Meadow
Tundra
Lacustrine Wet Sedge
Meadow
Lowland Alder Tall
Shrub
Lowland Birch–
Ericaceous Low Shrub
Lowland Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
Lowland Black Spruce
Forest
Lacustrine Organic–rich Wet
Circumacidic Sedge Meadow
Lowland Organic–rich Wet
Circumacidic Alder Tall
Shrub
Lowland Organic–rich Wet
Acidic Birch–Ericaceous Low
Shrub
Lowland Organic–rich Wet
Circumacidic Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
Lowland Organic–rich Wet
Acidic Black Spruce Forest
Carex aquatilis–Potentilla
palustris
Alnus crispa–Salix
planifolia ssp. pulchra–
Hylocomium splendens
Betula nana–Ledum
decumbens
Betula nana–Salix
planifolia ssp. pulchra–
Bluejoint Meadow
Fresh Sedge Marsh
Halophytic Sedge Wet Meadow
Subarctic Lowland Sedge Wet
Meadow
Subarctic Lowland Sedge-Shrub
Wet Meadow
Subarctic Lowland Sedge–Moss
Bog Meadow
Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra
Wet Sedge–Herb Meadow
Tundra
Closed Tall Alder
Open Low Alder
Open Tall Alder–Willow
Open Tall Alder
Closed Low Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Closed Low Shrub Birch–
Willow
Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub–
Lichen Tundra
Open Low Scrub, post burn or
disturbance
Subartic Lowland Sedge–Shrub
Wet Meadow
Closed Low Shrub Birch–
Willow
Eriophorum angustifolium Closed Low Willow
Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow
Open Low Willow
Picea mariana–Ledum Black Spruce Woodland
decumbens
Black Spruce–White Spruce
Woodland
Open Black Spruce Forest
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 142

Table 110.
Continued.
Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class
Open Dwarf Black Spruce
Lowland Ericaceous
Shrub Bog
Lowland Acidic Ericaceous
Shrub Bog
Andromeda polifolia–
Sphagnum sp.
Open Low Ericaceous Shrub
Bog
Closed Low Ericaceous Shrub
Open Low Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Subarctic Lowland Sedge Bog
Meadow
Subarctic Lowland Sedge–Moss
Bog Meadow
Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra
Closed Low Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Ericaceous Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Open Low Alder
Open Low Ericaceous Shrub
Lowland Lake Lowland Lake Water–Potamogeton sp. Burreed
Fresh Water
Fresh Pondweed
Lowland Sedge Fen
Lowland Sedge–
Willow Fen
Lowland Willow Low
Shrub
Riverine Alder Tall
Shrub
Lowland Circumacidic Sedge
Fen
Lowland Circumacidic
Sedge–Willow Fen
Lowland Organic–rich Wet
Circumacidic Willow Low
Shrub
Riverine Loamy Moist
Circumacidic Alder Tall
Shrub
Carex chordorrhiza–
Carex aquatilis
Eriophorum
angustifolium–Carex
aquatilis–Salix planifolia
ssp. pulchra
Salix planifolia ssp.
pulchra–Valeriana
capitata
Alnus crispa–Rubus
arcticus
Subarctic Lowland Herb Bog
Meadow
Subarctic Lowland Sedge Wet
Meadow
Subarctic Lowland Sedge–Moss
Bog Meadow
Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra
Wet Sedge–Herb Meadow
Tundra
Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra
Wet Sedge–Willow Tundra
Closed Low Willow
Bluejoint-Shrub
Closed Low Shrub Birch-
Willow
Closed Low Willow
Closed Tall Willow
Open Tall Alder-Willow
Open Low Willow
Open Tall Willow
Closed Tall Alder
Closed Tall Alder–Willow
Open Tall Alder
Open Low Alder
143 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 110.
Continued.
Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class
Open Tall Alder-Willow
Open Tall Shrub Swamp
Riverine Barrens
Riverine Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
Riverine Bluejoint
Meadow
Riverine Dryas Dwarf
Shrub
Riverine Forb Marsh
Riverine Moist Willow
Tall Shrub
Riverine Pendent Grass
Marsh
Riverine Gravelly Moist
Circumalkaline Barrens
Riverine Loamy Moist
Circumacidic Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
Riverine Loamy Wet
Circumacidic Bluejoint
Meadow
Riverine Gravelly Dry
Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Riverine Circumneutral
Aquatic Forb Marsh
Riverine Gravelly–loamy
Moist Circumalkaline Willow
Tall Shrub
Riverine Circumneutral
Pendent Grass Marsh
Riverine Poplar Forest Riverine Gravelly–loamy
Moist Circumalkaline Poplar
Forest
Salix alaxensis–Epilobium
latifolium
Betula nana–Salix
planifolia ssp. pulchra–
Pyrola grandiflora
Calamagrostis
canadensis–Potentilla
palustris
Dryas drummondii–
Oxytropis campestris
Dryas integrifolia–Salix
brachycarpa ssp.
niphoclada
Eleocharis acicularis–
Equisetum fluviatile
Salix alaxensis–Aster
sibiricus
Arctophila fulva–
Eleocharis acicularis–
Caltha palustris
Populus balsamifera–
Picea glauca–Salix
alaxensis
Barren
Subarctic Lowland Herb Wet
Meadow
Closed Low Shrub Birch
Closed Low Shrub Birch–
Ericaceous Shrub
Closed Low Shrub Birch–
Willow
Closed Low Willow
Closed Tall Willow
Open Low Shrub Birch–Willow
Bluejoint Meadow
Bluejoint–Herb
Open Low Willow
Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Dryas Dwarf Shrub Tundra
Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub
Tundra
Moist Sedge–Willow Tundra
Open Low Willow
Emergent Horsetail
Fresh Pondweed
Closed Tall Alder–Willow
Closed Tall Willow
Open Low Willow
Open Tall Willow
Closed Low Willow
Open Tall Alder-Willow
Fresh Grass Marsh
Balsam Poplar Woodland
Open Balsam Poplar Forest
Riverine Water River Water Fresh Water
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 144

Table 110.
Continued.
Ecotype (short name) Ecotype (long name) Floristic Class Vegetation Class
Fresh Pondweed
Riverine Circumalkaline Lake Potamogeton sp.– Aquatic Fresh Herb
Utricularia vulgaris ssp.
macrorhiza
Emergent Horsetail
Fresh Herb Marsh
Riverine Wet Sedge
Meadow
Carex aquatilis–
Eriophorum angustifolium
Riverine Wet Willow
Tall Shrub
Riverine White
Spruce–Alder Forest
Riverine White
Spruce–Poplar Forest
Riverine White
Spruce–Willow Forest
Riverine Willow Low
Shrub
Coastal Brackish Sedge
Marsh
Riverine Loamy Wet
Circumacidic Wet Sedge
Meadow
Riverine Loamy Wet
Circumacidic Willow Tall
Shrub
Riverine Gravelly–loamy
Moist Circumacidic White
Spruce–Alder Forest
Riverine Gravelly–loamy
Moist Circumalkaline White
Spruce–Poplar Forest
Riverine Gravelly–loamy
Moist Circumalkaline White
Spruce–Willow Forest
Riverine Gravelly–loamy
Moist Circumalkaline Willow
Low Shrub
Coastal Organic-rich Wet
Brackish Sedge Marsh
Salix planifolia ssp.
pulchra–Potentilla
palustris
Picea glauca–Alnus
crispa–Calamagrostis
canadensis
Populus balsamifera–
Picea glauca–Salix
alaxensis
Picea glauca–Salix lanata
ssp. richardsonii–Moneses
uniflora
Salix lanata ssp.
richardsonii–Salix
reticulata
Carex lyngbyaei
Subarctic Lowland Sedge Wet
Meadow
Fresh Sedge Marsh
Closed Tall Willow
Open Tall Alder–Willow
Open Tall Willow
Open White Spruce Forest
White Spruce Woodland
Open Low Mesic Shrub Birch-
Ericaceous Shrub
Closed White Spruce
Black Spruce–White Spruce
Woodland
Open Spruce–Balsam Poplar
Forest
Open White Spruce Forest
Spruce–Balsam Poplar
Woodland
Closed White Spruce Forest
Open White Spruce Forest
White Spruce Woodland
Closed Low Willow
Closed Tall Willow
Dryas–Forb Dwarf Shrub
Tundra
Moist Sedge–Dryas Tundra
Open Low Willow
Open Tall Willow
Halophytic Sedge Marsh
Halophytic Sedge Wet Meadow,
brackish
145 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

0.5
0.3
A.
Alpine Alkaline Dryas
Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Cassiope
Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Lake
Alpine Wet Sedge
Meadow
Alpine Alkaline
Barrens
Alpine Acidic
Barrens
0.1
Alpine Acidic Dryas
Dw arf Shrub
-0.1
Alpine Alkaline
Barrens
-0.3
Alpine
Mafic Barrens
Alpine Wet
Sedge Meadow
Alpine Alkaline
Dryas Dw arf Shrub
Alpine Mafic
Barrens
-0.5
Alpine Acidic Barrens
Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas
Dwarf Shrub
Alpine
Ericaceous–Dryas
Dw arf Shrub
Alpine Acidic Dryas
Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Cassiope
Dw arf Shrub
-0.7
0.4
-0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5
B.
Upland White Spruce–Willow Forest
Upland Spruce–Birch Forest
Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest
Upland
Bluejoint
Meadow
Upland Willow Low Shrub
Upland Dw arf Birch–Tussock
Shrub
Upland Mafic Barrens
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub
Upland Spirea Low Shrub
Upland Dwarf
Birch–T ussock
Shrub
Upland White Spruce–
Lichen Woodland
Upland Birch–
Ericaceous Low
Shrub
Upland
Birch
Forest
-0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3
z
Upland White
Spruce–Dryas
Woodland
Upland Mafic
Barrens
Upland Sedge–
Dryas Meadow
Upland
Willow
Low Shrub
Upland
Alder–Willow
Tall Shrub
Upland Sandy
Barrens
Upland Spiraea Low Shrub
Upland Birch–Ericaceous Low
Shrub
Upland Sedge–Dryas Meadow
Upland Alder–Willow Tall
Shrub
Upland Birch Forest
Upland Birch–Willow Low
Shrub
Upland Bluejoint Meadow
Upland Spruce–Birch Forest
Upland White
Spruce–Ericaceous Forest
Upland White Spruce–Willow
Forest
Upland White Spruce–Lichen
Woodland
Upland Sandy Barrens
Upland White Spruce–Dryas
Woodland
Figure 10.
Detrended correspondence analysis species composition for alpine (A) and upland (B)
ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, based on the dataset for the regional
classification. Outliers have been excluded.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 146

0.8
0.6
A.
Lowland
Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
Lowland Willow
Low Shrub
Lowland
Sedge–Willow Fen
Lowland Sedge
Fen
Low land
Ericaceous Shrub
Bog
Low land Sedge
Fen
0.4
Lowland Alder
Tall Shrub
Low land
Sedge–Willow
Fen
0.2
Low land
Birch–Ericaceous
Low Shrub
0
Low land Black
Spruce Forest
-0.2
Low land Alder
Tall Shrub
-0.4
Lowland Black
Spruce Forest
Lowland
Birch–Ericaceous
Low Shrub
Lowland Ericaceous
Shrub Bog
Low land
Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
Low land Willow
Low Shrub
-0.6
-0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7
0.9
0.7
B.
Lacustrine
Barrens
Lacustrine
Buckbean Fen
Lacustrine Pondlily
Lake
Lacustrine
Horsetail Marsh
0.5
0.3
0.1
Lacustrine
Pondlily
Lowland Lake
Lacustrine Pendent
Grass Marsh
Lacustrine
Willow
Shrub
Lacustrine
Marestail Marsh
Lacustrine
Pendent Grass
Marsh
Lacustrine
Bluejoint Meadow
-0.1
Lacustrine Willow
Shrub
-0.3
Lacustrine
Marestail Marsh
Lacustrine Wet
Sedge Meadow
-0.5
-0.7
Lacustrine
Horsetail Marsh
Lacustrine
Buckbean Fen
Lacustrine
Bluejoint
Lacustrine Wet
Sedge M eadow
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Lacustrine
Barrens
Low land Lake
Figure 11.
Detrended correspondence analysis species composition for lowland (A) and lacustrine (B)
ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, based on the dataset for the regional
classification. Outliers have been excluded.
147 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

0.5
0.3
0.1
-0.1
-0.3
-0.5
-0.7
A.
Riverine
Dryas Dwarf
Riverine
Poplar Forest
Riverine
Barrens
Riverine
Pendent Grass
Riverine Moist
Willow Tall
Riverine Forb
Marsh
River
Riverine Wet
Willow Tall
Riverine Wet
Sedge
Riverine Willow Low Shrub
Riverine White
Spruce–Willow Forest
Riverine White
Spruce–Poplar Forest
Riverine
Bluejoint
Riverine
Alder Tall
Riverine White
Spruce–Alder
Forest
Riverine
Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
River
Riverine Lake
Riverine Forb Marsh
Riverine Pendent Grass
Marsh
Riverine Dryas Dw arf
Shrub
Riverine Barrens
Riverine White
Spruce–Alder Forest
Riverine Poplar Forest
Riverine White
Spruce–Poplar Forest
Riverine White
Spruce–Willow Forest
Riverine Willow Low
Shrub
Riverine Moist Willow
Tall Shrub
Riverine Alder Tall
Shrub
Riverine Birch–Willow
Low Shrub
Riverine Bluejoint
Meadow
Riverine Wet Sedge
Meadow
Riverine Wet Willow Tall
Shrub
0.5
B.
Coastal Wet
Barrens
0.3
Coastal Brackish
Willow Shrub
Coastal Crowberry
Dwarf Shrub
Coastal Brackish
Sedge–Grass
Meadow
Coastal Saline
Sedge–Grass
Meadow
0.1
c
Coastal Brackish
Dunegrass Meadow
Coastal Dry
Barrens
-0.1
Coastal Saline
Sedge–Grass
Meadow
Coastal Brackish
Dunegrass
Meadow
-0.3
-0.5
Coastal Brackish
Sedge–Grass Meadow
Coastal Wet
Barrens
Coastal Dry
Barrens
-0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5
Coastal Crow berry
Dw arf Shrub
Coastal Brackish
Willow Shrub
Figure 12.
Detrended correspondence analysis species composition for riverine (A) and coastal (B)
ecotypes in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, based on the dataset for the regional
classification. Outliers have been excluded.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 148

Table 111.
Plant cover by alpine ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Bold values
indicate >60% frequency within an ecotype. Values of 0 have

Table 112.
Plant cover by upland ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Bold values
indicate >60% frequency within an ecotype. Values of 0 have

Table 112.
Continued.
Upland Alder-
Willow Tall Shrub
Upland Birch
Forest
Upland Spruce-
Birch Forest
Upland White
Spruce-Ericaceous
Forest
Upland Birch-
Ericaceous Low
Shrub
Upland Dwarf
Birch-Tussock
Shrub
Taxon
Saussurea angustifolia 1 0 0 0
Senecio lugens
Tomentypnum nitens 1 2 1 1
Ptilidium ciliare 1 1 0 0
Cladina rangiferina 1 2 1 1
Dicranum sp. 0 1 0 1 1
Abietinella abietina 0
Petasites frigidus 2 0 1 1 0
Hypnum sp. 0
Ribes triste 0 0 1 0
Pleurozium schreberi 6 1 6 2 3
Spiraea beauverdiana 2 1 0 3 0 0
Picea mariana 0 1 0 0 0
Aulacomnium turgidum 2 1 2 1
Aulacomnium palustre 0 3 1 1
Arctostaphylos alpina 0 1 1 2 2
Rubus chamaemorus 0 0 1 8
Betula nana 3 5 6 20 16
Eriophorum vaginatum 0 3 20
Carex bigelowii 0 0 3 7 4
Sphagnum sp. 1 3 15
Thamnolia vermicularis 1 0
Dicranum elongatum 0 0 0
Sphagnum fuscum 0 1
Polytrichum commune 30 0 2 14 0
Nephroma arcticum 0 0 0 0
Dryas octopetala 1
Peltigera canina 0 0 0
Sphagnum girgensohnii 0 0 0
Cetraria islandica islandica 0 0
Cladina mitis 1 1
Cetraria cf. islandica 0 0 0 0
Icmadophila ericetorum 0 0 0
Eriophorum angustifolium 0 0
Sphagnum balticum 2
Rhytidium rugosum 2 0
Cladina stygia 1 1 0 0
Cetraria laevigata 0 1 0
Flavocetraria nivalis 0 1 0 0
Polytrichum juniperinum 1 1 0
Cladina arbuscula 2 0 0 1
Polytrichum strictum 3 0 2 0
Sphagnum angustifolium 1
Sphagnum lenense 0 1
Eriophorum russeolum 0
Chamaedaphne calyculata 1
Oxycoccus microcarpus 0 1
Andromeda polifolia 0 2
Pedicularis labradorica 0 0 0 0
Eriophorum brachyantherum 0 0
Carex rotundata 1
Drosera rotundifolia 0
Carex membranacea 0
Carex aquatilis aquatilis 0
Bare Soil 3 2 3 2 4 3
Sample Size 5 3 5 13 18 63
151 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 113.
Plant cover by lowland ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Bold values
indicate >60% frequency within an ecotype. Values of 0 have

Table 113.
Continued.
Lowland Sedge
Fen
Lowland
Ericaceous Shrub
Bog
Lowland Willow
Low Shrub
Lowland Birch-
Ericaceous Low
Shrub
Lowland Black
Spruce Forest
Taxon
Ledum decumbens 0 6 0 14 2
Chamaedaphne calyculata 0 4 1 1 1
Aulacomnium turgidum 0 2 7 4
Sphagnum sp. 9 29 2 4 3
Polytrichum strictum 0 1 0 6
Flavocetraria cucullata 1 2 0
Cetraria cf. islandica 0 1 0
Cladina rangiferina 0 1 1
Pedicularis kanei 0 0
Dicranum sp. 0 1 1
Ptilidium ciliare 0 0 2
Cladina mitis 0 1
Arctagrostis latifolia 0 1 0
Spiraea beauverdiana 0 0 0 1 0
Cladonia sp. 0 0 0 0
Eriophorum vaginatum 0 2 0 3 0
Alnus crispa 0 2 4 6 7
Empetrum nigrum 2 0 7 14
Rubus chamaemorus 2 6 12 15
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2 0 10 4
Pleurozium schreberi 0 1 11 14
Hylocomium splendens 0 6 6 21
Carex bigelowii 0 0 1 1 2
Aulacomnium palustre 0 1 1 2 1
Potentilla palustris 3 0 6 0
Salix planifolia pulchra 0 0 43 2 1
Calamagrostis canadensis 0 0 13 1 1
Rubus arcticus 3 0 1
Polemonium acutiflorum 0
Rhytidium rugosum 0 2
Salix lanata richardsonii 0 0
Nephroma arcticum 0 0
Potentilla fruticosa 0
Saxifraga hirculus
Arctostaphylos alpina 0 1
Iris setosa 0 0
Petasites hyperboreus 0 6
Salix glauca 1 0 0
Polytrichum sp. 1 2 1
Petasites frigidus 4 0
Drepanocladus sp. 0 5 1
Peltigera aphthosa 0 0 1
Tomentypnum nitens 0 4 1 3
Aulacomnium acuminatum 0 2 0
Betula glandulosa 0 3 1
Equisetum arvense 3 3
Salix bebbiana 7
Eriophorum scheuchzeri 0
Poa arctica 0
Sanionia uncinata 0 0
Sphagnum girgensohnii 1
Eriophorum brachyantherum 0
Picea mariana 0 27
Bare Soil 1 3 0 3 6
Sample Size 20 43 11 18 5
153 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Table 114.
Plant cover by lacustrine ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Bold values
indicate >60% frequency within an ecotype. Values of 0 have

Table 115.
Plant cover by riverine ecotypes within the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Bold values
indicate >60% frequency within an ecotype. Values of 0 have

Table 115.
Continued.
Taxon
Riverine Barrens
Riverine Moist Willow
Tall Shrub
Riverine Poplar Forest
Riverine White Spruce-
Willow Forest
Riverine White Spruce-
Alder Forest
Riverine Alder Tall Shrub
Riverine Wet Willow Tall
Shrub
Riverine Bluejoint
Meadow
Riverine Wet Sedge
Meadow
Riverine Pendent Grass
Marsh
Saxifraga hirculus 0
Cypripedium passerinum 0 1 0 0
Saussurea angustifolia 1 0
Solidago multiradiata 1 0
Senecio lugens 2 0 0
Potentilla fruticosa 2 0 0 0
Festuca altaica 2 0 0
Anemone parviflora 2 0 0
Abietinella abietina 0 0
Tomentypnum nitens 3 1 1
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 4 2 1
Carex membranacea 0 0 0
Pyrola secunda 1
Rhytidium rugosum 0 1 0
Empetrum nigrum 0 7 0
Aulacomnium palustre 8 1
Iris setosa 0 1 0 0 1 0
Salix glauca 2 2 1
Petasites frigidus 1 1 3
Cladonia sp. 0 1 0 0
Ribes triste 0 1 1
Pleurozium schreberi 3 0
Rubus chamaemorus 1 2
Spiraea beauverdiana 1 3 0
Chamaedaphne calyculata 1 0 1
Ceratodon purpureus 0 1 0
Flavocetraria cucullata 1
Peltigera aphthosa 0 0
Calamagrostis lapponica 0
Poa arctica 0 0
Equisetum pratense 0 0 0 2
Thalictrum alpinum 0
Salix bebbiana 0
Stellaria sp. 0 0 0
Trientalis europaea arctica 0 0 0
Cardamine pratensis angustifolia 0
Salix barclayi 7
Salix monticola 0
Peltigera sp. 0 1 0 0
Carex saxatilis 2
Betula nana 0 2 0 0
Potentilla palustris 0 1 13 5 25 13
Galium trifidum trifidum 0 0 0 0 0
Eriophorum angustifolium 0 7 35 1
Carex aquatilis aquatilis 0 0 0 2 2 35 6 1
Equisetum fluviatile 10 0 5 0 6 4 45 0
Cicuta mackenzieana 0 0 0 0 2
Caltha palustris 0 0 0 3 0
Calliergon sp. 2 1
Carex rostrata 0 10 3
Caltha natans 0 0
Arctophila fulva 2 72 1
Allium schoenoprasum 0
Eleocharis acicularis 1 1
Potamogeton sp. 0
Myriophyllum spicatum 0 8 0
Hippuris vulgaris 0 0 5
Utricularia vulgaris macrorhiza 3
Potamogeton pectinatus 0
Potamogeton alpinus tenuifolius 0 2
Water 1 0 9 5 3 3 1 5 71 100
Sample Size 4 18 2 4 11 15 3 3 2 2 3 3
Riverine Forb Marsh
River
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 156

Table 116.
Areal extent of ecotypes within Selawik National Wildlife Refuge.
Ecotype ha %
Alpine Acidic Barrens 674.6 0.1
Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub 3,248.2 0.2
Alpine Alkaline Barrens 1,811.2 0.1
Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub 412.8 0.0
Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub 456.8 0.0
Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub 570.6 0.0
Alpine Lake 0.1 0.0
Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow 642.6 0.0
Coastal Barrens 3.0 0.0
Coastal Brackish Sedge–Grass Meadow 9,253.1 0.7
Coastal Water 2,749.8 0.2
Lowland Alder Tall Shrub 51,977.8 4.0
Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub 95,066.9 7.3
Lowland Birch-Willow Low Shrub 92,918.9 7.1
Lowland Black Spruce Forest 13,593.4 1.0
Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog 12,436.1 1.0
Lowland Lake 74,389.0 5.7
Lowland Sedge Fen 47,059.7 3.6
Lowland Willow Low Shrub 16,869.2 1.3
Riverine Alder Tall Shrub 13,799.4 1.1
Riverine Barrens 1,508.5 0.1
Riverine Birch-Willow Low Shrub 42,587.0 3.3
Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub 318.6 0.0
Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub 22,329.7 1.7
Riverine Poplar Forest 5,201.1 0.4
Riverine Water 36,714.8 2.8
Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow 52,263.3 4.0
Riverine White Spruce-Poplar Forest 1,595.7 0.1
Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest 20,580.2 1.6
Riverine Willow Low Shrub 7,362.6 0.6
Snow 1.5 0.0
Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub 56,803.6 4.4
Upland Birch Forest 7,641.9 0.6
Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub 42,274.9 3.2
Upland Birch-Willow Low Shrub 65,862.8 5.1
Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 370,320.5 28.4
Upland Sandy Barrens 409.9 0.0
Upland Sedge-Dryas Meadow 6,541.2 0.5
Upland Spruce-Birch Forest 10,388.4 0.8
Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest 62,663.4 4.8
Upland White Spruce-Lichen Woodland 2,178.7 0.2
Upland White Spruce-Willow Forest 23,494.8 1.8
Upland Willow Low Shrub 25,026.3 1.9
Grand Total 1,302,002.7 100
157 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

direct means of comparing similarities and
differences in the floristic composition of closely
associated ecotypes (horizontal order) and for
evaluating the association of species along
environmental gradients (vertical order). These
tables associate common species within an
ecotype. The tables, however, only include species
that are abundant or of relatively high frequency
within each ecotype. Similarities and differences in
species composition on the sorted tables are
consistent with the NMDS results.
LANDCOVER MAPPING
Three sets of map products were developed by
the effort to develop a new landcover map for
SNWR, which extends northward to encompass
the Noatak and Kobuk National Park and Preserves
as part of the collaborative effort between FWS
and NPS. These products include: (1) a vegetation
map consistent with the Alaska Vegetation
Classification: (2) a map of ecotypes that better
differentiates the co-varying geomorphology, soils,
and vegetation of ecosystem types through spectral
analysis and processing; and (3) a soil landscape
map based on analysis of vegetation-soil
relationships. The first two map sets are described
separately below, while the soil landscapes are
described in a later section.
VEGETATION AND ECOTYPES
The landcover mapping differentiated 26
vegetation types and 43 ecotypes (Figures 13 and
14), based on a supervised classification of spectral
characteristics of Landsat TM images and
modeling and image segmentation using the
physiography and bedrock associated with
ecosubsection maps and digital elevation models.
In the final map, eight ecotypes identified by the
ground data were combined with other classes
because they could not be mapped separately. The
most abundant ecotypes within the refuge
boundaries include Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock
Shrub (28%), Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low
Shrub (7%), Lowland Birch–Willow Low Shrub
(7%), Lowland Lake (6%), Upland White
Spruce-Ericaceous Forest (5%), Upland
Alder-Willow Tall Shrub (4%), Lowland Alder Tall
Shrub (4%), Lowland Sedge Fen (4%), and
Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow (4%) (Table 116). On
the vegetation map, which was derived from the
ecotype map and differentiates only AVC classes
independent of landscape associations, the most
abundant vegetation types were Dwarf
Birch–Tussock Shrub (28%), Dwarf Birch–Willow
Low Shrub (16%), Dwarf Birch–Ericaceous Low
Shrub (11%), Freshwater (9%), White Spruce
Forest (8%), Alder Tall Shrub (5%), Alder-Willow
Tall Shrub (4%), Sedge Wet Meadow (4%), Sedge
Fen (4%), (Table 117).
ACCURACY ASSESSMENT
No independent accuracy assessment was
done, so we developed three proxies that provide
approximate guidance as to the accuracy of the
map based on the spectral classification for SNWR
and the adjacent NOAT and KOVA parklands. First
we quantified the fidelity of the signatures to
themselves during supervised classification.
Second, the clustering of spectral characteristics
and cross-tabulation of clusters of similar
signatures with ecotypes were used to assess how
variable the spectral characteristics are of an
ecotype. Third, we cross-tabulated the ecotypes of
pixels within training polygons with their mapped
ecotypes.
Signature evaluation prior to supervised
classification showed the fidelity of signatures to
themselves (percentage of pixels within signature
areas correctly classified to themselves) was very
high (≥90%) for 49%, high (80–89%) for 27%,
moderately high (60–79%) for 17%, and low
(

162°0'0"W
161°0'0"W
160°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
158°0'0"W
157°0'0"W
Ambler
66°30'0"N
67°0'0"N
Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge
Selawik
66°0'0"N
66°30'0"N
Vegetation
Partially Vegetated
Sedge-Dryas Meadow
Sedge Wet Meadow
Willow Tall Shrub
Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
Alder Tall Shrub
Vegetation
Landcover Map
Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge
Sedge Fen
Brackish Sedge–Grass Wet Meadow
Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Cassiope Dwarf Shrub
Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Dwarf Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub
Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub
Dwarf Birch–Willow Low Shrub
Willow Low Shrub
Balsam Poplar Forest
Paper Birch Forest
White Spruce–Balsam Poplar Forest
Spruce-Paper Birch Forest
White Spruce–Lichen Woodland
White Spruce Forest
Black Spruce Forest
Fresh Water
Coastal Water
Snow
Vegetation classes are Level III of the Alaska
Vegetation Classification (Viereck et al. 1992)
and are aggregated from classes derived from
the landcover spectral database.
Map projection: Albers Alaska, NAD 83, meters
Figure 13
Draft
Approximate scale =
1:600,000
5 0 5 10 15
10 0 10 20 30
Kilometers
ABR file: Selawik_Vegetation_06-312.mxd; 30 July 2009
4
15 20
20
Miles
Arctic Ocean
$
Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge
Gulf of Alaska
66°0'0"N
161°0'0"W
160°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
158°0'0"W
157°0'0"W

162°0'0"W
161°0'0"W
160°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
158°0'0"W
157°0'0"W
Ambler
66°30'0"N
67°0'0"N
Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge
Selawik
66°0'0"N
66°30'0"N
The classification of local-scale ecosystems (ecotypes)
combines physiography (e.g., riverine, coastal),
topography (DEM), geology and vegetation from the
landcover spectral database derived from the satellite
image processing. These layers are used to model
ecotypes in a way that best partitions geomorphic,
hydrologic, pedologic, and vegetative characteristics.
Map projection: Albers Alaska, NAD 83, meters
Ecotype Class
Alpine Alkaline Barrens
Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Acidic Barrens
Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Wet Sedge Meadow
Alpine Lake
Upland Sedge-Dryas Meadow
Upland Willow Low Shrub
Upland Birch-Willow Low Shrub
Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
Upland Birch Forest
Upland Spruce-Birch Forest
Upland White Spruce-Willow Forest
Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
Upland Sandy Barrens
Upland White Spruce-Lichen Woodland
Lowland Sedge Fen
Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
Lowland Birch-Willow Low Shrub
Lowland Willow Low Shrub
Lowland Alder Tall Shrub
Lowland Black Spruce Forest
Lowland Lake
Riverine Barrens
Riverine Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Riverine Willow Low Shrub
Riverine Birch-Willow Low Shrub
Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub
Riverine Poplar Forest
Riverine White Spruce-Poplar Forest
Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest
Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow
Riverine Alder Tall Shrub
Riverine Water
Coastal Barrens
Coastal Brackish Sedge–Grass Meadow
Coastal Water
Snow
Figure 14
Draft
Approximate scale =
1:600,000
10 0 10 20 30
Kilometers
ABR file: Selawik_Ecotype_06-312.mxd; 30 July 2009
4
5 0 5 10 15 20
Miles
Ecotype Class
Landcover Map
Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge
Arctic Ocean
$
Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge
Gulf of Alaska
66°0'0"N
161°0'0"W
160°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
158°0'0"W
157°0'0"W

Table 117.
Areal extent of vegetation classes within Selawik National Wildlife Refuge.
SELA
Vegetation Class ha %
Alder Tall Shrub 65,777.2 5.1
Alder-Willow Tall Shrub 56,803.6 4.4
Balsam Poplar Forest 5,201.1 0.4
Black Spruce Forest 13,593.4 1.0
Brackish Sedge-Grass Wet Meadow 9,253.1 0.7
Cassiope Dwarf Shrub 456.8 0.0
Coastal Water 2,749.8 0.2
Dryas Dwarf Shrub 3,979.5 0.3
Dwarf Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub 137,341.8 10.5
Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 370,320.5 28.4
Dwarf Birch-Willow Low Shrub 201,368.7 15.5
Ericaceous Shrub Bog 12,436.1 1.0
Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub 570.6 0.0
Fresh Water 111,103.9 8.5
Paper Birch Forest 7,641.9 0.6
Partially Vegetated 4,407.3 0.3
Sedge Fen 47,059.7 3.6
Sedge Wet Meadow 52,905.9 4.1
Sedge-Dryas Meadow 6,541.2 0.5
Snow 1.5 0.0
Spruce-Paper Birch Forest 10,388.4 0.8
White Spruce Forest 106,738.4 8.2
White Spruce-Balsam Poplar Forest 1,595.7 0.1
White Spruce-Lichen Woodland 2,178.7 0.2
Willow Low Shrub 49,258.2 3.8
Willow Tall Shrub 22,329.7 1.7
Grand Total 1,302,002.7 100
band for each training polygon and then clustering
the 6 band means. This helps evaluate how variable
the spectral characteristics are for each ecotype and
how well individual spectral clusters associate with
individual ecotypes. Ecotypes with distinct spectral
characteristics include alpine barren types, dryas
dwarf shrub types, Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock
Shrub, alder types, white spruce forest types, and
water. Ecotypes where unique spectral
characteristics were not evident include Upland
Sedge–Dryas Meadow, dwarf birch–ericaceous and
dwarf birch–willow types, deciduous and mixed
forest types, and wet meadow types. Overall, for
65% of observations there was a strong association
of spectral characteristics and ecotypes.
We evaluated map accuracy of individual
ecotypes by comparing the mapping results within
training polygons with the original ground data.
The cross-tabulation revealed that 86% of pixels in
879 training polygons were mapped to the correct
ecotype (Appendix 9). These training polygons
represented the ground points used to create map
signatures for which good vegetation assessments
and locations were available. After weighting the
calculation to reflect the relative abundance of
ecotypes in the region from which training
polygons primarily were derived, map accuracy
was 80%. The cross-tabulation of 25 mapped
vegetation types reveals that 94% of training
polygon pixels were mapped correctly (Appendix
163 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

