Database - United Nations in Bangladesh

People's Report 2002-2003 

BANGLADESH 

E N V I R O N M E N T 

Volume II 

Database

People's Report 2002-2003 

BANGLADESH 

ENVIRONMENT 

Volume II 

Database 

Editors 

Atiur Rahman 

M. Ashraf Ali 

Farooque Chowdhury 

Mahboob Hassan 

U N 

D P 

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) 

Unnayan Shamannay 

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

First published December 2004 

© Unnayan Shamannay 

Cover and Graphic Design 

Hiranmay Chanda 

Photography 

Alok 

Ismat Jahan 

Khasru Chowdhury 

Asif Nippon 

Illustration 

Sheikh Afzal 

Desktop Support 

Nayma Alam Shimu, Saiful Hasan 

Chowdhury Shirin Sultana, Matiur Rahman 

Lutfur Rahman Patwari 

People's Report consists of two volumes: Volume I 

presents people's perception, survey findings and 

expert views on environmental issues, development 

policies and directions. Volume II provides database on 

different aspects of Bangladesh environment. 

This volume supplements the main report contained in 

Volume I. 

The content of this publication may be reproduced by 

governmental/non-governmental organizations for noncommercial 

or educational purposes (please send us 

copies) with appropriate acknowledgement. Any other 

form of reproduction, storage in a retrieval system or 

transmission by any means for commercial purposes 

requires prior permission from Unnayan Shamannay. 

ISBN: 984-32-0866-8 

Price Tk 350 

Published by Unnayan Shamannay, 2/E/1-B Mymensingh Road, Shahbagh, Dhaka 1000, under Sustainable Environment 

Management Programme (SEMP) supported by Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) and United Nations Development 

Programme (UNDP). Printed at Enrich Printers 41/5, Purana Paltan, Dhaka 1000. 

Tel 8610332, 8650015 Fax 88-02-8622320 E-mail shamunnay@sdnbd.org www.shamunnay.org 

4

v 

Table of Contents 

Preface xiii 

Acknowledgements xv 

Introduction xvii 

CHAPTER 1 

LAND AND AGRICULTURE 1 

1.1 Land 

Table 1.1.1 Changes in Ownership of Agricultural Land 3 

Table 1.1.2 Organic Matter Status of Bangladesh Soil 3 

Table 1.1.3 Land Susceptible to Soil Erosion in Hilly Areas of Bangladesh 3 

Table 1.1.4 

Floodplains, as Part of The Total Net Cultivable Area (NCA), Categorized, according to the 

Depth of Flooding 5 

Table 1.1.5 Net Cultivable Areas Under Different Levels of Flooding 5 

Table 1.1.6 Summary of Tea Garden Lands 6 

Table 1.1.7 Silt Deposition in Different Land Types in Sylhet Region 7 

Table 1.1.8 Distribution and Extent of Soil Acidity in Different Areas of Bangladesh 7 

1.2 Foodgrain 

Table 1.2.1 Rice (Paddy) Production and Yield in Selected Countries of the World in 2000 7 

Table 1.2.2 Area and Production of Tobacco in Bangladesh 8 

Table 1.2.3 Acreage and Production of Tobacco in Three Districts where Tobacco Farming is High 8 

Table 1.2.4 BRRI Released Varieties Developed from Germplasm Collections at BRRI 8 

Table 1.2.5 Rice Genetic Resources Conserved in the BRRI Genebank 8 

Table 1.2.6 Germplasm Storage Facilities in Different Genebanks 9 

Table 1.2.7 

Table 1.2.8 

The Summary of Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb in Selected Vegetable Samples 

(mg/kg Wet Weight) 10 

The Summary of Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb in Selected Vegetable Samples 

(mg/kg Dry Weight) 11 

Table 1.2.9 Arsenic Contents of Different Plant Samples 12 

Table 1.2.10 Arsenic Concentration of Rice Produced in Jessore 12 

Table 1.2.11 Arsenic Concentration of Rice Produced in Rajshahi, Bangladesh (1999) 13 

Table 1.2.12 Arsenic Concentration of Market Rice from Rajshahi and Dhaka (1999) 14 

Table 1.2.13 Arsenic Concentration of Rice Produced in Japan (1988-99) 14 

Table 1.2.14 Arsenic (As) in Water and Corresponding Arsenic in Soils 15 

Table 1.2.15 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Srinagar Paddy Field soil Samples 16 

Table 1.2.16 

Table 1.2.17 

Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Srinagar, Paddy Field Soil Samples 

(2nd sampling) 17 

Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Srinagar Paddy Field Soil Samples 

(3rd sampling) 17 

Table 1.2.18 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Srinagar Paddy Samples 17 

Table 1.2.19 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Sonargaon Paddy Field Soil (1rs Samples) 18 

Table 1.2.20 

Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Sonargaon Paddy Field Soil 

Samples (2nd sampling) 18 

Table 1.2.21 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Sonargaon Paddy Sample 19 

Table 1.2.22 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Dinajpur Paddy Field Soil Samples 19 

Table 1.2.23 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Dinajpur Paddy Samples 20 

Table 1.2.24 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Comilla Paddy Field Soil Samples 20 

Table 1.2.25 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Comilla Paddy Samples 20

vi 

Table 1.2.26 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) in Soil Samples Collected from Irrigation Canals in Paddy 

Fields at Srinagar 21 

Table 1.2.27 

Table 1.2.28 

Table 1.2.29 

Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) in Soil Samples Collected from Irrigation Canals in Paddy 

Fields at Sonargaon 21 

Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Parts of Srinagar, Munshiganj Vegetable Field 

Soil Samples 22 

Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Srinagar, Munshiganj Vegetable Field 

Soil Samples (2nd Sampling) 22 

Table 1.2.30 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Srinagar, Munshiganj Potato Samples 22 

Table 1.2.31 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Sonargaon Vegetable Field Soil Samples 23 

Table 1.2.32 

Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Sonargaon Vegetable Field Soil 

Samples (2nd sampling) 23 

Table 1.2.33 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Sonargaon Potato Samples 23 

Table 1.2.34 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Sonargaon Vegetable Samples 24 

Table 1.2.35 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Sonargaon Vegetable Samples 24 

Table 1.2.36 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Noakhali Vegetable Field Soil Samples 24 

Table 1.2.37 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Noakhali Vegetable Samples 24 

Table 1.2.38 Varieties of Grain Legumes Released in Bangladesh 25 

Table 1.2.39 Average Crop Yields in the 90s (tons per hectare) 27 

1.3 Agricultural 

Inputs 

Table 1.3.1 Pesticide Use in Bangladesh (1982-2001) 27 

Table 1.3.2 Quantity of Pesticides Used During 1997 to 2001 in Bangladesh in MT 27 

Table 1.3.3 Number of Applications of Pesticides in a Crop Season 28 

Table 1.3.4 List of Pesticides Used by Hybrid Vegetable and Cereal Seed Farmers 28 

Table 1.3.5 

Types of Insecticides and their Dosages Used by Sample Farms in the Rice Fields 

(Fatepur Village, Matlab, Chandpur) (2001-2002) 29 

Table 1.3.6 Necessary Timeframe for 75% - 100% Destruction of Selected Pesticides 29 

Table 1.3.7 Nutrient Content of Various Green Fertilizer (Pulses and Bean) 29 

Table 1.3.8 Organic Manures and their Nutrient Compositions 30 

Table 1.3.9 Irrigation Status in 1996/97 30 

Table 1.3.10 Number of Operational Units by Irrigation Technology 31 

Table 1.3.11 Area Irrigated (ha) by Irrigation Technology 31 

Table 1.3.12 Trends in Minor Irrigation 1982/83 to 1996/97 32 

Table 1.3.13 Comparison of Irrigation Equipments 1992/93 to 1996/97 32 

Table 1.3.14 Minor Irrigation Details 33 

Table 1.3.15 Comparative Statement of Irrigation Equipments and Irrigated Areas 35 

Table 1.3.16 No. of Non-Operated DTWs of BADC in Six Divisions 36 

Table 1.3.17 Brief Summary of Irrigation Equipments and Irrigated Area Surveys (Boro/2002) 36 

Table 1.3.18 Under Utilization of STW, DTW and LLP in Relation with Capacity 37 

Table 1.3.19 Irrigation by Different Mode 37 

Table 1.3.20 Division wise Irrigated Area 37 

Table 1.3.21 Division wise Irrigation by DTWs 38 

Table 1.3.22 Use of Deep Tubewell by Different Irrigation Agencies 38 

Table 1.3.23 Division wise Irrigation by STWs 38 

Table 1.3.24 Division wise Irrigation by Manually Operated Pumps 39 

Table 1.3.25 Division wise Irrigation by LLP 39 

Table 1.3.26 Number of Serviceable Operative and Non-Operative DTWs Installed by BADC 39 

Table 1.3.27 No. of Serviceable and Operative DTWs of BADC 40 

Table 1.3.28 Crop Wise Irrigated Areas by All Equipments (ha) 40 

Table 1.3.29 Number of Species of Insects and Mites at Various Stages of Multiple Resistance 40

vii 

Table 1.3.30a Wild Bees Reported to Pollinate Crops in the Tropics and Subtropics 41 

Table 1.3.30b Some Examples of Pesticide Poisoning of Bees in Field Situations (agricultural pesticide use) 42 

Table 1.3.30c Bee Poisoning Hazard of Some Insecticides Commonly Used in East Africa 43 

Table 1.3.31 Examples of Pesticide Induced Effects on Natural Enemies of Pests in (sub) Tropical Crops 45 

Table 1.3.32 Some Reported Side-effects of Agricultural Pesticides on Birds and Mammals in (Sub) Tropical Climates 47 

Table 1.3.33 Side-effects of Pesticides in Vector Control: Terrestrial Invertebrates 48 

Table 1.3.34 Some Examples of Pesticide Poisoning of Bees in Vector Control 49 

Table 1.3.35 Side-effects of Pesticides in Vector Control: Aquatic Vertebrates 50 

Table 1.3.36 Side-effects of Pesticides in Vector Control: Aquatic Invertebrates 51 

CHAPTER 2 

FORESTRY 53 

2.1 Basic 

Statistics 

Table 2.1.1 Forest Types of Bangladesh and their Areas 55 

Table 2.1.2 Countries Having No Forests 55 

Table 2.1.3 Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs) of Bangladesh 56 

Table 2.1.4 Summary of Protected Areas of Bangladesh 56 

Table 2.1.5 The 15 Notified Protected Areas of Bangladesh and their Present Conditions 57 

Table 2.1.6 Declared or Proposed Protected Areas 57 

Table 2.1.7 Management of Protected Areas 59 

Table 2.1.8 Afforestation Divisions of Bangladesh 60 

2.2 Forest 

Product 

Table 2.2.1 Profit Sharing between Forest Dept. and Participants in the Period of 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 61 

2.3 Bio-diversity 

Table 2.3.1 Extent of Bio-diversity in Bangladesh 61 

Table 2.3.2 Status of Inland and Resident Vertebrates of Bangladesh 61 

Table 2.3.3 Common Plant Species of the Sunderbans 62 

Table 2.3.4 Number of Species Estimated to Exist in the Sunderbans 62 

Table 2.3.5 Estimated Population of Some of the Prominent Species in the Sunderbans 63 

Table 2.3.6 Avifauna of the Bagkhali Range, Cox's Bazar 64 

Table 2.3.7 Plants Used in Beliefs 68 

Table 2.3.8 Sacred Plants of Different 14 Ethnic Groups 68 

Table 2.3.9 Land Tenure at Tanguar Haor 69 

Table 2.3.10 Status of Avifauna of Tanguar Haor Under Different Global and National Threatened Category 69 

Table 2.3.11 Valuation of Resources of Tanguar Haor (Fish and Plants) 70 

Table 2.3.12 Value of Wetland Animals (Tanguar Haor) 70 

CHAPTER 3 

FISHERIES AND LIVESTOCK 71 

3.1 Fisheries 

3.1.1 Basic 

Statistics 

Table 3.1.1.1 Sub-Sector Wise Share of Fish Production in Bangladesh 73 

Table 3.1.1.2 Fish-sensitive Location 74 

Table 3.1.1.3 Fish Production (MT) and Productivity (kg/ha per year) 75

viii 

Table 3.1.1.4 Numbers and Areas of Beels in the Northeast Region 75 

Table 3.1.1.5 Areas of Haors in the Northeast Region 76 

Table 3.1.1.6 Areas Under Different Types of Inland Openwater Areas 76 

3.1.2 Inland 

Fisheries 

Table 3.1.2.1 Fish Production (MT) and Productivity (kg/ha per year) from Beels in the Southwest Region, 1983-1990 77 