10). After removing 2 water classes and weighting
remaining classes for abundance, accuracy was
86%. Three vegetation classes had map accuracies
below 65%, Alder Tall Shrub, Sedge Fen, and
Sedge–Dryas Meadow. This resulted from
confusion among Alder Tall Shrub, Alder–Willow
Tall Shrub and Balsam Poplar, and Sedge Fen,
dwarf shrub classes, and Sedge–Dryas Meadow.
Inconsistencies for ecotypes were due to similar
errors, plus prevalent problems with differentiating
physiography based on model rules. For example,
alpine elevation definitions caused errors in alpine
versus lowland lake designations, and alpine
versus lowland sedge meadows. There was also
confusion among riverine, lowland, and upland
low willow classes based on rules defining those
physiographic units. An unknown portion of this
error also was due to spatial registration where the
ground plot did not correspond to the respective
map pixel because of both GPS and satellite
positional error.
The cross-tabulations of agreement between
the map and ground classification provide an
approximate upper limit of the accuracy of the
map, while the evaluation of the spectral
uniqueness of the mapped ecotypes provides an
approximate lower limit of map accuracy. We also
recognize that there are potential misclassifications
associated with physiographic distinctions
generated by the classification strata. Chemistry of
bedrock, elevation models, and features
differentiating upland and lowland classes are not
homogenous and are prone to some errors of scale
that are not readily determined without a full
accuracy assessment. However, based on the proxy
methods we have evaluated the accuracy of the 44
mapped ecotypes, which were derived from both
spectral characteristics and modeling to reduce
error, is probably between 65% and 80%.
SOIL LANDSCAPES
CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF
SOIL LANDSCAPES
Alpine Rocky Wet Meadow
The Alpine Rocky Wet Meadow soil
landscape comprises a single ecotype: Alpine Wet
Sedge Meadow. The terrain includes hillside
colluvium over non-carbonate sedimentary, mafic,
and ultra-mafic bedrock on moderately steep (avg.
7°) slopes between 500–800 meters elevation (avg.
600 m). Soils are predominantly rubbly, gravelly,
or blocky; circumneutral; and very poorly to
somewhat poorly drained. Permafrost is often
difficult to determine in the rocky soils. Common
soils include Typic Aquorthels and Typic
Aquiturbels. Wet Sedge Meadow Tundra is the
most common vegetation type in this soil
landscape. Typical species include Carex
bigelowii, Eriophorum angustifolium, Arctagrostis
latifolia, Carex capillaris, Juncus biglumis, and
Pedicularis sudetica. Bare soil and surface
fragments are always present with low to moderate
cover.
Alpine Rocky Acidic Barrens and Shrub
This soil landscape comprises three ecotypes:
Alpine Acidic Barrens, Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf
Shrub, and Alpine Ericaceous–Dryas Dwarf Shrub.
The terrain includes hillside colluvium, talus, older
glacial moraines, and residual soils on moderately
steep to very steep (avg. 13º) slopes between
250–1200 m elevation (avg. 660 m). Bedrock
geology tends to be igneous intrusive or
noncarbonate sedimentary. Soils are predominantly
rubbly or blocky; circumneutral to acidic; and
excessively to moderately well drained. Permafrost
is often difficult to determine in the rocky soils.
Common soil types associated with this soil
landscape include Typic Dystrogelepts, Typic
Haploturbels, Typic Gelorthents, Typic
Eutrogelepts, and Lithic Cryorthents. Uncommon
soil types include: Typic Haplorthels, Typic
Umbriturbels, Humic Dystrogelepts, and Lithic
Dystrogelepts. Dryas–Lichen Dwarf Shrub Tundra
is often associated with this soil landscape.
Characteristic species include Dryas octopetala,
Hierochloe alpina, Antennaria friesiana,
Minuartia arctica, Flavocetraria nivalis,
Flavocetraria cucullata, Thamnolia vermicularis,
Bryocaulon divergens, and Racomitrium
lanuginosum. Bare soil and surface fragments
always occurred with low to moderate cover. Dryas
Dwarf Shrub Tundra is another common vegetation
type that occurs in the alpine rocky acidic barrens
and shrub soil landscape. Frequently occurring
species include Dryas octopetala, Salix
phlebophylla, Vaccinium uliginosum, Hierochloe
alpina, Saxifraga bronchialis, Flavocetraria
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 164

nivalis, and Rhytidium rugosum. Bare soil and
surface fragments occur in low to moderate
abundance.
Alpine Rocky Alkaline Barrens and Shrub
This soil landscape comprises four ecotypes:
Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub, Alpine
Alkaline Barrens, Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub,
Alpine Mafic Barrens. The terrain includes hillside
colluvium, talus, and residual soils on moderately
steep to very steep (avg. 19º) slopes between
100–1400 m elevation (avg. 600 m). Bedrock
geology is mafic- and ultramafic-igneous intrusive
or carbonate sedimentary. Soils are predominantly
rubbly or blocky; circumneutral to alkaline; and
well to excessively well drained. Permafrost is
often difficult to determine in the rocky soils.
Common soil types include Typic Gelorthents,
Typic Eutrogelepts, Typic Haplorthels, and Typic
Cryorthents. Uncommon soils include Typic
Haploturbels, Humic Eutrogelepts, Lithic
Eutrogelepts, and Typic Haplogelolls. Dryas Dwarf
Shrub Tundra is a common vegetation type that
occurs in the alpine rocky alkaline barrens and
shrub soil landscape. Typical species include Dryas
octopetala, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Androsace
chamaejasme, Carex scirpoidea, Silene acaulis,
Dactylina arctica, and Thamnolia vermicularis.
Bare soil and surface fragments have low to
moderate cover. Barrens is another vegetation type
that commonly occurs in this soil landscape. Bare
soil and surface fragments dominate this vegetation
type, but a low cover of a rich assemblage of
vascular and nonvascular species also occur,
including Dryas octopetala, Salix arctica,
Saxifraga oppositifolia, Minuartia arctica,
Potentilla uniflora, Lesquerella arctica, Vulpicida
tilesii, Thamnolia vermicularis, and Racomitrium
lanuginosum. The lichens Flavocetraria nivalis,
and Flavocetraria cucullata also are commonly
present.
Upland Sandy Barrens
This soil landscape comprises a single
ecotype, Upland Sandy Barrens, and is limited in
its spatial extent to the sand dunes associated with
the Little Kobuk Sand Dunes where they extend
into SNWR. The upland sandy barrens soil
landscape occur on low to moderate gradient (avg.
3º) active sand dunes between 50–100 m elevation
(avg. 80 m). Soils are predominantly sandy with
very few to no coarse fragments in the upper meter
of soil; circumneutral to alkaline; and excessively
drained. Permafrost is always >1 m below the soil
surface. This soil landscape is affiliated with only
one soil type, Typic Cryopsamments. Barrens and
Partially Vegetated Barrens are common vegetation
types associated with this soil landscape and
include the species Bromus pumpellianus,
Calamagrostis purpurascens, Cnidium
cnidiifolium, Oxytropis kobukensis, Senecio
ogotorukensis, and Artemisia furcata. Bare sand
provides 70–100% cover.
Upland Sandy Forest
This soil landscape comprises two ecotypes,
Upland White Spruce–Dryas Woodland, and
Upland White Spruce–Lichen Woodland. The
upland sandy forest soil landscape occurred on low
gradient (avg. 3º) inactive and active sand dunes
between 50–100 m elevation (avg. 70 m). Soils are
predominantly sandy with very few to no coarse
fragments in the upper meter of soil; acidic to
alkaline; and excessively to somewhat excessively
drained. Soils on inactive sand dunes were more
developed, including Typic Haplocryepts and
Typic Dystrocryepts, than those on active dunes,
which included Typic Cryopsamments. Open
White Spruce Forest and White Spruce Woodland
are common vegetation types associated with this
soil landscape. Picea glauca forms an open
needleleaf canopy. On alkaline sites, characteristic
understory species include Dryas integrifolia,
Arctostaphylos rubra, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi,
Shepherdia canadensis, Juniperus communis,
Solidago multiradiata, Oxytropis kobukensis,
Stereocaulon sp., and Abietinella abietina. On
acidic sites, frequent understory species include
Vaccinium uliginosum, Empetrum nigrum,
Geocaulon lividum, Betula nana, Cladina stellaris,
and Stereocaulon sp. At all sites, bare sand is
commonly present with low to moderate cover.
Upland Rocky–Loamy Circumalkaline Low
Shrublands and Forests
This soil landscape comprises three ecotypes:
Upland Willow Low Shrub, Upland Sedge–Dryas
Meadow, and Upland White Spruce–Willow
Forest. The terrain includes low to moderately
steep (avg. 9º slope) hillside colluvium, old glacial
165 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

moraines, retransported deposits, and alluvial fan
deposits between 75–800 m elevation (avg. 290
m). Bedrock geology tends to be carbonate
sedimentary. Soils are predominantly loamy,
rubbly, or blocky; circumneutral to alkaline; and
well drained to somewhat poorly drained.
Permafrost is often difficult to determine in soils
with high rock fragment content. At well and
moderately well drained sites, soils were Typic
Eutrogelepts, Typic Haplorthels, and Typic
Histoturbels. Soils at somewhat poorly drained
sites include Typic Aquorthels, Typic Aquiturbels,
and Ruptic-histic Aquiturbels. Uncommon soils
include Humic Eutrogelepts, Typic Historthels,
Typic Gelaquepts, Typic Haploturbels, and Typic
Haplogelolls. Open White Spruce Forest
frequently occurs in this soil landscape on well
drained sites. This vegetation type is characterized
by an open canopy of Picea glauca overtopping
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii, Alnus crispa,
Vaccinium uliginosum, Arctostaphylos rubra, Salix
reticulata, Festuca altaica, Saussurea angustifolia,
and Hylocomium splendens. Open Low Willow
Shrub also commonly occurs on well drained sites
in this soil landscape. Dominant species include
Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii, Salix reticulata,
Vaccinium uliginosum, Cassiope tetragona,
Equisetum arvense, Festuca altaica, Valeriana
capitata, and Tomentypnum nitens. Moist
Sedge–Dryas Tundra is often associated with this
soil landscape at poorly drained sites. Typical
species include Dryas integrifolia, Salix lanata ssp.
richardsonii, Salix arctica, Lagotis glauca,
Saxifraga hirculus, Thalictrum alpinum, Carex
bigelowii, Carex scirpoidea, Arctagrostis latifolia,
Flavocetraria cucullata, and Tomentypnum nitens.
Upland Rocky–Loamy Circumacidic Tall
Shrublands and Forests
This soil landscape comprises six ecotypes:
Upland Alder–Willow Tall Shrub, Upland
Bluejoint Meadow, Upland Willow Tall Shrub,
Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest, Upland
Birch Forest, and Upland Spruce–Birch Forest.
The terrain includes moderately steep to steep
(avg. 17º slope) hillside colluvium, inactive sand
dunes, loess, old glacial moraines, and
retransported deposits between 30–800 m elevation
(avg. 300 m). Bedrock geology tends to be
non-carbonate metamorphic, non-carbonate
sedimentary, and igneous intrusive. Soils are
predominantly loamy, rubbly, or blocky;
circumneutral to acidic; and somewhat excessively
to moderately well drained. Permafrost is often
difficult to determine in the rocky soils. Common
soil types include Typic Dystrocryepts, Typic
Eutrogelepts, Typic Haplocryepts, Typic
Haplorthels, and Eutric Humicryepts. Uncommon
soils include Typic Aquorthels, Typic Historthels,
Typic Cryopsamments, Typic Haplocryods, and
Typic Haplocryolls. Open White Spruce Forest and
White Spruce Woodland are common vegetation
types associated with this soil landscape.
Characteristic species include Picea glauca, Alnus
crispa, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium
vitis-idaea, Empetrum nigrum, Calamagrostis
canadensis, Ledum decumbens, Hylocomium
splendens, and Pleurozium schreberi. Open Tall
Alder Shrub and Closed Tall Alder Shrub often
occur in this soil landscape. Typical species include
Alnus crispa, Spiraea beauverdiana, Salix
planifolia ssp. pulchra, Vaccinium uliginosum,
Calamagrostis canadensis, Epilobium
angustifolium,Polemonium acutiflorum, and
Aconitum delphinifolium. Open Paper Birch Forest
frequently occurs in this soil landscape on old
glacial moraines and loess. A typical stand features
an open canopy of Betula papyrifera with Picea
glauca seedlings below. The understory typically
includes Alnus crispa, Vaccinium vitis-idaea,
Spiraea beauverdiana, Calamagrostis canadensis,
and Poytrichum juniperinum.
Upland Rocky–Loamy Acidic Low Shrublands
This soil landscape comprises three ecotypes:
Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub, Upland
Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub, and Upland Spiraea
Low Shrub. The terrain includes moderately steep
to steep (avg. 11º) hillside colluvium, loess, old
glacial moraines, and solifluction deposits between
30–1100 m elevation (avg. 450 m). Bedrock
geology tends to be non-carbonate metamorphic,
non-carbonate sedimentary, and igneous intrusive.
Soils are predominantly loamy, blocky, or rubbly;
circumneutral to acidic; and well to somewhat
poorly drained. Permafrost is often difficult to
determine in the rocky soils. At well drained sites,
common soil types include Typic Dystrogelepts,
Typic Haplorthels, Typic Haploturbels, and Typic
Dystrocryepts. At poorly drained sites, common
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 166

soils include Typic Historthels, Typic Aquorthels,
and Typic Aquiturbels. Both Open and Closed Low
Mesic Shrub Birch–Ericaceous Shrub communities
commonly occur in this soil landscape on
well-drained sites. Characteristic species include
Betula nana, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium
vitis-idaea, Ledum decumbens, Salix planifolia ssp.
pulchra, Empetrum nigrum, and Carex bigelowii.
Open Low Willow Shrub is a common vegetation
type on poorly drained sites in this soil landscape.
Frequently occurring species include Salix
planifolia ssp. pulchra, Salix reticulata, Vaccinium
uliginosum, Arctagrostis latifolia, Carex bigelowii,
Poa arctica, and Aulacomnium palustre.
Upland Loamy Wet Tussock Shrublands
This soil landscape comprises one ecotype:
Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub. This soil
landscape encompasses an array of terrain units.
The most common include bogs, old glacial
moraines, hillside colluvium, loess, thaw basins,
drained lake basins, and abandoned riverine
overbank deposits. This soil landscape occurs
between 5–100 m elevation (avg. 260 m). Slope
gradient in this soil landscape is generally low to
very low (avg.

surface. Common soils include Typic Aquorthels,
Typic Historthels, Typic Aquiturbels, Typic
Hemistels, and Typic Histoturbels. Uncommon
soils include Typic Gelaquepts, Typic
Dystrogelepts, Typic Haplorthels, and Typic
Haploturbels. Open Low Shrub Birch-Willow
Shrub commonly occurs in this soil landscape on
poorly drained sites. Characteristic species include
Betula nana, Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra,
Vaccinium uliginosum, Ledum decumbens, Carex
bigelowii, Eriophorum vaginatum, Petasites
frigidus, Cladina arbuscula, Hylocomium
splendens, and Aulacomnium palustre. On sites
with better drainage, Open Black Spruce Forest is
common. Typical species include Picea mariana,
Ledum decumbens, Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium
uliginosum, Betula nana, Rubus chamaemorus,
Carex bigelowii, and Cladina rangiferina.
Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Forests
This soil landscape comprises four ecotypes:
Riverine Poplar Forest, Riverine White
Spruce–Poplar Forest, Riverine White
Spruce–Alder Forest, Riverine White
Spruce–Willow Forest. This soil landscape
typically occurs on very low gradient sites (avg.

include Dryas drummondii, Aster yukonensis,
Artemisia borealis, Bromus pumpellianus,
Oxytropis campestris, and Senecio ogotorukensis.
Riverine Loamy Meadows and Shrublands
This soil landscape comprises four ecotypes:
Riverine Birch–Willow Low Shrub, Riverine Alder
Tall Shrub, Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub, and
Riverine Bluejoint Meadow. This soil landscape
occurs on very low gradient (avg.

ivers as they receive fresh river water inputs each
year during flood events. Riverine lakes occur in
the deeper portions of inactive channels and in
oxbows cut off from the main channel. Water
chemistry is circumneutral to alkaline, and
electrical conductivity is low. Aquatic vegetation
commonly occurs along the edges of these lakes,
and may include Equisetum fluvatile, Utricularia
vulgaris, Sparganium sp., Myriophyllum
verticillatum, Potamogeton alpinus ssp.
tenuifolius, Potamogeton zosterifolius, Hippuris
vulgaris, Scorpidium scorpioides.
Lowland Lakes
Lowland lakes are abundant throughout the
study area and occupy both deep and shallow kettle
and thermokarst depressions. Dune lakes are a
unique type of lowland lake that occur in
depressions in the Kobuk Sand Dunes and on sand
dunes near the coast. Water chemistry is
circumneutral to alkaline, and electrical
conductivity is low. Aquatic vegetation may occur
in the shallower sections of lowland lakes, and may
include Sparganium sp., Menyanthes trifoliata,
Hippuris vulgaris, Utricularia minor, Potamogeton
alpinus ssp. tenuifolius, Potamogeton perfoliatus
ssp. richardsonii, Potamogeton filiformis, Lemna
trisulca, and Eleocharis acicularis.
Lacustrine Marshes
This soil landscape comprises four ecotypes:
Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh, Lacustrine
Marestail Marsh, Lacustrine Pondlily Lake, and
Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh. This soil landscape
occurs in shallow and deep thaw lakes and kettle
lakes between 5–1000 m elevation (avg. 200 m).
Soils are permanently flooded, and permafrost is
typically greater than one meter below the soil
surface. Water chemistry is circumneutral, and
electrical conductivity is low. The vegetation type,
Common Marestail, frequently occurs in this soil
landscape. Typical species include Hippuris
vulgaris, Utricularia vulgaris, Menyanthes
trifoliata, Potentilla palustris, and Arctophila
fulva. Another common vegetation type in the
lacustrine marshes soil landscape is Fresh Grass
Marsh. Characteristic species include Arctophila
fulva, Hippuris vulgaris, and Caltha palustris.
Lacustrine Loamy Barrens, Meadows, and
Shrublands
This soil landscape comprises three ecotypes:
Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow, Lacustrine Willow
Shrub, and Lacustrine Barrens. It occurs on low
gradient sites (avg. 1º) in drained lake basins and
thaw basins between 10–900 m elevation (avg. 200
m). Soils are loamy with a thin organic horizon at
the surface. Permafrost often occurs within the
upper meter of the soil profile. Common soil types
include Typic Aquorthels, Typic Umbrorthels, and
Aquic Umbrorthels. Barrens and Partially
Vegetated Barrens are common vegetation types in
recently drained lake basins in this soil landscape.
These sites are dominated by exposed mineral soil,
but scattered plants are present. Typical species
include Epilobium latifolium, Epilobium palustre,
Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex aquatilis,
Arctophila fulva, and Caltha palustris. Bluejoint
Meadow is another common vegetation type older
drained lake basins and thaw basins. Characteristic
species include Calamagrostis canadensis,
Equisetum arvense, Polemonium acutiflorum,
Potentilla palustris, and Stellaria longipes.
Lacustrine Organic-rich Wet Meadows
This soil landscape comprises two ecotypes:
Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow and Lacustrine
Buckbean Fen. This soil landscape occurs in fens,
drained lake basins, and along the margins of thaw
lakes between 5–450 m elevation (avg. 100 m).
Soils feature thick peat over loam, are very poorly
to somewhat poorly drained, and are acidic to
circumneutral. Permafrost sometimes occurs in the
upper meter of the soil profile. Common soil types
include Typic Aquorthels, Typic Historthels, and
Typic Cryofibrists. Subarctic Lowland Herb Bog
Meadow is a common vegetation type is this soil
landscape. Characteristic species include
Menyanthes trifoliata, Potentilla palustris, Carex
limosa, Carex chordorrhiza, Cicuta mackenzieana,
and Sphagnum obtusum. Wet Sedge Meadow
Tundra is another vegetation type that frequently
occurs in this soil landscape. Typical species
include Carex chordorrhiza, Eriophorum
angustifolium, Carex aquatilis, Potentilla
palustris, Sphagnum sp., and Calliergon
giganteum.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 170

Coastal Loamy Barrens, Meadows, and Shrub
This soil landscape comprises three ecotypes:
Coastal Barrens, Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh,
and Coastal Brackish Sedge–Grass Meadow. This
soil landscape occurs on active and inactive tidal
flats along the ocean waters of the Chukchi Sea,
Kotzebue Sound, and Hotham Inlet. This soil
landscape is restricted to coastal areas. Soils are
loamy and occasionally sandy with a thin to
moderately thick surficial organic horizons, very
poorly to somewhat poorly drained, and brackish
to saline. Permafrost is commonly found in the
upper meter of the soil profile. Common soil types
include Typic Aquorthels, Fluvaquentic Fibristels,
and Typic Historthels. Halophytic Sedge–Grass
Wet Meadow is a common vegetation type in this
soil landscape. Characteristic species include
Carex ramenskii, Stellaria humifusa, Potentilla
egedii, Chrysanthemum arcticum, and Puccinellia
phryganodes.
Coastal Water
Coastal Water includes the ocean waters of
Bering Strait, Kotzebue Sound and Chukchi Sea as
well as estuarine waters and coastal lakes that are
influenced by both fresh and nearshore brackish
water. These waters are flooded periodically with
saltwater during high tides or storm surges,
subsequently resulting in fluctuations in salinity
levels. Ocean waters are saline. Some lakes have
distinct outlets or have been tapped and partially
drained through erosional processes. Shallow lakes
(

within physiographic regions, which tend to be
highly interspersed spatially, are grouped.
Of the nineteen soil landscapes mapped in
SNWR, commonly occurring classes were Upland
Loamy Wet Tussock Shrublands (28% of total
area), Lowland Organic-rich Shrublands and
Forests (21%), Upland Rocky–Loamy
Circumacidic Tall Shrublands and Forests (11%),
and Fresh Water (9%), (Table 118). Together, the
four riverine soil landscapes (not including
Riverine Water which was grouped with Fresh
Water) covered 13% of the area, an unusually high
abundance of riverine landscapes compared to
other regions.
FACTORS AFFECTING LANDSCAPE
EVOLUTION AND ECOSYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT
The structure and function of ecosystems are
regulated largely along gradients of energy,
moisture, nutrients, and disturbance. These
gradients are affected by climate, tectonic effects
on physiography, and parent material as controlled
by bedrock geology and geomorphology (Swanson
et al. 1988, ECOMAP 1993, Bailey 1996). Thus,
these large-scale ecosystem components can be
viewed as state factors that affect ecological
organization (Jenny 1941, Van Cleve et al. 1990,
Vitousek 1994, Bailey 1996). Information on how
these landscape components have affected
ecosystem patterns and processes in SNWR were
synthesized from our results and relevant literature.
CLIMATE
Climate is a dominant factor affecting
ecosystem distribution (Walter 1979). Long-term
weather stations surrounding SNWR reveal strong
gradients in temperature and precipitation in the
region. Mean annual air temperature (MAAT)
ranged from −3.2°C at Nome (1949–1999) in the
south, to –6.0°C at Wales (1949–1999), –5.8°C at
Kotzebue, –5.8°C at Kobuk, –8.1°C at Cape
Lisburne, and –11.8°C at Umiat in the north
(WRCC 2001). When the modeled effects of
elevation are included, the coldest MAAT is –8°C
in the Purcell and Selawik Mountains (Figure 16).
Mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranged from 408
mm at Nome in the south, to 240 mm at Kotzebue,
241 mm at Kobuk, and 139 mm at Umiat (north).
In addition, there was a west to east precipitation
gradient, with 288 mm occurring at Cape Lisburne
and 291 mm at Wales in the west, to 424 mm at
Kobuk in the east. When the modeled effects of
elevation are included, the highest MAP at approx.
700 mm is in the Purcell Mountains (Figure 17).
Note, however, that precipitation can be
underestimated as a result of problems with
measuring blowing snow in the Arctic. All stations
follow similar seasonal patterns: summers are short
(June through August), winters are long, and most
of the precipitation falls during July, August, and
September. Additionally, there is an elevational
gradient in temperature, with cooler summers and
generally warmer and windier winters at higher
elevations, the latter due to the pooling of cold air
in valleys. Hammond and Yarie (1996) estimate
that growing season temperatures at high
elevations in the western Brooks Range average 2
to 3° C cooler than in adjacent valley bottoms.
Limited data from Racine (1979) also indicate that
air temperatures during the summer are colder in
coastal areas compared to inland areas.
These strong climatic gradients have resulted
in a wide range of ecological responses evident on
the ecotype maps. Because of low summer
temperatures at low to intermediate elevations,
vegetation is dominated by graminoids, low and
dwarf shrubs, mosses, and lichens, and tussock
tundra is prevalent. At intermediate elevations in
the eastern margins of SNWR, relatively high
summer temperatures (12–13°C July mean) allow
for the growth of the northwestern-most needleleaf
trees in North America. At higher elevations,
summer temperatures are lower and winds are
stronger; as a result alpine areas frequently are
barren or support only a sparse cover of lichens,
mosses, and a few vascular species.
Climatic conditions also have varied
considerably over time. Stable isotope analysis of
ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica reveal
numerous large, rapid shifts in climate during the
Pleistocene (Bradley 1999). These changes have
resulted in multiple episodes of glaciation,
associated loess deposition, and sea-level
fluctuations (Hopkins 1982), and have been
documented in numerous geomorphic and
paleoecological studies in the Bering Land Bridge
area (Smith 1933, Matthews 1974, McCulloch and
Hopkins 1966, Hopkins 1967, Hopkins 1982,
Hamilton and Brigham-Grette 1991, Mann and
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 172

162°0'0"W
161°0'0"W
160°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
158°0'0"W
157°0'0"W
Ambler
66°30'0"N
67°0'0"N
Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge
Selawik
66°0'0"N
66°30'0"N
Soil Landscapes, or Landtype Associations, are
aggregations of similar ecotypes with similar soils.
They partition the region into landscapes with similar
geomorphic processes, soil characteristics, hydrologic
regimes, and vegetation with similar composition that
are related through successional sequences.
Map projection: Albers Alaska, NAD 83, meters
Soil Landscapes
Soil Landscapes
Landcover Map
Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge
Alpine Rocky Alkaline Barrens and Shrublands
Alpine Rocky Acidic Barrens and Shrublands
Alpine Rocky Wet Meadows
Upland Loamy Wet Tussock Shrublands
Upland Rocky-Loamy Acidic Low Shrublands
Upland Rocky-Loamy Circumacidic Tall Shrublands and Forests
Upland Rocky-Loamy Circumalkaline Low Shrublands and Forests
Upland Sandy Barrens
Lowland Organic-rich Shrublands and Forests
Riverine Gravelly Barrens and Shrublands
Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Forests
Riverine Loamy Meadows and Shrublands
Riverine Loamy Wet Meadows and Marshes
Coastal Loamy Barrens, Meadows, and Shrublands
Fresh Water
Coastal Water
Figure 15
Draft
Approximate scale =
1:600,000
4
5 0 5 10 15 20
Miles
Arctic Ocean
$
Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge
66°0'0"N
Upland Sandy Forests
Lowland Bogs and Fens
Snow
10 0 10 20 30
Kilometers
ABR file: Selawik_Soils_06-312.mxd; 30 July 2009
Gulf of Alaska
161°0'0"W
160°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
158°0'0"W
157°0'0"W

161°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
157°0'0"W
67°0'0"N
67°0'0"N
Ambler
Selawik
Selawik
Ho th a m I nlet
Lake Inland
Lake
Eschscholtz Bay
66°0'0"N
66°0'0"N
Map Location
Chukchi
Sea
Selawik National Wildlife Refuge
Mean Annual Air Temperature
[Degrees C]
Gulf of Alaska
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1:1,250,000
Approximate scale=
5 0 5 10 15
Miles
10 0 10 20 30
5
Kilometers
Source: Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes
Model (PRISM) by Spatial Climate Analysis Service, Oregon State University.
Precipitation was modeled monthly at 2.5-arc-minute resolution.
An annual grid was produced by summing the monthly grids.
ABR file: Selawik_MAAT_06-312.mxd; 20 July 2009
161°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
157°0'0"W
Figure 16. Mean annual air temperatures across the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Data source is the Parameter-elevation Regressions on
Independent Slopes Model (PRISM), by Spatial Climate Analysis Service, Oregon State University.
175 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

161°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
157°0'0"W
Chukchi
Sea
Map Location
Gulf of Alaska
Ambler
67°0'0"N
67°0'0"N
Selawik
Selawik
Ho th a m I nlet
Lake Inland
Lake
Eschscholtz Bay
Selawik National Wildlife Refuge
66°0'0"N
66°0'0"N
1:1,250,000
Approximate scale=
5 0 5 10 15
Miles
10 0 10 20 30
5
Kilometers
Source: Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes
Model (PRISM) by Spatial Climate Analysis Service, Oregon State University.
Precipitation was modeled monthly at 2.5-arc-minute resolution.
An annual grid was produced by summing the monthly grids.
158 - 200
201 - 225
226 - 250
251 - 275
276 - 300
301 - 350
Mean Annual
Precipitation [mm]
351 - 400
401 - 500
501 - 600
601 - 700
701 - 800
801 - 1,000
ABR file: Selawik_MAP_06-312.mxd; 20 July 2009
1,001 - 1,500
1,501 - 2,000
2,001 - 3,000
3,001 - 5,000
5,001 - 12,475
161°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
157°0'0"W
Figure 17. Mean annual precipitation values across the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Data source is the Parameter-elevation Regressions on
Independent Slopes Model (PRISM), by Spatial Climate Analysis Service, Oregon State University.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 176

Hamilton 1995). During the late Pleistocene,
buried calcareous paleosols in northern BELA
indicate that the climate was cold and dry around
16,000–19,000 years ago and loess deposition was
heavy (Höfle and Ping 1996). During the early
Holocene, white spruce macrofossils, ice-wedge
casts, and buried soils indicate that the climate was
much warmer 8,300–10,000 years before present
(ybp) (McCulloch and Hopkins 1966).
Fossil insect and pollen records (Elias et al.
1999) indicate that during the last interglacial
period (about 130,000 ybp), the climate in the
Noatak Valley was similar to, or slightly warmer
than it is today. This interglacial was followed by a
prolonged period of lower temperatures, when the
vegetation was dominated by herbaceous plants.
About 13,000–14,000 ybp the climate warmed,
probably to conditions similar to those at present,
allowing colonization of the Noatak Valley by
shrubs (and localized trees) over the next few
thousand years (Anderson 1988, Eisner and
Colinvaux 1992, Anderson and Brubaker 1994).
On the basis of beetle fossils assemblages, Elias et
al. (1999) estimated that mean summer
temperatures were approx. 2° C below and above
current temperatures during glacial and interglacial
periods, respectively. White spruce fossil remains,
ice-wedge casts, and buried soils indicate that the
climate in northwestern Alaska 8,300–10,000 ybp
was warmer than at present (McCulloch and
Hopkins 1966).
More recently, historical records and analyses
of proxy indicators indicate that mean annual
temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere were
substantially (approx. 1° C) lower during the Little
Ice Age (ending around 1850) than at present, and
that temperatures during the last decade
(1990–2000) were the warmest in the last 400
years (Overpeck et al. 1997). This recent warming
has enhanced tree growth in the Noatak Valley and
SNWR and allowed some expansion of spruce
forest into the tundra (Suarez et al. 1999). Future
temperature increases expected as a result of global
warming likely will lead to further expansion of the
forest, but the change is likely to be very slow
because of the topographic barrier presented by the
Brooks Range (Rupp et al. 2001).
OCEANOGRAPHY
The western coast of SNWR is only slightly
affected by oceanographic processes in the Bering
Strait and the southern margin of the Chukchi Sea,
a rectangular embayment of the Arctic Ocean. At
Shishmaref, mean high tides reach 0.8 m, and the
highest tidal drift line is only 1.0 m above mean sea
level (amsl) (Naidu and Gardner 1988). At Cape
Espenberg, storm debris extends to 2.3 m amsl
(Mason et al. 1997). Current direction and thus,
sediment transport, is northward along the coast.
Drifting pack and shorefast ice covers the entire
Chukchi Sea for 7–8 months. Sea depths extend to
only approx. 80 m in the Bering Strait.
Large fluctuations in sea level, however, have
accompanied the climatic changes described
above. During maximum glaciation in the late
Pleistocene (approx. 18,000 ybp), sea level fell to
approx. 130 m below current sea level. This drop
exposed a broad land bridge across the Bering
continental shelf (Hopkins 1967). By approx.
11,000 ybp the land bridge was again inundated
and the migration corridor for plants and animals,
including humans, closed (Elias et al. 1992). Sea
level reached nearly its present level (within 2–3
m) around 5,000 ybp (Mason et al. 1995) and has
contributed to the embayment of large waterbodies
in western SNWR.
Sea level also has been much higher in the
past, and marine transgressions during the
Pleistocene have created the broad coastal plain
across the northern portion of the Seward
Peninsula and western SNWR. The Pelukian
transgression during the last interglacial (isotope
stage 5e) occurred approx. 125,000 ybp and left
beach ridge deposits that outcrop at elevations of
8–10 m above mean sea level (Sainsbury 1967,
Hamilton and Brigham-Grette 1991,
Brigham-Grette and Hopkins 1995). The Pelukian
transgression is recorded by a well-defined
wave-cut scarp and marine terrace that can be
traced along much of the coast of the northern
Bering Sea and southern Chukchi Sea (Sainsbury
1967, Hopkins 1973). During the middle
Pleistocene, two marine transgressions, the
Kotzebuan (approx. 175,000 ybp) and Einahnuhtan
(approx. 225,000 ybp) have been described,
although their sea-level history has been difficult to
reconstruct (Hopkins 1967, Hopkins 1973). Sea
177 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

level during the later transgression reached a
maximum elevation of approx. 35 m amsl. Marine
transgressions during the Pliocene may have been
as high as 70 m (Brigham-Grette and Carter 1992).
These transgressions left marine beach and coastal
deposits of silt, sand, and gravel across the coastal
plain. Ancient barrier bars are occasionally
evident, comprised of well-sorted sand forming
linear ridges (Till et al. 1986).
TECTONIC SETTING AND PHYSIOGRAPHY
SNWR is within a moderately active seismic
zone connected to the Brooks Range and is
characterized as having a relatively thin crust,
scattered Quaternary volcanism, and relatively
high heat flow (Thenhaus et al. 1982). The coastal
plain on the northern portion of the Seward
Peninsula and SNWR is a subsiding basin
comprised of Cenozoic sediments several thousand
meters thick that are crosscut by several east/west
faults just south of Cape Espenberg (Tolson 1987).
Tertiary tectonism is responsible for prominent,
high-angle faulting and the volcanic activity in the
southern SNWR.
SNWR has been affected by the tectonic
uplifting that produced the Brooks Range.
Uplifting probably began in the mid-Jurassic and
was active into the Cretaceous within the area
(Moore et al. 1994). This uplifting occurred when a
thick piece of the earth’s crust that now composes
most of the Brooks Range, known as the Arctic
Alaska Terrane, collided with and then fused with
other terranes to the south (Mull 1982, Box 1985,
Mayfield et al. 1983, Karl and Long 1990, Moore
1992). The quiet-water, marine sedimentary rocks
of the Arctic Alaska Terrane were initially forced
southward (subducted) beneath a section of
oceanic crust known as the Angayucham Terrane,
then uplifted and eroded. As a result, bedrock in
northern SNWR consists mostly of sedimentary
rock.
These tectonic forces and the resulting
physiography in the parks have exerted strong
influences on ecosystem distribution and
successional development through their effects on
regional climate (Hammond and Yarie 1996, Van
Cleve et al. 1990), microclimate and drainage
(Bailey 1996), and plant migration and life-history
patterns (Suarez et al. 1999, Rupp et al. 2001). In
addition, lower temperatures at higher elevations
create conditions for glacier expansion into
low-lying areas (Péwé 1975), resulting in
substantial alteration of surficial materials that
form the substrate for supporting plant growth.
BEDROCK GEOLOGY
The bedrock geology within SNWR is
complex and includes a variety of sedimentary,
metamorphic, volcanic, and intrusive rocks that
have accumulated in the region as the result of
movement and accretion of large tectonic terranes
(Patton et al. 1989). The bedrock underlying the
Selawik region area consists of two
pre-mid-Cretaceous lithotectonic terranes, the
Koyukuk terrane in the southern portion of SNWR
and the Angayucham-Tozitna terrane in the
southern Baird Mountains. These terranes were
assembled by Early Cretaceous time and were
subsequently overlapped by mid- and Upper
Cretaceous terrigenous sediments, which occur in
the northern portion of SNWR. The Koyukuk
terrane includes large mid- and Late Cretaceous
granitoid bodies (monsonite, granodiorite and
syenite) that intrude to form portions of the Purcell
and Selawik Mountains (Patton and Miller 1968,
Patton et al. 1968). Mafic intrusive bedrock,
including andesite volcanic rock, also occurs in the
Purcell Mountains. Continental flood basalts of
late Cenozoic age overlap the west edge of the
Yukon-Koyukuk basin along the boundary with the
Seward Peninsula and SNWR. The Waring
Mountains that border the northern edge of SNWR
are comprised of the mid- and Upper Cretaceous
terrigenous sediments, mainly volcanic greywacke
and mudstone, nonmarine conglomerate,
sandstone, mudstone, and coal.
This complexity and interspersion of rock
types greatly influenced the diverse range of
high-elevation ecotypes identified in SNWR and
the adjacent parklands (Jorgenson et al. 2009). In
addition, vegetation composition varies greatly
among areas with different bedrock types, due to
differences in soil pH and potential phytotoxic
effects of soluble metals (described below). Acidic
soils, typically associated with noncarbonate
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, usually are
dominated by acid tolerant plants such as Betula
nana, Dryas octopetala, Empetrum nigrum,
Eriophorum vaginatum, Ledum decumbens, Rubus
chamaemorus, Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra,
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 178