Table 3.1.2.2 Estimates of Fish Production (MT) from Rivers and Estuaries in the Southwest Region 77 

Table 3.1.2.3 

3.2 Livestock 

Annual Total Catch (MT) of Hilsa and other Groups of Fish and Prawn from the Major Rivers of 

Bangladesh, 1983-1993 78 

Table 3.2.1 Livestock Population in Bangladesh During 1960-90 80 

Table 3.2.2 Livestock Population and their Growth Rates 80 

Table 3.2.3 Growth of Livestock Farms in the Private sector 80 

Table 3.2.4 Annual Growth Rate of Livestock Sub-Sector 81 

Table 3.2.5 Density of Cattle and Poultry Population per Hectare for Selected Countries in 2000 81 

Table 3.2.6 Different Breeds of Livestock and Poultry Birds in Bangladesh 82 

Table 3.2.7 Production, Requirements and Deficits of Livestock Products 82 

Table 3.2.8 Production and Annual Growth Rates of Milk, Meat and Eggs 83 

Table 3.2.9 Milk Production and Yield in Selected Countries of the World in 2000 83 

Table 3.2.10 Profitability of Bangladesh and New Zealand Dairy Farms, 1995/96 84 

Table 3.2.11 Summary of Feed Resources in Bangladesh (MT 000) 84 

Table 3.2.12 Requirements and Availability of Livestock Feed [Million Metric Ton (MMT)] 84 

Table 3.2.13 Important Diseases of Animals and Poultry Birds in Bangladesh 86 

Table 3.2.14 An Estimate of the Requirements and Availability of Draft Power in Bangladesh 86 

CHAPTER 4 

WATER 87 

4.1 Surface Water, 

Flood and 

Erosion 

Table 4.1.1 Statistics on River Basin and Drainage Area 89 

Table 4.1.2 Extent of Flood and Corresponding Damage 89 

Table 4.1.3 1998 Flood Damage Statistics 89 

Table 4.1.4 Area Affected by Floods 1953-1998 90 

Table 4.1.5 Flood Affected Areas, Monsoon 1988 91 

Table 4.1.6 Flood Affected Areas by Region, Monsoon 1988 96 

Table 4.1.7 Flood Affected Areas, Monsoon 1998 97 

Table 4.1.8 Comparison of Depth and Duration During Three Major Floods 102 

Table 4.1.9 Bank Erosion/Accretion along the Different Rivers for the Period 1984-93 102 

4.2 Water 

Supply 

Table 4.2.1 Public (Government Owned) Water Supply Facilities in Rural Areas 102 

Table 4.2.2 Regional Variation of Running and Choked-up Water Supply Source 103 

Table 4.2.3 Status of Rural Water Supply 103 

Table 4.2.4 Number of Public SST/VSST and PSF Operating in the Rural Areas of the Coastal Districts 104 

Table 4.2.5 Regional Variation in Rural Drinking Water Source 104 

Table 4.2.6 Source of Water for Household Work in Rural Areas 105 

Table 4.2.7 Status of Urban Water Supply by Division 105

ix 

Table 4.2.8 Status of Urban Water Supply in Urban Areas 105 

Table 4.2.9 Source of Water for Household Work in Urban Areas 106 

Table 4.2.10 Water Service Provided by Dhaka WASA 106 

Table 4.2.11 Water Production of Dhaka WASA 106 

Table 4.2.12 Assessment of Industrial and Commercial Water Demand for the Year 2000 106 

Table 4.2.13 Water Pricing by Dhaka WASA 107 

Table 4.2.14 Water Pricing Practices by Dhaka WASA 107 

Table 4.2.15 Extent of Supply of Dhaka WASA 107 

Table 4.2.16 Water of Dhaka WASA: Demand, Supply and Deficiency 108 

Table 4.2.17 Number of Consumers of DWASA by Year 108 

Table 4.2.18 Reported Incidence (%) where Womanfolk were Consulted for Site Selection by Water Technologies 108 

4.3 Water Quality 

Table 4.3.1 

Summary of Inorganic Constituents in Bangladesh Groundwater from the National Hydrochemical 

Survey (NHS) Relative to WHO Health-based and Aesthetic Guideline Values (GVs), as Determined 

by BGS and DPHE (2001) 109 

Table 4.3.2a DTW Pump Stations from which Groundwater Samples were Collected 110 

Table 4.3.2b Cr (mg/L) Concentrations of Groundwater Samples 111 

Table 4.3.2c Lead (mg/L) Concentrations of Groundwater Samples 111 

Table 4.3.2d Iron, Manganese and Arsenic Concentrations of Groundwater Samples from 1st Sampling 112 

Table 4.3.3 Heavy Metal Concentration in River Water 112 

Table 4.3.4 Intake of Inorganic and Organic Arsenic Compounds in the General Population 112 

CHAPTER 5 

INDUSTRY 113 

5.1 Waste 

Generation, 

Effluent and 

Emission 

Characteristics 

Table 5.1.1 Waste Generation by Selected Fertilizer Factories 115 

Table 5.1.2 Composition of Wastewater in Natore Sugar Mill 115 

Table 5.1.3 Wastewater Characteristics of Selected Fertilizer Factories, 1994 116 

Table 5.1.4 Wastewater Characteristics of Selected Pulp and Paper Mills 116 

Table 5.1.5 Hazaribagh Tannery Waste Composition 116 

Table 5.1.6 Emission of Air Pollutants in Sugar Mills 117 

Table 5.1.7 Emission from Sugar Mills in 1999-2000 117 

5.2 Brick 

Manufacture 

Table 5.2.1 Market Share of the Four Types of Kilns Being Used in Bangladesh 117 

Table 5.2.2 A Comparative Study of the Four Types of Kilns Being Used in Bangladesh 118 

Table 5.2.3 CO2 Reduction Potential of the Hoffman Kiln and VSBK 118 

CHAPTER 6 

ENERGY 119 

6.1 Energy 

Source and 

Consumption 

Table 6.1.1 Energy Consumption in the Year 1999-2000 (PJ) 121 

Table 6.1.2 Supply of Biomass Fuels in Bangladesh in 1981 121

x 

Table 6.1.3 Supply and Consumption of Different Types of Biomass Energy (in PJ) 121 

Table 6.1.4 Renewable Energy Prospects in Bangladesh 122 

Table 6.1.5 Present and Projected Demand (MT) of Petroleum Products 122 

6.2 Electricity 

and Power 

Table 6.2.1 Power Tariff of Rural Electrification Board REB (Dhaka PBS-1) 122 

Table 6.2.2 Existing Co-generation Facilities in Sugar Mills 123 

Table 6.2.3 Wind Speed Measurement (Station: Kuakata, Sensor height: 25m) 123 

Table 6.2.4 Wind Turbine Installations in Bangladesh 124 

Table 6.2.5 Major Types of Solar Home Systems Installed by Grameen Shakti 124 

6.3 Natural 

Gas and Oil 

Table 6.3.1 Relevant Information on Seven Ammonia-urea Complexes 125 

Table 6.3.2 Natural Gas Consumption Per Ton of Urea for Different Complexes Under BCIC 126 

Table 6.3.3 Connected Load of Gas for Fertilizer Sector 126 

Table 6.3.4 Natural Gas and Energy Related Information on Ammonia-urea Complexes 127 

Table 6.3.5 Gas and Oil Fields of Bangladesh 128 

CHAPTER 7 

URBANIZATION 129 

7.1 People and 

Environment 

Table 7.1.1 Distribution of Open Spaces in Dhaka City 131 

Table 7.1.2 

List of Some Slums and Squatter Settlements (with no of Household, Total Population, 

Area and Ward Number) in Dhaka City 131 

Table 7.1.3 Residential Patterns of Urban Poor in Dhaka City 132 

Table 7.1.4 Magnitude of Urban Poor Population in Bangladesh 132 

Table 7.1.5 Growth of the Largest Cities, 1950-2000 133 

Table 7.1.6 Total and Urban Population in Bangladesh (Population in millions) 134 

Table 7.1.7 Urban Population in South Asian Countries (Population in millions and growth rate in per cent) 134 

Table 7.1.8 Projected Distribution of Urban Population in Bangladesh (in millions) 134 

Table 7.1.9 Urban Employment by Major Industry Groups in 1995 135 

Table 7.1.10 Urban Population, Employment and Sectoral Distribution (in millions) 135 

Table 7.1.11 Projection of Urban Population and Demand for Housing (in millions) 135 

7.2 Solid and 

Hospital 

Wastes 

Table 7.2.1 Medical Waste Items Disposed by Different Disposal System 136 

Table 7.2.2 Prices Received by Mymensingh Medical College Hospital by Selling their Waste (as of 1997) 137 

Table 7.2.3 Pathogens (number) in Hospital Waste from Different Sources 137 

Table 7.2.4 

7.3 Air and Noise 

Pollution 

Results of Pathological Analysis of Waste Sample Collected from Dustbins Near 3 Hospitals 

(July 2000 and March 21, 2001) 137 

Table 7.3.1 Air Pollutants in Dhaka City (March 2001) Compared to WHO Recommended Standard 138 

Table 7.3.2 Air Quality in Dhaka City (1997) 138

xi 

Table 7.3.3 Minimum, Maximum, and Average of Chemical Concentrations of Species Identified in Dhaka 

Ambient Air Filters (microgram/cubic meter) 139 

Table 7.3.4 

Percentage of Patients (%) Attending Outpatient Department (medical) Suffering from ARI in 

the Dhaka Shishu Hospital 141 

Table 7.3.5 Noise Level (dBA) Near Road 141 

Table 7.3.6 Noise Levels in Selected Areas of Dhaka (1998) 142 

7.4 Hazards 

Table 7.4.1 Number of Reported Fire Incidences in Dhaka City 142 

CHAPTER 8 

POPULATION, HEALTH AND NUTRITION 143 

8.1 People 

Table 8.1.1 Names of Sacred Groves in Ethnic Dialect 145 

8.2 Health 

and Nutrition 

Table 8.2.1 Projected Demand of Various Food Items for Different Income Growth Rate Scenario 145 

Table 8.2.2 Achievements in Children Immunization Coverage 146 

Table 8.2.3 

Table 8.2.4 

8.3 Sanitation 

Average Distance (m) between GoB/UNICEF Funded TWs and Nearest TWs, and Average 

Distance between TW and Latrines 146 

Household Expenditure Survey (HES) and Nutrition Survey (IFSNS) Consumption Estimates 

(kg/per capita/annum) 146 

Table 8.3.1 Status of Sanitation in Rural Areas 147 

Table 8.3.2 Status of Sanitation System in Urban Areas 147 

Table 8.3.3 Sanitation Service Provided by Dhaka WASA 147 

Table 8.3.4 

Summary of Results of the Survey Conducted in 50 Districts, 372 Upazilas, 5 City 

Corporations and 278 Paurashavas (municipalities) 148 

Table 8.3.5 Status of Urban Water and Sanitation Facilities, 1999 149 

Table 8.3.6 Status of Rural Water and Sanitation Facilities (operating units only) 154 

CHAPTER 9 

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION 165 

9.1 Road 

Transport 

Table 9.1.1 National and Regional Road Network Density in Bangladesh by RHD Zones 167 

Table 9.1.2 Road Accident Statistic of Bangladesh (1998 -2000) 167 

Table 9.1.3 Road Accident Statistic of Dhaka Metropolitan Area 167 

Table 9.1.4 

Table 9.1.5 

Table 9.1.6 

Table 9.1.7 

Table 9.1.8 

Yearly Distribution of Accidents Occurred on Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue and Mirpur Road 

(1996-2000) 168 

Monthly Distribution of Accidents Occurred on Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue and Mirpur 

Road (1996-2000) 168 

Daily Distribution of Accidents Occurred on Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue and Mirpur 

Road (1996-2000) 168 

Hourly Distribution of Accidents Occurred on Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue and Mirpur Road 

(1996-2000) 169 

Severity of Accidents Occurred on Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue and Mirpur Road 

(1996-2000) 170

xii 

Table 9.1.9 Casualty Distribution of Accidents by Gender (both roadways, five-year period) 170 

Table 9.1.10 Assessment of Damages to Highways Caused by Flood of 1998 170 

9.2 Movement 

of People 

and Goods 

Table 9.2.1 Growth Rate of Passengers and Cargo Traffic at ZIA 171 

Table 9.2.2 Freight Movement Along Major Transport Corridors of Bangladesh 171 

Table 9.2.3 Passenger Movement Along Major Transport Corridors of Bangladesh 171 

Table 9.2.4 Proportion of Traffic Handled by Different Modes of Transport in Rural Markets 172 