Sphagnum spp., and Vaccinium uliginosum
(Hanson 1953, Young 1974, Walker et al. 1994). In
contrast, plants commonly associated with alkaline
soils include Dryas integrifolia, Equisetum
scirpoides, Lupinus arcticus, Parrya nudicaulis,
Salix arctica, S. lanata ssp. richardsonii, and S.
reticulata (Young 1974, Walker et al. 1994). Some
of the principal differences among carbonate,
noncarbonate, felsic-intrusive, and mafic extrusive
(volcanic) rocks, and their influence on soil and
vegetation, are described below.
Carbonate or calcareous rocks, such as
limestone, dolostone, marble, and calcareous
schists are rare in SNWR, but common in the Baird
Mountains (Patton and Miller 1968, Dumoulin and
Harris 1987, Moore et al. 1994). The relatively
high pH and abundance of calcium in the alkaline
soils formed by these rocks result in reduced
availability of phosphorus and poor absorption and
utilization of phosphorus by plants (Bohn et al.
1985). These nutrient availability problems may
explain the lower plant cover apparent on satellite
imagery for carbonate rock in the region. Alkaline
soils also tend to be rich in humus, are often
associated with more active cryoturbation, and
tend to have deeper active layers (Ping et al. 1998).
Noncarbonate sedimentary (mostly
graywacke, sandstone, mudstone, and
conglomerate) are the most common in the Waring
Mountains (Patton and Miller 1968). Topography
generally is gentler on sedimentary bedrock than
other rock types in SNWR. Because of reduced
carbonate and calcium concentrations in the soil,
the soils tend to be strongly acidic. Vegetation
cover is distinctly greater on these rocks than either
carbonate sedimentary rocks or ultramafic igneous
rocks.
Felsic intrusive igneous rocks occur in the
Purcell and Selawik Mountains (Patton and Miller
1968). These granitic rocks are dominated by
light-colored minerals, such as quartz, alkali
feldspars (orthoclase), and muscovite mica, and are
rich in aluminum silicates, with little to no calcium,
magnesium, and iron. The high aluminum and low
calcium–magnesium content contributes to
development of strongly acidic soils and high
soluble aluminum concentrations. The elevated
aluminum, in turn, can lead to plant growth
problems because root growth can be stopped by
Al concentrations as low as 1 mg/l (Bohn et al.
1985). Phosphorus predominantly is fixed as
aluminum and iron phosphates in the acid soils, but
is still more available than in alkaline soils. To
reduce aluminum toxicity, many plants generate
organic acids, such as tannins, that act as chelating
agents in the rhizosphere for protection (Rendig
and Taylor 1989). Thus, ericaceous plants, which
are better adapted to these conditions, tend to
dominate.
Mafic volcanic rocks are prevalent in the
Purcell and Selawik Mountains. Of particular
interest are the lava flows in southwestern SNWR,
which formed during volcanic activity in the Late
Tertiary to early Pleistocene. Mafic volcanic rocks
have iron- and magnesium-rich minerals that are
more easily weathered than granites. Soils tend to
be circumneutral to acidic.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Pleistocene glaciations have greatly affected
the geomorphology of SNWR. Glaciers originated
from high mountainous areas in the Brooks Range
during the early and middle Pleistocene. They
extended to much of SNWR, and covered nearly
the entire Selawik basin during the Illinoian glacial
period about 130,000 ybp (McCullough et al. 1965,
Patton and Miller 1968, Péwé 1975,). The old
glacial moraines have been modified greatly by
subsequent erosion, thermokarst and gelifluction,
so that the moraine morphology is now indistinct.
The recent large thaw slump near the Selawik
River has exposed what may be buried glacial ice.
Eolian activity during dry, full glacial periods
has deposited thick beds of eolian silt (loess) over
much of the northern Seward Peninsula and SNWR
(Mathews 1974, Hopkins 1982). Much of the silt
probably blew off glaciofluvial outwash plains
associated with the Illinoian glaciation, which
extended as far west as the terminal moraine now
forming the Baldwin Peninsula (Matthews 1974).
Loess accumulation during the Wisconsin
glaciation (maximum at approx. 18,000 ybp)
probably was much less because outwash streams
were blocked by the Baldwin Peninsula. Chemical
analysis of loess in northern BELA buried during
the late Pleistocene (approx. 16,000–19,000 ybp)
indicates it remained calcareous throughout the
profile because the climate was cold and dry (Höfle
and Ping 1996). While the frozen loess beneath the
active layer of modern soils tends to remain
179 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

alkaline, surface organic horizons usually are
strongly acidic (Holowaychuk and Smeck 1979,
Höfle and Ping 1996), presumably due to leaching
and paludification under a wetter climatic regime.
The long, gentle slopes of the hills and low
mountains in SNWR probably were formed, and
continue to be modified, by gelifluction. This is the
movement of saturated soil material downslope
over permafrost (Washburn 1973). Gelifluction
lobes are even visible on many rather steep,
vegetated mountain slopes.
Alluvial processes in narrow mountain valleys
and broad lowland valleys in SNWR have created a
dynamic landscape characterized by active erosion
and deposition. Channel migration erodes and
recycles surficial deposits, while deposition
follows a predictable sequence from gravelly
deposits in active channels, to sandy active
floodplains adjacent to the active channel, to
peat-covered loamy soils on inactive floodplains
(Ugolini and Walters 1974, Binkley et al. 1997,
Jorgenson et al. 1998). In the latter stages of this
sequence, ice-rich permafrost aggrades in the silt
covered alluvium and greatly modifies the surface
with ice-wedge polygons. In higher gradient
streams in the mountains, bedrock control and
heavy bedload result in confined headwaters and
gravelly braided floodplains. On lower gradient
streams in the lowlands, sandy deposits with
meandering morphology are common. The
floodplains provide connectivity between regions,
because water is a conduit for the movement of
sediments and nutrients, as well as fish,
invertebrates, and plant materials.
Permafrost distribution is nearly continuous
throughout the region because of low air
temperatures (Jorgenson et al. 2008b). Permafrost
in the lowlands generally is extremely ice-rich due
to the thick loess deposits and long period of
development, whereas upland areas underlain by
bedrock have little ground ice as indicated by the
lack of thermokarst features. Most of the massive
ice that has accumulated in the lowlands appears to
have developed during the mid-late Pleistocene
and is in the form of massive ice wedges similar to
the “yedoma” described in Russia (Yuri Shur, pers.
comm.). The yedoma is particularly abundant in
northwestern SNWR. Ice-wedge development,
which occurs in areas where mean annual air
temperatures have been < −6°C (Péwé 1975)
during the Holocene, also has contributed to the
ice-rich permafrost. With the onset of a warmer
and moister climate during the early Holocene,
thermokarst of the ice-rich terrain has resulted in
an abundance of thaw lakes (Heiser and Hopkins
1995). Collapse of permafrost into thaw lakes, and
subsequent aggradation of ground ice in exposed
lacustrine sediments has lead to multiple episodes
of thaw lake development and occasional
development of ice-cored mounds or “pingos”
(Hopkins 1949).
Permafrost also greatly affects ecosystem
development by altering soil processes. First,
permafrost forms an impermeable layer beneath
the active layer, causing the surface soils to
become saturated in low-lying areas and on gentle
slopes (Ford and Bedford 1987). Soil saturation, in
turn, reduces soil oxygen and microbial
decomposition and thereby increases organic
matter accumulation (Höfle et al. 1998). Second,
the impermeable layer eliminates subsurface
leaching, so that solute removal is slowed down
and occurs laterally. This lateral movement through
the active layer creates distinct branching pattern
of “water-tracks” on slopes and enhances plant
growth in the drainages (Walker et al. 1989, Kane
et al. 1992). Finally, freezing and thawing
processes associated with permafrost contribute to
cryoturbation (mixing of soil horizons) and
development of patterned ground features, such as
frost boils and ice-wedge polygons, which provide
a range of wet and moist microsites. These
processes all alter the composition of vegetation
that can grow on the cold, saturated soils.
FIRE
Fire is not considered to be an important
disturbance factor in tundra ecosystems due to the
lack of fuel (Patterson and Dennis 1981), but
periodic summer droughts and thunderstorms have
produced several major fires and numerous minor
fires in SNWR since the 1940s. Fires have
predominantly occurred in upland tussock shrub on
gentle foothills and in black spruce forests in
eastern SNWR (Figure 18). Fires are uncommon in
the coastal region. While the effects of fire are
variable in this landscape, they can be locally
important since they increase the depth of the
active layer and initiate permafrost degradation
(Racine 1981, Racine et al. 1983).
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 180

161°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
157°0'0"W
ue
Ambler
Selawik
161°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
157°0'0"W
Figure 18. Map of historical fire perimeters in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge from 1942–2007.
66°0'0"N
67°0'0"N
66°0'0"N
67°0'0"N
Historical Fire Perimeters
Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge
Year of Fire
1942-1959
5
Approximate scale:
1:998,000
5 0 5 10 15
Miles
10 0 10 20 30
1960-1979
1980-1999
2000-2007
ABR file: Selawik_Fire_Perimeters_06-312.mxd; 21 July 2009
Kilometers
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 181

Summary and Conclusions
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This report presents the results of an
ecological land survey (ELS) that inventoried and
classified ecosystems in the Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge (SNWR). By analyzing the
dynamic physical processes associated with
coastal, riverine, lowland, upland and mountainous
environments, and the abundance and distribution
of their diverse ecological resources, this study
contributes to ecosystem management of federal
lands in Alaska. In developing the ecological land
classification and mapping, this study collaborated
with the ELS performed for adjacent Arctic
Network (ARCN) of national parks to develop a
regional classification and landcover map
(Jorgenson et al. 2009). While we relied on the
combined data from SNWR and ARCN to develop
a regional classification and map, data summaries
of ecosystem characteristics included only data
from SNWR.
Through field surveys at 276 intensive plots
during 2007–2008, we collected information on the
geomorphic, topographic, hydrologic, pedologic,
and vegetative characteristics of ecosystems across
the entire range of environmental gradients across
the parks. Individual ecological components (e.g.,
geomorphic unit, AVC vegetation type) were
determined using standard classification schemes
for Alaska, but modified when necessary to
differentiate unique characteristics of the study
area. We developed 40 plant associations through
multivariate classification techniques. We used the
hierarchical relationships among ecological
components to develop 57 ecotypes (local-scale
ecosystems) that best partition the variation in
ecological characteristics across the entire range of
aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Land type associations, or soil landscapes,
were developed by cross-tabulating soil types with
the ecotypes assigned for each plot. The
cross-tabulation revealed that 2–5 closely related
soil types usually were associated with 2–3
ecotypes. These groupings were used to identify 19
soil landscape classes with broad application for
resource management.
Multiple environmental site factors
contributed to the distribution of ecotypes and their
associated plant species. Mean surface
organic-horizon thickness, an indicator of land
surface age, anaerobic soil conditions and
disturbance, ranged from 0 cm in alpine, coastal
and riverine barrens to 130 cm in Lacustrine Wet
Sedge Meadow, Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
and Lowland Sedge-Willow Fen. Mean depth to
rock, an indicator of surficial deposit depth and
drainage, ranged from 0 cm in alpine barrens to
>200 cm in numerous ecotypes that occurred on
thick, eolian surficial deposits. Areas where
permafrost occurred at >1.5 m depth or was absent
included in alpine areas, uplands, coastal dry
barrens, younger riverine ecotypes , and lacustrine
fens. In other areas, particularly lowland areas and
upland tussock communities, permafrost was
usually present at 20–130 cm depth. Mean water
depth (negative when below ground) for terrestrial
ecotypes ranged from >-2 m in many upland and
riverine ecotypes to 130 cm in Lacustrine Horsetail
Marsh. Mean pH, which affects nutrient
availability and ion exchange, ranged from 3.2 in
Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub to 9.4 in
Coastal Brackish Water. Mean electrical
conductivity (EC), important for osmotic
regulation in plants, ranged from 10 μS/cm in
several upland ecotypes to 46,400 μS/cm in
Coastal Nearshore Water.
Ecotype distribution was greatly affected by
numerous landscape-level factors. Climatic
gradients in temperature and precipitation resulted
in strong differences among ecotypes distributed
across the arctic and boreal climatic domains.
Oceanographic conditions and Quaternary
sea-level changes have resulted in the occurrence
of salt-affected ecotypes along the coast and the
prevalence of lowland ecotypes on the coastal
plain. Soil pH and nutrient status are strongly
affected by underlying bedrock types and
geomorphology, particularly carbonate
sedimentary, intrusive felsic, and ultramafic
bedrock. Geomorphic environments associated
with sediment erosion and deposition create a wide
range of soil conditions and disturbance regimes.
Areas underlain by permafrost have impeded
subsurface drainage, and the varying volumes of
ground ice affect the magnitude of permafrost
degradation. Fires modify the dynamics of some
ecosystems, particularly in boreal areas primarily
vegetated by black spruce, and less frequently in
tundra.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 182

Summary and Conclusions
Three landcover map products were
developed based on spectral classification of
Landsat imagery: ecotypes, vegetation, and soil
landscapes. The process involved: (1) compiling
and preprocessing (including terrain correction,
resampling, radiometric normalization, edge
masking, radiometric calibration and mosaicing)
Landsat ETM+ scenes from a nearly cloud-free
period in late July and early August 2002; (2)
developing an unsupervised classification of the
scenes to guide development of the supervised
training set; (3) developing training areas by
digitizing polygons on Ikonos imagery according
to specific criteria; (4) developing a spectral
database that included both spectral, vegetation
and geological characteristics; (5) evaluating
signature fidelity and separability, and performing
spectral cluster analysis; (6) stratifying the
classification area based on physiography, geology,
topographic metrics, and treeline layers; (7)
performing a supervised classification of all the
scenes using the classified signatures; (8) and
reducing errors in the resulting scenes through
rule-based modeling.
We developed landcover maps from
rule-based modeling. The region was partitioned
by climatic subregions, physiography (floodplains,
alpine, coastal, etc), elevation (alpine and
subalpine), treeline, and slope (to differentiate a
subset of upland and lowland). These variables
were used to generate a matrix defining the
conditions under which each ecotype could occur.
Pixels that were not classified at 99% confidence
level or higher were re-classified using the entire
signature set and ecotypes were assigned based on
a matrix. This process generated a total of 43
mapped ecotypes. Second, we used the ecotype
classification to produce a map of 26 vegetation
classes. Third, we developed a soil landscapes map
with 19 classes derived from aggregating similar
ecotypes with similar soils, based on relationships
developed from the landscape-relationships
analysis using field plot data. The SNWR maps
form a portion of a much broader regional map
developed for Arctic Network of National
Parklands.
The most abundant ecotypes in SNWR were
Upland Dwarf Birch–Tussock Shrub (28%),
Lowland Birch–Ericaceous Low Shrub (7%),
Lowland Birch–Willow Low Shrub (7%), Lowland
Lake (6%), Upland Birch–Willow Low Shrub
(5%), and Upland White Spruce–Ericaceous Forest
(5%). When all riverine ecotypes are grouped,
SNWR has an unusually high (16%) abundance of
riverine ecotypes (including Riverine Water) due to
the large Kobuk Delta and broadly meandering
floodplains of the Selawik and other lowland
rivers. Twenty-two ecotypes were relatively rare,
covering

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191 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 1. Coding system for characterizing ecological characteristics of field plots.
TERRAIN UNITS
Bxw Bedrock, weathered (undiffer.)
If Intrusive-felsic
Ii Intrusive-intermediate
Im Intrusive-mafic
Iu Intrusive ultra mafic
Vfy Volcanic-felsic-younger
Vfo Volcanic-felsic-older
Viy Volcanic-intermediate, younger
Vio Volcanic-intermediate, older
Vmy Volcanic-mafic-younger
Vmo Volcanic-mafic-older
Vp Volcanic-pyroclastics
Sc Sedimentary, carbonate
Sn Sedimentary, noncarbonate
Nc Metamorphic-carbonate
Nn Metamorphic-noncarbonate
C Colluvial Deposits
Ch Hillslope Colluvium
Cl Landslide Deposit
Cs Solifluction Deposits
Ct Talus
Ell Lowland Loess
Elu Upland Loess
Esa Eolian Active Sand
Esi Eolian Inactive Sand
Fdr Delta Channel Deposit
Fdo Delta Overbank Deposit
Fmrac Meand Coarse Active Channel
Fmric Meand Coarse Inactv Chan. Dep.
Fmraf Meander Fine Active Chan Dep.
Fmrif Meander Fine Inactive Chan Dep.
Fmo Meander Overbank Deposit
Fmoa Meander Active Overbank Dep
Fmoi Meander Inactive Overbank Dep
Fmob Mean. Abandoned Overbank Dep
Fbrac Braided Coarse Active Chanl
Fbric Braided Coarse Inact. ChanDep.
Fboa Braided Active Overbank Deposit
Fboi Braided Inactive Overbank Dep
Fbob Braided Abandoned Ovrbank Dep
Fhl Headwater Lowland Floodplain
Fhm Mod Steep Headwater Fldplain
Fhmo Mod Steep Headwtr Overbnk Dep
Fto Old Terrace (lower terraces)
Ff Alluvial Fan
Ffi Alluvial Fan Inactive Deposit
Ffb Alluvial Fan Abandoned Deposit
Gmo Older Moraine
Gmy Younger Moraine
Gto Older Till Sheet
Gty Younger Till Sheet
GFo Glaciofluvial Outwash
GFoo Glacfluvial Outwsh, Older
GFk Kame Deposits
GFt Glacflvl Outwsh, Terrace
GL Glaciolacustrine Deposits
L LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS
Ldnc Drained Basin, Ice-poor center
Ldnm Drained Basin, Ice-poor margin
Ldnu Drained basin, Ice-poor undiff
Ldic Drained Basin, Ice-rich center
Ldim Drained Basin, Ice-rich margin
Ldiu Drained basin, Ice-rich undiff
Ldip Drained Basin Pngo
Of Organic Fens (0rg >40cm)
Ob Bogs
Wrhm Mountain Headwater Stream
Wrln Lower Perennial, non-glacial
Wrlg Lower Perennial, glacial
Wrun Upper Perennial, Non-glacial
Wrug Upper Perennial, Glacial
Wldc Deep Connected Lake
Wldcm Deep Connected Lake, Morainal
Wldir Deep Isolated Lake, Riverine
Wldit Deep Isolated Lake, Thaw
Wldim Deep Isolated Lake, Morainal
Wlsc Shallow Connected Lake
Wlscv Shallow Connected Beaver Pnd
Wlsi Shallow Isolated Lake
Wlsir Shallow Isolated Lake, Riverine
Wlsit Shallow Isolated Lake, Thaw
Wlsim Shallow Iso Lake, Morainal
MACROTOPOGRAPHY:
C Top, Crest, Summit Or Ridge
Fh Plateau (High Flats)
Fpp Permafrost Plateau
Sh Shoulder Slope
Steep Slopes
Sb Bluff or Bank (unconsolidated)
Sbs Steep bluff south facing
Sc Cliff (rocky)
Su UPPER SLOPE (convex, creep)
Suc Concave (water gathering)
Suv Convex (water shedding)
Suvs Convex, south-facing
Sup Plane
Sl LOWER SLOPE (concave)
Slc Concave (water gathering)
Slch Nivation hollows, Snowbanks,
Slv Convex (water shedding)
Slp Plane
T TOE Slope
D Drainage or Water Track
B BASINS OR DEPRESSIONS
Bd Drained Basin
Bk Kettle
F FLAT/FLUVIAL RELATED
Fn Nonpatterned
Fm Flats margins (transition)
Fc Channel, swale or gut,
Fi Interfluv or flat bank
Fl Levee
Fb Bar (undifferentiated)
Fbp Point Bar
Fs Crevasse splay
Ft Terrace
Ff Flood Basin (behind levee)
W WATERBODIES
Wi Islands Present
Lm Lake Margins
Lb Wave cut bench (shore)
R RIVER OR STREAM
Rp Deep Pools (>1.5 m)
Rs Shallow Runs (10%)
ECOTYPE VEG STRUCT Code:
BP barrens or Partially vegetated
FA Aquatic Forb
SE Sedge Emergent (Marsh)
GE Graminoid Emergent (Marsh)
FE Forb Emergent (Marsh)
SM Sedge Meadow
GM Grass Meadow
FM Forb Meadow
TM Tussock Meadow
KM Salt-killed Meadow
DS dwarf scrub (150cm)
BF broadleaf forest
MF mixed forest
NF needleleaf forest
RW River (flowing water)
LW Lake (still water)
CW Coastal (saline)
VEGETATION CLASSES (IV):
Bbg Barrens (

Appendix 1. Continued.
ENVIRONMENTAL PLOT DATA
NoData=999
PLotID: Unique Identifier
Date: mm/dd/yy (ck)
Observers: Initials of Observer
Plot Photos: Camera Name
(Photos:verticle, oblique, soil)
GeogLandMark: river, mountain, etc
PinPrick: enter “y” after marked
PlotRadius(m): Usually 10
Physiography:
A Alpine
S Subalpine
U Upland
L Lowland
G Glacial
P Lacustrine (ponded)
R Riverine
C Coastal
H Human
SurfGeomorph: see Terrain Unit codes
SubGeomorph: see Terrain Unit codes
Slope(deg):
Aspect(deg):
Macrotopography: see codes
Microtopog: see codes
Microrelief (cm):
NWI Water Regime:
U Upland
Ts Subtidal
Te Irregularly exposed
Tr Regularly flooded
Ti Irregularly flooded
Np Permanently flooded
Nei Intermittently exposed
Nsp Semipermanently flooded
Nse Seasonally flooded
Nsa Saturated (S)
Nt Temporarily flooded
Ni Intermittently flooded
Na Artificially flooded
WaterDep: (+/-, or >pit depth)
A/B soilSurf : water above or below
Saturat10cm, perm water)
LowMottDep: depth cm to chr=2 or less
LowMatrDepth: depth cm to chr=1, no
mottling, full gley
HydricSoil: y, n, u (unknown)
Permfrst: y, n, u (unknown)
Drained Depth (cm):
CryoTurb: Present, Absent, unknown
SurfOrg: depth of top Org layer (cm)
CumOrg40: total org in top 40
Loess Thick (cm): eolian silt thickness
DomMineral40: dominant mineral text.
in top 40 cm
K Blocky (angular, >76 mm, >15%)
B Boldery (rounded, >76 mm, >15%)
R Rubbly (angl, 15-60% , 2-76 mm)
G Gravelly (rounded, 15-60%, 2-76 mm)
S Sandy (grSa to l Sa; 5/m 2 for coarse
SoilPH10: to 0.1 units in paste (10 cm)
SoilPH30: to 0.1 units in paste (30 cm)
SoilEC: uS/cm from paste (10cm)
Soil Strat: form done? (y/n/u)
SampMeth (Sampling Method):
Pit pLug Auger
Corer bank Exposure
Surface Metal probe
LM plug + probe LA plug + auger
MaxObsDepth: Max depth plug/probe
SoilClass: NRCS 9 th ed
Veg Completeness: Complete, Partial ,
Dominants only, nd
VegClass4: Viereck Level IV
AltVeg: cutpoint veg class, if applicable
EcoType: sequencial coding for
Physiograph, DomTex40, SoilMoist, Soil
Chemisty (circumneut pH=5.6-7.3,
brackish (e)>800uS), Veg Structure
DstbClass2: Disturbance Class, see codes
GPS X-Y-Z: enter UTM, verifies data
NOTES: record codes not on drop lists
SOIL PROFILE FORM
Lithofacies:
B Blocky (angular>380 mm, >60%)
R Rubble (angular, 2-380 mm, >60%)
S Stony (rounded, >250 mm, >60%)
Gm Gravel (rounded, massive, >60%)
Gfm Gravel, with fine, massive,15-60%
Gsm Gravel, with sand, massive
Gl Gravel (2-250 mm), layered
Sm Sands, massive
Si Sands, inclined
Sl Sands, layerd
Soi Sands with org, inclined
Sr Sands, rippled
Sor – sands with org, inclined
Sgm Sands w/tr gravel, massive
Sgmt Sands w/tr gravel, turbated
Om Organic, massive
Ol Organic, layered (> 10% organic)
Olt Organic, layered, turbated
Oa Organic, limnic
Fm Fines massive
Fom Fines with organics, massive
Fomt Fines with organics, massive,
turbated
Fgm Fines w/tr gravel (tr-15% gravel)
Fl Fines, layered
Fr Fines, rippled
For Fines with organics, rippled
Fcm Fines with clay, massive
Fcl Fines with clay, layered
Fa Fines with algae, limnic
TopDepth; cm from surf (exc live moss)
BotDepth: cm
Horizon: used NRCS codes
Master horizon:O, A, AB, AE, A/B, A/E,A/C,
AC, E, E/A, BA B, BC, B/C, C, L, W, R,
Horizon suffixes
a, b, c, co, d, di, e, f, ff, g, h, i, j, jj, k, m,
ma, n, o, p, q, r, s, ss, t, v, w, y, z,
Boundary: (combine, e.g. As)
Distinctness:
Abrupt (15 cm)
Topography:
Smooth Wavy
Irregular (deeper than wide) Broken
Coarse fragment content class:
Combine content + size (sgr, xby)
0%, no crs frag modifier
s trace to 15 % (grssil)
15 to 35 %; no content modifier
v 35 to 60 % (cbssil)
x 60-90 % (grxSiL)
>90%; use crs frg alone (eg. gr)
Crse fragment size class (>2mm); largest
fl flagstones (flat, 150-380 mm)
cn channery (flat, 2-150 mm)
by boulder ( round, > 600 mm)
st stone (round, 250 – 600 mm)
cb cobble (round, 75 – 250 mm)
gr gravel (round, 2 – 75 mm)
Fine fraction codes
s sand
vcos very coarse sand (1–2 mm)
cos coarse sand (0.5–1 mm)
ms medium sand (0.25-0.5 mm)
fs fine sand (0.1–-.25 mm)
vfs very fine sand (0.05–0.1 mm)
lcos loamy coarse sand
ls loamy sand
lfs loamy fine sand
lvfs loamy very fine sand
cosl coarse sandy loam
sl sandy loam
fsl fine sandy loam
vfsl very fine sandy loam
l loam
sil silt loam
si silt (0.002–0.05 mm)
scl sandy clay loam
cl clay loam
sicl silty clay loam
sc sandy clay loac
sic silty clay
c clay (10% OM, 20 % area)
Size:
f fine (< 2 mm)
m medium (2 to 5 mm)
c coarse (5 - 20 mm)
v very coarse (20 – 76 mm)
e extremely coarse (>76 mm)
Contrast: (change in value, chroma)
f faint (hue, chroma similar)
d distinct (value 2-4, >1 chroma)
p prominent (value > 4)
Redox Kind:
Reduced matrix; redox depletions;
concentration-masses; concentration
nodules; concentration-concretions;
surface coats
Structure:
Grade
g structureless (single-grained)
w weak (barely visible)
m moderate (easily observable)
s strongly
Size (mm)
vf very fine (g-p 500 mm)
Type (shape)
g granular; p platy
r prismatic c columnar
a angular blocky
s subangular blocky
w wedge g single grained
m massive l clods
Rupture Resistance: (moist)
l loose
fr friable vfr very friable
fi firm vfi very firm
efi extremely firm sr slightly rigid
r rigid vr very rigid
Stickiness and Plasticity::
None Slightly Moderately Very
VEGETATION STRUCTURE
Crown Class
O overtopping; D Dominant
C Codominant I Intermediate
U Understory
Size Class (typical)
Seedling; sApling (30cm)
193 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 2. List of ecological components of ground reference plots in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, northwestern Alaska, including
pp data collected by Stephen Talbot and used for the ELS.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
SELA_PurcellHS_2007 8/4/2007 999 999
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_T01_01_2007 8/12/2007 66.59 -161.37 L 0 999 Fdob Phl 50 Slobe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub betnan-rhyrug-vacvit-alncri-hylspl-aultur
SELA_T01_02_2007 8/12/2007 66.58 -161.37 P 0 999 Wetr W 0 W Lowland Lake myrspi-potric-potfil-calher
SELA_T01_03_2007 8/12/2007 66.58 -161.37 R 0 999 Fdoi N 30 Stcaw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub equarv-salric-alncri-salala-merpan
SELA_T01_04_2007 8/12/2007 66.58 -161.37 R 0 999 Fdoi N 100 Slow Riverine Bluejoint Meadow calgig-calcan-salric-equarv-caraqu-carsax
SELA_T01_05_2007 8/13/2007 66.58 -161.39 P 0 999 Of N 0 Hgwsht Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow caraqu-potpal-eriang-salric-equflu
SELA_T01_06_2007 8/13/2007 66.58 -161.39 R 8 170 Fdoi N 30 Stcaw Riverine Alder Tall Shrub moss-salala-alncri-equarv-calcan
SELA_T01_07_2007 8/13/2007 66.58 -161.39 R 1 170 Fdoi N 50 Stoaw Riverine Alder Tall Shrub equarv-salric-alncri-calcan-rubarc1
SELA_T01_08_2007 8/13/2007 66.58 -161.39 P 0 999 Fdob N 30 Hgwsmb Lacustrine Buckbean Fen moss-potpal-mentri-caramb-eriang-erirus
SELA_T01_09_2007 8/13/2007 66.58 -161.40 L 0 999 Of N 20 Hgwst Lowland Sedge Fen scosco-carcap1-eriang-utrvul-carcho
SELA_T01_10_2007 8/13/2007 66.58 -161.40 L 0 999 Ob Mpm 100 Slobe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub plesch-betnan-vaculi-alncri-aultur
SELA_T01_11_2007 8/13/2007 66.59 -161.40 P 0 999 Wlsi W 0 Hfwhb Lacustrine Buckbean Fen potpal-mentri-equflu-calgig-utrvul
SELA_T01_12_2007 8/13/2007 66.59 -161.40 U 0 999 Ltdi Mpm 100 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub vaculi-rubcha-alncri-erivag-vacvit
SELA_T01_13_2007 8/13/2007 66.59 -161.41 U 0 999 Fdob N 30 Sdel Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub vacvit-rubcha-clamit-leddec-claran
SELA_T01_14_2007 8/13/2007 66.59 -161.36 L 0 999 Fdob N 30 Slobe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub plesch-vaculi-rubcha-hylspl-aultur
SELA_T01_15_2007 8/14/2007 66.59 -161.38 L 0 999 Of Mpm 30 Hgwst Lowland Sedge Fen scosco-carcho-drepa-erirus-myrgal
SELA_T01_16_2007 8/14/2007 66.59 -161.38 L 0 999 Fdob Mpm 100 Slobe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub empnig-vaculi-betnan-alncri-plesch
SELA_T01_17_2007 8/14/2007 66.60 -161.38 U 0 999 Fdob N 30 Sdel Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub vacvit-rubcha-betnan-flacuc-erivag
SELA_T01_18_2007 8/14/2007 66.60 -161.38 P 0 999 Of W 20 Haf Lacustrine Buckbean Fen scosco-mentri-drerev-equflu-carlim
SELA_T01_19_2007 8/14/2007 66.60 -161.39 L 0 999 Of Mpm 100 Hgwst Lowland Sedge Fen scosco-carcho-eriang-erirus-utrvul
SELA_T01_20_2007 8/14/2007 66.60 -161.39 U 999 999 nd Sloe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub vacvit-alncri-betnan-clamit-erivag
SELA_T01_21_2007 8/14/2007 66.60 -161.39 L 0 999 Fdob N 50 Sdel Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub vacvit-plesch-betnan-moss-rubcha
SELA_T02_01_2007 8/9/2007 66.84 -161.72 P 0 999 Ltnu N 0 Hgwsl Lacustrine Buckbean Fen mentri-eriang-carsax-utrvul-drerev
SELA_T02_02_2007 8/9/2007 66.84 -161.72 L 1 182 Osp Fh 75 Fnwws Lowland Willow Low Shrub salpla-hylspl-vaculi-alncri-cliden
SELA_T02_03_2007 8/9/2007 66.84 -161.72 U 22 210 Elu N 30 Fnows Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest picgla-vacvit-alncri-hylspl-calcan
SELA_T02_04_2007 8/9/2007 66.84 -161.71 U 5 4 Elu Mpm 50 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub vaculi-hylspl-empnig-betnan-carbig
SELA_T02_05_2007 8/9/2007 66.85 -161.72 U 3 182 Ell N 75 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub vacvit-betnan-sphcom-vaculi-erivag
SELA_T02_06_2007 8/9/2007 66.85 -161.72 U 3 65 Esi N 30 Sdet Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub carbig-betnan-salgla-vacvit-clamit
SELA_T02_07_2007 8/9/2007 66.85 -161.71 U 8 275 Elu N 50 Stoa Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub salret-alncri-equarv-calcan-arclat
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 194

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_T02_08_2007 8/9/2007 66.85 -161.72 P 0 999 Wlsit W 0 W Lacustrine Marestail Marsh potalp-potpal-utrvul-equpal-eriang
SELA_T02_09_2007 8/10/2007 66.86 -161.75 P 0 999 L N 100 Hgwfg Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh arcful-carlyn-caraqu-calcan-becsyz
SELA_T02_10_2007 8/10/2007 66.86 -161.75 L 0 999 Ob Mu 100 Slobe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub cetisl2-vaculi-betnan-vacvit-aultur
SELA_T02_11_2007 8/10/2007 66.86 -161.75 L 2 305 Ob Fh 30 Hgwst Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-limrev-tricae-erisch-erivag
SELA_T02_12_2007 8/10/2007 66.85 -161.73 U 2 80 Elu 30 Sdev Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub vacvit-vaculi-empnig-arcalp-carbig
SELA_T02_13_2007 8/10/2007 66.85 -161.72 P 2 350 Ldnm N 30 Hgmbh Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow calcan-rubarc1-pollon1-dicund-sphmin
SELA_T02_14_2007 8/10/2007 66.85 -161.72 U 32 28 Ch Mg 75 Sloaw Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub hylspl-plesch-alncri-equarv-vaculi
SELA_T02_15_2007 8/11/2007 66.84 -161.73 P 0 999 Wetr W 0 W Lowland Lake potric-potalp-myrspi-potam
SELA_T02_16_2007 8/11/2007 66.84 -161.73 R 0 999 Fdoi N 30 Stoaw Riverine Alder Tall Shrub equarv-alncri-rhimag-cliden-petfri
SELA_T02_17_2007 8/11/2007 66.84 -161.73 L 2 100 Fdob N 30 Slobe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub hylspl-betnan-vacvit-aultur-carbig
SELA_T02_18_2007 8/11/2007 66.84 -161.73 P 0 999 Of N 0 Hgwsb Lacustrine Buckbean Fen carrar-mentri-caraqu-erirus-tripal
SELA_T02_19_2007 8/11/2007 66.84 -161.73 U 1 30 Fdob N 30 Slobe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub leddec-hylspl-vacvit-betnan-vaculi
SELA_T02_20_2007 8/11/2007 66.84 -161.73 L 0 999 Fdob N 30 Stoaw Lowland Alder Tall Shrub equarv-alncri-rubcha-hylspl-betnan
SELA_T02_21_2007 8/11/2007 66.84 -161.73 L 1 30 Fdob N 30 Slobb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog betnan-moss-erirus-salpla-andpol
SELA_T02_22_2007 8/11/2007 66.84 -161.73 C 0 999 Fdob N 30 Hgwhsb Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh carlyn
SELA_T02_23_2007 8/11/2007 66.84 -161.73 L 0 999 Fdob N 75 Stoaw Lowland Alder Tall Shrub
SELA_T02_24_2007 8/11/2007 66.84 -161.73 L 0 999 Of N 50 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
SELA_T03_01_2007 8/12/2007 66.87 -160.93 R 3 270 Fmrif N 0 Hgwfg Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh arcful-salala-eleaci-beceru-caraqu
SELA_T03_02_2007 8/12/2007 66.87 -160.93 R 0 999 Fmoa N 10 Stow Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub equarv-salala-calcan-arttil-rubarc1
SELA_T03_03_2007 8/12/2007 66.87 -160.93 R 0 999 Fmoi N 10 Stca Riverine Alder Tall Shrub alncri-equarv-moss-aneric-rubarc1
SELA_T03_04_2007 8/12/2007 66.87 -160.93 L 0 999 Of N 10 Hgwsht Lowland Sedge-Willow Fen caraqu-eriang-salric-equvar-drepa
SELA_T03_05_2007 8/13/2007 66.87 -160.94 R 2 270 Fmraf N 0 Bpv Riverine Barrens equarv-arcful-salint-descae-eleaci
SELA_T03_06_2007 8/13/2007 66.87 -160.94 R 0 999 Wrln W 0 Wf River potpec
SELA_T03_07_2007 8/13/2007 66.87 -160.94 R 0 999 Fmraf N 10 Hgwfg Riverine Pendent Grass Marsh arcful-caraqu-equflu-equarv-glymax
SELA_T03_08_2007 8/13/2007 66.89 -160.94 R 3 300 Fmraf N 0 Bpv Riverine Barrens equarv-salala-descae-eleaci-arttil
SELA_T03_09_2007 8/13/2007 66.89 -160.94 R 3 300 Fmoa N 0 Slow Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub equarv-arttil-salala-chrbip-calcan
SELA_T03_10_2007 8/13/2007 66.89 -160.94 R 0 999 Fmoi N 10 Stow Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub salala-equarv-rubarc1-arclat-sanunc
SELA_T03_11_2007 8/13/2007 66.88 -160.94 R 0 999 Fmrif N 10 Hfwfh Riverine Forb Marsh equflu-carros1-potpal-drepa-calli
SELA_T03_12_2007 8/13/2007 66.88 -160.94 R 0 999 Fmoi N 10 Stow Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub equarv-salala-drepa-cliden-equvar
SELA_T03_13_2007 8/13/2007 66.89 -160.93 R 0 999 Fmoi N 10 Stoaw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub equarv-salala-alncri-cliden-rubarc1
SELA_T03_14_2007 8/13/2007 66.88 -160.93 P 0 999 Of N 0 Hfwhb Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh warexa-calgig-equflu-calli-hipvul
195 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_T03_15_2007 8/13/2007 66.89 -160.93 P 0 999 Of N 10 Hfwhb Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh warexa-equflu-calgig-calli-caraqu
SELA_T03_16_2007 8/13/2007 66.89 -160.93 R 0 999 Fmrbf N 10 Hgwsl Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow caraqu-warexa-calgig-potpal-carros1
SELA_T03_17_2007 8/13/2007 66.89 -160.93 R 0 999 Fmoi N 10 Fnows Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest equarv-alncri-picgla-plesch-sanunc
SELA_T03_18_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.90 L 0 999 Of Fh 20 Hgwst Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphlen-aultur-aulpal-sphrub-carrar
SELA_T03_19_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.90 L 0 999 Ltnm N 10 Hgwst Lowland Sedge Fen caraqu-eriang-carrot-sphfus-moss
SELA_T03_20_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.90 L 0 999 Ob Fh 30 Slobe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub leddec-betnan-vaculi-hylspl-dicra1
SELA_T03_21_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.90 U 0 999 Ell Fh 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-betnan-vacvit-carbig-leddec
SELA_T03_22_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.89 U 26 180 Ell Mg 50 Fmwsb Upland Spruce-Birch Forest equpra-hylspl-vacvit-equarv-alncri
SELA_T03_23_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.89 L 2 180 Fs Fh 30 Fnwbs Lowland Black Spruce Forest pethyp-hylspl-aultur-tomnit-equarv
SELA_T03_24_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.88 P 0 999 Of W 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh equflu-warexa-carros1-utrmin-spaang
SELA_T03_25_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.88 P 0 999 Wldit W 0 Wf Lowland Lake
SELA_T03_26_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.89 P 0 999 Wlsit W 0 Hafp Lacustrine Marestail Marsh warexa-potalp-potzos-potgra-hipvul
SELA_T03_27_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.89 U 36 200 Ell Mu 100 Fmosb Upland Spruce-Birch Forest betpap-alncri-picgla-calcan-equarv
SELA_T03_28_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.89 P 0 999 Wldit W 0 Hafp Lowland Lake potzos-potgra-warexa-potalp-hipvul
SELA_T03_29_2007 8/14/2007 66.86 -160.89 U 5 250 Elu Fh 20 Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest betnan-vaculi-picgla-carbig-arclat
SELA_T03_30_2007 8/15/2007 66.86 -160.92 R 2 270 Fdra N 10 Hfwhlm Riverine Barrens equflu-equarv-stecra-salala-descae
SELA_T03_31_2007 8/15/2007 66.86 -160.92 R 0 999 Fdoa N 0 Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub salala-equarv-arclat-arttil-salarb
SELA_T04_01_2007 8/8/2007 66.64 -160.14 P 0 999 Ltnm N 0 Haf Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh equflu-cicmac-calcan-eriang-caraqu
SELA_T04_02_2007 8/8/2007 66.64 -160.15 P 0 999 Ltnm N 20 Stow Lacustrine Willow Shrub calcan-salpul-potpal-calpal1-equflu
SELA_T04_03_2007 8/8/2007 66.64 -160.15 L 0 999 Ell Fh 20 Sloe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub rubcha-spibea-vaculi-alncri-iriset
SELA_T04_04_2007 8/9/2007 66.64 -160.14 L 0 999 Fmob N 20 Stow Lowland Willow Low Shrub calcan-salpul-potpal-eriang-caraqu
SELA_T04_05_2007 8/9/2007 66.64 -160.14 L 0 999 Fmob Tm 30 Stoaw Lowland Willow Low Shrub rubcha-vaculi-salpul-alncri-betnan
SELA_T04_06_2007 8/9/2007 66.64 -160.14 U 0 999 Fmob Fh 30 Slobe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub rubcha-sphmag-leddec-sphang-betnan
SELA_T04_07_2007 8/9/2007 66.65 -160.14 L 0 999 Fmob Mi 30 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphang-sphmag-erirus-andpol-sphste
SELA_T04_08_2007 8/9/2007 66.65 -160.14 L 0 999 Ob Plll 20 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphste-erirus-sphbal-sphmag-andpol
SELA_T04_09_2007 8/9/2007 66.65 -160.14 P 0 999 Of N 0 Hgwsht Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh caraqu-potpal-equflu-eriang-utrint
SELA_T04_10_2007 8/9/2007 66.65 -160.14 P 0 999 Wlsct W 0 Hafb Lacustrine Marestail Marsh spaang-utrvul-equflu-hipvul-lemtri
SELA_T04_11_2007 8/9/2007 66.65 -160.14 P 0 999 Of W 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh equflu-potpal-hipvul-utrvul-caraqu
SELA_T04_12_2007 8/9/2007 66.65 -160.15 P 0 999 Ltnm N 20 Stoaw Lacustrine Willow Shrub calcan-salpul-potpal-salfus-vaculi
SELA_T04_13_2007 8/9/2007 66.64 -160.14 P 0 999 Ltnm W 0 Hgwfs Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow caraqu-eriang-potpal-equflu-utrvul
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 196