Table 9.2.5 Volume of Food grains Handled Through Different Means of Transportation 172 

Table 9.2.6 Transport Charge by Different Modes of Transport (Taka/mile) in Bogra District 172 

CHAPTER 10 

CLIMATE 173 

10.1 Rainfall 

Table 10.1.1 Average Rainfall in Inches (Circle-Wise) 175 

Table 10.1.2 

10.2 Global 

Climate 

Change 

Characteristics of Precipitation Sample of EANET (Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in 

East Asia) 176 

Table 10.2.1 Factors Causing Sea Level Change and their Vertical Effects 177 

Table 10.2.2 

Table 10.2.3 

Table 10.2.4 

Plausible Changes in Area-averaged Surface Air Temperature as a Result of Future 

Increases in Greenhouse Gases 178 

Potential Land Loss and Population Exposed in Bangladesh for Selected Magnitudes of 

Sea-level Rise 178 

Plausible Changes in Precipitation over Asia and its Sub-regions as a Result of Future 

Increases in Greenhouse Gases 178 

Table 10.2.5 Changes in Temperature, Precipitation and Evaporation 179 

Table 10.2.6 

10.3 Natural 

Disaster 

The Fluctuations of Values of Climatic Parameters with Respect to their Values Under 

Base-year (1990) Situation 179 

Table 10.3.1 Chronology of Major Cyclonic Storms and Tidal Surges in Bangladesh 179 

Table 10.3.2 Seismic Zones in Bangladesh and their Earthquake Potential 180 

Table 10.3.3 Major Earthquake Affecting Bangladesh 180 

Table 10.3.4 Main Areas of Environmental Concern and their Major Problems 181 

References 183

Preface 

Environment today is recognized as an important element in development. One critical aspect in this link that is often 

overlooked concerns the mainstreaming of people's perception and their role in the management of the environment. 

The People's Report on Bangladesh Environment is an attempt at presenting people's perception about the 

environment around them in a comprehensive manner. 

The question can be raised as to why another report on the environment when scores of reports abound. We 

acknowledge that there are reports, many reports. Our premise is that there is no report reflecting ordinary citizen's 

perception of the environment. Although the issue of people's participation has almost become a cliche, this concept 

has not been effectively implemented in many areas. We strongly feel that the issue of environment has become so 

pervasive that it cannot be left only to scholars and policy makers. This is an issue which is intimately related to people's 

living, livelihood and indeed their rights, their aspirations for quality governance and equity; their heroic struggle for 

survival with dignity and creativity. We, therefore, felt that there should be an honest attempt at capturing people's 

perception on environment and their views and suggestions for finding creative solutions for improving their livelihoods. 

This report is a modest attempt at representing perceptions of common people regarding environmental and 

ecological issues that impact their lives in a multitude of ways. We have done this in an effort to mainstream ordinary 

citizens' inputs into the decision-making process on environmental management. We are convinced that without the 

involvement of citizens at large any attempt at improving the environment around them will not be sustainable. They 

are the users, beneficiaries, victims and saviours of the environment. So they deserve to be the primary stake holders 

in any attempt at environmental regeneration. 

Unnayan Shamannay has always emphasized the principle of "people first" and our mission is people-centred. As a 

research organization, its endeavour however is to project the people's perspective, without compromising on scientific 

accuracy or academic rigour. The People's Report on the Bangladesh environment is yet another attempt at fulfilling 

our mission. The first People's Report (for the year 2001) was well received. Readers provided us useful feedback, 

comments and observations to further improve the content and presentation of the Report. We have done our best in 

incorporating their valued suggestions. The second People's Report, primarily for the year 2002, also uses 2003 

sources and data because of its later publication date. This has made the Report more enriched and updated. 

Hopefully, it will also be appreciated by our esteemed readers. 

The main focus of this edition of the Report is on the state of the urban environment and spans the broad panorama 

of the urbanization continuum. Issues covered include poverty and marginalization, population, health and nutrition, 

industrialization, energy etc. It also covers related issues such as land and agriculture, forestry and bio-diversity, water 

and climate. The Report consists of two volumes. Volume I presents people's perception, survey findings and experts' 

views on environmental issues, development policies and directions. Volume II provides corresponding database on 

different aspects of Bangladesh environment. We have used quotations (in English translation) from several distinguished 

Bengali poets at the beginning of each chapter to introduce or embellish the theme. The poets quoted are: Jibananda 

Das, Kazi Nazrul Islam, Rabindranath Tagore, Rafique Azad and Shamsur Rahman. 

This report is the outcome of a team work. Many experts, ordinary citizens and, of course, our in-house team of 

Unnayan Shamannay have been deeply involved in this challenging work. My sincerest gratitude to the ordinary 

people who have shared their valuable insights with our research team on the environment around them. This report 

could not have materialized without the tireless efforts of our local associates and research officers, especially Rahela 

Rabbani, Tahmina Sultana, Novera Hossain, Hamim Kamrul Haque, M. Anowar Hossain and Riaz Uddin. I am 

particularly grateful to Dr. M Ashraf Ali, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET and Farooque Chowdhury of Unnayan 

Shamannay for their coordinating role in this enterprise. I am equally grateful to Mahboob Hassan for his excellent 

technical editing. Last but not least I wish to thank the experts for their sterling contributions, which have provided a 

comprehensive perspective on the issues. Iffat Mahmud and Ejaj Ahmad deserve special thanks for their editing skills. 

Mijarul Quayes deserves my appreciation for his editorial contribution. Dr. Babar Kabir, Project Coordinator, and 

Mr. Chinmoy Mutsuddi, Communication Specialist, PMU, SEMP have always been a source of encouragement and 

support throughout the entire period of preparation of this Report. 

I must thank the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Government of Bangladesh and the United Nations 

Development Programme (UNDP) for their generous support for this work. In particular, I must thank Dr. Shoaib Ahmed, 

Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forest and National Project Director, SEMP, Mr. Jorgen Lissner, Resident 

Representative, Ms. Shireen Kamal Sayeed, Assistant Resident Representative of UNDP for their continued support. 