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_T04_15_2007 8/9/2007 66.64 -160.14 R 0 999 Fmob N 0 Hgmbh Riverine Bluejoint Meadow calcan-potpal-pethyp-valcap-angluc
SELA_T04_16_2007 8/10/2007 66.66 -160.12 L 38 62 Ell M 100 Slod Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub leddec-psicav-vaculi-betnan-polala
SELA_T04_17_2007 8/10/2007 66.66 -160.12 P 0 999 Wlsct W 0 Wf Lowland Lake spaang-potric-calher-potalp-myrspi
SELA_T04_18_2007 8/10/2007 66.66 -160.12 U 0 999 Ell Phh 50 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-leddec-sphag-andpol-vacvit
SELA_T04_19_2007 8/10/2007 66.66 -160.12 L 0 999 Ob Tt 75 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphjen-warflu-erirus-sphcom-sphmag
SELA_T04_20_2007 8/10/2007 66.66 -160.12 L 0 999 Ob Tt 50 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog warflu-erirus-carrot-polstr-sphmag
SELA_T04_21_2007 8/10/2007 66.66 -160.12 L 0 999 Ltim Pllh 50 Sdet Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog carrot-sphmag-sphfus-andpol-erivag
SELA_T04_22_2007 8/10/2007 66.66 -160.13 L 0 999 Ob Plll 30 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog erirus-sphjen-sphfus-sphmag-sphcom
SELA_T04_23_2007 8/10/2007 66.66 -160.13 L 0 999 Ob M 30 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-erirus-andpol-tricae-aulpal
SELA_T04_24_2007 8/10/2007 66.66 -160.14 L 0 999 Ob Mi 75 Slobe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub rubcha-sphag-plesch-leddec-vaculi
SELA_T04_25_2007 8/11/2007 66.64 -160.13 P 0 999 Ltnm N 0 Hafe Lacustrine Buckbean Fen equflu-mentri-calli-utrvul-cicmac
SELA_T04_26_2007 8/11/2007 66.64 -160.13 P 0 999 Wlsct W 0 Haf Lacustrine Marestail Marsh utrvul-spaang-hipvul-potgra-equflu
SELA_T04_27_2007 8/11/2007 66.64 -160.13 P 0 999 Ltnc W 0 Hfwfh Lacustrine Marestail Marsh utrvul-calnat-hipvul-calher-myrspi
SELA_T04_28_2007 8/11/2007 66.64 -160.13 P 0 999 Ltnc N 10 Hgmb Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow calcan-potpal-calli-salpul-caraqu
SELA_T04_29_2007 8/11/2007 66.63 -160.12 R 0 999 Fmoi N 10 Stow Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub equarv-salpul-calcan-moss-salala
SELA_T04_30_2007 8/11/2007 66.63 -160.12 R 0 999 Fmrif W 0 Hafe Riverine Forb Marsh equflu-potpal-cicmac-caraqu-utrvul
SELA_T04_31_2007 8/11/2007 66.63 -160.12 R 0 999 Fmoi N 10 Stcaw Riverine Alder Tall Shrub salpul-pethyp-rubarc1-alncri-calcan
SELA_T04_32_2007 8/11/2007 66.63 -160.12 L 0 999 Fmob N 10 Slcw Lowland Willow Low Shrub salpul-eriang-sphsqu-calcan-vaculi
SELA_T04_33_2007 8/11/2007 66.63 -160.13 R 0 999 Fmob N 10 Hgwst Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow eriang-potpal-calcan-salpul-caraqu
SELA_T04_34_2007 8/11/2007 66.63 -160.12 R 0 999 Wlsir W 0 Haf Riverine Forb Marsh myrspi-potzos-hipvul-calgig-potpal
SELA_T04_35_2007 8/12/2007 66.64 -160.14 U 0 999 Ob Fh 30 Slobe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub rubcha-betnan-leddec-vaculi-plesch
SELA_T04_36_2007 8/12/2007 66.64 -160.14 U 0 999 Ob N 20 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-leddec-sphag-plesch-vacvit
SELA_T05_01_2007 8/5/2007 66.55 -159.83 U 25 220 Ltip Mpm 75 Slcbe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub vaculi-leddec-carbig-moss-betnan
SELA_T05_02_2007 8/5/2007 66.55 -159.83 U 18 30 Ltip Mpm 75 Slobe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphag-vacvit-leddec-plesch-betnan
SELA_T05_03_2007 8/5/2007 66.55 -159.83 U 0 999 Ltiu Mpm 100 Slobe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub vacvit-leddec-betnan-empnig-claran
SELA_T05_04_2007 8/5/2007 66.55 -159.83 L 0 999 Ob Mpm 20 Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen sphag-carrot-carlim-carcho-caraqu
SELA_T05_05_2007 8/5/2007 66.55 -159.84 U 0 999 Ob Pd 50 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-sphag-vacvit-rubcha-leddec
SELA_T05_06_2007 8/6/2007 66.55 -159.86 P 0 999 Wl W 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh equflu-cicmac-utrvul-potpal-calli
SELA_T05_07_2007 8/6/2007 66.55 -159.86 P 0 999 Wl W 0 Hafb Lacustrine Marestail Marsh utrvul-spaang-equflu
SELA_T05_08_2007 8/6/2007 66.55 -159.85 L 3 160 Ob Mpm 50 Slce Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-leddec-rubcha-chacal-betgla
SELA_T05_09_2007 8/6/2007 66.56 -159.86 L 0 999 Of Ds 30 Hfwhb Lowland Sedge Fen sphobt-potpal-equflu-carros1-cicmac
197 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_T05_10_2007 8/6/2007 66.56 -159.85 R 1 50 Fmoa N 50 Stca Riverine Alder Tall Shrub alncri-calcan-rubarc1-moss-salala
SELA_T05_11_2007 8/6/2007 66.56 -159.85 R 0 999 Wr W 0 Hafp River potric-potgra-potalp-equflu-myrspi
SELA_T05_12_2007 8/6/2007 66.56 -159.85 R 1 165 Fmrif Ds 100 Stow Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub salpul-calcan-eriang-potpal-caraqu
SELA_T05_13_2007 8/6/2007 66.56 -159.85 R 0 999 Fmoi Ds 30 Hgwfs Riverine Wet Sedge Meadow eriang-calcan-potpal-caraqu-calpal1
SELA_T05_14_2007 8/6/2007 66.55 -159.85 P 0 999 N 10 Bpv Lacustrine Barrens arcful-sencon1-salpul-rorisl-pollap
SELA_T05_15_2007 8/7/2007 66.55 -159.81 U 2 265 Ob N 75 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-rubcha-vacvit-leddec-sphag
SELA_T05_16_2007 8/7/2007 66.55 -159.81 P 0 999 Wls N 20 Hfwhlm Lacustrine Buckbean Fen sphsqu-mentri-potpal-calpal2-cicmac
SELA_T05_17_2007 8/7/2007 66.55 -159.81 P 0 999 Wls W 0 Hafb Lacustrine Marestail Marsh utrvul-spaang-potzos-potric-scosco
SELA_T05_18_2007 8/7/2007 66.55 -159.81 L 4 330 Ltim Mpm 50 Slcbe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub rubcha-vacvit-betnan-leddec-spibea
SELA_T05_19_2007 8/7/2007 66.56 -159.82 U 3 240 Ell Mpm 75 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-vacvit-sphag-flacuc-carbig
SELA_T05_20_2007 8/7/2007 66.56 -159.83 U 1 170 Fmob M 50 Slobb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphag-rubcha-vacvit-betnan-leddec
SELA_T05_21_2007 8/7/2007 66.56 -159.83 U 1 84 Fmob M 75 Slobb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphag-leddec-vacvit-empnig-vaculi
SELA_T05_22_2007 8/7/2007 66.56 -159.83 L 1 190 Ob N 20 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphste-andpol-caraqu-carrot-erirus
SELA_T05_23_2007 8/7/2007 66.55 -159.84 P 3 260 Ltnm N 30 Hgmbs Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow calcan-potpal-polcom-spibea-erirus
SELA_T05_24_2007 8/7/2007 66.55 -159.86 R 9 205 Fmoi N 50 Stca Riverine Alder Tall Shrub alncri-equarv-rubarc1-calcan-linbor
SELA_T05_25_2007 8/7/2007 66.55 -159.86 U 10 46 Ell N 30 Slcbe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub leddec-betnan-vacvit-carbig-sphag
SELA_T05_26_2007 8/8/2007 66.55 -159.86 R 0 999 nd W Wf River potric-arcful-potalp
SELA_T05_27_2007 8/8/2007 66.55 -159.86 P 999 999 nd Hgwgh Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow caraqu-calcan-moss-arcful-potpal
SELA_T06_01_2007 8/6/2007 66.52 -159.19 U 0 999 Ob N 0 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphag-arcalp-erivag-vacvit-leddec
SELA_T06_02_2007 8/6/2007 66.53 -159.18 R 0 999 Fmoi N 10 Stca Riverine Alder Tall Shrub alncri-calcan-rubarc1-arttil-ribtri
SELA_T06_03_2007 8/6/2007 66.53 -159.18 L 0 999 Fmob N 10 Slow Lowland Willow Low Shrub sphsqu-potpal-salpul-equflu-vaculi
SELA_T06_04_2007 8/6/2007 66.53 -159.19 U 0 999 Ob Phl 30 Hgwst Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphag-kobmyo-erivag-andpol-empnig
SELA_T06_05_2007 8/6/2007 66.52 -159.20 U 0 999 Ob Plhh 30 Sloeb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub arcalp-sphag-vacvit-vaculi-carrot
SELA_T06_06_2007 8/6/2007 66.52 -159.20 L 0 999 Ob Plhh 25 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-erirus-chacal-andpol-poljun
SELA_T06_07_2007 8/7/2007 66.52 -159.17 L 0 999 Ob Plll 20 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphlen-sphste-caraqu-vaculi-oxymic
SELA_T06_08_2007 8/7/2007 66.52 -159.16 U 0 999 Ob Plll 5 Hgwsmb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphag-arcalp-vacvit-vaculi-betnan
SELA_T06_09_2007 8/7/2007 66.52 -159.16 U 0 999 Esdi Es 10 Sdeb Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub vacvit-arcalp-betnan-leddec-carbig
SELA_T06_10_2007 8/7/2007 66.52 -159.16 L 0 999 Ob Plll 5 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-carrot-tricae-caraqu-erirus
SELA_T06_11_2007 8/7/2007 66.52 -159.15 P 999 999 Wldit W W Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh utrvul-arcful-calpal2-cicmac-eriang
SELA_T06_12_2007 8/7/2007 66.52 -159.15 U 0 999 Ob Phl 5 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphag-betnan-alncri-vaculi-erivag
SELA_T06_13_2007 8/8/2007 66.52 -159.19 P 999 999 Wlsit W Wf Lacustrine Marestail Marsh warflu-arcful-calpal2-caraqu-cicmac
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 198

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
SELA_T06_14_2007 8/8/2007 66.52 -159.19 L 999 999 nd N Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_T06_15_2007 8/8/2007 66.52 -159.19 L 0 999 Ob N 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-caraqu-carutr-drorot-oxymic
SELA_T06_16_2007 8/8/2007 66.52 -159.20 P 0 999 Of N 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh hamlap-equflu-cicmac-salpla-epilo
SELA_T06_17_2007 8/8/2007 66.52 -159.20 P 999 999 nd N Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh
SELA_T07_01_2007 8/12/2007 66.21 -159.44 P 0 999 Wlsim W 0 Wf Lacustrine Marestail Marsh sphae-arcful-carutr-mentri-hipvul
SELA_T07_02_2007 8/12/2007 66.21 -159.44 L 0 999 Gmo N 10 Stow Lowland Willow Low Shrub salnip-salpul-salarb-petfri-equarv
SELA_T07_03_2007 8/12/2007 66.21 -159.44 L 1 34 Gmo N 20 Stow Lowland Willow Low Shrub salpul-salbeb-brach-salarb-drepa
SELA_T07_04_2007 8/12/2007 66.21 -159.44 U 6 332 Gmo Mu 30 Stcaw Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub alncri-salnip-salpul-drepa-calcan
SELA_T07_05_2007 8/13/2007 66.21 -159.44 U 4 346 Gmo Mrm 20 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub betgla-vacvit-leddec-empnig-cladi
SELA_T07_06_2007 8/13/2007 66.21 -159.45 U 1 195 Gmo N 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub betnan-leddec-vacvit-polyt-petfri
SELA_T07_07_2007 8/13/2007 66.21 -159.45 U 1 205 Gmo N 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub betnan-leddec-calcan-sphsqu-erivag
SELA_T07_08_2007 8/13/2007 66.21 -159.46 U 0 999 Gmo N 30 Fnows Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest salpul-picgla-empnig-betnan-equarv
SELA_T07_09_2007 8/13/2007 66.21 -159.46 P 0 999 Ltiu N 0 Hgwg Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh arcful-potpal-calli-galtri1-epipal
SELA_T07_10_2007 8/13/2007 66.21 -159.45 P 0 999 Ltiu N 0 Hgmbh Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow rubarc1-potpal-calcan-sphag-moss
SELA_T07_11_2007 8/13/2007 66.21 -159.45 U 2 264 Gmo N 10 Fmoas Upland Spruce-Aspen Forest salpul-poptre-picgla-salbeb-betgla
SELA_T07_12_2007 8/13/2007 66.21 -159.45 L 0 999 Ltim Mi 30 Hgmbs Lowland Willow Low Shrub salbeb-betnan-calcan-salpul-rubarc1
SELA_T07_13_2007 8/13/2007 66.21 -159.45 P 0 999 Gl N 20 Hgwsl Lacustrine Bluejoint Meadow potpal-calcan-eriang-calli-caraqu
SELA_T07_14_2007 8/14/2007 66.21 -159.44 U 1 186 Gmo N 10 Sddt dryint-dryoct-salret-bryum-empnig
SELA_T07_15_2007 8/14/2007 66.21 -159.44 U 1 110 Ell N 20 Fnows Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest hylspl-picgla-vaculi-betgla-salpul
SELA_T07_16_2007 8/14/2007 66.21 -159.43 U 3 94 Gmo N 10 Slobw Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub salgla-betnan-empnig-vaculi-hylspl
SELA_T07_17_2007 8/14/2007 66.21 -159.43 P 0 999 Wlsim W 0 Wf Lowland Lake utrmin-hipvul-potpal-salpul-hylspl
SELA_T07_18_2007 8/14/2007 66.21 -159.43 L 0 999 Gl N 10 Slcbw Lowland Willow Low Shrub salpul-hylspl-betgla-calcan-aulacu
SELA_T07_19_2007 8/14/2007 66.21 -159.43 L 1 205 Ob Fh 30 Slobb Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub vaculi-empnig-betnan-vacvit-tomnit
SELA_T07_20_2007 8/14/2007 66.21 -159.43 U 2 230 Gmo N 10 Fboa Upland Spruce-Aspen Forest poptre-salbeb-aulacu-salarb-salgla
SELA_T07_21_2007 8/14/2007 66.21 -159.43 U 2 240 Gmo N 20 Fnows Upland Spruce-Aspen Forest picgla-salgla-poptre-aulacu-empnig
SELA_T08_01_2007 8/3/2007 66.88 -158.68 U 2 320 Elu N 10 Sdev Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub polcom-vaculi-leddec-clado-vacvit
SELA_T08_02_2007 8/3/2007 66.89 -158.70 U 5 120 Elu N 10 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub polcom-vaculi-equsyl-leddec-betnan
SELA_T08_03_2007 8/3/2007 66.89 -158.70 U 15 120 Ell N 10 Fmosb Upland Spruce-Birch Forest hylspl-alncri-picgla-vaculi-betpap
SELA_T08_04_2007 8/3/2007 66.89 -158.70 U 4 130 Elu N 10 Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest alncri-equpra-hylspl-picgla-ribtri
SELA_T08_05_2007 8/3/2007 66.89 -158.70 U 10 135 Ell Ml 20 Hgmb Upland Bluejoint Meadow calcan-equsyl-epiang-moss-equarv
SELA_T08_06_2007 8/3/2007 66.88 -158.70 U 28 175 Gfk N 0 Fbob Upland Birch Forest betpap-polyt-moss-caline-equarv
199 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_T08_07_2007 8/3/2007 66.88 -158.69 R 0 999 Fmoi N 10 Hgmbs Riverine Bluejoint Meadow calcan-salpul-equsyl-polcom-epiang
SELA_T08_08_2007 8/3/2007 66.88 -158.69 U 2 310 Elu N 10 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub polcom-equsyl-betnan-vaculi-polyt
SELA_T08_09_2007 8/3/2007 66.88 -158.69 U 999 999 Elu Stob Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub equsyl-betnan-vaculi-polcom-leddec
SELA_T08_10_2007 8/3/2007 66.88 -158.70 U 999 999 Gmo Fbob Upland Birch Forest polcom-betpap-vacvit-vaculi-leddec
SELA_T08_11_2007 8/3/2007 66.88 -158.70 U 999 999 Elu Sloaw Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub polyt-vaculi-equarv-alncri-epiang
SELA_T08_12_2007 8/3/2007 66.88 -158.68 L 0 999 Ob N 10 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphrip-caraqu-sphwar-erirus-potpal
SELA_T08_13_2007 8/3/2007 P 0 999 L Lowland Lake
SELA_T08_14_2007 8/3/2007 66.88 -158.68 U 999 999 Elu N 10 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub polcom-vaculi-leddec-carbig-betnan
SELA_T08_15_2007 8/3/2007 66.89 -158.66 L 17 140 Elu N 0 Fnobs Lowland Black Spruce Forest hylspl-picmar-alncri-equpra-plesch
SELA_T08_16_2007 8/3/2007 66.88 -158.68 P 999 999 Elu N 10 Hgwsmb Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow eleaci-calver-polyt-carutr-spahyp
SELA_T10_01_2007 8/8/2007 66.46 -158.16 P 0 999 Of N 0 Hfwhb Lacustrine Buckbean Fen mentri-sphsqu-potpal-sphag-calli
SELA_T10_02_2007 8/9/2007 66.45 -158.17 L 0 999 Ob Fh 30 Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-sphagg-sphagr-andpol-carrot
SELA_T10_03_2007 8/9/2007 66.45 -158.17 U 7 90 Gmo Fh 30 Slobe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub betnan-empnig-sphag-vacvit-leddec
SELA_T10_04_2007 8/9/2007 66.45 -158.18 U 4 160 Ob Fh 50 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub empnig-betnan-vacvit-sphagg-vaculi
SELA_T10_05_2007 8/9/2007 66.45 -158.18 U 3 325 Gmo Sloa Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub betnan-leddec-vacvit-empnig-alncri
SELA_T10_06_2007 8/9/2007 66.45 -158.18 L 0 999 Ob Pd 50 Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphfus-sphag-andpol-empnig-vacvit
SELA_T10_07_2007 8/9/2007 66.46 -158.19 L 0 999 Ob N 10 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphsqu-sphagg-erirus-andpol-carrot
SELA_T10_08_2007 8/9/2007 66.46 -158.19 L 0 999 Ob Plhl 50 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-erirus-leddec-betnan-andpol
SELA_T10_09_2007 8/9/2007 66.46 -158.19 U 0 999 Ob N 50 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub empnig-betnan-vaculi-erivag-vacvit
SELA_T10_10_2007 8/9/2007 66.46 -158.19 U 0 999 Ob Mi 30 Slcbe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub betnan-vaculi-leddec-andpol-vacvit
SELA_T10_11_2007 8/10/2007 66.46 -158.19 P 0 999 Of N 0 Hfwhb Lacustrine Buckbean Fen mentri-cicmac-eriang-calli-carutr
SELA_T10_12_2007 8/10/2007 66.46 -158.20 U 0 999 Ob Mi 50 Sloa Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub vaculi-vacvit-betnan-leddec-chacal
SELA_T10_13_2007 8/10/2007 66.46 -158.20 L 0 999 L N 10 Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-sphagr-andpol-aultur-chacal
SELA_T10_14_2007 8/10/2007 66.46 -158.20 L 0 999 Of N 10 Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen sphagg-sphsqu-sphag-carros1-carutr
SELA_T10_15_2007 8/10/2007 66.46 -158.19 L 0 999 Ob Plll 20 Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphcom-sphbal-sphste-andpol-aultur
SELA_T10_16_2007 8/10/2007 66.46 -158.19 L 0 999 Ob Mi 30 Slobb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphste-vaculi-betnan-sphag-andpol
SELA_T10_17_2007 8/10/2007 66.46 -158.18 L 0 999 Of N 10 Hgwsl Lowland Sedge Fen sphag-carrot-erirus-carmem-caraqu
SELA_T10_18_2007 8/10/2007 66.46 -158.18 L 0 999 Of N 10 Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen sphsqu-sphag-mentri-carrot-caraqu
SELA_T10_19_2007 8/10/2007 66.46 -158.17 P 0 999 Wlsim W 0 Wf mentri-potpal-sphag-leddec-betnan
SELA_T10_20_2007 8/11/2007 66.46 -158.16 U 0 999 Ob N 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphag-leddec-betnan-vacvit-erivag
SELA_T10_21_2007 8/11/2007 66.46 -158.16 L 0 999 Ob Plll 10 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphagb-sphagg-andpol-sphag-erirus
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 200

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_T10_22_2007 8/11/2007 66.46 -158.16 U 1 216 Gmo Mi 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub leddec-betnan-vacvit-erivag-rubcha
SELA_T10_23_2007 8/11/2007 66.46 -158.16 L 0 999 Ob Mi 30 Sloa Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-chacal-alncri-andpol-leddec
SELA_T10_24_2007 8/11/2007 66.46 -158.16 L 0 999 Ob Mi 50 Slcbe Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog leddec-vaculi-betnan-sphagg-sphagr
SELA_T10_25_2007 8/11/2007 66.47 -158.16 R 0 999 Fhlo N 30 Stow Riverine Wet Willow Tall Shrub salpul-calcan-potpal-salbar1-brach
SELA_T10_26_2007 8/11/2007 66.47 -158.17 U 0 999 Gmo Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub vaculi-leddec-vacvit-sphag-empnig
SELA_T10_27_2007 8/11/2007 66.47 -158.16 L 0 999 Ob 30 Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-sphagr-andpol-alncri-vaculi
SELA_T10_28_2007 8/11/2007 66.46 -158.16 L 0 999 Ob Mi 30 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphagg-sphag-andpol-sphagr-betnan
SELA_T11_01_2007 8/5/2007 66.47 -157.18 U 1 141 Ob N 20 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub vacvit-betnan-vaculi-erivag-leddec
SELA_T11_02_2007 8/5/2007 66.47 -157.19 U 2 268 Gmo N 30 Slobw Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub betnan-vacvit-leddec-empnig-carbig
SELA_T11_03_2007 8/6/2007 66.47 -157.18 P 0 999 Wlsim W 0 Wf Lacustrine Marestail Marsh sparg-arcful-hipvul-potric-utrvul
SELA_T11_04_2007 8/6/2007 66.47 -157.18 P 0 999 Gl N 0 Hgwsgt Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh dreadu-arcful-eleaci-rangme-conoc
SELA_T11_05_2007 8/6/2007 66.47 -157.18 L 3 223 Gmo Mi 20 Slcbw Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub betnan-vaculi-leddec-salpul-vacvit
SELA_T11_06_2007 8/6/2007 66.47 -157.18 U 3 204 Gmo Mi 40 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub vacvit-leddec-betnan-rubcha-dicra1
SELA_T11_07_2007 8/6/2007 66.47 -157.18 U 0 999 Ob Mu 20 Hgwsmb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphag-sphagr-betnan-caraqu-erirus
SELA_T11_08_2007 8/6/2007 66.47 -157.18 U 0 999 Ldim Mu 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphag-vacvit-betnan-leddec-erivag
SELA_T11_09_2007 8/6/2007 66.48 -157.18 U 7 216 Gmo Mu 30 Sloa Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub betnan-alncri-plesch-leddec-vacvit
SELA_T11_10_2007 8/6/2007 66.48 -157.17 U 5 194 Gmo N 10 Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest betnan-vaculi-alncri-vacvit-salpul
SELA_T11_11_2007 8/6/2007 66.48 -157.17 U 1 278 Gmo Fh 10 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub vacvit-leddec-betnan-hylspl-carbig
SELA_T11_12_2007 8/7/2007 66.47 -157.17 L 0 999 Ob Mi 20 Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-empnig-sphagg-vacvit-cladi
SELA_T11_13_2007 8/7/2007 66.47 -157.15 U 6 94 Gmo Ff 20 Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Willow Forest salret-equarv-picgla-tomnit-dryint
SELA_T11_14_2007 8/7/2007 66.47 -157.15 U 5 222 Gmo Mu 10 Fnows Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest vaculi-picgla-empnig-hylspl-alncri
SELA_T11_15_2007 8/7/2007 66.47 -157.15 P 0 999 Wldim W 0 Wf Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh arcful-caraqu-sparg-equpal-potric
SELA_T11_16_2007 8/7/2007 66.47 -157.16 U 2 242 Gmo Mi 20 Slobw Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub empnig-betnan-arcrub-vaculi-vacvit
SELA_T11_17_2007 8/7/2007 66.47 -157.16 U 1 193 Ell N 20 Sloa Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub betnan-sphag-alncri-vaculi-vacvit
SELA_T11_18_2007 8/7/2007 66.47 -157.16 L 0 999 Ob Mi 20 Slobb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog vaculi-sphag-sphagr-salfus-betnan
SELA_T11_19_2007 8/7/2007 66.47 -157.16 R 0 999 Fhl N 50 Slcbe Riverine Birch-Willow Low Shrub betnan-vaculi-sphag-carbig-hylspl
SELA_T11_20_2007 8/8/2007 66.47 -157.18 U 19 160 Gmo N 10 Sddt dryoct-arcalp-lichc-rhyrug-abiabi
SELA_T11_21_2007 8/8/2007 66.47 -157.18 U 12 204 Gmo N 10 Fbob Upland Birch Forest betpap-vacvit-betnan-linbor-cladi
SELA_T12_05_2008 6/30/2008 66.81 -157.97 U 5 60 Ell M 50 Slobe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub betnan-neparc-leddec-polstr-erivag
SELA_T12_06_2008 6/30/2008 66.81 -157.97 U 2 320 Elu 30 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub vaculi-betnan-leddec-carex-aulacu-soil
SELA_T12_07_2008 6/30/2008 66.77 -158.24 L 0 999 Ob N 10 Hgwsb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog soil-sphcom-tricae-carrot-cetdel
201 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_T12_08_2008 6/30/2008 66.77 -158.24 L 0 999 Ob Mpm 30 Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphste-soil-andpol-sedge-carrot
SELA_T14_01_2008 7/2/2008 66.48 -158.29 L 0 999 Ob M 30 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog soil-sphste-andpol-sphag-carcho
SELA_T14_03_2008 7/2/2008 66.39 -158.26 U 0 999 Ell Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-soil-litter-vaculi-leddec-sphcom
SELA_T14_05_2008 7/2/2008 66.29 -158.52 U 0 999 Ob Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-vacvit-sphang-sphbal-sphfus
SELA_T14_08_2008 7/2/2008 66.20 -158.63 U 3 340 Ch 10 Hgmss Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub aulpal-betnan-hylspl-soil-carbig
SELA_T14_17_2008 7/2/2008 66.19 -158.68 A 999 999 Bxr Mrs 0 Sddt Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub dryoct-soil-liche-moss-salphl
SELA_T14_20_2008 7/2/2008 66.23 -158.03 L 1 280 Ob Mpm 50 Sloe Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-vaculi-soil-betnan-leddec
SELA_T14_21_2008 7/2/2008 66.22 -158.32 U 2 100 Elu Ff 75 Slobe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub hylspl-leddec-vacvit-betnan-carbig
SELA_T14_22_2008 7/2/2008 66.43 -159.28 U 0 999 Ell Plll 50 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-soil-sphbal-vaculi-leddec
SELA_T14_23_2008 7/2/2008 66.46 -158.41 U 0 999 Ob Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-soil-leddec-vaculi-vacvit
SELA_T14_25_2008 6/30/2008 66.58 -158.16 U 6 183 Elu N 30 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub betnan-vacvit-leddec-plesch-hylspl-soil
SELA_T15_01_2008 7/1/2008 66.33 -159.04 U 0 999 Fmob N 50 Sloa Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub vaculi-litter-sphag-betnan-chacal
SELA_T15_03_2008 7/1/2008 66.35 -159.40 U 1 121 Elu M 30 Sloeb Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub neparc-salgla-empnig-vacvit-leddec
SELA_T15_05_2008 7/1/2008 66.30 -159.38 P 0 999 Ofsh N 0 Hgwsl Lacustrine Buckbean Fen mentri-sphsqu-soil-eriang-water
SELA_T15_07_2008 7/1/2008 66.27 -159.51 U 1 180 Ell Ml 25 Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest picgla-salgla-equarv-soil-vaculi
SELA_T15_09_2008 7/1/2008 66.23 -159.62 U 0 999 Elu Mu 30 Slobw Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub betnan-empnig-aulpal-pelaph-soil
SELA_T15_11_2008 7/1/2008 66.29 -158.79 U 3 310 Ell Fc 10 Stow Upland Willow Tall Shrub soil-salbeb-betnan-salgla-salpul
SELA_T15_13_2008 7/1/2008 66.34 -159.92 U 1 80 Elu N 40 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub vacvit-leddec-betnan-polstr-soil
SELA_T15_17_2008 7/1/2008 66.25 -160.11 U 1 80 Elu Mpm 40 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub leddec-sphag-vacvit-soil-carbig
SELA_T15_20_2008 7/1/2008 66.06 -159.20 U 1 320 Ob Plll 10 Hgwsmb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphlen-sphbal-litter-vaculi-erivag
SELA_T16_01_2008 7/1/2008 66.65 -158.83 U 0 999 Ob Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub litter-sphfus-sphbal-andpol-sphsqu-erivag
SELA_T16_03_2008 7/1/2008 66.54 -159.17 L 0 999 Ob Mpm 50 Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphste-andpol-rubcha-soil-vaculi
SELA_T16_07_2008 6/29/2008 66.67 -159.58 U 0 999 Ob Phl Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub soil-leddec-sphlen-litter-vaculi-sphbal
SELA_T17_01_2008 6/29/2008 66.06 -159.28 U 3 20 Elu N 30 Stoaw Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub alncri-equarv-calcan-soil-salpul
SELA_T17_03_2008 6/29/2008 66.15 -159.20 U 4 153 Elu N Slow Upland Willow Tall Shrub salgla-salbeb-soil-aulpal-salpul
SELA_T17_04_2008 6/29/2008 66.15 -159.20 U 10 152 Ell N 10 Stow Upland Willow Tall Shrub salbeb-aulpal-vaculi-soil-equarv
SELA_T17_08_2008 6/29/2008 66.15 -158.70 U 3 240 Ob Mpm 25 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-sphag-vacvit-leddec-vaculi
SELA_T18_01_2008 6/28/2008 66.73 -160.76 U 0 999 Ell Ff 75 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub leddec-erivag-soil-vacvit-sphlen
SELA_T18_05_2008 6/28/2008 66.84 -160.10 L 9 30 Ch Ml 50 Fnwbs Lowland Black Spruce Forest soil-polstr-empnig-picmar-betgla-claple
SELA_T18_08_2008 6/28/2008 66.86 -159.92 L 7 100 Ch N 30 Fnobs Lowland Black Spruce Forest picmar-hylspl-vaculi-alncri-plesch-sphrus
SELA_Talbot_1 6/28/2005 66.79 -158.08 U 4 340 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Eriophorum vaginatum-Betula nana tussock tundra
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 202