Atiur Rahman 

Chair, Unnayan Shamannay

Acknowledgements 

People's Report 2002-2003 : Bangladesh Environment (Volumes I & II) is the final outcome of the dedicated efforts of a number of 

individuals, groups, stake holders and agencies, who have shared their experience, perspective and labour in constructing this 

edition’s profile on the Bangladesh environment and related issues. The editors gratefully acknowledge, in particular, the 

contribution of the following individuals and agencies. 

AGENCIES 

Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC); Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC); Bangladesh 

Livestock Research Institute (BLRI); Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS); Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI); 

Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS); Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS); Dhaka Water Supply and 

Sewerage Authority (DWASA); Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET); Department of Environment (DoE); 

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF); Project Management Unit (PMU), Sustainable Environment Management Programme 

(SEMP); Department of Fisheries (DoF), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL); Dhaka City Corporation (DCC); Centre 

for Sustainable Development (CSD); Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh; Bangladesh Tea Research Institute; 

Co-operation for American Relief Everywhere (CARE); The World Conservation Union (IUCN); The World Commission on 

Environment and Development (WCED); Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE); Bangladesh Water Development 

Board (BWDB); Bangladesh Poribesh Andolon (BAPA); Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO); Water Resource Planning 

Organization (WARPO); Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation (BCIC) and World Bank. 

CONTRIBUTORS 

Dr. Abdul Ghani, Abdul Khalek Farooque, Abul Momen, Dr. Abdur Rob Khan, A.H. Md. Maqsood Sinha, Ahsen Ahmad, Dr. A.K. 

Podder, A.K.M. Mosidul Islam, Dr. A.N. Hasna Banu, Arifur Rahman, Asif-Uz-Zaman Khan, Farooque Chowdhury, Gouranga 

Nandi, Iftekhar Enayetullah, Jobair B. Alam, Kazi Zaker Hossain, K. M. Moniruzzaman, Mahfuz Kabir, Dr. Mahfujul Haque, Dr. M 

Asaduzzaman, Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, Mehedi Ahmed Ansary, Dr. Mizan R Khan, Mirza Safiqur Rahman, Dr. M. Shah Alam Khan, Dr. M. 

Ismail Hossain, Dr. Mushfique Ahmed, Nazrul Islam, Noor M. Kazi, Dr. P. K. Motiur Rahman, Reaz Ahmed, Rita Afsar, Saif Ul 

Haque, Dr. Saleemul Haq, Dr. Selim Bhuyan and Syed Abul Hasan. 

RESOURCE PERSONS 

A B M Shamsuddin, Abdur Rashid, Plant Protection Inspector, AED; Abdus Salam, BWDB; Ajit Kumar Saha, Upazilla Fisheries 

Officer, Netrokona; Akhil Kumar Biswas, SDE; Amir Hossain, A N M Kaiser Zillany, CARE; Mr. Pradip, CARE; Anil Uddin, Upazilla 

Statistical Officer, Barohatta, Netrokona; Anowarul Haq, Project Development Officer, CARE; A S M Wobaidullah, Chairman, 

Department of Geology, Dhaka University; Bishojit Bhattacharja, Animal Nutrition Section, Department of Livestock Service; Ejaj 

Ahmad, independent researcher; Iffat Mahmod, independent researcher; Dr. Jahangir Alam (BARC), Kazi Bazlur Rahman, General 

Manager BSCIC; Laila Arjumand Banu, Upazilla Livestock Officer, Department of Livestock Services; Dr. Moniruddin Ahmed, 

Principal Scientific Officer, Entomology Division, Bangladesh Tea Research Institute, Srimangal, Moulvibazar; Najumul Haq, M A 

Hannan, MD Abdus Samad, Mohammad Aftab Uddin Fakir, Assistant Upazilla Fisheries Officer, Netrokona; Mohammad Asadullah 

Sheikh, CARE; Mohammad Moslem Uddin, Technical Officer, CARE; Mijarul Quayes, Editorial Consultant; Paritosh Kumar Roy, 

Assistant Health Inspector, Netrokona; Dr Selim Bhuiyan, Bangladesh Water Development Board, Shamsul Haq, Assistant 

Engineer, BWDB, Netrokona; Mrs Shamsun Nahar, District NGO Monitoring Officer and Tarique Hossain, Monitoring and 

Evaluation Officer, Mymensingh Agriculture Extension Project. 

DATA COLLECTION and COMPILATION 

Research Officers Hamim Kamrul Haque, M. Anowar Hossain, Novera Hossain, Rahela Rabbani, Tahmina Sultana 

and Volunteers Fahmida Akther, Riaz Uddin and Tanjima Taslim of Unnayan Shamannay. 

FIELD WORK 

Tahmina Sultana and Rahela Rabbani, Research Officers of Unnayan Shamannay; Aminul Huq, Harunar Rashid. A.K.M Muksudul 

Alam, Md. Maghfur Hossain, Fahmida Akther, Nazma Chowdhury, Shahiduzzaman Masud, Biplob Kumar Bose, Pinaki Roy, 

Ananta Kumar Das, Abdul Khaleque Farooque, Gauranga Nandi, Rafiqul Islam Montu, Sharif Chowhan, Chandra Shekhar Das, 

Mohon Kumar Mandal, Monu Gupta, Tahirul Islam Milon, Kamal Ahmed, Biplob Sarkar and Iffat Ara.

In the last People's Report (People's Report on Bangladesh Environment 2001), we published a separate volume containing data 

on environmental issues. The data were gathered from a wide range of sources, including the database of the Bangladesh Bureau 

of Statistics (BBS), journals, and research reports, as well as from individual researchers. Our modest effort was appreciated by 

many. We therefore continued our efforts in compiling data on environmental issues and prepared this volume of environmental 

database for People's Report 2002-2003. 

In this volume of environmental database, we have not reproduced the data already reported in the Volume II of People's 

Report 2001. Only new data have been included in this volume. The data have been presented in ten chapters and a format similar 

to that in the People's Report 2001, has been followed. In the last People's Report, we relied a great deal on data compiled by the 

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). This time, we gathered data primarily from other sources, including journals, research 

reports, conference proceedings, and data published by different government agencies and non-government research 

organizations. Like last time, we put significant effort to find out any inconsistency in the reported data and tried to verify the data, 

that we thought inconsistent, with the original source. This was not an easy task and our research officers worked very hard to 

verify the authenticity of the data. In some cases, we decided not to report some of the data could not be verified. We would like to 

point out that we have not included data that are very voluminous in nature and not suitable for publication in print format. Besides, 

in most cases, such data are available in suitable versions from other sources. The Department of Public Health Engineering- 

British Geological Survey (DPHE-BGS) database on groundwater quality, including arsenic concentration, in Bangladesh is an 

example. 