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_T12_08_2008 6/30/2008 66.77 -158.24 L 0 999 Ob Mpm 30 Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphste-soil-andpol-sedge-carrot
SELA_T14_01_2008 7/2/2008 66.48 -158.29 L 0 999 Ob M 30 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog soil-sphste-andpol-sphag-carcho
SELA_T14_03_2008 7/2/2008 66.39 -158.26 U 0 999 Ell Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-soil-litter-vaculi-leddec-sphcom
SELA_T14_05_2008 7/2/2008 66.29 -158.52 U 0 999 Ob Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-vacvit-sphang-sphbal-sphfus
SELA_T14_08_2008 7/2/2008 66.20 -158.63 U 3 340 Ch 10 Hgmss Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub aulpal-betnan-hylspl-soil-carbig
SELA_T14_17_2008 7/2/2008 66.19 -158.68 A 999 999 Bxr Mrs 0 Sddt Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub dryoct-soil-liche-moss-salphl
SELA_T14_20_2008 7/2/2008 66.23 -158.03 L 1 280 Ob Mpm 50 Sloe Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphag-vaculi-soil-betnan-leddec
SELA_T14_21_2008 7/2/2008 66.22 -158.32 U 2 100 Elu Ff 75 Slobe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub hylspl-leddec-vacvit-betnan-carbig
SELA_T14_22_2008 7/2/2008 66.43 -159.28 U 0 999 Ell Plll 50 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-soil-sphbal-vaculi-leddec
SELA_T14_23_2008 7/2/2008 66.46 -158.41 U 0 999 Ob Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-soil-leddec-vaculi-vacvit
SELA_T14_25_2008 6/30/2008 66.58 -158.16 U 6 183 Elu N 30 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub betnan-vacvit-leddec-plesch-hylspl-soil
SELA_T15_01_2008 7/1/2008 66.33 -159.04 U 0 999 Fmob N 50 Sloa Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub vaculi-litter-sphag-betnan-chacal
SELA_T15_03_2008 7/1/2008 66.35 -159.40 U 1 121 Elu M 30 Sloeb Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub neparc-salgla-empnig-vacvit-leddec
SELA_T15_05_2008 7/1/2008 66.30 -159.38 P 0 999 Ofsh N 0 Hgwsl Lacustrine Buckbean Fen mentri-sphsqu-soil-eriang-water
SELA_T15_07_2008 7/1/2008 66.27 -159.51 U 1 180 Ell Ml 25 Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest picgla-salgla-equarv-soil-vaculi
SELA_T15_09_2008 7/1/2008 66.23 -159.62 U 0 999 Elu Mu 30 Slobw Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub betnan-empnig-aulpal-pelaph-soil
SELA_T15_11_2008 7/1/2008 66.29 -158.79 U 3 310 Ell Fc 10 Stow Upland Willow Tall Shrub soil-salbeb-betnan-salgla-salpul
SELA_T15_13_2008 7/1/2008 66.34 -159.92 U 1 80 Elu N 40 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub vacvit-leddec-betnan-polstr-soil
SELA_T15_17_2008 7/1/2008 66.25 -160.11 U 1 80 Elu Mpm 40 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub leddec-sphag-vacvit-soil-carbig
SELA_T15_20_2008 7/1/2008 66.06 -159.20 U 1 320 Ob Plll 10 Hgwsmb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub sphlen-sphbal-litter-vaculi-erivag
SELA_T16_01_2008 7/1/2008 66.65 -158.83 U 0 999 Ob Phl 30 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub litter-sphfus-sphbal-andpol-sphsqu-erivag
SELA_T16_03_2008 7/1/2008 66.54 -159.17 L 0 999 Ob Mpm 50 Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog sphste-andpol-rubcha-soil-vaculi
SELA_T16_07_2008 6/29/2008 66.67 -159.58 U 0 999 Ob Phl Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub soil-leddec-sphlen-litter-vaculi-sphbal
SELA_T17_01_2008 6/29/2008 66.06 -159.28 U 3 20 Elu N 30 Stoaw Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub alncri-equarv-calcan-soil-salpul
SELA_T17_03_2008 6/29/2008 66.15 -159.20 U 4 153 Elu N Slow Upland Willow Tall Shrub salgla-salbeb-soil-aulpal-salpul
SELA_T17_04_2008 6/29/2008 66.15 -159.20 U 10 152 Ell N 10 Stow Upland Willow Tall Shrub salbeb-aulpal-vaculi-soil-equarv
SELA_T17_08_2008 6/29/2008 66.15 -158.70 U 3 240 Ob Mpm 25 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub erivag-sphag-vacvit-leddec-vaculi
SELA_T18_01_2008 6/28/2008 66.73 -160.76 U 0 999 Ell Ff 75 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub leddec-erivag-soil-vacvit-sphlen
SELA_T18_05_2008 6/28/2008 66.84 -160.10 L 9 30 Ch Ml 50 Fnwbs Lowland Black Spruce Forest soil-polstr-empnig-picmar-betgla-claple
SELA_T18_08_2008 6/28/2008 66.86 -159.92 L 7 100 Ch N 30 Fnobs Lowland Black Spruce Forest picmar-hylspl-vaculi-alncri-plesch-sphrus
SELA_Talbot_1 6/28/2005 66.79 -158.08 U 4 340 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Eriophorum vaginatum-Betula nana tussock tundra
203 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_Talbot_10 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 U 0 0 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Eriophorum vaginatum-Ledum decumbens tussock tundra
SELA_Talbot_100 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.01 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
SELA_Talbot_101 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.01 L 2 240 Fnobs Lowland Black Spruce Forest
Carex rotundata-Andromeda polifolia-Sphagnum steerei/Sphagnum
balticum intermediate level bog
Picea mariana-Empetrum nigrum-Rubus chamaemorus-Sphagnum
obtusum/Sphagnum fuscum bog
SELA_Talbot_102 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.01 R 0 0 Stca Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Alncri-equarv-calcan-petfri-rubarc-moelat
SELA_Talbot_103 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.01 P 0 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh Equisetum fluviatile-Cicuta virosa marsh
SELA_Talbot_104 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.01 P 0 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh Equisetum fluviatile-Cicuta virosa marsh
SELA_Talbot_105 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.00 R 0 0 Sloa Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Alnus viridis-Spiraea stevenii-Equisetum sylvaticum thicket
SELA_Talbot_106 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.00 R 0 0 Fnwws Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest Picea glauca-Vaccinium uliginosum/Ledum decumbens open forest
SELA_Talbot_107 7/19/2005 66.24 -159.28 P 0 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh Equisetum fluviatile-Cicuta virosa marsh
SELA_Talbot_108 7/19/2005 66.24 -159.28 P 0 0 Hgwsht Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow Carex rostrata-Equisetum fluviatile marsh
SELA_Talbot_109 7/19/2005 66.24 -159.28 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen Carex aquatilis-Sphagnum obtusum bog
SELA_Talbot_11 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 U 1 150 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Eriophorum vaginatum-Ledum decumbens tussock tundra
SELA_Talbot_110 7/19/2005 66.24 -159.28 R 15 200 Fnows Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest
Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Vaccinium uliginosum-Hylocomium
splendens forest
SELA_Talbot_111 7/19/2005 66.24 -159.28 L 5 0 Hgwsmb Eriophorum angustifolium-Sphagnum obtusum bog
SELA_Talbot_112 7/19/2005 66.24 -159.28 P 0 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh Equisetum fluviatile-Cicuta virosa marsh
SELA_Talbot_113 7/20/2005 66.56 -159.00 R 35 20 Stoa Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Alnus viridis-Betula papyrifera-Calamagrostis canadensis thicket
SELA_Talbot_114 7/19/2005 66.24 -159.28 U 0 0 Fbob Upland Willow Tall Shrub
Salix bebbiana-Betula papyrifera-Picea glauca-Calamagrostis
canadensis brule
SELA_Talbot_115 7/21/2005 66.91 -161.71 C 0 0 Hgwhsm Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh Carex lyngbyei coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_116 7/21/2005 66.91 -161.71 C 0 0 Hgwhsm Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh Carex lyngbyei coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_117 7/21/2005 66.91 -161.71 C 0 0 Hgwhsm Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh Carex lyngbyei coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_118 7/21/2005 66.91 -161.71 C 0 0 Hgwhsm Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh Carex lyngbyei coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_119 7/21/2005 66.91 -161.71 C 0 0 Hgwhsm Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh Carex lyngbyei coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_12 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 L 0 0 Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Andromeda polifolia-Sphagnum kenaiense/S. lenense bog
SELA_Talbot_120 7/21/2005 66.91 -161.71 C 0 0 Hgwhsm Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh Carex mackenziei coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_121 7/21/2005 66.94 -161.54 P 0 0 Hgwsl Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow Carex aquatilis-Comarum palustre coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_122 7/21/2005 66.91 -161.71 P 0 0 Hgwsl Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow Carex aquatilis-Comarum palustre coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_123 7/21/2005 66.94 -161.54 P 0 0 Hgwsl Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow Carex aquatilis-Comarum palustre coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_124 7/21/2005 66.94 -161.54 C 0 0 Hgwhsm Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh Carex lyngbyei-Calamagrostis canadensis coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_125 7/21/2005 66.82 -161.83 C 0 0 Hgwhsm Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh Carex lyngbyei coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_126 7/21/2005 66.94 -161.55 P 0 0 Hgwsl Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow Carex aquatilis-Comarum palustre marsh
SELA_Talbot_127 7/21/2005 66.82 -161.83 C 0 0 Hgwhsm Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh Carex lyngbyei coastal marsh
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 204

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_Talbot_128 7/21/2005 66.82 -161.83 C 0 0 Hgwhsm Coastal Brackish Sedge Marsh Carex lyngbyei coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_129 7/22/2005 66.99 -158.38 A 4 190 Slcbe Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Betula nana-Vaccinium uliginosum alpine heath
SELA_Talbot_13 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Carex rariflora-Andromeda polifolia-Sphagnum kenaiense bog
SELA_Talbot_130 7/21/2005 66.82 -161.83 R 0 0 Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxensis-Calamagrostis canadensis coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_131 7/22/2005 66.99 -158.38 A 0 0 Slobe Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Betula nana-Vaccinium vitis-idaea alpine heath
SELA_Talbot_132 7/22/2005 66.98 -158.48 U 6 180 Fnows Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
SELA_Talbot_133 7/22/2005 66.98 -158.48 U 15 210 Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Equisetum sylvestris-Pleurozium
schreberi forest
Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Spiraea steveniiEquisetum sylvestris-
Hylocomium splendens open forest
SELA_Talbot_134 7/22/2005 66.93 -158.89 A 12 360 Bpv Alpine Acidic Barrens Potentilla gorodkovii-Antennaria friesiana ssp. alaskana fellfield
SELA_Talbot_135 7/22/2005 66.93 -158.89 A 8 270 Hfdh Alpine Acidic Barrens Potentilla gorodkovii-Minuartia arctica fellfield
SELA_Talbot_136 7/22/2005 66.93 -158.89 A 0 0 Bpv Alpine Acidic Barrens Potentilla gorodkovii-Minuartia arctica fellfield
SELA_Talbot_137 7/22/2005 66.93 -159.08 U 8 80 Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
SELA_Talbot_138 7/22/2005 66.93 -159.09 U 20 220 Fncws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Spiraea stevenii-Equisetum sylvaticum-
Hylocomium splendens open forest
Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Spiraea stevenii-Equisetum sylvaticum-
Pleurozium schreberi forest
SELA_Talbot_139 7/23/2005 66.92 -160.76 R 0 0 Stow Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest Picea glauca-Salix pulchra-Tomenthypnum nitens treed fen
SELA_Talbot_14 7/1/2005 66.80 -158.08 P 0 0 Hgwss Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow
SELA_Talbot_140 7/23/2005 66.92 -160.76 R 0 0 Fnows Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest
SELA_Talbot_141 7/23/2005 66.92 -160.76 P 0 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh Equisetum fluviatile marsh
Carex aquatilis-Eriophorum angustifolium-Sphagnum streamlet
channel
Picea glauca-Alnus viridisSalix pulchra-Arctostaphylos rubra oprn
forest
SELA_Talbot_142 7/23/2005 66.93 -160.76 R 0 0 Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub salala-astsib
SELA_Talbot_143 7/23/2005 66.67 -161.25 L 0 0 Slobb Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
Vegetation Type: Betula nana-Ledum decumbens-Aulacomnium
turgidum organic polygonal mire ridge
SELA_Talbot_144 7/23/2005 66.67 -161.25 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen Carex chordorrhiza-Carex rariflora-Scorpidium scorpioides fen
SELA_Talbot_145 7/23/2005 66.67 -161.25 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen Carex rotundata-Carex chordorrhiza-Scorpidium scorpioides fen
SELA_Talbot_146 7/23/2005 66.60 -161.33 P 0 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh Equisetum fluviatile marsh
SELA_Talbot_147 7/23/2005 66.60 -161.33 P 0 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh Equisetum fluviatile shallow marsh
SELA_Talbot_148 7/23/2005 66.16 -159.35 R 0 0 Fnwws Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest
Picea glauca-Salix glauca-Empetrum nigrum-Hylocomium
splendens open forest
SELA_Talbot_149 7/23/2005 66.59 -161.32 P 0 0 Hgwfs Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow Carex aquatilis-Equisetum arvense shore marsh
SELA_Talbot_15 7/1/2005 66.80 -158.08 U 5 180 Slcbe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Betula glandulosa-Ledum decumbens-Pleurozium schreberi heath
SELA_Talbot_150 7/23/2005 66.60 -161.33 R 0 0 Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxensis-Equisetum arvense marsh
SELA_Talbot_151 7/23/2005 66.62 -161.69 P 0 0 Hgwhs Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow Carex aquatilis-Comarum palustre coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_152 7/23/2005 66.62 -161.69 P 0 0 Hgwhs Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow Carex aquatilis-Comarum palustre coastal marsh
SELA_Talbot_153 7/23/2005 66.17 -159.35 R 12 200 Fnows Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest Picea glauca-Ribes triste-Mertensia paniculata forest
SELA_Talbot_154 7/24/2005 66.16 -159.35 P 2 0 Hgwfs Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow Carex utriculata-Carex aquatilis marsh
SELA_Talbot_155 7/24/2005 66.39 -159.16 U 0 0 Slobb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
Betula nana-Ledum decumbens-Eriophorum vaginatum-Sphagnum
fuscum organic ridge in reticulate bog
205 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
SELA_Talbot_156 7/24/2005 66.39 -159.16 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
Andromeda polifolia-Carex rotundata-Sphagnum balticum
intermediate level in reticulate bog
SELA_Talbot_157 7/24/2005 66.71 -161.49 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen Carex chordorrhiza-Scorpidium scorpioides rich fen in string mire
SELA_Talbot_158 7/24/2005 66.71 -161.49 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen Carex rotundata-Scorpidium scorpioides rich fen in string mire
SELA_Talbot_159 7/24/2005 66.71 -161.49 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen Carex rotundata-Scorpidium scorpioides rich fen in string mire
SELA_Talbot_16 7/1/2005 66.80 -158.08 P 3 360 Hgwsht Lacustrine Wet Sedge Meadow Carex aquatilis-Cicuta virosa wet meadow
SELA_Talbot_17 7/1/2005 66.80 -158.08 U 0 0 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Eriophorum vaginatum-Ledum decumbens tussock tundra
SELA_Talbot_18 7/2/2005 66.48 -158.47 L 0 0 Hgwsl Lowland Sedge Fen Carex limosa-Carex chordorrhza fen
SELA_Talbot_19 7/2/2005 66.48 -158.47 L 0 0 Hgwsl Lowland Sedge Fen Carex limosa-Carex chordorrhza fen
SELA_Talbot_2 6/29/2005 66.79 -158.07 U 7 340 Slobe Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub Alnus viridis-Vaccinium uliginosum shrub savanna
SELA_Talbot_20 7/2/2005 66.48 -158.47 U 0 0 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Eriophorum vaginatum-Alnus viridus tussock tundra
SELA_Talbot_21 7/2/2005 66.48 -158.47 P 0 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh Equisetum fluviatile-Utricularis vulgaris shallow marsh
SELA_Talbot_22 7/2/2005 66.48 -158.47 R 0 0 Stoss Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Alnus viridis-Equisetum arvense deciduous swamp thicket
SELA_Talbot_23 7/3/2005 66.49 -158.46 R 0 0 Stow Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxensis-Equisetum arvense alluvial thicket
SELA_Talbot_24 7/3/2005 66.49 -158.46 R 0 0 Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxensis-Equisetum arvense alluvial thicket
SELA_Talbot_25 7/3/2005 66.49 -158.46 R 0 0 Slcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxensis-Equisetum arvense alluvial thicket
SELA_Talbot_26 7/3/2005 66.49 -158.46 R 0 0 Stcaw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Alnus viridis-Salix alaxensis alluvial thicket
SELA_Talbot_27 7/3/2005 66.49 -158.46 R 0 0 Stcaw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Alnus viridis-Salix alaxensis alluvial tall thicket
SELA_Talbot_28 7/3/2005 66.49 -158.46 R 0 0 Stcaw Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Alnus viridis-Salix richardsonii thicket
SELA_Talbot_29 7/3/2005 66.49 -158.46 P 0 0 Hafe Lacustrine Horsetail Marsh Equisetum fluviatile-Carex utriculata marsh
SELA_Talbot_3 6/29/2005 66.78 -158.06 U 2 300 Fnows Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Picea glauca-Vaccinium uliginosum open forest
SELA_Talbot_30 7/4/2005 66.48 -158.48 U 0 0 Slobe Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Alnus viridis-Vaccinium uliginosum tussock savanna
SELA_Talbot_31 7/4/2005 66.48 -158.48 R 0 0 Stoa Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Vaccinium uliginosum woodland
SELA_Talbot_32 7/4/2005 66.48 -158.48 R 0 0 Fncws Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Hedysarum alpinum alluvial forest
SELA_Talbot_33 7/4/2005 66.48 -158.48 R 0 0 Stcaw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix arbuscuoides-Alnus viridis alluvial tall thicket
SELA_Talbot_34 7/5/2005 66.48 -158.47 R 0 0 Fnwbw Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest Dry Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Empetrum nigrum woodland
SELA_Talbot_35 7/5/2005 66.48 -158.47 R 0 0 Fnwbw Dry Picea glauca-Empetrum nigrum-Stereocaulon woodland
SELA_Talbot_36 7/5/2005 66.48 -158.47 R 2 230 Slobe Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest Dry Picea glauca-Empetrum nigrum-Stereocaulon woodland
SELA_Talbot_37 7/5/2005 66.48 -158.47 R 0 0 Fnwws Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest
Dry Picea glauca-Empetrum nigrum/Vaccinium vitis-idaea
woodland
SELA_Talbot_38 7/5/2005 66.48 -158.48 R 0 0 Stoss Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Alnus viridis-Comarum palustre swamp thicket
SELA_Talbot_39 7/7/2005 66.77 -160.52 A 10 140 Sddt Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas octopetala-Arnica angustifolia fellfield
SELA_Talbot_4 6/29/2005 66.78 -158.06 L 2 340 Slcbe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub Ledum decumbens-Betula nana heath
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 206

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_Talbot_40 7/7/2005 66.77 -160.52 A 6 180 Sdet Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Betula nana-Vaccinium uliginosum heath
SELA_Talbot_41 7/7/2005 66.77 -160.51 U 10 180 Fnwws Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Vaccinium uliginosum open forest
SELA_Talbot_42 7/7/2005 66.79 -160.51 A 17 130 Sddt Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas octopetala-Lupinus arcticus fellfield
SELA_Talbot_43 7/7/2005 66.79 -160.51 A 17 130 Sddt Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas octopetala-Lupinus arcticus fellfield
SELA_Talbot_44 7/7/2005 66.76 -161.04 R 0 0 Stow Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxensis-Equisetum arvense alluvial thicket
SELA_Talbot_45 7/7/2005 66.76 -161.05 R 0 0 Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxensis-Equisetum arvense alluvial thicket
SELA_Talbot_46 7/8/2005 66.91 -159.49 A 0 0 Bpv Alpine Acidic Barrens Potentilla gorodkovii-Saxifraga bronchialis fellfield
SELA_Talbot_47 7/8/2005 66.91 -159.49 U 21 270 Sdet Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub Vaccinium uliginosum-Ledum decumbens heath
SELA_Talbot_48 7/8/2005 66.88 -160.21 A 25 170 Sddt Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas octopetala-Lupinus arcticus meadow heath
SELA_Talbot_49 7/8/2005 66.88 -160.20 A 18 290 Sddf Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas octopetala-Salix rotundifolia fellfield
SELA_Talbot_5 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 P 0 0 Hgwgh Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh Arctophila fulva-Equisetum arvense wet meadow
SELA_Talbot_50 7/9/2005 66.54 -159.11 L 0 0 Phl Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Eriophorum vaginatum-Andromeda polifolia bog
SELA_Talbot_51 7/9/2005 66.54 -159.11 U 0 0 Phl Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
Eriophorum vaginatum-Vaccinium uliginosum polygon ridge of
tussock tundra
SELA_Talbot_52 7/9/2005 66.54 -159.12 U 0 0 Hgwsmb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub Eriophorum vaginatum-Sphagnum balticum bog
SELA_Talbot_53 7/9/2005 66.54 -159.11 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Andromeda polifolia-Sphagnum compactum/S. balticum bog
SELA_Talbot_54 7/9/2005 66.57 -158.96 L 0 0 Plll Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog Andromeda polifolia-Carex rotundata-Sphagnum kenaiense bog
SELA_Talbot_55 7/9/2005 66.57 -158.96 U 2 50 Phl Slotb Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
Eriophorum vaginatum-Vaccinium vitis-idaea-Sphagnum fuscum
polygonal tussock tundra
SELA_Talbot_56 7/10/2005 66.31 -159.63 A 0 0 Sdet Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Arctostaphylos alpina-Vaccinium vitis-idaea heath
SELA_Talbot_57 7/10/2005 66.31 -159.63 A 0 0 Hfdh Alpine Acidic Barrens Arctostaphylos alpina-Potentilla gorodkovii fellfield
SELA_Talbot_58 7/10/2005 66.29 -159.72 A 4 200 Sddf Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas octopetala-Minuartia arctica fellfield
SELA_Talbot_59 7/10/2005 66.28 -159.72 A 0 0 Sdet Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Arctostaphylos alpina-Betula nana heath
SELA_Talbot_6 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 P 2 140 Hgwgh Lacustrine Pendent Grass Marsh Arctophila fulva-Cicuta virosa wet meadow
SELA_Talbot_60 7/10/2005 66.29 -159.72 A 3 340 Sdet Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub Arctostaphylos alpina-Vaccinium vitis-idaea heath
SELA_Talbot_61 7/11/2005 66.46 -158.64 R 0 0 Fbwp Riverine Poplar Forest Populus balsamifera-Equisetum arvense open alluvial forest
SELA_Talbot_62 7/11/2005 66.46 -158.64 R 0 0 Fncws Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest
Picea glauca-Rosa acicularis-Linnaea borealis Hylocomium
splendens alluvial forest
SELA_Talbot_63 7/11/2005 66.44 -158.73 R 0 0 Fbop Riverine Poplar Forest Populus balsamifera-Viburnum edule alluvial forest
SELA_Talbot_64 7/11/2005 66.44 -158.73 R 0 0 Fnows Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest
Picea glauca-Rosa acicularis-Linnaea borealis-Hylocomium
splendens alluvial forest
SELA_Talbot_65 7/11/2005 66.44 -158.73 R 0 0 Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxensis-Equisetum arvense alluvial thicket
SELA_Talbot_66 7/11/2005 66.52 -157.53 A 5 160 Sddf Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas octopetala-Saxifraga bronchialis fellfield
SELA_Talbot_67 7/12/2005 66.52 -157.53 U 10 170 Fmwsb Upland Spruce-Birch Forest Picea glauca-Betula papyrifera-Stereocaulon lichen woodland
SELA_Talbot_68 7/12/2005 66.51 -157.48 A 0 0 Sddf Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas octopetala-Oxytropis nigescens s. bryophila fellfield
207 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_Talbot_69 7/12/2005 66.51 -157.48 A 8 160 Sddf Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas octopetala-Anemone drummondii fellfield
SELA_Talbot_7 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 L 2 140 Stcw Lowland Willow Low Shrub Salix pulchra-Equisetum arvense shoreline thicket
SELA_Talbot_70 7/12/2005 66.48 -157.77 U 25 240 Fmosb Upland Spruce-Birch Forest Betula papyrifera-Picea glauca-Rosa acicularis forest
SELA_Talbot_71 7/12/2005 66.48 -157.77 U 8 240 Fmcsb Upland Spruce-Birch Forest
Picea glauca-Betula papyrifera-Rosa acicularis-Hylocomium
splendens mixed forest
SELA_Talbot_72 7/12/2005 66.52 -157.82 A 3 180 Sddf Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas octopetala-Minuartia arctica fellfield
SELA_Talbot_73 7/12/2005 66.52 -157.82 A 0 0 Sddl Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas octopetala-Arnica angustifolia fellfield
SELA_Talbot_74 7/12/2005 66.53 -157.94 U 0 0 Sloe Upland Spruce-Birch Forest
Picea glauca-Betula papyrifera-Loiseleuria procumbens-
Stereocaulon lichen woodland
SELA_Talbot_75 7/13/2005 66.12 -159.55 U 2 50 Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
Eriophorum vaginatum-Vaccinium uliginosum-Sphagnum balticum
alpine tussock tundra
SELA_Talbot_76 7/13/2005 66.12 -159.55 A 15 40 Sddl Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub Dryas octopetala-Carex podocarpa fellfield
SELA_Talbot_77 7/13/2005 66.12 -159.55 U 3 30 Hgwss Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
Carex rotundata-Eriophorum vaginatum-Sphagnum balticum
tussock mire
SELA_Talbot_78 7/13/2005 66.12 -159.55 A 20 320 Hbl Alpine Cassiope Dwarf Shrub Cassiope tetragona-Cladina alpestris scree slope
SELA_Talbot_79 7/13/2005 66.56 -160.25 L 0 0
Andromeda polifolia-Drosera anglica-Sphagnum kenaiense
Sloeb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
intermediate hummock net patterned bog
SELA_Talbot_8 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 L 1 140 Stcw Lowland Willow Low Shrub Salix pulchra-Equisetum arvense shoreline thicket
SELA_Talbot_80 7/13/2005 66.13 -159.55 U 0 0
Eriophorum vaginatum/Carex bigelowii-Vaccinium vitis-idaeatussock
tundra
Slott Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
SELA_Talbot_81 7/15/2005 66.56 -160.25 L 0 0 Hgwss Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
Ledum decumbens-Carex aquatilis-Sphagnum lenense organic
ridge in net patterned bog
SELA_Talbot_82 7/15/2005 66.56 -160.25 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen
Carex rotundata/Carex chordorrhiza--Sphagnum perfoliatum wet
hollow in net patterned bog
SELA_Talbot_83 7/15/2005 66.56 -160.25 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Carex aquatilis-Oxycoccus microcarpus--Sphagnum kenaiense
intermediate level net patterned bog
SELA_Talbot_84 7/15/2005 66.56 -160.25 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen
Carex rotundata/Carex chordorrhiza-Sphagnum orientale wet
hollow in net patterned bog
SELA_Talbot_85 7/15/2005 66.56 -160.25 L 0 0 Slobb Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
SELA_Talbot_86 7/15/2005 66.56 -160.25 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Sedge Fen
SELA_Talbot_87 7/15/2005 66.56 -160.25 L 0 0 Slobb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
SELA_Talbot_88 7/15/2005 66.56 -160.25 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Ledum decumbens-Betual nana-Sphagnum lenense hummock ridge
in net patterned bog
Carex chordorrhiza/Carex rotundata-Sphagnum orientale center of
net patterned bog
Ledum decumbens-Betula nana-Sphagnum lenense ridge of net
patterned bog
Betula nana-Carex rotundata-Sphagnum lenense/Sphagnum steerei
intermediate level net patterned bog
SELA_Talbot_89 7/15/2005 66.89 -160.69 R 0 0 Fnwws Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Equisetum arvense alluvial open forest
SELA_Talbot_9 6/30/2005 66.80 -158.07 P 1 140 Bpv Lacustrine Barrens Eleocharis acicularis-Arctophila fulva wet shoreline meadow
SELA_Talbot_90 7/15/2005 66.89 -160.69 R 0 0
Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Salix richardsonii-Equisetum arvense
Fncws Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest
alluvial open forest
SELA_Talbot_91 7/16/2005 66.89 -160.69 R 0 0 Fnwws Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest
SELA_Talbot_92 7/16/2005 66.89 -160.69 R 0 0 Stoaw Riverine Alder Tall Shrub
Picea glauca-Pentaphylloides floribunda-Tomenthypnum nitens
wooded fen
Picea glauca-Alnus viridis-Pentaphylloides floribunda-Sphagnum
warnstorfii wooded fen
SELA_Talbot_93 7/16/2005 66.89 -160.69 R 0 0 Stca Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Alnus viridis-Eqisetum arvense thicket
SELA_Talbot_94 7/16/2005 66.89 -160.68 R 3 320 Stcw Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub Salix alaxensis-Equisetum arvense thicket
SELA_Talbot_95 7/16/2005 66.56 -159.00 L 0 0 Sfobs Lowland Black Spruce Forest Picea mariana-Ledum decumbens-Rubus chamaemorus open scrub
SELA_Talbot_96 7/17/2005 66.56 -159.01 L 0 0 Slobe Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub Betula nana-Vaccinium uliginosum open scrub
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 208

Appendix 2. Continued.
LatDD83
LongDD83
Physiog
Slope
Aspect
SurfGeomUnit
Microtopo
MicroRelief
VegClass4
Unique_ID Date
Map_Ecotype DominPlants
SELA_Talbot_97 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.00 R 2 240 Stca Riverine Alder Tall Shrub Alnus viridis-Arctagrostis latifolia deciduous thicket
SELA_Talbot_98 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.01 L 0 0 Hgwsmb Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
SELA_Talbot_99 7/18/2005 66.56 -159.00 L 2 200 Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Carex rotundata/Carex chordorrhiza-Andromeda polifolia-
Sphagnum compactum/Sphagnum tenellum bog
Carex rotundata/Carex chordorrhiza-Andromeda polifolia-
Sphagnum compactum/Sphagnum tenellum bog
209 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 3.
List of environmental characteristics by ground reference plot in Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge, including plots collected by Stephen Talbot and used for the ELS.
Unique_ID
SELA_PurcellHS_2007
NWIWaterReg
WaterDepth
Saturated30cm
SoilMoisture
LowMottDep
LowMatrDep
HydricSoil
Cryoturb
SurfOrg
CumOrg40
DomMineral40
DomText40
LoessThick
ThawDepth
FrostBoil
SitepH
SiteEC
che_name
Circumneutral
SELA_T01_01_2007 Nsa n M 13 14 n n 11 11 L L 22 33 0 4.7 220 Acidic
SELA_T01_02_2007 Np 50 y A y W W 999 0 8.4 240 Alkaline
SELA_T01_03_2007 U n M 11 999 y n 1 9 L L 42 999 0 7.8 190 Alkaline
SELA_T01_04_2007 Nse n M 11 999 y n 4 9 L L 41 999 0 5.7 70 Circumneutral
SELA_T01_05_2007 Np 10 y A 999 999 y n 70 40 L L 999 84 7.2 300 Circumneutral
SELA_T01_06_2007 Nsa -55 n M 9 999 y n 3 8 L L 999 999 0 6.9 ## Brackish
SELA_T01_07_2007 Nsa n M 20 999 y n 2 15 L L 999 77 0 6.1 540 Circumneutral
SELA_T01_08_2007 Nsa -39 y W 23 999 y n 21 21 L O 999 42 0 6.8 ## Brackish
SELA_T01_09_2007 Nsp -2 y W 999 999 y n 48 40 O O 999 48 0 5.7 150 Circumneutral
SELA_T01_10_2007 Nsa n M 999 999 y n 29 29 O O 999 29 0 4.7 70 Acidic
SELA_T01_11_2007 Np -2 y W 999 999 y n 999 0 6.2 110 Circumneutral
SELA_T01_12_2007 Nsa 999 n M 999 14 y n 12 15 L L 22 38 0 4.7 110 Acidic
SELA_T01_13_2007 Nsa 999 n M n y 15 16 L L 19 35 4.1 80 Acidic
SELA_T01_14_2007 Nsa n M 18 22 y n 19 25 L O 5 30 0 4.9 80 Acidic
SELA_T01_15_2007 Nsa -9 y W 999 999 y n 46 40 O O 5 50 0 5.9 200 Circumneutral
SELA_T01_16_2007 Nsa n M 15 999 y n 28 28 L O 5 33 0 3.9 100 Acidic
SELA_T01_17_2007 Nsa 999 n M 18 22 y n 12 19 L L 25 40 0 3.7 130 Acidic
SELA_T01_18_2007 Np 40 y A y n 999 0 6.9 280 Circumneutral
SELA_T01_19_2007 Np -5 y W 999 48 y n 48 40 P P 15 63 0 5.9 120 Circumneutral
SELA_T01_20_2007
Circumneutral
SELA_T01_21_2007 Nsa n M 28 24 y n 16 23 L O 10 34 0 3.8 130 Acidic
SELA_T02_01_2007 Np 3 y W 999 999 y n 28 28 L O 0 93 0 6.1 190 Circumneutral
SELA_T02_02_2007 Nsa -62 n M 999 50 y n 50 40 P P 0 81 0 6.4 400 Circumneutral
SELA_T02_03_2007 U 999 n D 999 999 n n 6 6 L L 50 56 0 4.7 220 Acidic
SELA_T02_05_2007 Nsa 999 n M 999 999 y n 26 29 L O 15 41 0 4.1 150 Acidic
SELA_T02_06_2007 U 999 n M 9 999 y y 9 9 S S 0 94 1 4.3 40 Acidic
SELA_T02_07_2007 U 999 n M 33 36 n n 13 13 L L 39 999 0 6.7 200 Circumneutral
SELA_T02_08_2007 Np 25 y A 999 999 W W 7.4 60 Alkaline
SELA_T02_09_2007 Nsa -8 y W 999 999 y n 44 40 P P 0 105 0 6.7 ## Brackish
SELA_T02_10_2007 U n M 999 999 y n 30 30 P P 0 30 0 4.4 280 Acidic
SELA_T02_11_2007 Nsa -21 y W 999 999 y n 42 40 P P 0 42 0 6.2 100 Circumneutral
SELA_T02_12_2007 U 999 n M 8 999 n y 8 8 L L 51 52 0 4.3 150 Acidic
SELA_T02_13_2007 Nsa y W 6 16 y n 5 5 L L 44 999 0 6.2 60 Circumneutral
SELA_T02_14_2007 U 999 n M 21 999 y y 16 16 L L 18 34 0 4.9 140 Acidic
SELA_T02_15_2007 Np 60 y A 999 999 y W W 8.7 620 Alkaline
SELA_T02_16_2007 Ni n M 16 18 y n 8 13 L L 35 999 0 6.7 120 Circumneutral
SELA_T02_17_2007 U n M 21 999 y n 14 21 L L 18 39 0 4.4 80 Acidic
SELA_T02_18_2007 Nsa y W 999 999 y n 35 35 L O 999 97 0 6.4 ## Brackish
SELA_T02_19_2007 U 999 n M 32 y y 32 32 L O 7 39 0 5.3 90 Acidic
SELA_T02_20_2007 U n M y n 17 17 L O 25 999 0 6.2 780 Circumneutral
SELA_T02_21_2007 Nsa -11 y W 999 32 y n 32 32 L O 9 999 0 6.4 ## Brackish
SELA_T02_22_2007 Np 1 y W 999 999 y n 13 25 L L 6 90 0 6.6 ## Brackish
SELA_T02_23_2007 U n M 28 21 y n 21 21 L O 25 125 0 5.3 780 Acidic
SELA_T02_24_2007 Np -3 y W 999 999 y n 36 36 L O 20 70 0 6.2 1170 Brackish
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 210

Appendix 3.
Continued.
Unique_ID
NWIWaterReg
WaterDepth
Saturated30cm
SoilMoisture
LowMottDep
LowMatrDep
HydricSoil
Cryoturb
SurfOrg
CumOrg40
DomMineral40
DomText40
LoessThick
ThawDepth
FrostBoil
SitepH
SiteEC
che_name
SELA_T03_01_2007 Ni -9 y W 1 3 y n 0 8 L L 0 999 0 6.3 680 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_02_2007 Ni n M 999 999 n n 0 3 L L 0 104 0 7.5 120 Alkaline
SELA_T03_03_2007 Nsa -71 n M 8 999 n n 0 6 L L 0 72 0 8 70 Alkaline
SELA_T03_04_2007 Nsa -1 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 L P 0 78 0 6.9 270 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_05_2007 Ni -14 y W 0 9 y n 0 1 S S 0 999 0 6.6 530 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_06_2007 Np 50 y A 999 999 Y u 999 999 W W 999 999 7.8 210 Alkaline
SELA_T03_07_2007 Ni -24 y W 0 24 y n 0 2 S S 0 999 0 6.9 580 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_08_2007 Ni -45 y M 1 17 y n 0 3 S S 0 135 0 7.4 200 Alkaline
SELA_T03_09_2007 Ni 999 n M 999 999 n n 0 2 S S 0 999 0 7.7 140 Alkaline
SELA_T03_10_2007 Ni -98 n M 20 999 n n 0 4 L L 0 98 0 7.6 110 Alkaline
SELA_T03_11_2007 Nsa -15 y W 0 1 y n 0 3 L L 0 115 0 7.1 680 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_12_2007 Ni -57 n M 10 999 y n 2 6 L L 0 999 0 7.2 90 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_13_2007 U -72 n M 17 999 n n 7 10 L L 0 72 0 6.8 80 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_14_2007 Nsa 1 y W 999 999 y n 22 38 P P 0 999 0 6.7 280 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_15_2007 Nsa -9 y W 999 999 y n 14 36 P P 0 48 0 7.1 280 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_16_2007 Nsa -16 y W 999 999 y n 31 31 L O 0 999 0 6.8 210 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_17_2007 U -74 n M 11 999 n n 9 10 L L 0 74 0 6 60 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_18_2007 Nsa -1 y W 999 999 y n 35 35 L O 0 69 0 5.7 70 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_19_2007 Nsa 3 y W 999 999 y n 24 24 L O 0 79 0 6.2 80 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_20_2007 Nsa -29 y M 999 999 y n 42 40 P P 0 48 0 5.1 50 Acidic
SELA_T03_21_2007 Nsa -20 y M 999 16 y y 20 24 L O 999 68 0 5.5 30 Acidic
SELA_T03_22_2007 U -51 n M 16 999 n n 15 15 L L 999 51 0 4.1 60 Acidic
SELA_T03_23_2007 Nsa -12 y W 11 18 y n 12 12 L L 999 64 0 5.2 70 Acidic
SELA_T03_24_2007 Np 30 n A 999 999 y n 999 999 P P 999 999 0 5.8 50 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_25_2007 Np 100 n A 999 999 Y u 999 999 W W 999 999 3.9 999 Acidic
SELA_T03_26_2007 Np 80 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 6.6 70 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_27_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 8 8 L L 999 48 0 7.5 100 Alkaline
SELA_T03_30_2007 Ni -45 n W 999 999 y n 0 3 S S 0 999 0 7 270 Circumneutral
SELA_T03_31_2007
Ni
-
107
n M 60 999 n n 0 2 L L 0 108 0 7.5 150 Alkaline
SELA_T04_01_2007 Np 34 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 L O 0 999 0 6.6 100 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_02_2007 Nse 11 y W 999 999 y n 35 35 L O 0 999 0 6.6 90 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_03_2007 Nsa -20 y M 8 23 y y 14 17 L L 999 116 0 4.1 70 Acidic
SELA_T04_04_2007 Nsa 4 y W 999 13 y n 12 22 L O 0 999 0 5.8 130 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_05_2007 Nsa -32 n M 999 22 y n 16 26 L O 0 32 0 4.9 50 Acidic
SELA_T04_06_2007 Nsa -26 y M 999 999 y n 42 40 P P 0 38 0 4.6 40 Acidic
SELA_T04_07_2007 Nsa -8 y W 999 999 y n 46 40 P P 999 51 0 3.2 30 Acidic
SELA_T04_08_2007 Nsa -18 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 39 0 4.5 50 Acidic
SELA_T04_09_2007 Nsp 24 y A 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 999 0 5.6 100 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_10_2007 Np 80 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 6.7 110 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_11_2007 Nsp 24 y A 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 999 0 6.1 100 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_12_2007 Nsa -12 y W 999 999 y n 42 40 P P 999 99 0 5.9 60 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_13_2007 Nsp 35 y A 999 999 y n 999 999 L O 999 999 999 6.1 100 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_14_2007 Np 70 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 6.5 110 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_15_2007 Nsa -16 y M 16 999 y n 17 17 L L 0 48 0 5.8 ## Circumneutral
SELA_T04_16_2007 U n M 999 999 n y 17 20 L O 999 72 0 4.3 260 Acidic
211 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 3.
Continued.
Unique_ID
NWIWaterReg
WaterDepth
Saturated30cm
SoilMoisture
LowMottDep
LowMatrDep
HydricSoil
Cryoturb
SurfOrg
CumOrg40
DomMineral40
DomText40
LoessThick
ThawDepth
FrostBoil
SitepH
SiteEC
che_name
SELA_T04_17_2007 Np 56 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 6.8 100 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_18_2007 Nsa -21 y M 999 24 y n 24 24 L O 999 54 2 4.4 90 Acidic
SELA_T04_19_2007 Nsa -1 y W 999 999 y n 55 40 P P 999 63 0 4 40 Acidic
SELA_T04_20_2007 Nsa -10 y W 999 999 y n 50 40 P P 0 52 0 4 40 Acidic
SELA_T04_21_2007 Nsa -10 y W 999 31 y n 30 30 L O 999 51 0 3.8 70 Acidic
SELA_T04_22_2007 Nsa -10 y W 999 999 y n 53 40 P P 999 53 0 4.2 30 Acidic
SELA_T04_23_2007 Nsa -18 n W 999 999 y n 54 40 P P 999 54 0 4.5 40 Acidic
SELA_T04_24_2007 Nsa -36 n M 999 999 y n 36 40 P P 999 36 0 3.6 70 Acidic
SELA_T04_25_2007 Nsp 10 y A 999 8 y n 11 13 L L 999 999 0 6.4 110 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_26_2007 Np 130 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 6.7 110 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_27_2007 Np 20 y A 999 999 y n 999 999 P P 999 77 0 6.8 110 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_28_2007 Nsa -3 y W 999 999 y n 21 21 L O 999 999 0 6.4 240 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_29_2007 Nt -90 n M 11 999 n n 6 8 L L 0 999 0 5.7 50 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_30_2007 Np 36 y A 999 999 y n 8 8 L L 999 999 999 5.8 60 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_31_2007 Nt -67 n M 12 999 y n 3 8 L L 0 999 0 5.1 70 Acidic
SELA_T04_32_2007 Nsa -7 y W 999 10 y n 22 24 L O 0 999 0 5.2 190 Acidic
SELA_T04_33_2007 Nse 8 y W 999 999 y n 30 31 L O 0 65 0 5.8 110 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_34_2007 Np 53 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 6.2 90 Circumneutral
SELA_T04_35_2007 Nsa -42 n M 999 999 y n 42 40 P P 0 42 0 4.2 100 Acidic
SELA_T04_36_2007 Nsa -22 y M 999 29 y y 29 34 L O 0 54 0 3.8 70 Acidic
SELA_T05_01_2007 U 999 n M 19 999 n y 11 11 L L 0 44 0 3.8 110 Acidic
SELA_T05_02_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 27 27 O O 0 27 0 3.8 100 Acidic
SELA_T05_03_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 13 13 L L 0 70 0 3.2 100 Acidic
SELA_T05_04_2007 Nsa y W 999 999 y n 37 37 P P 0 37 0 4.5 30 Acidic
SELA_T05_05_2007 Nsa 999 y M 999 999 n n 33 33 L O 0 42 0 3.4 40 Acidic
SELA_T05_06_2007 Np 22 y A 999 999 y u W W 999 0 5.8 40 Circumneutral
SELA_T05_07_2007 Np 62 y A 999 999 y n W W 999 0 6.3 40 Circumneutral
SELA_T05_08_2007 U n M 21 999 n n 31 40 P P 0 31 0 3.5 110 Acidic
SELA_T05_09_2007 Np -8 y W 999 999 y n 999 P P 999 48 0 4.6 40 Acidic
SELA_T05_10_2007 U n M 999 999 n n 3 3 L L 0 66 0 4.8 80 Acidic
SELA_T05_11_2007 Np 70 y A 999 999 y u W W 999 0 8.1 110 Alkaline
SELA_T05_12_2007 Nse 5 y A 999 999 y n 999 L O 999 0 6.1 ## Circumneutral
SELA_T05_13_2007 Nse -18 y W 999 999 y y 7 7 L L 0 70 0 6 ## Circumneutral
SELA_T05_14_2007 Nse -21 n W 999 999 y n 37 37 P P 0 53 0 6.7 640 Circumneutral
SELA_T05_15_2007 U -31 n M 999 999 n n 35 35 P P 0 35 0 4.2 30 Acidic
SELA_T05_16_2007 Np -1 y W 999 999 y n 999 999 P P 0 999 0 5.6 50 Circumneutral
SELA_T05_17_2007 Np 60 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 0 6.3 50 Circumneutral
SELA_T05_18_2007 U n M 999 999 n n 22 22 L O 0 25 0 3.3 Acidic
SELA_T05_19_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 11 11 L L 0 57 0 3.4 90 Acidic
SELA_T05_20_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 35 35 P P 0 35 0 3.4 90 Acidic
SELA_T05_21_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n y 31 31 P P 0 31 0 3.6 80 Acidic
SELA_T05_22_2007 Np -5 y W 999 999 y n 47 40 P P 0 47 0 4.5 30 Acidic
SELA_T05_23_2007 Nse -26 y W 999 999 y n 13 13 L L 0 999 0 6 540 Circumneutral
SELA_T05_24_2007 U n M 999 999 n n 9 9 L L 0 57 0 4.7 50 Acidic
SELA_T05_25_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 12 12 L L 0 62 0 4.1 50 Acidic
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 212

Appendix 3.
Continued.
Unique_ID
NWIWaterReg
WaterDepth
Saturated30cm
SoilMoisture
LowMottDep
LowMatrDep
HydricSoil
Cryoturb
SurfOrg
CumOrg40
DomMineral40
DomText40
LoessThick
ThawDepth
FrostBoil
SitepH
SiteEC
che_name
SELA_T05_26_2007 Np A W W Circumneutral
SELA_T05_27_2007
Circumneutral
SELA_T06_01_2007 Nsa 999 n M 999 999 y n 45 40 P P 0 35 0 3.5 200 Acidic
SELA_T06_02_2007 U n M n n 7 9 L L 0 43 0 5.4 70 Acidic
SELA_T06_03_2007 Nsa 1 y W y n 25 25 L O 0 130 0 5.6 30 Circumneutral
SELA_T06_04_2007 Nsa 999 n W n n 30 30 P P 0 30 0 4 40 Acidic
SELA_T06_05_2007 Nsa 999 n M n n 39 39 P P 0 39 0 3.8 100 Acidic
SELA_T06_06_2007 Nsa -25 y M y n 36 40 P P 0 43 4.7 80 Acidic
SELA_T06_07_2007 Nsa -18 y W 7 y n 35 35 O 0 64 0 5.1 40 Acidic
SELA_T06_08_2007 Nsa -10 y W y n 41 40 P P 0 54 0 4.1 60 Acidic
SELA_T06_09_2007 U n M 20 25 n n 0 0 999 130 0.1 4.5 10 Acidic
SELA_T06_10_2007 Nsa -10 y W y n 44 40 P O 0 46 0 4.5 30 Acidic
SELA_T06_11_2007 Np y A W W 6.2 70 Circumneutral
SELA_T06_12_2007 Nsa -23 y M y n 43 40 P P 0 43 0 5.6 20 Circumneutral
SELA_T06_13_2007 Np y A W W 7.2 30 Circumneutral
SELA_T06_14_2007 y W y P P 5.8 20 Circumneutral
SELA_T06_15_2007 Nsp -4 y W y n 100 40 P P 0 130 0 4 50 Acidic
SELA_T06_16_2007 Nsp -2 y W y n 40 40 P P 0 130 0 5.4 30 Acidic
SELA_T06_17_2007 W 6.3 40 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_01_2007 Np y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 0 7.9 80 Alkaline
SELA_T07_02_2007 U n M 26 999 y y 15 15 L L 999 97 0 6.3 170 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_03_2007 U n M 999 999 n n 6 6 L L 999 75 0 5.5 90 Acidic
SELA_T07_04_2007 U 999 n M 12 999 y y 7 9 R R 999 64 0 5.9 60 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_05_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 7 7 R R 999 999 2 6.1 20 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_06_2007 U 999 n M 15 15 y n 14 14 L L 999 60 0 5.3 70 Acidic
SELA_T07_07_2007 U 999 u M 24 999 y n 17 17 L L 999 55 0 5.6 60 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_08_2007 U 999 n M 10 999 n n 7 7 L L 999 999 0 7.1 560 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_09_2007 Nsa -3 y W 999 999 y u 0 0 L L 999 54 0 5.8 80 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_10_2007 Nsa y M 999 999 y n 38 38 P P 999 62 0 5.7 50 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_11_2007 U 999 n M 8 999 y n 7 7 L L 999 110 0 6.2 70 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_12_2007 Nsa -35 y M 999 999 y n 7 20 L O 999 55 0 5.6 100 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_13_2007 Nsa 0 y W 999 999 y n 14 14 L L 999 76 0 6.1 70 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_14_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n y 3 3 R R 999 105 45 6.4 30 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_15_2007 U 999 n M 10 999 y y 8 10 L L 999 999 0 6.5 90 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_16_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 4 4 L L 999 999 0 6.1 70 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_17_2007 Np y A 999 999 y n 999 999 W W 999 999 0 7.2 120 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_18_2007 U n M 999 999 n n 10 10 L L 999 90 0 5.8 170 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_19_2007 Nsa -34 y M 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 47 0 5.6 150 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_20_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 6 6 L L 999 124 0 6.8 150 Circumneutral
SELA_T07_21_2007 U 999 n M 9 999 n n 6 6 G G 999 999 0 6.8 70 Circumneutral
SELA_T08_01_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 2 2 L L 106 106 0 4.9 10 Acidic
SELA_T08_02_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 1 1 L L 150 999 0 5 20 Acidic
SELA_T08_03_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 7 7 L L 128 128 0 4.1 50 Acidic
SELA_T08_04_2007 U 999 n M 20 999 n n 8 8 L L 82 82 0 5.5 40 Acidic
SELA_T08_05_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n y 2 10 L L 98 98 0 6.1 60 Circumneutral
213 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 3.
Continued.
Unique_ID
NWIWaterReg
WaterDepth
Saturated30cm
SoilMoisture
LowMottDep
LowMatrDep
HydricSoil
Cryoturb
SurfOrg
CumOrg40
DomMineral40
DomText40
LoessThick
ThawDepth
FrostBoil
SitepH
SiteEC
che_name
SELA_T08_06_2007 U 999 n D 999 999 n n 1 1 G G 5 999 0 5.3 10 Acidic
SELA_T08_07_2007 Nse 999 n M 17 29 y n 5 6 L L 167 999 0 5.8 70 Circumneutral
SELA_T08_11_2007 M 1 1 L L Circumneutral
SELA_T08_12_2007 Nsp -10 y W 36 y n 37 37 L O 20 52 0 4.5 30 Acidic
SELA_T08_13_2007 5.6 10 Circumneutral
SELA_T08_14_2007 U 999 n M 11 30 y n 10 10 L L 117 117 0 5.1 20 Acidic
SELA_T08_15_2007 U n M 15 999 n n 8 8 L L 83 83 0 4.5 40 Acidic
SELA_T08_16_2007 Nsa -40 y W 5 15 y n 1 1 L L 107 107 0 5.4 20 Acidic
SELA_T10_01_2007 Nsp 0 y W 999 999 y n 60 40 P P 999 60 4.6 30 Acidic
SELA_T10_02_2007 Nsa -5 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 55 0 5.4 30 Acidic
SELA_T10_03_2007 Nsa -30 y M 14 999 y y 13 13 L L 999 55 0 6.4 50 Circumneutral
SELA_T10_04_2007 Nsa 999 y M 999 999 y n 33 40 P P 999 36 0 4.5 70 Acidic
SELA_T10_06_2007 Nsa -8 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 49 0 4.7 30 Acidic
SELA_T10_07_2007 Nsp 0 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 72 0 4.9 30 Acidic
SELA_T10_08_2007 Nsa -7 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 58 0 4.5 50 Acidic
SELA_T10_09_2007 Nsa -30 y M 999 999 y y 36 40 P P 999 44 0 4.7 20 Acidic
SELA_T10_10_2007 Nsa 999 y M 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 55 0 4 50 Acidic
SELA_T10_11_2007 Np 2 y A 999 999 y n 48 40 P P 999 999 0 6.6 80 Circumneutral
SELA_T10_12_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 34 0 4 100 Acidic
SELA_T10_13_2007 Nsa -11 y W 999 999 y n 26 26 L O 999 50 0 6.2 60 Circumneutral
SELA_T10_14_2007 Np -1 y W 999 999 y n 47 40 P P 999 999 0 5.1 60 Acidic
SELA_T10_15_2007 Nsa -24 y M 999 999 y y 40 40 P P 999 55 0 5.2 30 Acidic
SELA_T10_16_2007 Nsa -9 y W 999 999 y y 40 40 P P 999 51 0 5.6 30 Circumneutral
SELA_T10_17_2007 Nsp 3 y W 999 999 y u 47 40 P P 999 54 0 5.2 30 Acidic
SELA_T10_19_2007 Np y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 0 6 20 Circumneutral
SELA_T10_20_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 y n 21 40 P P 999 21 0 3.5 120 Acidic
SELA_T10_21_2007 Nsa -12 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 61 0 4.5 60 Acidic
SELA_T10_22_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n y 13 13 L L 999 40 0 4.2 90 Acidic
SELA_T10_23_2007 Nsa -26 y M 999 999 y n 32 32 P P 999 32 0 5.6 80 Circumneutral
SELA_T10_24_2007 Nsa y M 999 999 y y 32 40 P P 999 32 0 4.4 50 Acidic
SELA_T10_25_2007 Nsa -28 y W 999 999 y n 0 12 L L 999 57 0 5.7 30 Circumneutral
SELA_T10_26_2007 U 999 n M 999 18 y y 21 21 L O 999 51 0 4.1 50 Acidic
SELA_T10_27_2007 Nsa -20 y M 999 999 y y 40 40 P P 999 44 0 5.7 40 Circumneutral
SELA_T10_28_2007 Nsa -9 y W 999 999 y y 40 40 P P 999 55 0 5.3 60 Acidic
SELA_T11_02_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 y y 5 5 L L 999 75 0 5.4 50 Acidic
SELA_T11_03_2007 Np 8 y A 999 999 y n 0 0 W W 999 999 0 7.5 30 Alkaline
SELA_T11_04_2007 Nse -10 y W 999 999 y n 2 2 S S 999 999 0 6.6 460 Circumneutral
SELA_T11_05_2007 Nsa y M 999 999 n n 15 15 L L 999 57 0 4.8 40 Acidic
SELA_T11_06_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n y 17 27 L O 999 49 0 3.5 80 Acidic
SELA_T11_07_2007 Nsa -5 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 50 0 5.2 40 Acidic
SELA_T11_08_2007 Nsa -32 y M 999 999 y n 21 21 L O 999 40 0 4.7 30 Acidic
SELA_T11_09_2007 Nsa 999 y M 999 999 y y 26 26 L O 999 64 0 5.4 50 Acidic
SELA_T11_10_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 9 9 L L 999 999 0 6 60 Circumneutral
SELA_T11_11_2007 U 999 n M 11 999 y n 6 6 L L 999 70 0 5.6 60 Circumneutral
SELA_T11_12_2007 Nsa -12 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 36 0 4.8 40 Acidic
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 214

Appendix 3.
Continued.
Unique_ID
NWIWaterReg
WaterDepth
Saturated30cm
SoilMoisture
LowMottDep
LowMatrDep
HydricSoil
Cryoturb
SurfOrg
CumOrg40
DomMineral40
DomText40
LoessThick
ThawDepth
FrostBoil
SitepH
SiteEC
che_name
SELA_T11_13_2007 U 999 u M 27 999 n y 23 23 G O 999 106 60 7.4 160 Alkaline
SELA_T11_14_2007 U n M 27 999 n y 20 22 L O 999 95 0 6.1 150 Circumneutral
SELA_T11_15_2007 Np 19 y A 999 999 y u 999 999 W W 999 999 999 7.4 50 Alkaline
SELA_T11_16_2007 U 999 n M 11 15 y n 10 10 L L 999 95 5 5.3 50 Acidic
SELA_T11_17_2007 Nse 999 n M 999 999 y n 27 27 L O 999 31 0 4.2 80 Acidic
SELA_T11_18_2007 Nsa -4 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 45 0 4.7 30 Acidic
SELA_T11_19_2007 Nsa -28 y M 999 999 y n 14 30 P O 999 35 0 5.6 80 Circumneutral
SELA_T11_20_2007 U 999 n D 999 999 n n 0 0 G G 999 999 0 6 20 Circumneutral
SELA_T11_21_2007 U 999 n M 999 999 n n 6 6 G G 999 999 0 4.5 50 Acidic
SELA_T12_05_2008 999 n M 15 999 n 8 8 L L 999 28 999 5.2 40 Acidic
SELA_T12_06_2008 999 n M 999 999 y n 23 23 L L 999 36 0 5.4 40 Acidic
SELA_T12_07_2008 Nsa -20 y W 999 999 y n 40 40 P P 999 41 0 4.3 130 Acidic
SELA_T12_08_2008 Nsa 13 y W 999 999 y y 29 29 P P 999 29 0 5.8 80 Circumneutral
SELA_T14_01_2008 Nsa -12 y W 999 999 y 34 34 O O 999 35 999 5.8 10 Circumneutral
SELA_T14_03_2008 -31 y M 999 999 y y 28 28 L O 999 32 0 3.7 130 Acidic
SELA_T14_05_2008 Nsa -22 y W 999 999 y y 999 999 P P 999 25 0 4.7 30 Acidic
SELA_T14_08_2008 999 M 999 999 999 999 K K 999 999 999 4.7 Acidic
SELA_T14_17_2008 999 n M 999 999 n 0 0 K K 999 20 999 4.8 110 Acidic
SELA_T14_20_2008 Nsa -20 y M 999 999 y n 35 40 P P 999 35 0 5 30 Acidic
SELA_T14_21_2008 -10 y W 999 999 y y 28 999 L O 999 29 35 6.2 130 Circumneutral
SELA_T14_22_2008 Nsa 999 y M 999 999 y 23 23 L O 999 999 999 4.5 150 Acidic
SELA_T14_23_2008 -25 y M 999 999 y y 40 40 P P 999 26 0 3.7 100 Acidic
SELA_T14_25_2008 999 n M 9 999 n 11 11 L L 999 25 999 4.7 90 Acidic
SELA_T15_01_2008 -17 y W 999 999 y y 17 17 P P 999 23 0 6 50 Circumneutral
SELA_T15_03_2008 Nsa 999 n M 12 999 y 4 4 L L 999 35 999 6.2 130 Circumneutral
SELA_T15_05_2008 -24 y W 999 999 y 31 31 O O 999 34 999 5.2 220 Acidic
SELA_T15_07_2008 Nsa n D 999 999 y n 5 5 L L 999 55 0 6.9 500 Circumneutral
SELA_T15_09_2008 999 n M 17 999 y y 15 15 L L 999 31 0.1 5.3 110 Acidic
SELA_T15_11_2008 999 n M 3 999 y y 2 2 L L 999 999 5 6.2 100 Circumneutral
SELA_T15_13_2008 999 n M 999 999 n n 13 13 L L 999 29 0 5.8 50 Circumneutral
SELA_T15_17_2008 999 n M 999 999 n n 13 13 L L 999 38 0 5.1 30 Acidic
SELA_T15_20_2008 -18 y W 999 999 y y 999 40 P P 999 24 0 4.7 30 Acidic
SELA_T16_01_2008 -12 y W 999 999 y y 40 40 P P 999 32 0 4.6 20 Acidic
SELA_T16_03_2008 y W 999 999 u 30 30 O O 999 34 999 6.4 260 Circumneutral
SELA_T16_07_2008 Nsa y M y 40 P P 23 Acidic
SELA_T17_01_2008 999 n M 999 999 n y 13 13 L L 999 33 0 5.2 80 Acidic
SELA_T17_03_2008 U 999 n M 8 999 n 4 4 L L 999 35 999 6.6 170 Circumneutral
SELA_T17_04_2008 999 n M 8 999 n 6 6 L L 999 999 5.8 200 Circumneutral
SELA_T17_08_2008 Nsa 12 y M 999 999 y n 30 30 P P 999 30 0 4.8 30 Acidic
SELA_T18_01_2008 Nsa 999 y W 999 999 y 19 19 L O 999 39 999 5.4 30 Acidic
SELA_T18_05_2008 U n M 2 999 n 1 1 L L 999 19 999 4.5 110 Acidic
SELA_T18_08_2008 U n M 24 999 y n 23 23 L O 999 33 999 6.2 80 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_1 21 4.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_10 25 S O 25 3.6 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_100 30 S O 27 4.9 Acidic
215 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 3.
Continued.
Unique_ID
NWIWaterReg
WaterDepth
Saturated30cm
SoilMoisture
LowMottDep
LowMatrDep
HydricSoil
Cryoturb
SurfOrg
CumOrg40
DomMineral40
DomText40
LoessThick
ThawDepth
FrostBoil
SitepH
SiteEC
che_name
SELA_Talbot_101 35 P P 36 3.6 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_102 6 L L 63 5.9 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_103 25 S O 999 4.7 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_104 25 S O 999 5.1 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_106 21 L O 42 4.6 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_107 10 999 5.2 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_108 999 4.7 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_109 -10 P P 51 4.8 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_11 24 O 24 3.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_110 10 L L 68 6.3 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_111 P P 26 4.5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_112 130 P P 4.3 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_113 5 L 999 6.4 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_114 5 32 C O 46 4.9 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_115 P 96 5.3 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_116 P 54 4.8 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_117 P 91 5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_118 P 60 4.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_12 -14 35 3.8 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_120 P 94 5.1 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_121 P P 999 5.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_122 P P 72 5.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_123 P P 999 5.8 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_124 P 999 6.1 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_125 P 57 5.7 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_126 P P 999 5.3 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_127 P 58 4.8 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_128 P 54 4.1 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_129 5 R R 999 4.6 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_13 -11 36 3.8 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_130 23 L O 999 6.4 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_131 5 K K 999 5.2 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_132 4 S S 77 3.9 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_133 2 K K 35 3.7 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_134 10 K K 999 4.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_135 2 K K 999 4.5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_136 K K 999 4.9 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_137 14 K K 999 4.3 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_138 25 R R 999 3.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_139 10 L L 999 6.6 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_14 120 3.9 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_140 17 L L 83 6.9 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_141 999 6.1 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_142 S S 999 7.3 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_143 28 L O 30 4 Acidic
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 216

Appendix 3.
Continued.
Unique_ID
NWIWaterReg
WaterDepth
Saturated30cm
SoilMoisture
LowMottDep
LowMatrDep
HydricSoil
Cryoturb
SurfOrg
CumOrg40
DomMineral40
DomText40
LoessThick
ThawDepth
FrostBoil
SitepH
SiteEC
che_name
SELA_Talbot_144 P P 41 4.7 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_145 P P 44 4.7 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_147 10 L L 95 6.8 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_148 4 S S 999 5.3 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_149 S S 88 7.4 Alkaline
SELA_Talbot_15 24 S O 28 4.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_150 S S 999 7.3 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_151 49 5.8 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_152 47 5.7 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_153 8 L L 999 5.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_154 999 4.6 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_155 P P 32 3.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_156 46 P P 45 3.8 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_157 P P 54 4.5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_158 P P 50 4.8 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_159 P P 51 4.5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_16 -10 67 5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_17 -5 P P 21 4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_18 -2 P P 37 4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_19 0 P P 50 4.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_2 10 S S 21 4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_20 -22 22 O 23 4.7 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_22 30 O 30 4.9 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_23 S S 999 6.6 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_24 S S 999 7.8 Alkaline
SELA_Talbot_25 S S 999 7.9 Alkaline
SELA_Talbot_26 7 999 6.8 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_27 S 999 6.8 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_28 999 37 L O 32 5.5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_29 47 6.7 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_3 10 C C 40 4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_30 999 21 L O 19 4.7 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_31 999 S 999 5.2 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_32 S 70 7.6 Alkaline
SELA_Talbot_33 S 50 7.7 Alkaline
SELA_Talbot_34 S 53 4.9 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_35 S 46 4.8 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_36 3 S S 999 4.9 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_37 3 S S 53 4.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_38 -33 5 S S 35 5.8 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_39 999 7 R R 999 5.9 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_4 C C 16 4.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_40 999 5 R R 999 4.3 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_41 14 K K 999 4.5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_42 999 5.6 Circumneutral
217 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 3.
Continued.
Unique_ID
NWIWaterReg
WaterDepth
Saturated30cm
SoilMoisture
LowMottDep
LowMatrDep
HydricSoil
Cryoturb
SurfOrg
CumOrg40
DomMineral40
DomText40
LoessThick
ThawDepth
FrostBoil
SitepH
SiteEC
che_name
SELA_Talbot_43 8 K K 999 5.3 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_44 3 L L 999 7.3 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_45 S S 999 7.8 Alkaline
SELA_Talbot_46 K K 999 5.7 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_47 3 L L 999 5.5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_48 R R 999 5.5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_49 3 R R 999 5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_5 C C 999 4.6 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_50 30 L O 39 4.2 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_51 22 L O 29 3.8 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_52 P P 69 5.2 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_53 -3 P P 62 4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_54 -40 32 L O 44 4.2 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_55 999 31 L O 31 3.6 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_56 2 31 3.8 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_57 K K 999 5.3 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_58 2 R R 999 4.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_59 3 999 4.9 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_6 C C 999 4.7 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_60 3 K K 999 4.9 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_61 4 S S 89 6.6 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_62 11 S S 57 6.4 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_63 4 S S 105 7.1 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_64 14 S S 49 4.1 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_65 8 S S 80 7.5 Alkaline
SELA_Talbot_66 8 K K 999 5.6 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_67 6 K K 999 4.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_68 9 K K 999 5.9 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_69 10 999 5.7 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_70 10 K K 999 4.5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_71 8 R R 999 4.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_72 999 5.6 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_73 R R 999 5.7 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_74 18 R R 999 5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_75 20 L O 999 4.1 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_76 3 R R 999 5.1 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_77 -11 38 R O 999 4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_78 5 K K 999 4.7 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_79 40 P P 40 4.1 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_8 C C 999 4.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_80 10 B B 999 5.1 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_81 28 P P 18 4.7 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_82 P P 46 4.7 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_83 30 L O 35 4.1 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_84 41 4.6 Acidic
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 218

Appendix 3.
Continued.
Unique_ID
NWIWaterReg
WaterDepth
Saturated30cm
SoilMoisture
LowMottDep
LowMatrDep
HydricSoil
Cryoturb
SurfOrg
CumOrg40
DomMineral40
DomText40
LoessThick
ThawDepth
FrostBoil
SitepH
SiteEC
che_name
SELA_Talbot_85 23 L O 27 4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_86 47 4.7 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_87 36 P P 20 4.9 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_88 -10 34 P P 32 4.5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_89 1 S S 56 6.4 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_90 10 S S 56 6.9 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_91 20 L O 95 6.3 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_92 21 S O 46 6.6 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_93 46 7.1 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_94 S S 58 7.2 Circumneutral
SELA_Talbot_95 35 L O 34 3.8 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_96 30 P P 27 5 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_97 6 L L 54 4.4 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_98 O O 56 4.6 Acidic
SELA_Talbot_99 2 L L 57 4.5 Acidic
219 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 4.
List of vascular plant species documented in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge with
synomyny. Data collected by ABR and Stephen Talbot.
Adoxaceae
Adoxa moschatellina L.
Araceae
Calla palustris L.
Athyriaceae
Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br.
Betulaceae
Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh
Alnus fruticosa Rupr.
Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh
Alnus viridus ssp. fruticosa (Rupr.) Nyman
Betula glandulosa Michx.
Betula hybrids
Betula nana L.
Betula nana ssp. exilis (Sukaczev) Hulten
Betula occidentalis Hooker
Betula papyrifera Marsh.
Betula neoalaskana Sarg.
Boraginaceae
Eritrichium splendens Kearney
Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don
Callitrichaceae
Callitriche hermaphroditica L.
Callitriche verna L. emend. Lonnr.
Callitriche palustris L.
Campanulaceae
Campanula lasiocarpa Cham.
Campanula latisepala Hult.
Campanula uniflora L.
Lomatogonium rotatum (l.) E. Fries
Caprifoliaceae
Linnaea borealis L.
Linnaea borealis L.
Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.
Caryophyllaceae
Arenaria capillaris Poir.
Eremogone capillaris (Poiret) Fenzl
Arenaria chamissonis Maguire
Stellaria dicranoides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fenzl
Arenaria longipedunculata
Cerastium beeringianum Cham. & Schlecht.
Dianthus repens Willd.
Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh.
Melandrium taimyrense Tolm.
Silene involucrata (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) Bocquet
subsp. tenella
Minuartia arctica (Stev.) Aschers. & Graebn
Minuartia macrocarpa (Pursh) Ostenf.
Minuartia obtusiloba (Rydb.) House
Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl
Arenaria lateriflora L.
Silene acaulis L.
Silene repens Patrin
Stellaria borealis Bigelow
Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh.
Stellaria longipes Goldie
S. edwardsii R. Brown
Stellaria longipes Goldie
Stellaria laeta
Stellaria longipes Goldie
Stellaria monantha Hult.
Wilhelmsia physodes (Fisch.) McNeill
Compositae (Asteraceae)
Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman
Arnica alpina (L.) Olin ssp. angustifolia (M. Vahl) Maguire
Arnica angustifolia Vahl in G. C. Oeder et al.
Arnica frigida C.A. Mey.
Arnica griscomii Fernald subsp. frigida (C. A. Meyer ex
Iljin) S. J. Wolf
Artemisia arctica Less.
Artemisia norvegica Fr. var. saxatilis (Besser) Jeps.
Artemisia arctica Less. ssp. arctica
Artemisia furcata Bieb.
Artemisia hyperborea Rydb.
Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.
Aster junciformis Rydb.
Symphyotrichum boreale (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Löve &
D. Löve
Aster sibiricus L.
Eurybia sibirica (L.) G.L. Nesom
Chrysanthemum bipinnatum L.
Tanacetum bipinnatum (Linnaeus) Schultz-Bipontinus
Erigeron acris L.
Petasites frigidus (L.) Franchet
Petasites hyperboreus Rydb.
Petasites frigidus (Linnaeus) Fries var. frigidus
Saussurea angustifolia (Willd.) DC.
Senecio atropurpureus (Ledeb.) Fedtsch.
Tephroseris atropurpurea (Ledeb.) Holub
Senecio atropurpureus (Ledeb.) Fedtsch. ssp. frigidus
(Richards.) Hult.
Tephroseris frigida (Richardson) Holub.
Senecio congestus (R. Br.) DC.
Tephroseris palustris (Linnaeus) Reichenbach
Senecio lugens Richardson
Senecio ogotorukensis Packer
Packera ogotorukensis (Packer) A. Löve & D. Löve
Solidago canadensis L. var. salebrosa (Piper) M. E. Jones
Solidago multiradiata Ait.
Solidago multiradiata Ait. var. multiradiata
Solidago multiradiata Ait. var. multiradiata
Cornaceae
Cornus suecica L.
Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb.
Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) Robins.
Cardamine bellidifolia L.
Cardamine hyperborea O.E. Schulz
Cardamine digitata Richardson
Cardamine pratensis L. ssp. angustifolia (Hook.) O.E. Schultz
Cardamine umbellata Greene
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 220