We are indeed very grateful to all who provided us data and helped us collect, check and re-check those. Our special thanks to 

the Unnayan Shamannay research staff for their efforts and hard-work in collecting, compiling and checking the database. We also 

express our sincere gratitude to the specialists of the Programme Management Unit (PMU) of SEMP for encouraging us in this 

endeavour.

Chapter 1 

Land and 

Agriculture 

1.1 Land 3 

1.2 Foodgrain 7 

1.3 Agricultural Inputs 27

Land and Agriculture 3 

1.1 Land 

Table 1.1.1 Changes in Ownership of Agricultural Land 

Source: PRPA (nd.) 

Table 1.1.2 Organic Matter Status of Bangladesh Soil 

Class of Soil Organic Matter Main Locations Total Area (Mha) % of NCA 

Very Low (

4 People's Report 2002-2003 : Bangladesh Environment


Table 1.1.4 Floodplains, as Part of the Total Net Cultivable Area (NCA), Categorized, according to the Depth of Flooding 

Sl. No. Category Depth of Flooding 

1 F 0 Highland with 0-30 cm of flooding 

2 F 1 Shallow-flooded area with 30-90cm of flooding 

3 F 2 Medium-flooded area with 90-180cm of flooding 

4 F 3 Deeply-flooded low land with more than 180cm of flooding 

5 F 4 Deeply-flooded low land with more than 180cm of flooding 

Source : MPO (1986) 

Note : 1. Master Plan Organization (MPO) 

2. For the purpose of fisheries production assessment, F 3 and F 4 categories, both being greater than 180cm of flooding, 

are lumped together (MPO, 1987b) 

Table 1.1.5 Net Cultivable Areas Under Different Levels of Flooding 

Floodplain Category Total NCA (ha) Total NCA Not a Under FCD (ha) Total NCA Under FCD (ha) 

F 1 3,151,247 2,640,000 511,247 

F 2 1,431,932 1,300,000 131,932 

F 3 and F 4 1,180,935 1,010,000 170,935 

Active floodplains 536,609 536,609 

Subtotal 6,300,723 5,486,609 814,114 

F 0 3,261,679 2,020,000 1,241,679 

Total 9,562,402 7,506,609 2,055,679 a 

Total 12,824,081 9,526,609 2,055,679 a 

Sources 

Note 

: MPO (1986); MPO (1987b) 

: 1. a This corresponds to the total land under FCD, including land protected by the Brahmaputra Right Embankment (240,000ha) 

2. FCD: Flood Control a3. NCA: Net cropped Area

Table 1.1.6 Summary of Tea Garden Lands 

Area 

Figures in Hectares 

1993 1994 1995 1996 

1. Total Grant Area of all Tea Estates 1,11,989.29 1,12,143.96 1,11,330.74 1,11,783.62 

2. Area under Tea 

(i) Seed bari 337.24 364.70 388.24 365.77 

(ii) Nursery 395.81 396.69 424.68 423.94 

(iii) Immature Tea (unto 5 years) 4,111.97 3,652.96 3,383.85 3,212.17 

(iv) Mature Tea 43,111.42 43,571.00 43,719.54 44,171.41 

Total Area Under Tea 47,956.44 47,985.35 47,916.31 48,173.29 

3. Area Suitable for Extension 

(i) Uprooted area for Replanting 825.78 461.81 545.07 601.51 

(ii) Area lying fallow but suitable for Extension 1990.49 1881.13 1,053.23 1,109.86 

(iii) Area already available or proposed for future Extension 8034.70 7353.73 7,327.43 8,884.16 

(iv) Area currently used for Timber, Sungrass and Bamboo etc. 18,054.17 19,150.87 18,751.06 17,348.09 

Total 28,905.14 28,847.54 27,676.79 27,943.62 

4. Area under Infrastructure 

(i) Area under Bungalow/Factory/Staff quarters/Labour Housing 6934.86 7018.87 6,904.48 6,909.98 

Hospitals/Religious and Educational Institutions etc. 

(ii) Area under roads/ Tanks/ Ponds for water resources and pisciculture 4937.91 4931.40 5,015.99 4,989.92 

(iii) Area under paddy Lands cultivated by Garden labourers 12,594.92 12650.41 12,737.15 12,828.47 

Total 24,467.69 24,600.68 24,657.62 24,728.37 

5. Area under Other Crops 

(i) Area under Coffee 642.07 621.15 519.87 286.13 

(ii) Area under Diversified Crop including Rubber 3474.44 3975.35 4,363.22 4,383.95 

Total 4116.51 4596.50 4,883.09 4,670.08 

6. Other Areas 

(i) Natural Stream 1692.85 1340.35 1,369.14 ____ 

(ii) Ditches, low lying area and waste land 4291.74 4214.60 4,268.85 ____ 

Total 5984.59 5554.95 5,637.99 ____ 

7. Miscellaneous 

(i) Grant area of some non - producing gardens 558.92 558.94 558.94 558.80 

6 People's Report 2002-2003 : Bangladesh Environment 

Source : BCS (1993-96)


Table 1.1.7 Silt Deposition in Different Land Types in Sylhet Region 

Land Types 

Silt Deposition (kg/hectare/year) 

High land 2256 

Medium land 4120 

Low land 6696 

Very low land 10417 

Source : BARC (1998) 

Table 1.1.8 Distribution and Extent of Soil Acidity in Different Areas of Bangladesh 

Region pH Level Area (thousand hectare) 

Coastal area (active and sulphate soil) 2.0 ~ 4.0 62 

Young tidal land _ 8 

Sylhet basin areas, Lower Atrai basin, 

Broad valleys of Madhupur and Barind tracts 

4.5 ~ 5.5 35 

Low hilly area under mature tea plantation 2.8 42.5 

Source : Rahman et al. (1999) 

1.2 Food grain 

Table 1.2.1 Rice (Paddy) Production and Yield in Selected Countries of the World in 2000 

Country 

Area under Rice 

Cultivation (1000 ha) 

Yield Rate (kg/ha) 

Total Rice Production 

(1000 MT) 