Appendix 4.
Continued.
Descurainia sophioides (Fisch.) O.E. Shultz
Draba fladzinensis Wulf
Draba palanderiana Kjellm.
Draba caesia Adams
Rorippa barbareaefolia (DC.) Kitigawa
Rorippa hispida (Desv.) Britt.
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell
Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás ssp. fernaldiana (Butters &
Abbe) Hultén
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. fernaldiana (Butters &
Abbe) Jonsell
Smelowskia calycina (Steph.) C.A. Mey. var porsildii (Drury &
Rollins)
Smelowskia porsildii (Drury & Rollins) Yurtsev
Cyperaceae
Carex amblyorhynca Krecz.
Carex marina Dewey
Carex marina Dewey
Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. ssp. aquatilis
Carex arcta Boott.
Carex atrofusca Schkuhr
Carex bicolor All.
Carex bigelowii Torr.
Carex canescens L.
Carex capillaris L.
Carex krausei Boeck.
Carex capitata Soland. In L.
Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh.
Carex dioica gynocrates (Wormsk.) Hult.
Carex gynocrates Wormskjöld ex Drejer
Carex glacialis Mack.
Carex holostoma Drej.
Carex kelloggii W. Boott
Carex lenticularis var lipocarpa
Carex lapponica Lang
Carex laxa Wahlenb.
Carex limosa L.
Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd.
Carex loliacea L.
Carex lyngbyaei Hornem.
Carex mackenziei V. Krecz.
Carex magellanica Lam. ssp. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Hult.
Carex membranacea Hook.
Carex microchaeta Holm.
Carex microglochin Walenb.
Carex misandra R. Br.
Carex fuliginosa Schkuhr
Carex podocarpa C. B. Clarke
Carex rariflora (Wahlenb.) Smith
Carex rostrata Stokes
Carex rotundata Wahlenb.
Carex saxatilis L.ssp. laxa (Trautv.) Kalela
Carex scirpoidea Michx.
Carex stylosa C. A. Mey
Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb.
Carex utriculata F. Boott
Carex vaginata Tausch
Carex Williamsii Britt.
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult.
Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult.
Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. ssp. subarcticum (V.
Vassiljev) Hult.
Eriophorum brachyantherum Trautv. & Mey.
Eriophorum callitrix Cham.
Eriophorum gracile Koch
Eriophorum russeolum Fries
Eriophorum chamissonis C. A. Meyer in C. F. Ledebour
Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe
Eriophorum vaginatum L.
Kobresia myosuroides (Vill.) Fiori & Paol.
Rhynchospora rugosa (Vahl) Gale
Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm.
Diapensiaceae
Diapensia lapponica L.
Droseraceae
Drosera anglica Huds.
Drosera rotundifolia L.
Elaegnaceae
Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.
Empetraceae
Empetrum nigrum L.
Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup
Equisetaceae
Equisetum arvense L.
Equisetum fluviatile L. ampl. Ehrh.
Equisetum palustre L.
Equisetum pratense L.
Equisetum scirpoides Michx.
Equisetum sylvaticum L.
Equisetum variegatum Schleich.
Ericaceae
Andromeda polifolia L.
Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.
Arctous alpina (L.) Nied.
Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern.
Arctous rubra (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) Nakai & Koidz.
Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don
Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench
Ledum decumbens (Ait.) Lodd.
Ledum palustre L. ssp. decumbens (Aiton) Lodd. ex
Steud.
Ledum groenlandicum Oeder
Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv.
Oxycoccus microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr.
Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahlenb.
Vaccinium uliginosum L.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.
Gentianaceae
Gentiana glauca Pallas
Gentiana propinqua Richards. ssp. propinqua
Gentianella propinqua (Richardson) J.M. Gillett
Graminae (Poaceae)
Agropyron boreale (Turcz.) Drobov ssp. alaskanum (Scribn. &
Merr.) Melderis
Agropyron macrourum (Turcz.) Drobov
Elymus macrourus (Turcz.) Tzvelev
221 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 4.
Continued.
Agrostis alaskana Hult.
Agrostis exarata Trin.
Agrostis exarata Trin.
Agrostis exarata Trin.
Agrostis exarata Trin.
Agrostis scabra Willd.
Agrostis geminata Trin.
Agrostis trinii Turcz.
Agrostis vinealis Schreb.
Alopecuris aequalis Sobol.
Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb.
Arctophila fulva (Trin.) Anderss.
Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host ssp. baicalensis (Kusn.)
Hult.
Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald
Bromopsis pumpellianus Scribn. Var. arcticus (Shear) Pors.
Bromus ciliatus L.
Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.
Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray
Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler ssp. inexpansa
(A.Gray) C.W.Greene
Calamagrostis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Hartman. F.
Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. ssp. purpurascens
Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv.
Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. ssp. orientalis
Hultén
Dupontia fischeri R.Br.
Elymus alaskanus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. Loeve ssp. alaskanus
Elymus trachycaulis SL
Festuca altaica Trin.
Festuca brachyphylla Schult.
Festuca lenensis Drobow
Festuca richardsonii Hook.
Festuca rubra L.
Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. ssp. grandis (S. Wats.) Hult.
Hierchloe alpina (Sw.) Roem. & Schult.
Hierochloe odorata (L.) P. Beauv.
Hordeum jubatum L.
Poa alpigena (E. Fries) Lindm.
Poa pratensis L. ssp. alpigena
Poa alpigena (E. Fries) Lindm.
Poa pratensis subsp. alpigena (Fr.) Hiitonen
Poa alpina L.
Poa arctica R. Br.
Poa lanata Scribn. & Merr.
Poa arctica R. Br.
Poa malacantha Kom.
Poa glauca M. Vahl.
Poa pratensis L.
Puccinellia borealis Swallen
Puccinellia arctica (Hook.) Fernald
Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter ssp. spicatum
Trisetum spicatum (L.) K.Richt.
Haloragaceae
Hippuris vulgaris L.
Myriophyllum spicatum L.
Myriophyllum spicatum ssp. exalbescens (Fern.) Hult.
Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom.
Iridaceae
Iris setosa Pall. ssp. setosa
Juncaceae
Juncus alpinus Villers
Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix
Juncus arcticus Willd.
Juncus bufonius L.
Juncus castaneus Sm. ssp. castaneus
Juncus filiformis L.
Juncus stygius L. ssp. americanus (Buchenau) Hult.
Juncus triglumis L.
Luzula arctica Blytt.
Luzula nivalis (Laest.) Beurling
Luzula arcuata (Wahlenb.) Sw.
Luzula arcuata (Wahlenb.) Sw. ssp. unalaschensis (Buchenau)
Hult.
Luzula arcuata subsp. unalaschkensis (Buchenau) Hulten
Luzula confusa Lindeb.
Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej.
Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej. ssp. multiflora var. kjellmaniana
(Miyabe & Kudo) Sam.
Luzula kjellmaniana Miyabe & Kudo
Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv.
Luzula wahlenbergii Rupr. ssp. wahlenbergii
Juncaginaceae
Triglochin maritimum L.
Triglochin palustris L.
Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
Mentha arvensis L.
Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
Astragalus alpinus L.
Hedysarum alpinum L.
Hedysarum hedysaroides (L.) Schinz & Thell.
Hedysarum alpinum L.
Pedicularis americanum (Michx.) Britton
Hedysarum mackenzii Richards.
Hedyarum boreale Nutt. ssp. mackenzii (Richardson)
S.L.Welsh
Lathyrus palustris L. ssp. pilosus (Cham.) Hult.
Lupinus arcticus S. Wats.
Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC.
Oxytropis kokrinensis Porsild
Oxytropis nigrescens (Pall.) Fisch.
Lemnaceae
Lemna minor L.
Lemna trisulca L.
Lentibulariaceae
Pinguicula villosa L.
Pinguicula vulgaris L.
Utricularia intermedia Hayne
Utricularia minor L.
Utricularia vulgaris L. ssp. macrorhiza (LeConte) Clauson
Utricularia macrorhiza Leconte
Liliaceae
Allium schoenoprasum L.
Tofieldia coccinea Richards.
Tofieldia pusilla (Michx.) Pers.
Zygadenus elegans Pursh
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 222

Appendix 4.
Continued.
Lycopodiaceae
Huperzia haleakalae (Brackenridge) Holub
Huperzia selago (Linnaeus) Bernhardi ex Schrank &
Martius
Lycopodium annotinum L.
Lycopodium clavatum L.
Lycopodium complanatum L.
Diphasiastrum complanatum (Linnaeus) Holub
Lycopodium selago L.
Huperzia selago (Linnaeus) Bernhardi ex Schrank &
Martius
Menyanthaceae
Menyanthes trifoliata L.
Myricaeae
Myrica gale L.
Nymphaceae
Nuphar polysepalum Engelm.
Onagraceae
Epilobium angustifolium L.
Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub
Epilobium ciliatum Raf.
Epilobium latifolium L.
Chamerion latifolium (L.) Holub
Epilobium palustre L.
Orchidaceae
Corallorrhiza trifida Chatel.
Cypripedium passerinum Richards
Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. var. ophioides Fern.
Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br.
Listera borealis Morong
Platanthera obtusata (Pursh) Lindl.
Lysiella obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Rydb.
Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham.
Orobanchaceae
Boschniakia rossica (Cham & Schldl.) B. Fedtsch.
Papaveraceae
Papaver lapponicum (Tolm.) Nordh.
Papaver hultenii Knaben
Pinaceae
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss
Picea mariana (Mill.) Britt., Sterns & Pogg
Polemoniaceae
Phlox sibirica L. ssp. richardsonii (Hook.) Hult
Phlox hoodii Richards.
Polemonium acutiflorum Willd.
Polygonaceae
Polygonum alaskanum (Small) Wight
Aconogonon alaskanum (Small) Soják
Polygonum aviculare L.
Polygonum bistorta L. ssp. plumosum (Small) Hult.
Bistorta plumosa (Small) Greene
Polygonum caurianum Robins.
Polygonum humifusum C. Merck ex K. Koch subsp.
caurianum (B. L. Robinson) Costea & Tardif
Polygonum lapathifolium L.
Persicaria lapathifolia (Linnaeus) Gray
Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. ssp. oneillii (Brenckle) Hult.
Persicaria pensylvanica (Linnaeus) M. Gómez
Polygonum persicaria L.
Persicaria maculosa Gray.
Polygonum viviparum L.
Bistorta vivipara (Linnaeus) Delarbre
Rumex arcticus Trautv.
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton alpinus Balbis ssp. tenuifolius (Raf.) Hultén
Potamogeton alpinus Balbis
Potamogeton filiformis Pers.
Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Böerner
Potamogeton gramineus L.
Potamogeton pectinatus L.
Stuckenia pectinata (Linnaeus) Borner
Potamogeton perfoliatus L. ssp. richardsonii (Benn.) Hultén
Potamogeton richardsonii (A. Bennett) Rydberg
Potamogeton zosterifolius Schum.
Primulaceae
Androsace chamaejasme Host ssp. lehmannia (Spreng.) Hult.
Dodecatheon frigidum Cham. & Schlecht.
Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr.
Trientalis europaea L.
Trientalis europaea L. ssp. arctica (Fisch.) Hult.
Pyrolaceae
Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray
Pyrola grandiflora Radius
Pyrola minor L.
Pyrola secunda L.
Orthilia secunda (L.) House
Ranunculaceae
Aconitum delphinifolium DC.
Anemone drummondii S. Wats.
Anemone narcissiflora L.
Anemone parviflora Michx.
Anemone richardsonii Hook.
Caltha natans Pall.
Caltha palustris L.
Caltha palustris subsp. arctica (R. Brown) Hultén
Delphinium brachycentrum Ledeb.
Delphinium chamissonis Pritz. ex Walp.
Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill ssp. Multifida (Pritz.) Zamels
Anemone patens var. multifida Pritzel
Ranunculus gmelini DC. ssp. gmelini
Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb.
Ranunculus lapponicus L.
Ranunculus pallasii Schlect.
Ranunculus reptans L.
Ranunculus flammula var. reptans (Linnaeus) E. Meyer
Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix
Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus Withering
Thalictrum alpinum L.
Thalictrum sparsiflorum Turcz.
Rosaceae
Dryas integrifolia Vahl.
Dryas integrifolia var. sylvatica Hulten
Dryas octopetala L.
Dryas octopetala L. ssp. alaskensis (Pors.) Hult.
Potentilla fruticosa L.
Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb.
223 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 4.
Continued.
Potentilla fruticosa L.
Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) A. Löve, nom. illeg.
Potentilla hookeriana Lehm.
Potentilla norvegica L.
Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.
Comarum palustre L.
Potentilla uniflora Ledeb.
Potentilla gorodkovii
Rosa acicularis Lindl.
Rubus arcticus L.
Rubus chamaemorus L.
Spiraea beauverdiana Schneid.
Spiraea stevenii (C.K. Schneid.) Rydb.
Rubiaceae
Galium boreale L.
Galium trifidum L. ssp. trifidum
Salicaceae
Populus balsamifera L.
Populus tremuloides Michx.
Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Cov.
Salix arbusculoides Anderss.
Salix arctica Pall.
Salix barclayi Anderss.
Salix bebbiana Sarg.
Salix brachycarpa Nutt. ssp. niphoclada (Rydb.) Argus
Salix niphoclada Rydb.
Salix fuscescens Anderss.
Salix glauca L.
Salix hastata L.
Salix interior Rowlee
Salix lanata L. ssp. richardsonii (Hook.) Skvort.
Salix richardsonii Hook.
Salix monticola Bebb
Salix pseudomonticola C.R. Ball
Salix ovalifolia Trautv.
Salix phlebophylla Anderss.
Salix planifolia Pursch. ssp.pulchra (Cham.) Argus
Salix pulchra Cham.
Salix polaris Wahlenb. ssp. pseudopolaris (Flod.) Hult.
Salix reticulata L.
Salix rotundifolia Trautv.
Salix scouleriana Barratt
Saxifragaceae
Chrysosplenium tetrandrum (Lund) T. Fries
Parnassia palustris L.
Ribes triste Pall.
Saxifraga bronchialis L.
Saxifraga funstonii (small.) Fed.
Saxifraga cernua L.
Saxifraga flagellaris Willd.
Saxifraga hieracifolia Waldst. & Kit.
Saxifraga hirculis L.
Saxifraga punctata L.
Saxifraga nelsoniana D.Don.
Saxifraga punctata L. ssp. nelsoniana (D. Don) Hult.
Saxifraga reflexa Hook.
Scrophulariaceae
Castilleja caudata (Pennell) Rebr.
Castilleja pallida (L.) Spreng. ssp. caudata Pennell
Castilleja hyperborea Pennell
Limosella aquatica L.
Mimulus guttatus DC.
Pedicularis capitata Adams.
Pedicularis kanei Durand ssp. kanei
Pedicularis lanata Cham. & Schltdl.
Pedicularis labradorica Wirsing
Pedicularis langsdorffii Fisch.
Pedicularis langsdorffii Fisch. ssp.arctica (R. Br.) Pennell
Pedicularis parviflora J.E. Sm. ssp. parviflora
Pedicularis parviflora J.E. Sm. ssp. pennellii (Hult.) Hult.
Pedicularis sudetica Willd.
Pedicularis arctoeuropaea
Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. albolabiata Hultén
Pedicularis albolabiata (Hultén) Kozhanch.
Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. pacifica Hult.
Pedicularis pacifica (Hultén) Kozh
Pedicularis verticillata L.
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link
Selaginella sibirica (Milde) Hieron.
Sparganiaceae
Sparganium angustifolium Michx.
Sparganium hyperboreum Laest.
Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Angelica lucida L.
Bupleurum triradiatum Adams ssp. arcticum (Regel) Hult.
Bupleurum americanum J.M. Coult. & Rose
Cicuta mackenzieana Raup
Cicuta virosa L.
Cicuta virosa L.
Cicuta mackenzieana Raup
Ligusticum scoticum L. ssp. hultenii (Fern.) Cald. & Tayl.
Podistera macounii (Coult. & Rose) Math. & Const.
Valerianaceae
Valeriana capitata Pall.
Violaceae
Viola biflora L.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 224

Appendix 5.
List of non-vascular species documented in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge by
ABR and Stephen Talbot.
Lichen
Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Nyl.
Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) A. Massal.
Alectoria sp.
Arctoparmelia centrifuga
Arctoparmelia incurva
Arctoparmelia separata (Th. Fr.) Hale
Asahinea chrysantha (Tuck.) Culb. & C. Culb.
Bryocaulon divergens (Ach.) Kärnefelt
Bryoria nitidula (Th. Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Bryoria tenuis (E. Dahl) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Bryum weigelii Spreng.
Cetraria andrejevii
Cetraria ericetorum Opiz ssp. reticulata (Rasanen)
Karnefelt
Cetraria hepatizon (Ach.) Vain.
Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach.
Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. ssp. islandica
Cetraria islandica ssp. crispiformis (Räsänen)
Kärnefelt
Cetraria kamczatica Savicz
Cetraria laevigata Rass.
Cetraria nigricans Nyl.
Cetraria odontella (Ach.) Ach.
Cetraria sp.
Cetrariella delisei (Bory ex Schaerer) Kärnefelt &
Thell
Cetrariella fastigiata (Delise ex Nyl.) Kärnefelt &
Thell
Cladina arbuscula (Wallr.) Hale & Culb.
Cladina ciliata (Stirt.) Trass
Cladina mitis (Sandst.) Hustich
Cladina portentosa (Dufour) Follmann ssp. pacifica
(Ahti) Ahti
Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl.
Cladina sp.
Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Brodo
Cladina stygia (Fr.) Ahti
Cladonia acuminata (Ach.) Norrlin
Cladonia albonigra Brodo & Ahti
Cladonia amaurocraea (Flörke) Schaerer
Cladonia bacilliformis (Nyl.) Gluck
Cladonia bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaerer
Cladonia borealis S. Stenroos
Cladonia carneola (Fr.) Fr.
Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaer.
Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flotow
Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Sprenge
Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. s. lat.
Cladonia coniocraea (Floerke) Spreng.
Cladonia cornuta (L.) Hoffm.
Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot.
Cladonia cyanipes (Sommerf.) Nyl.
Cladonia decorticata (Flörke) Spreng.
Cladonia deformis (L.) Hoffm.
Cladonia ecmocyna Leighton
Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr.
Cladonia furcata (Hudson) Schrader
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd.
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. ssp. elongata (Jacq.)
Vainio
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. ssp. turbinata (Ach.)
Ahti
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. ssp. vulnerata Ahti
Cladonia macroceras (Delise) Hav.
Cladonia macrophylla (Schaerer) Stenh.
Cladonia metacorallifera Asah.
Cladonia multiformis G. Merr.
Cladonia ochrochlora Florke
Cladonia phyllophora Hoffm.
Cladonia pleurota (Flörke) Schaerer
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.
Cladonia scabriuscula (del.) Leight.
Cladonia singularis S. Hammer
Cladonia sp.
Cladonia squamosa Hoffm.
Cladonia stricta (Nyl.) Nyl.
Cladonia subfurcata (Nyl.) Arnold
Cladonia subsubulata Nyl.
Cladonia sulphurina (Michaux) Fr.
Cladonia symphycarpia (Ach.) Fr.
Cladonia uncialis (L.) F. H. Wigg.
Cladonia wainioi Savicz
Coelocaulon aculeatum (Schreb.) Link.
Dactylina arctica (Richardson) Nyl.
Flavocetraria cucullata (Bellardi) Kärnefelt & Thell
Flavocetraria nivalis (L.) Kärnefelt & Thell
Hypogymnia bitteri (Lynge) Ahti
Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.
Hypogymnia subobscura (Vainio) Poelt
Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr.
Lobaria pseudopulmonaria Gyel.
Lobaria sp.
Lopadium pezizoideum (Ach.) Körb.
Masonhalea richardsonii (Hook.)
Melanelia stygia (L.) Essl.
Nephroma arcticum (L.) Torss.
Nephroma expallidum (Nyl.) Nyl.
Nephroma sp.
Ochrolechia bryophaga (Erichsen) K. Schmitz &
Lumbsch
Ochrolechia frigida (Sw.) Lynge
Ochrolechia sp.
Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach.
Parmelia skultii Hale
Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.
Peltigera britannica (Gyel.) Holt.-Hartw. & Tonsb.
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.
Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrader
Peltigera concinna
Peltigera conspersa
Peltigera didactyla (With.) J. R. Laundon
Peltigera didactyla var. extenuata (Nyl. ex Vainio)
Goffinet & Hastings
225 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 5.
Continued.
Peltigera hymenina (Ach.) Delise
Peltigera latiloba Holt.-Hartw.
Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyelnik
Peltigera malacea (Ach.) Funck
Peltigera neckeri Hepp ex Müll. Arg.
Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm.
Peltigera ponojensis Gyel.
Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb.
Peltigera scabrosa Th. Fr.
Peltigera sp.
Pertusaria bryontha (Ach.) Nyl.
Pertusaria panyrga (Ach.) A. Massal.
Pertusaria sp.
Pseudephebe pubescens (L.) Choisy
Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray
Ricciocarpus natans (L.) Corda
Solorina saccata (L.) Ach.
Sphaerophorus fragilis (L.) Pers.
Sphaerophorus globosus (Hudson) Vainio
Sphaerophorus sp.
Stereocaulon alpinum Laurer ex Funck
Stereocaulon capitellatum H. Magn.
Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hoffm.
Stereocaulon sp.
Stereocaulon tomentosum Fr.
Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Ach. ex Schaerer
Tuckermannopsis inermis (Nyl.) Karnefelt
Umbilicaria arctica (Ach.) Nyl.
Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii (Savicz) Zahlbr.
Umbilicaria sp.
Unknown crustose lichen
Unknown lichen
Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.-E. Mattsson & M. J. Lai
Vulpicida tilesii (Ach.) J.-E. Mattsson & M. J. Lai
Liverwort
Anastrophyllum minutum (Schreb.) R.M. Schust.
Anastrophyllum sphenoloboides R.M. Schust.
Barbilophozia barbata (Schmid. ex Schreb.) Loeske
Barbilophozia binsteadii (Kaal.) Loeske
Calypogeia integristipula Steph.
Calypogeia muelleriana (Schiffn.) Müll. Frib.
Calypogeia sp.
Cephalozia bicuspidata (L.) Dumort.
Cephalozia lunulifolia (Dumort.) Dumort.
Cephalozia sp.
Chiloscyphus polyanthos (L.) Corda
Cladopodiella fluitans (Nees) H. Buch
Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dumort.
Diplophyllum imbricatum (M. Howe) Müll. Frib.
Diplophyllum taxifolium (Wahlenb.) Dumort.
Gymnocolea inflata (Huds.) Dumort.
Hepaticae
Lophozia badensis (Gottsche ex Rabenh.) Schiffn.
Lophozia gillmanii (Austin) R.M. Schust.
Lophozia rutheana (Limpr.) M. Howe
Marsupella brevissima (Dumort.) Grolle
Marsupella sp.
Mesoptychia sahlbergii (Lindb. & Arnell) A. Evans
Mylia anomala (Hook.) S. Gray
Odontoschisma elongatum (Lindb.) A. Evans
Pellia sp.
Plagiochila porelloides (Torr. ex Nees) Lindenb.
Radula complanata (L.) Dumort.
Tetralophozia setiformis (Ehrh.) Schljakov
Tritomaria exsectiformis (Breidl.) Loeske
Unknown liverwort
Moss
Abietinella abietina (Hedw.) Fleisch.
Amblystegium serpens (Hedw.) Schimp.
Aneura pinguis (L.) Dumort.
Aulacomnium acuminatum (Lindb. & Arnell) Kindb.
Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwaegr.
Aulacomnium sp.
Aulacomnium turgidum (Wahlenb.) Schwaegr.
Blepharostoma trichophyllum (L.) Dum.
Brachythecium albicans(Hedw.) B.S.G.
Brachythecium oedipodium (Mitt.) A. Jaeger
Brachythecium populeum (Hedw.) Schimp.
Brachythecium salebrosum (Web. et Mohr) B.S.G.
Brachythecium sp.
Brachythecium starkei (Brid.) Schimp.
Brachythecium turgidum (Hartm.) Kindb.
Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostre (Hedw.) Chen
Bryum calophyllum R. Br.
Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) Gaertn. et al.
Bryum sp.
Calliergon cordifolium (Hedw.) Kindb.
Calliergon giganteum (Schimp.) Kindb.
Calliergon megalophyllum Mikut.
Calliergon richardsonii (Mitt.) Kindb. in Warnst.
Calliergon sp.
Calliergon stramineum (Brid.) Kindb.
Campylium arcticum Williams
Campylium hispidulum (Brid.) Mitt.
Campylium polygamum (B.S.G.) C.Jens.
Campylium stellatum (Hedw.) C.Jens.
Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid.
Cinclidium arcticum B.S.G.
Cinclidium latifolium Lindb.
Cinclidium stygium Sw. in Schrad.
Climacium dendroides (Hedw.) Web. et Mohr.
Conocephalum sp.
Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce
Cynodontium alpestre (Wahlenb.) Milde
Cynodontium glaucescens (Lindb. & Arnell) Par.
Cynodontium polycarpon (Hedw.) Schimp.
Cynodontium sp.
Cynodontium strumiferum (Hedw.) Lindb.
Dicranella crispa (Hedw.) Schimp.
Dicranodontium denudatum (Brid.) E. Britton
Dicranum acutifolium (Lindb. et H.Arnell) C.Jens.
Dicranum angustum Lindb.
Dicranum elongatum Schleich. ex Schwaegr.
Dicranum fragilifolium Lindb.
Dicranum groenlandicum Brid.
Dicranum majus Sm.
Dicranum scoparium Hedw.
Dicranum sp.
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 226

Appendix 5.
Continued.
Dicranum spadiceum Zett.
Dicranum undulatum Brid.
Distichium capillaceum (Hedw.) B.S.G.
Ditrichum flexicaule (Schwaegr.) Hampe
Ditrichum sp.
Drepanocladus aduncus (Hedw.) Warnst. s.l.
Drepanocladus sp.
Encalypta rhaptocarpa Schwägr.
Entodon concinnus (De Not.) Par.
Eurhynchium pulchellum (Hedw.) Jenn.
Grimmia torquata Hornsch.
Hamatocaulis lapponicus (Norrl.) Hedenäs
Hamatocaulis vernicosus (Mitt.) Hedenaes
Herzogiella striatella (Brid.) Z. Iwats.
Hylocomiastrum pyrenaicum (Spruce) Fleisch.
Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G.
Hypnum bambergeri Schimp.
Hypnum holmenii Ando
Hypnum lindbergii Mitt.
Hypnum plicatulum (Lindb.) Jaeg.
Hypnum sp.
Kiaeria glacialis (Berggr.) I. Hagen
Leptobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wils.
Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst.
Limprichtia cossoni (Schimp.) Anderson et al.
Limprichtia revolvens (Sw.) Loeske
Lophozia sp.
Marchantia polymorpha L
Meesia longiseta Hedw.
Meesia triquetra (Richter) Aongstr.
Mnium sp.
Mnium thomsonii Schimp.
Oncophorus wahlenbergii Brid.
Philonotis fontana (Hedw.) Brid.
Plagiomnium curvatulum (Lind.) Schljakov
Plagiomnium ellipticum (Brid.) T.Kop.
Plagiomnium medium (Bruch & Schimp. in B.S.G.)
T. Kop.
Plagiomnium sp.
Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedw.) B.S.G.
Plagiothecium laetum Schimp.
Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt.
Pogonatum dentatum (Brid.) Brid.
Pogonatum urnigerum (Hedw.) P. Beauv.
Pohlia cruda (Hedw.) Lindb.
Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) Lindb.
Pohlia wahlenbergii (Web. & Mohr) Andrews
Polytrichastrum alpinum (Hedw.) G.L.Sm.
Polytrichum commune Hedw.
Polytrichum formosum Hedw.
Polytrichum hyperboreum R.Br.
Polytrichum jensenii Hag.
Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw.
Polytrichum longisetum Brid.
Polytrichum piliferum Hedw.
Polytrichum sp.
Polytrichum strictum Brid.
Pseudobryum cinclidioides (Hüb.) T. Kop.
Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans (Brid.) Z. Iwats.
Psilopilum cavifolium (Wilson) I. Hagen
Ptilidium ciliare (L.) Hampe
Ptilium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) De Not.
Pylaisiella selwynii (Kindb.) H.A. Crum, Steere &
L.E. Anderson
Racomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid.
Rhizomnium magnifolium (Horik.) T. Kop.
Rhizomnium sp.
Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (Hedw.) Warnst.
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.) Warnst.
Rhytidium rugosum (Hedw.) Kindb.
Sanionia orthothecioides (Lindb.) Loeske
Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske
Sarmenthypnum sarmentosum (Wahlenb.) Tuom. &
T. Kop.
Scapania sp.
Schistidium sp.
Scorpidium scorpioides (Hedw.) Limpr.
Sphagnum angustifolium (Russ. ex Russ.) C.Jens
Sphagnum aongstroemii C.Hartm.
Sphagnum balticum (Russ.) Russ. ex C.Jens.
Sphagnum compactum DC. in Lam. et DC.
Sphagnum fimbriatum Wils.
Sphagnum fuscum (Schimp.) Klinggr.
Sphagnum girgensohnii Russ.
Sphagnum jensnii H. Lindb.
Sphagnum kenaiense R.E. Andrus
Sphagnum lenense H.Lindb. ex Pohle
Sphagnum lindbergii Schimp. ex Lindb.
Sphagnum magellanicum Brid.
Sphagnum obtusum Warnst.
Sphagnum orientale Sav.-Ljub.
Sphagnum riparium Ångstr.
Sphagnum rubellum Wils.
Sphagnum russowii Warnst.
Sphagnum sp.
Sphagnum squarrosum Crome
Sphagnum steerei R.E. Andrus
Sphagnum talbotianum R. E. Andrus
Sphagnum tenellum (Brid.) Bory
Sphagnum tescorum R.E. Andrus
Sphagnum warnstorfii Russ.
Sphenolobus minutus (Schreb.) Berggr.
Splachnum sp.
Splachnum sphaericum Hedw
Tayloria sp.
Tetraplodon mnioides (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. in
B.S.G.
Thuidium recognitum (Hedw.) Lindb.
Thuidium sp.
Timmia austriaca Hedw.
Tomentypnum nitens (Hedw.) Loeske
Tortella fragilis (Hook. et Wils. in Drumm.) Limpr.
Tortella sp.
Tortula mucronifolia Schwägr.
Unknown fungus
Unknown moss
Warnstorfia exannulata (Guemb. in B.S.G.) Loeske
Warnstorfia fluitans (Hedw.) Loeske
Warnstorfia pseudostraminea (C Muell ) Tuom et T Kop
Warnstorfia pseudostraminea (C. Muell.) Tuom. et T. Kop.
227 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 6. List of ecological components of aerial plots in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, northwestern Alaska, 2008.
Unique_ID Date
Latitude
(WGS84)
Longitude
(WGS84)
Physiography
Soil
Moisture
%Surface
Water VegClass4 Alt Veg
%Whole
Tussocks %Litter
%Bare
Ground Ecotype
0020098 6/30/2008 66.914277 -158.388939 U M 0 Fnobs Fnobs 0 3 0 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
0020170 6/30/2008 66.994425 -158.319296 U M 0 Fncws Fncwb 0 1 0
0050189 6/30/2008 66.925759 -158.387609 U W 1 Fnobs Fnobs 0 3 0.1 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
0070125 6/30/2008 66.932831 -158.441449 U M 0 Fmoas Fmoas 0 10 0.1 Upland Spruce-Aspen Forest
0070524 6/28/2008 66.763404 -160.157065 U M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 2 0 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
0160007 6/30/2008 66.929675 -158.331066 U D 0 Fmosb Fmosb 0 1 0.1 Upland Spruce-Birch Forest
0210004 6/30/2008 67.040242 -158.263229 L M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 3 0.1 Upland White Spruce-Lichen Woodland
0240132 6/30/2008 66.85001 -158.382436 L D 0 Fmwsb Fmwsb 0 15 1 Upland White Spruce-Lichen Woodland
0340124 6/30/2008 66.859448 -157.974063 U M 0 Slcbw Slcbw 0 1 0 Upland Birch-Willow Low Shrub
0380209 7/1/2008 66.275246 -159.036963 L M 0.1 Sloa Sloa 95 40 0.1
0410211 6/30/2008 66.820936 -157.895464 L M 0 Slcbw Slcbw 25 10 0
0790057 6/30/2008 66.755397 -158.05136 U M 0 Stoa Stoa 15 10 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
0980005 7/1/2008 66.291611 -159.039718 U W 1 Slott Slotb 30 15 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
2070008 6/30/2008 66.903655 -158.33749 U D 0 Fbwb Fbwb 0 10 75 Upland Birch Forest
2170006 6/28/2008 66.799366 -160.318459 U D 0 Slod Slod 1 10 20 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
2210033 6/30/2008 66.89647 -158.36649 u D 0 Slod Fnwws 0 10 0.1 Upland White Spruce-Lichen Woodland
90020051 6/30/2008 66.977714 -158.191671 U M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 5 0 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
90030005 6/28/2008 66.777758 -160.079676 U M 0 Fncbs Fncbs 0 1 0 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
90050709 6/27/2008 66.91893 -160.174825 U M 0 Fnows Fncws 0 2 0
90070353 6/27/2008 66.918177 -160.468058 R M 0 Fncws Fncws 2 5 0
90090232 6/30/2008 66.90706 -158.373231 U M 1 Fnobs Fnobs 0 1 0.1 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
90091346 6/27/2008 66.873257 -160.811142 R M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 1 0 Riverine White Spruce-Alder Forest
90091491 6/28/2008 66.881792 -160.043978 U M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 1 0.1 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
90100659 6/28/2008 66.74915 -160.275323 U M 0 Fnobs Fnobs 0 2 0 Upland White Spruce-Willow Forest
90131413 6/28/2008 66.787287 -160.436807 U M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 2 0 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
90141026 6/28/2008 66.844447 -160.192015 U M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 5 0 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
90170277 6/29/2008 66.183823 -159.49116 U M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 3 0 Upland White Spruce-Willow Forest
90180462 6/28/2008 66.844951 -160.17328 U M 0 Fnows Fnobs 0 2 0 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
90180584 6/27/2008 66.811567 -161.163764 R W 5 Slobw Slobb 0 20 0 Riverine Birch-Willow Low Shrub
90190903 6/28/2008 66.816962 -159.958133 U M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 2 0 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
90210197 6/27/2008 66.857992 -160.94632 R M 0 Fnows Fnwws 0 2 0 Riverine White Spruce-Willow Forest
90220072 6/30/2008 66.959843 -158.207686 U M 0.1 Fnobs Fnobs 0 2 1 Upland White Spruce-Willow Forest
90230834 6/28/2008 66.885275 -160.073396 U M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 2 0 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
90230953 6/27/2008 66.786766 -161.018782 L M 0 Sloa Slcb 5 25 0 Lowland Alder Tall Shrub
90240432 6/28/2008 66.583421 -159.348606 L nd 1 Sloeb Hgwsmb 25 30 0 Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 228

Appendix 6. Continued.
Unique_ID Date
Latitude
(WGS84)
Longitude
(WGS84)
Physiography
Soil
Moisture
%Surface
Water VegClass4 Alt Veg
%Whole
Tussocks %Litter
%Bare
Ground Ecotype
90250435 6/27/2008 66.840213 -160.94098 R M 0 Stcw Stcw 0 45 0 Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub
90260486 6/28/2008 66.835676 -160.138451 U M 0 Fnwws Stob 0 4 0.1 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
90270562 6/28/2008 66.828627 -160.114475 U M 0 Stob Slobe 0 2 0 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
90280236 6/28/2008 66.639168 -159.466501 U W 5 Slotb Slotb 40 30 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90290131 6/30/2008 66.797111 -157.963971 U M 0 Fnwws Fnwws 2 5 0 Upland White Spruce-Willow Forest
90290539 6/27/2008 66.900274 -159.649848 U M 0 Fnwws Sloa 0 1 0
90290548 6/27/2008 66.83341 -161.00179 R M 0 Stcw Stcw 0 15 0 Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub
90300005 6/30/2008 66.937503 -158.314798 U D 0 Fmwsb Fmosb 0 3 0.1 Upland Spruce-Birch Forest
90310115 6/30/2008 66.758433 -157.882228 U M 0 Stcaw Stcaw 0 1 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
90310616 6/27/2008 66.893229 -160.670601 R M 0 Stcaw Stcaw 0 2 0 Riverine Alder Tall Shrub
90310635 6/27/2008 66.832463 -160.995909 R M 0 Stow Stow 0 20 0 Riverine Moist Willow Tall Shrub
90310807 6/29/2008 66.192639 -159.299123 U M 1 Stcaw Stoaw 0 10 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
90320405 6/28/2008 66.838123 -160.118136 U M 0 Fnwws Stob 0 4 0.1 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
90330004 6/30/2008 66.986898 -158.222643 U M 0 Fbwb Fbwb 0 15 1 Upland Birch Forest
90330492 6/27/2008 66.887803 -159.751274 U M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 15 2
90340089 6/30/2008 66.82388 -157.878498 U M 0 Fnwws Fnwws 0 10 0 Upland White Spruce-Willow Forest
90350814 6/29/2008 66.260306 -159.048907 L M 0 Sloa Sloa 0 10 0 Lowland Alder Tall Shrub
90360100 6/30/2008 66.978759 -158.226263 U M 0 Fbwb Fbob 0 20 0.1 Upland Birch Forest
90370007 6/30/2008 66.800436 -157.960117 U M 0 Stoa Stoa 5 5 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
90380077 6/30/2008 66.840211 -157.817458 U M 0 Slcbw Slcbe 2 2 0.1 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
90380220 6/29/2008 66.1349 -158.946405 U M 0 Fnwws Fnwws 0 3 0 Upland White Spruce-Willow Forest
90380254 6/27/2008 66.971449 -160.294807 L W 0.1 Stoa Sloa 10 5 0 Lowland Alder Tall Shrub
90390219 7/2/2008 66.325253 -158.570803 U M 0 Stoa Stoa 3 35 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
90400038 6/30/2008 66.98002 -158.203277 U D 0 Fbwb Fbwb 0 10 2 Upland Birch Forest
90400070 6/27/2008 66.803602 -161.793947 L W 0.1 Hgwst Sloe 40 55 0 Lowland Sedge Fen
90410555 6/27/2008 66.865322 -159.773737 U M 0 Fnwbs Fnobs 0 10 0 Upland White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
90410733 6/29/2008 66.208787 -159.134942 L M 0 Slobw Slobe 3 10 0 Lowland Birch-Willow Low Shrub
90420008 6/30/2008 66.801225 -157.974057 L M 0.1 Sloa Stoa 15 10 0 Lowland Alder Tall Shrub
90430218 6/28/2008 66.811671 -160.823483 U M 0 Slott Slott 40 20 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90440139 6/28/2008 66.506076 -159.083137 U M 1 Slott Sloa 35 10 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90440241 6/27/2008 66.828335 -161.482621 R M 0 Sloa Sloa 35 25 0
90450144 6/30/2008 66.798539 -157.927068 U M 0 Stoa Stoa 65 15 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
90460223 6/30/2008 66.823483 -157.955318 U M 0 Slobw Slobw 10 5 0 Upland Birch-Willow Low Shrub
90460717 6/29/2008 66.13034 -159.258625 L M 0 Slobe Slcbe 30 10 0 Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
90500998 6/29/2008 66.110984 -159.177884 L M 0 Stow Stow 15 5 0
90510050 6/28/2008 66.584778 -158.905346 L W 2 Slobe Slotb 30 10 0 Lowland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
90520140 6/30/2008 66.757425 -158.157104 U M 0 Stoa Stoa 75 30 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 229

Appendix 6. Continued.
Unique_ID Date
Latitude
(WGS84)
Longitude
(WGS84)
Physiography
Soil
Moisture
%Surface
Water VegClass4 Alt Veg
%Whole
Tussocks %Litter
%Bare
Ground Ecotype
90521303 6/29/2008 66.168509 -158.86143 U M 0 Sloa Slobe 15 20 0 Upland Birch-Willow Low Shrub
90530104 7/2/2008 66.397878 -158.304365 L W 2 Slotb Slott 45 0 10
90540115 6/28/2008 66.674906 -160.565491 L W 2 Sloeb Hgmt 10 45 0 Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
90540156 6/29/2008 66.216528 -159.49142 L W 0.1 Sloeb Hgmss 2 35 0 Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
90550043 6/30/2008 66.816418 -157.819009 U W 1 Slott Slott 75 60 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90550906 6/29/2008 66.133114 -159.269851 U M 0 Slott Slott 15 20 1 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90561661 6/29/2008 66.119115 -158.890787 U M 0 Slott Slobw 50 15 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90570007 6/30/2008 66.845257 -158.053485 U W 1 Slott Slott 40 50 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90580084 6/30/2008 66.79307 -158.066495 U M 0 Stoa Sloaw 25 10 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
90581419 6/29/2008 66.064068 -158.884701 U M 0 Stoa Stoa 15 15 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
90590326 6/28/2008 66.693728 -160.798963 U W 1 Slott Slotb 60 20 0.1 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90600332 6/29/2008 66.152352 -158.889749 U M 0 Slobw Slott 15 25 0 Upland Birch-Willow Low Shrub
90610879 6/29/2008 66.149521 -158.852013 U M 0 Slobw Fnwws 15 10 0 Upland Birch-Willow Low Shrub
90620105 6/30/2008 66.764192 -158.120716 U M 0 Slott Slott 50 20 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90622122 6/29/2008 66.098548 -158.874804 U W 0.1 Slott Slott 30 20 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90630518 6/29/2008 66.132243 -158.834808 U W 0.1 Slott Slott 80 20 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90631118 6/28/2008 66.693807 -160.902719 U M 0 Slott Slott 80 35 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90640315 6/29/2008 66.146184 -158.78733 U M 0 Slott Slott 75 50 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90640529 7/1/2008 66.310332 -159.762814 U M 0 Stoaw Stoa 0 15 0.1 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
90650144 6/27/2008 66.818219 -161.512197 C M 1 Sloa Slotb 25 20 0 Lowland Alder Tall Shrub
90662612 6/29/2008 66.162682 -158.842846 U M 0 Slott Slott 30 20 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90670872 6/28/2008 66.778399 -160.828329 U W 0.1 Slott Slott 85 20 0.1 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90690437 6/28/2008 66.520012 -159.121755 U M 0 Slott Slott 35 15 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90700875 6/29/2008 66.161537 -158.740538 U W 0.1 Slott Slott 10 55 0.1 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90710509 6/28/2008 66.684267 -160.743616 U M 0 Slott Slott 75 25 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90720184 6/28/2008 66.794921 -160.72337 U W 0.1 Slott Slott 65 30 0.1 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90720373 7/1/2008 66.261182 -159.782849 U M 0 Slobw Slobw 1 5 5 Upland Birch-Willow Low Shrub
90731561 6/28/2008 66.634437 -159.716635 U M 0 Slott Slott 45 25 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90740033 6/28/2008 66.635476 -158.947358 L W 0.1 Sloeb Slotb 0 10 0 Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
90740052 6/28/2008 66.581033 -158.911267 L W 5 Slotb Hgwst 50 20 0
90752252 6/29/2008 66.084367 -159.29475 U M 0 Slott Slott 60 15 0.1 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90760065 6/29/2008 66.058471 -158.959786 U W 1 Slott Hgmt 40 35 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90760143 6/27/2008 66.871845 -160.769758 U M 0 Slott Slott 85 25 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90770040 6/30/2008 66.762655 -158.033272 U M 0 Stoa Stoa 20 10 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
90771381 6/29/2008 66.089171 -159.434586 U M 0 Sloa Slobe 25 15 0 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
90780153 6/28/2008 66.636229 -159.702803 L W 1 Hgwsmb Slotb 40 15 0 Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
90790703 6/29/2008 66.180148 -158.772746 U M 0 Stoa Stoa 5 10 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 230

Appendix 6. Continued.
Unique_ID Date
Latitude
(WGS84)
Longitude
(WGS84)
Physiography
Soil
Moisture
%Surface
Water VegClass4 Alt Veg
%Whole
Tussocks %Litter
%Bare
Ground Ecotype
90800004 6/29/2008 66.040881 -158.659219 A D 0 Sddf Sddl 0 5 35
90810025 6/30/2008 66.75633 -158.072584 U M 0 Stoa Stoa 0 5 0.1 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
90810876 6/29/2008 66.076858 -159.342573 U M 0 Slott Slott 50 20 0.1 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90820143 6/29/2008 66.016565 -159.394242 U W 0 Hgmt Hgmss 0 30 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90830350 6/29/2008 66.194363 -158.613164 U W 0 Slott Slott 80 35 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90840680 6/28/2008 66.725241 -160.284631 U M 0 Slott Slott 45 30 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90850245 6/29/2008 66.024821 -159.436552 U W 0 Hgmt Hgmss 45 40 0.1 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90860137 6/28/2008 66.527092 -159.04677 R M 0 Stca Stca 0 1 0 Riverine Alder Tall Shrub
90860498 6/28/2008 66.791455 -160.676444 U M 0 Stcaw Stcaw 0 5 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
90860769 6/29/2008 66.116479 -159.278382 U M 0 Stoa Stca 0.1 10 0 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
90880088 6/29/2008 66.190087 -158.601573 U M 0 Slott Slobe 15 20 6 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90880182 6/29/2008 66.149351 -159.6528 A M 0 Sdet Hgmss 1 10 1 Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub
90890043 6/29/2008 66.186033 -158.633808 U W 0 Slott Slott 85 85 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90890301 6/29/2008 66.016707 -159.22268 U M 0 Slott Slott 65 20 0.1 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
90900006 6/29/2008 66.196941 -158.706414 A D 0 Sddt Sddt 10 30 Alpine Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub
90900069 6/29/2008 66.050532 -159.909899 A M 0 Sdeb Sdwt 0 1 30
90910012 6/30/2008 66.746184 -158.003951 U M 0 Sloa Stoa 0 5 6 Upland Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
92025127 6/28/2008 66.519638 -159.315236 P A 100 W W 0 0 0
92025217 6/28/2008 66.509998 -159.153578 P A 99 W W 0 0 0
92040617 6/28/2008 66.567768 -159.309702 P A 100 W W 0 0 0 Lowland Lake
92040642 6/28/2008 66.557521 -158.981024 P A 100 W W 0 0 0 Lowland Lake
92040741 6/28/2008 66.495873 -159.27343 P A 100 W W 0 0 0 Lowland Lake
92050306 6/28/2008 66.509421 -159.109319 P A 92 W W 0 2 0 Lowland Lake
92080020 6/27/2008 66.700046 -161.841543 C A 85 Hgwhsgs Hgwhsgs 0 5 0 Coastal Saline Sedge–Grass Meadow
92080057 6/28/2008 66.646272 -159.389229 P A 95 W W 0 0 0
92110002 6/30/2008 66.921038 -158.32734 U D 0 Fbwb Fbwb 0 30 0.1 Upland Birch Forest
92120002 6/27/2008 66.727553 -161.747251 L W 5 Hgwss Hgwst 2 25 0 Lowland Ericaceous Shrub Bog
92170004 6/30/2008 66.894643 -158.336347 U D 0 Fbwb Hbbd 0 5 5 Upland Birch Forest
92180079 6/30/2008 67.002703 -158.216421 U M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 3 1 Upland White Spruce-Lichen Woodland
92190001 6/28/2008 66.801684 -160.700268 A D 0 Bpv Hbbd 0 1 85
92200001 6/28/2008 66.806522 -160.689717 A D 0 Bpv Hbbd 0 1 80 Alpine Acidic Barrens
92210046 6/30/2008 66.863676 -158.360813 L D 0 Fbob Fbwb 0 40 0 Upland Birch Forest
92240047 6/30/2008 66.983825 -158.1983 U M 0 Fmwsb Fmosb 0 10 2 Upland Spruce-Birch Forest
92250054 6/29/2008 66.069919 -159.715893 A D 0 Bbg Bbg 0 1 95 Alpine Acidic Barrens
92260107 6/29/2008 66.08387 -158.761969 A D 0 Sddt Sddt 0 3 50
92280030 6/27/2008 66.940588 -160.347463 R M 0 Bbg Bbg 0 0.1 100 Riverine Barrens
92280034 6/27/2008 66.920699 -160.808199 R W 65 Bbg Bbg 0 0 35 Riverine Barrens
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 231

Appendix 6. Continued.
Unique_ID Date
Latitude
(WGS84)
Longitude
(WGS84)
Physiography
Soil
Moisture
%Surface
Water VegClass4 Alt Veg
%Whole
Tussocks %Litter
%Bare
Ground Ecotype
92290130 6/29/2008 66.071167 -159.692597 A D 0 Bpv Hbbd 0 1 90 Alpine Acidic Barrens
92300003 6/27/2008 66.974901 -159.705674 A M 0 Sdeb Sdeb 0 2 65 Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub
92300147 6/29/2008 66.118382 -159.588747 A D 0 Sdet Sdet 0 5 50 Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub
92310052 6/30/2008 66.862568 -158.235851 U M 0 Fnwws Fnwws 0 2 5
92320078 6/29/2008 66.116817 -159.589605 A M 0 Sdds Sddt 0 3 30 Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub
92320170 6/29/2008 66.047415 -158.621169 A D 0 Sdet Slow 0 10 25 Alpine Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub
92330012 6/30/2008 66.886859 -158.245955 U D 0 Fmwsb Fmwsb 0 2 0.1 Upland Spruce-Birch Forest
92330180 6/27/2008 66.824567 -160.923447 U W 10 Slott Slott 45 25 0 Upland Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
92340095 6/29/2008 66.13427 -159.61519 A M 0 Sddt Sddt 0 2 45 Alpine Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub
92350168 6/29/2008 66.019829 -158.797417 A D 0 Sddt Sddt 0 3 55
92370022 6/29/2008 66.103142 -159.847182 A M 0 Sddt Sddt 0 10 60
92380057 6/29/2008 66.093946 -158.603078 A D 0 Sddt Bpv 0 2 65
92450006 6/29/2008 66.156069 -159.595847 A D 0 Bpv Bpv 0 1 90
92480020 6/30/2008 66.881124 -158.313914 U D 0 Bbg Bbg 0 2 95 Upland Sandy Barrens
V01 6/27/2008 66.902168 -159.657326 U M 0 Fbob Fbob 0 10 0 Upland Birch Forest
V02 6/28/2008 66.510554 -159.31567 P A 25 Hgwfg Haf 0 15 0
V03 6/28/2008 66.831845 -159.833977 P W 5 Hgwsmb Hgwsmb 0 10 0
V04 6/28/2008 66.854134 -160.205843 A D 0 Sddt Sddt 0 5 35
V05 6/28/2008 66.833879 -160.137849 R W 0.1 Slcw Slcw 0 0
V06 6/28/2008 66.767549 -160.080259 U M 0 Fbob Fbob 0 15 0 Upland Birch Forest
V07 6/28/2008 66.804294 -160.693695 A D 0 Sddl Sddt 0 1 60
V08 6/28/2008 66.797784 -160.692381 U M 0 Slobe Slott 10 0 Upland Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
V09 6/28/2008 66.739358 -160.866957 L A 90 Hafm Hafm 0 0 0
V10 6/28/2008 66.65511 -160.815996 L W
V11 6/29/2008 66.188118 -158.776242 U M 0 Fbcb Fbcb 0 5 0 Upland Birch Forest
V12 6/29/2008 66.146142 -158.847297 U M 0 Fnows Fncws 0 3 3
V13 6/29/2008 66.210004 -159.494008 L M 0 Fbop Fbop 0 35 0
V14 6/29/2008 66.213198 -159.460769 P A 80 Hgwfg Hgwfg 0 20 0
V15 6/29/2008 66.207572 -159.179415 U M 0 Fbcb Fbcb 0 5 0 Upland Birch Forest
V16 6/30/2008 66.895075 -158.365573 U D 0 Fnows Fnows 0 5 0.1
V17 6/30/2008 66.893707 -158.36429 U D 0 Bbg Bbg 0 0.1 98 Upland Sandy Barrens
V18 6/30/2008 66.929598 -158.391818 U D 0 Fmcas Fmcas 0 10 0 Upland Spruce-Aspen Forest
V19 6/30/2008 66.900566 -158.442365 U M 0 Fnows Fnows 0 3 0.1
V20 7/1/2008 66.277913 -159.056156 P W 5 Hfwfh Haf 0 15 0
V22 7/1/2008 66.287873 -159.880945 L M 0 Hgmb Hgmb 0 70 0
V23 6/30/2008 66.9748414 -158.238684 U M 0 Fmosb Fmwsb 0 2 1 Upland Spruce-Birch Forest
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 232

Appendix 7a.
Landsat ETM+ and TM data used for mosaic and spectral classification of the Selawik
National Wildlife Refuge.
Landsat Availability (rows)
Path Acquisition
Date
Path
ID
Platform NPS GeoCover USGS Area (Sq m) Area
(sq. km)
Area (%
of mosaic)
Area
Proportion
74 2002-08-02 741 7 12-13 13362097462 13362.1 11.299% 33.297%
75 2002-07-24 751 7 12-14 7738498844 7738.5 6.544% 19.284%
76 2002-07-31 761 7 12-13 12-14 7772540554 7772.5 6.573% 19.368%
76 2003-07-18 762 7 13 129742077.7 129.7 0.110% 0.323%
77 2002-08-07 771 7 13-14 1306192164 1306.2 1.105% 3.255%
77 2005-07-22 772 5 13-14 133136089.2 133.1 0.113% 0.332%
77 2008-06-28 773 5 13 263800158.2 263.8 0.223% 0.657%
78 2002-07-29 781 7 13-14 12-14 44771660983 44771.7 37.860% 111.567%
78 2008-07-05 782 5 12 6505203.083 6.5 0.006% 0.016%
79 2002-08-05 791 7 13 6066873.079 6.1 0.005% 0.015%
79 1999-07-28 793 7 12.5-13.5 12-13 1808832436 1808.8 1.530% 4.507%
79 2008-07-28 794 5 13 24286724.61 24.3 0.021% 0.061%
80 2002-07-27 801 7 12-13 23857789642 23857.8 20.175% 59.451%
81 2002-08-03 811 7 11-14 12,14 11-13 17075749872 17075.7 14.440% 42.551%
Appendix 7b.
Landsat ETM+ and TM scene parameters by data source.
Source
Resolution
Resampling Destriping (multispectral) Geolocation Level Projection Horizontal Datum
NPS (NLAPS) NN Yes 28.5 m Terrain Alaska Albers NAD1927 and NAD1983
GeoCover NN No 28.5 m Precision Terrain UTM (variable) WGS1984
USGS CC No 30 m Precision Terrain UTM (variable) WGS1984
233 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 8.
Cross tabulation of clustering of spectral characteristics of training polygons and
ecotypes.
SpecClust99
Alpine Rocky Dry Mafic Barrens
Upland Sandy Dry Alkaline Barrens
Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Barrens
Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Barrens
Riverine Gravelly Moist Circumalkaline Barrens
Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Riverine Gravelly Dry Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Alkaline Sedge-Dryas Meadow
Alpine Rocky-loamy Moist Circumneutral Willow Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Moist Circumacidic Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Moist Circumneutral Cassiope Dwarf Shrub
Coastal Sandy Moist Circumacidic Crowberry Dwarf Shrub
Upland Organic-rich Moist Acidic Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
Upland Rocky Moist Acidic Spiraea Low Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Acidic Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low Shrub
Riverine Loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low Shrub
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low Shrub
Upland Loamy Moist Circumalkaline Willow Low Shrub
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline Willow Low Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Willow Low Shrub
Lacustrine Loamy Wet Circumacidic Bluejoint Meadow
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Bluejoint Meadow
Upland Loamy Moist Circumacidic Willow Tall Shrub
Riverine Loamy Wet Circumacidic Willow Tall Shrub
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline Willow Tall Shrub
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Alder Tall Shrub
Riverine Loamy Moist Circumacidic Alder Tall Shrub
Upland Sandy Dry Circumneutral Aspen Forest
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch Forest
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline Poplar Forest
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumneutral Spruce-Aspen Forest
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Spruce-Birch Forest
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline White Spruce-Poplar
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumalkaline White Spruce-Willow Forest
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic White Spruce-Ericaceous Fores
Upland Sandy Dry Circumalkaline White Spruce-Dryas Woodland
Upland Sandy Dry Acidic White Spruce-Lichen Woodland
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Black Spruce Forest
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline White Spruce-Willow
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumacidic White Spruce-Alder Forest
Coastal Loamy Wet Brackish Sedge-Grass Meadow
Coastal Loamy Wet Saline Sedge-Grass Meadow
Lowland Circumacidic Sedge-Willow Fen
Lowland Acidic Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Lowland Circumacidic Sedge Fen
Alpine Rocky Circumneutral Wet Sedge Meadow
Lacustrine Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Sedge Meadow
Riverine Loamy Wet Circumacidic Wet Sedge Meadow
Lacustrine Circumneutral Horsetail Marsh
Alpine Lake
River
Riverine Circumalkaline Lake
Lowland Lake
Coastal Brackish Water
Coastal Nearshore Water
Grand Total
92 1 1 1 1 4
93 1 1 2
94 4 4
95 8 8
96 1 2 1 4
97 1 1
98 2 2
99 1 1 2
100 2 2
114 1 1
116 1 1
117 1 1 2
118 3 3
119 1 3 4
120 1 3 4
121 1 1 1 3
122 2 1 2 1 6
123 2 1 3
124 1 1
125 1 1
126 5 5
127 5 5
128 1 1
129 2 2
130 2 2
131 1 1
133 3 3
134 4 1 5
135 5 5
136 3 3
137 1 1
140 2 2
143 2 1 3
145 1 1
141 1 2 3
142 1 4 5
144 1 1
146 1 1
147 2 2
148 1 1
113 1 1 2
112 1 1 2
111 2 2 4
110 2 2
109 1 2 3
108 2 2 4
107 1 1 2
106 1 1 2
105 2 1 1 4
138 1 1
139 1 1
132 2 2
101 2 3 5
102 2 1 4 1 2 1 11
103 2 1 1 1 5
104 2 1 1 4
46 2 2
47 2 1 1 4
70 1 5 2 1 1 1 1 12
71 6 1 4 1 1 1 1 15
72 1 2 1 4
73 1 1 1 1 4
85 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 9
86 1 2 1 4
87 1 2 1 2 1 7
68 1 1 2 1 1 6
67 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 10
69 3 1 5 1 1 1 12
50 3 3 1 1 2 10
51 5 11 16
49 1 2 3
48 1 1 1 8 1 1 13
64 4 1 8 1 1 15
65 1 2 1 2 6
66 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 14
43 1 2 14 1 18
45 1 1 1 12 15
44 12 1 1 1 15
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 234

Appendix 8.
Continued.
SpecClust99
Alpine Rocky Dry Mafic Barrens
Upland Sandy Dry Alkaline Barrens
Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Barrens
Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Barrens
Riverine Gravelly Moist Circumalkaline Barrens
Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Riverine Gravelly Dry Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Alkaline Sedge-Dryas Meadow
Alpine Rocky-loamy Moist Circumneutral Willow Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Moist Circumacidic Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Moist Circumneutral Cassiope Dwarf Shrub
Coastal Sandy Moist Circumacidic Crowberry Dwarf Shrub
Upland Organic-rich Moist Acidic Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
Upland Rocky Moist Acidic Spiraea Low Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Acidic Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low Shrub
Riverine Loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low Shrub
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low Shrub
Upland Loamy Moist Circumalkaline Willow Low Shrub
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline Willow Low Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Willow Low Shrub
Lacustrine Loamy Wet Circumacidic Bluejoint Meadow
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Bluejoint Meadow
Upland Loamy Moist Circumacidic Willow Tall Shrub
Riverine Loamy Wet Circumacidic Willow Tall Shrub
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline Willow Tall Shrub
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Alder Tall Shrub
Riverine Loamy Moist Circumacidic Alder Tall Shrub
Upland Sandy Dry Circumneutral Aspen Forest
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch Forest
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline Poplar Forest
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumneutral Spruce-Aspen Forest
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic Spruce-Birch Forest
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline White Spruce-Poplar
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumalkaline White Spruce-Willow Forest
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist Circumacidic White Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
Upland Sandy Dry Circumalkaline White Spruce-Dryas Woodland
Upland Sandy Dry Acidic White Spruce-Lichen Woodland
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Black Spruce Forest
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumalkaline White Spruce-Willow
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist Circumacidic White Spruce-Alder Forest
Coastal Loamy Wet Brackish Sedge-Grass Meadow
Coastal Loamy Wet Saline Sedge-Grass Meadow
Lowland Circumacidic Sedge-Willow Fen
Lowland Acidic Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Lowland Circumacidic Sedge Fen
Alpine Rocky Circumneutral Wet Sedge Meadow
Lacustrine Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Sedge Meadow
Riverine Loamy Wet Circumacidic Wet Sedge Meadow
Lacustrine Circumneutral Horsetail Marsh
Alpine Lake
River
Riverine Circumalkaline Lake
Lowland Lake
Coastal Brackish Water
Coastal Nearshore Water
Grand Total
79 1 11 2 1 15
78 2 9 1 1 1 14
39 7 2 1 1 11
35 1 8 1 2 12
75 1 2 3
80 5 2 1 1 9
82 6 3 1 1 11
90 1 1 2
77 1 2 1 1 1 6
74 1 1
84 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
12 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
13 1 1 2 4
14 2 3 1 2 1 9
15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9
16 1 1 1 1 2 6
17 1 1 1 1 2 6
18 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 9
81 5 1 6
76 1 1 5 1 9 1 18
40 6 1 2 4 1 1 15
41 1 3 2 4 2 2 2 16
42 1 2 1 4
38 2 2 1 1 6
83 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 10
11 1 1 3 1 2 8
26 1 1
60 1 1
63 1 1 2
62 1 1 1 1 2 6
59 1 1 2 1 1 6
61 1 1 4 6
37 1 4 5
36 1 2 1 5 9
52 1 1 1 1 3 1 8
53 1 1 3 1 6
54 1 7 1 1 1 11
55 1 5 2 1 9
56 5 5
57 1 6 1 2 1 11
58 5 5
32 1 3 4
91 1 2 1 4
115 2 2
31 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 10
33 1 1 3 3 1 9
1 4 3 1 1 9
2 2 4 1 7
3 2 2 3 7
4 2 3 1 1 7
5 1 1 3 1 1 7
6 1 2 2 5
7 2 3 2 1 8
8 1 1 1 3
19 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 11
20 1 1 1 3 5 2 2 15
21 1 2 4 1 8
22 1 1 2 1 5
23 1 1 1 2 5
24 1 1 7 1 10
25 2 3 1 2 2 10
88 2 2
89 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 12
9 1 1 2
10 1 1
34 1 1
27 1 1
28 1 1 2 1 1 6
29 1 1 1 3
30 1 1 1 1 1 5
149 2 1 2 5
150 4 4
151 1 1 2
152 1 3 4
153 2 2
154 1 1
155 1 4 5
156 1 10 1 1 13
157 2 2 1 2 7
158 8 1 2 11
Grand 7 10 48 43 19 21 47 6 45 3 11 6 1 ## 3 9 35 10 9 49 24 17 2 2 1 5 3 15 60 5 4 1 9 8 2 13 3 24 48 2 7 22 21 4 2 1 6 14 13 4 2 6 1 4 5 1 30 8 5 927
235 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 9. Map accuracy assessed by tabulating mapped ecotype against ground plots used to create the map.
Alpine Lake
Alpine Rocky Circumneutral Wet Sedge
Meadow
Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Barrens
Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Barrens
Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Dry Mafic Barrens
Alpine Rocky Moist Circumacidic Ericaceous-
Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Moist Circumneutral Cassiope
Dwarf Shrub
Coastal Loamy Wet Brackish Sedge-Grass
Meadow
Coastal Water
Lowland Acidic Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Lowland Circumacidic Sedge Fen
Lowland Lake
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Birch-
Ericaceous Low Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Black Spruce
Forest
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Alder
Tall Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Birch-
Willow Low Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Willow
Low Shrub
Riverine Gravelly Dry Alkaline Dryas Dwarf
Shrub
Riverine Gravelly Moist Circumalkaline Barrens
Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Moist Circumalkaline
Poplar Forest
Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Moist Circumalkaline
White Spruce-Poplar
Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Moist Circumalkaline
White Spruce-Willow
Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Moist Circumalkaline
Willow Low Shrub
Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Moist Circumalkaline
Willow Tall Shrub
Riverine Loamy Moist Circumacidic Alder Tall
Shrub
Riverine Loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch-Willow
Low Shrub
Riverine Loamy Wet Circumacidic Wet Sedge
Meadow
Riverine Water
Upland Loamy Moist Circumalkaline Willow
Low Shrub
Upland Organic-rich Moist Acidic Dwarf Birch-
Tussock Shrub
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Acidic Birch-
Ericaceous Low Shrub
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Alkaline Sedge-
Dryas Meadow
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumacidic Alder-
Willow Tall Shrub
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch
Forest
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch-
Willow Low Shrub
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumacidic
Spruce-Birch Forest
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumacidic White
Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumalkaline
White Spruce-Willow Forest
Upland Sandy Dry Acidic White Spruce-Lichen
Woodland
Upland Sandy Dry Alkaline Barrens
Trarining Polygon Ecotype
Alpine Lake 139 27
Alpine Rocky Circumneutral Wet
Sedge Meadow 89 18 39 6 5
Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Barrens
187
4 4 Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Dryas
Dwarf Shrub 3 945 2 6 1 5 11 11 25 30 2
Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline
139
Barrens 213 1 3 4 614 8 53 1
Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Dryas
Dwarf Shrub 1 16 181 34 15 7 1 3 14 324 32 1 2
Alpine Rocky Dry Mafic Barrens 44
2 216 7
Alpine Rocky Moist Circumacidic
Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub 1 152 1 2 2 10 14 9 24 1
Alpine Rocky Moist
Circumneutral Cassiope Dwarf
Shrub 3 114 3 1 10 2
Coastal Loamy Wet Brackish
Sedge-Grass Meadow Coastal Water
949
9
Lowland Acidic Ericaceous Shrub
Bog 220 7 33 1 5 1
Lowland Circumacidic Sedge Fen 30 5 2 23 7 247 17 2 1 6 1 1 32 9 1
Lowland Lake
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic
268
4 14226 222
Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub 20
4 2 197 3 7 5 1 4
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic
Black Spruce Forest 3 343 13 1 46 153 14 4
Lowland Organic-rich Wet
Circumacidic Alder Tall Shrub 22 2 8 51 8 1 1
Lowland Organic-rich Wet
Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low
Shrub 2 18 3 1 2 1 121 1 2 14 1 3 Lowland Organic-rich Wet
Circumacidic Willow Low Shrub 1 23 9 2 1
Riverine Gravelly Dry Alkaline
Dryas Dwarf Shrub 11
14 31 1 Riverine Gravelly Moist
Circumalkaline Barrens 486 63
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist
Circumalkaline Poplar Forest 45 56 3
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist
Circumalkaline White Spruce-
Poplar Forest 5 29 1 5 1
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist
Circumalkaline White Spruce-
Willow Forest 1 82 6 3 440 6 1 1 73 28 4
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 236

Appendix 9. Continued.
Alpine Lake
Alpine Rocky Circumneutral Wet Sedge
Meadow
Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Barrens
Alpine Rocky Dry Acidic Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Barrens
Alpine Rocky Dry Alkaline Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Dry Mafic Barrens
Alpine Rocky Moist Circumacidic Ericaceous-
Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Alpine Rocky Moist Circumneutral Cassiope
Dwarf Shrub
Coastal Loamy Wet Brackish Sedge-Grass
Meadow
Coastal Water
Lowland Acidic Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Lowland Circumacidic Sedge Fen
Lowland Lake
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Birch-
Ericaceous Low Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Acidic Black Spruce
Forest
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Alder
Tall Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Birch-
Willow Low Shrub
Lowland Organic-rich Wet Circumacidic Willow
Low Shrub
Riverine Gravelly Dry Alkaline Dryas Dwarf
Shrub
Riverine Gravelly Moist Circumalkaline Barrens
Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Moist Circumalkaline
Poplar Forest
Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Moist Circumalkaline
White Spruce-Poplar
Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Moist Circumalkaline
White Spruce-Willow
Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Moist Circumalkaline
Willow Low Shrub
Riverine Gravelly-Loamy Moist Circumalkaline
Willow Tall Shrub
Riverine Loamy Moist Circumacidic Alder Tall
Shrub
Riverine Loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch-Willow
Low Shrub
Riverine Loamy Wet Circumacidic Wet Sedge
Meadow
Riverine Water
Upland Loamy Moist Circumalkaline Willow
Low Shrub
Upland Organic-rich Moist Acidic Dwarf Birch-
Tussock Shrub
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Acidic Birch-
Ericaceous Low Shrub
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Alkaline Sedge-
Dryas Meadow
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumacidic Alder-
Willow Tall Shrub
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch
Forest
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumacidic Birch-
Willow Low Shrub
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumacidic
Spruce-Birch Forest
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumacidic White
Spruce-Ericaceous Forest
Upland Rocky-Loamy Moist Circumalkaline
White Spruce-Willow Forest
Upland Sandy Dry Acidic White Spruce-Lichen
Woodland
Upland Sandy Dry Alkaline Barrens
Trarining Polygon Ecotype
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist
Circumalkaline Willow Low
Shrub 1 11 8 5 7 26 159 11 9 5 2 20 10
Riverine Gravelly-loamy Moist
Circumalkaline Willow Tall
Shrub 5 15 6 254 3 1 8 47 2 2 9 8
Riverine Loamy Moist
Circumacidic Alder Tall Shrub 2 120
Riverine Loamy Moist
Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low
Shrub 9 1 24 78 1 4 10 18 1 23
Riverine Loamy Wet
Circumacidic Wet Sedge
Meadow 1 2 Riverine Water
Upland Loamy Moist
Circumalkaline Willow Low
Shrub 4 2 7 11 14 1 4 26 484 29 5 7 2 11
Upland Organic-rich Moist Acidic
Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 1 4 2 5 3 8 3 26 1 10
108
3
335
5 4 12 5 18 7
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist
Acidic Birch-Ericaceous Low
Shrub 9 1 5 49 1 4 12 20 561 8 9 68 3
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist
Alkaline Sedge-Dryas Meadow 5 50 7 4 17 107 1 7 31 983 4 10
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist
Circumacidic Alder-Willow Tall
161
Shrub 16 14 5 12 32 2 2 7 5 8 17 40 1 4
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist
Circumacidic Birch Forest 3 2 2 Upland Rocky-loamy Moist
Circumacidic Birch-Willow Low
Shrub 1 6 1 1 4 40 22 28 26 12 19
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist
993 3 10
Circumacidic Spruce-Birch Forest 13 1 27 1 228 9 5 1
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist
Circumacidic White Spruce-
Ericaceous Forest 7 37 24 4 4 4 29 1 11 896 22 6
Upland Rocky-loamy Moist
Circumalkaline White Spruce-
Willow Forest 4 2 3 3 10 4 18 13 33 481
Upland Sandy Dry Acidic White
Spruce-Lichen Woodland 164
56 2 2 1 8 Upland Sandy Dry Alkaline
Barrens 521
Total pixels
% Correct 5%
282
3 127
70
%
209
3
90
%
106
1
89
%
139
5 191 830 176 119 67
100
%
95
%
26
%
86
%
96
%
66
%
949
9 337 546 14253 384 460 115 251 79 32 486 76 32 454 174 280 206 115 130
100
%
65
%
45
% 100%
51
%
75
%
19
%
48
%
29
%
97
%
100
%
74
%
91
%
97
%
91
%
91
%
58
%
68
%
65
%
130
5 579
83
%
84
%
358
8 706
94
%
79
%
159
9
61
%
173
7 290
93
%
91
%
118
6 308
84
%
74
%
126
2 581 190 521
71
%
83
%
86
%
100
%
237 Selawik Ecological Land Survey

Appendix 10. Map accuracy assessed by tabulating mapped vegetation type against ground plots used to create the map.
Alder Tall Shrub
Alder-Willow Tall Shrub
Balsam Poplar Forest
Black Spruce Forest
Brackish Sedge-Grass Wet
Meadow
Cassiope Dwarf Shrub
Coastal Water
Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Dwarf Birch-Ericaceous Low
Shrub
Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub
Dwarf Birch-Willow Low Shrub
Ericaceous Shrub Bog
Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub
Fresh Water
Paper Birch Forest
Partially Vegetated
Sedge Fen
Sedge Wet Meadow
Sedge-Dryas Meadow
Spruce-Paper Birch Forest
White Spruce Forest
White Spruce-Balsam Poplar
Forest
White Spruce-Lichen Woodland
Willow Low Shrub
Willow Tall Shrub
Training Polygon Vegetation Class
Alder Tall Shrub 44
10
14
738
193 8 1 3 10
Alder-Willow Tall Shrub 48 1618 14 5 7 42 17 1 4 7 12
Balsam Poplar Forest 45 56 3
Black Spruce Forest 343 3 1 46 180 4
Brackish Sedge-Grass Wet Meadow Cassiope Dwarf Shrub 114 3 1 3 2 Coastal Water 9499
Dryas Dwarf Shrub 1 1173 32 25 35 34 6 6 34 1 365 3 Dwarf Birch-Ericaceous Low Shrub 4 8 4 9 812 27 21 5 7 76
Dwarf Birch-Tussock Shrub 5 4 12 3355 44 5 2 3 2 12 7 13
Dwarf Birch-Willow Low Shrub 6 23 25 48 52 1299 4 10 3 12 13 29
Ericaceous Shrub Bog 33 5 220 1 7 1
Ericaceous-Dryas Dwarf Shrub 2 1 9 14 3 152 1 24 10
Fresh Water 18381
Paper Birch Forest 2 2 2 265 3
Partially Vegetated 9 8 5319 179 1
Sedge Fen 1 23 6 17 9 3 7 2 247 62 6 1
Sedge Wet Meadow 6 18 40 174 5 2
Sedge-Dryas Meadow 4 50 31 5 17 7 107 5 983 10 7
Spruce-Paper Birch Forest 2 27 13 228 14 1
White Spruce Forest 4 11 106 71 4 28 5 12 6 25 1973 3 10 3
White Spruce-Balsam Poplar Forest 5 5 2 29
White Spruce-Lichen Woodland 2 2 56 1 8 164
Willow Low Shrub 1 22 4 30 40 33 18 3 19 9 Willow Tall Shrub 18 47 6 13 2 1 2 17 254
Total pixels 321 1737 76 460 67 119 9499 1284 1090 3588 1552 337 176 18381 290 5325 546 257 1599 308 2297 32 190 832 280
% Correct 60% 93% 74% 75% 66% 96% 100% 91% 74% 94% 84% 65% 86% 100% 91% 100% 45% 68% 61% 74% 86% 91% 86% 89% 91%
Selawik Ecological Land Survey 238