World 153766 3895 598852 

Asia 137600 3964 545477 

Bangladesh 10700 3348 35821 

China 30503 6234 190168 

India 44600 3008 134150 

Indonesia 11523 4426 51000 

Japan 1770 6702 11863 

Italy 221 5886 1300 

Australia 145 9655 1400 

Colombia 440 4773 2100 

USA 1232 7037 8669 

Egypt 660 9086 5997 

Source : FAO (2001) 

Note 

: ha : Hectare; MT : Metric Ton


Table 1.2.2 Area and Production of Tobacco in Bangladesh 

Year 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 

Area (in acre) 81105 78240 79910 

Prod. (in MT) 36655 28795 35480 

Source : BBS (2000) 

Note : MT = Metric Ton 

Table 1.2.3 Acreage and Production of Tobacco in Three Districts where Tobacco Farming is High 

Former Districts Area and Production 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 

Kushtia Area (Acres) 14480 14550 16650 

Production (M. Ton) 7245 6720 7990 

Chittagong Area (Acres) 990 1020 995 


Rangpur Area (Acres) 57320 54765 50860 



Note : M. Ton : Metric Ton 

Table 1.2.4 BRRI Released Varieties Developed from Germ plasm Collections at BRRI 

Variety Parentage Season Year of release 

BR3 IR508-133-1/Latisail Aus, T.Aman & Boro 1973 

BR5 

Badshabhog/Hbj.B.II 

(Natural cross) 

T.Aman 1976 

BR22 BR51-46-5/Nizersail T.Aman 1988 

BR23 BR4/DA-29 T.Aman 1988 

BR25 IR26/Pajam II T. Aman 1992 

BRRI Dhan 31 BR11/ARC10550 T.Aman 1994 

BRRI Dhan34 

A local germ plasm 

selection (khaskani) 

T.Aman 1997 

Source : Razzaque (2002) 

Note : BRRI : Bangladesh Rice Research Institute 

Table 1.2.5 Rice Genetic Resources Conserved in the BRRI Gene bank 

Variety/line Collection Registered in Accession 

Traditional indica 4523 4454 

Exotic indica (IRRI, China, USA, etc.) 2424 157 

Exotic Japonica 94 72 

Exotic O. glaberrima 150 

_ 

Indica breeding lines 168 168 

Wild Rices (4 species) 80 65 

Total 7439 4916 

Source: Razzaque (2002)


Table 1.2.6 Germ plasm Storage Facilities in Different Gene banks 

Institute Long-term Storage Mid-term Storage Short-term Storage Other Facilities Available 

BARI Space: 30m 3 ; 

Temperature: 

from - 18° to - 20°C 

with automatic 

dehumidifier. 

Space: 60m 3 ; 

Temperature: 

from-4° to - 6°C with 

automatic 

dehumidifier 

_ 

Seed cleaner; seed grader; 

germinator, moisture meter, 

balance. 

BRRI 

_ 

Refrigerators: total 

number 21, each 

measuring about 10 

cft.; temp: 0° to 5°C. 

Walk in type: space 

6m x 4.5m x 3m. 

temperature 20° to 

22°C with automatic 

dehumidifier 

There is a fumigation room for 

treatment of bulk seeds. 36 sample 

drier. 

BJRI 

Space: about 5.08m 

x 13.52m x 2.5m. 

Temp.: 0° to - 50°C 

and maintained 

at -20°C 

Space: about 5.08m x 

13.52mx 

2.5m. Temp.; +20° to - 

20°C and maintained 

+ 4°C with a 

dehumidifier that 

maintains constant 

20% relative humidity. 

_ 

There is a control panel with circuit 

breakers, magnetic relay switch and 

auxiliary relays. Each circuit breaker 

is provided with a safety device. The 

system has an observation panel to 

facilitate observation from outside, 

especially for temperature and 

humidity. There is also a smoke 

detector indicator light and buzzing 

warning system. 

BFRI 

Container type cold 

chamber with a space 

3mx 2.45m x 2.25m. 

Two refrigerators of 

9.5 cft. each, 

temperature ranges 

from 20° to 22°C. 

Ordinary room at 

ambient 

temperature for bulk 

seed storage 

_ 


Note : BFRI : Bangladesh Forest Research Institute 

BJRI : Bangladesh Jute Research Institute 

BRRI : Bangladesh Rice Research Institute 

BARI : Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute

Table 1.2.7 The Summary of Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb in Selected Vegetable Samples (mg/kg Wet Weight) 

Sample Scientific Name Parts 

Cd Cr Cu Pb 

Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg 

Puishak Basella alba Stem 0.038 0.347 0.106 0.096 0.367 0.165 0.771 4.607 2.047 0.394 1.915 1.034 

Root 0.030 0.875 0.192 0.070 0.308 0.176 1.068 5.898 3.014 0.255 1.895 1.044 

Lalshak Amaranthus Stem 0.035 0.238 0.105 0.077 0.308 0.206 0.720 8.003 3.823 0.452 3.689 1.922 

Gangeticus Root _ 0.233 0.091 0.082 0.670 0.295 0.885 9.235 3.115 0.528 3.242 1.945 

Radish Raphanus sativus Stem 0.042 1.439 0.222 0.053 1.006 0.292 1.066 11.179 3.300 0.420 7.363 2.417 

Root 0.015 0.385 0.070 0.028 0.408 0.121 0.485 3.638 1.404 0.205 1.807 0.949 

Dhania Coriandrum sativum Stem 0.020 0.213 0.082 _ 0.332 0.180 1.797 6.712 3.358 0.227 3.122 1.297 

Root 0.026 0.283 0.107 0.343 0.775 0.506 3.119 8.251 5.155 0.598 5.737 2.034 

Palangshak Spincea oleracea Stem 0.040 0.124 0.083 0.064 0.213 0.150 1.370 3.606 2.393 0.770 2.355 1.496 


Root 0.039 0.129 0.087 0.111 4.040 1.363 1.681 23.120 7.430 1.132 5.984 2.715 

Potato Solanum tuberosum Total 0.053 0.188 0.110 _ 0.388 0.168 1.779 11.088 4.210 0.287 8.914 2.839 

Onion Allium cepa Total 0.034 0.142 0.069 _ 0.306 0.163 1.436 7.069 3.324 0.406 7.907 2.108 

Ginger Zingiber officinale Total 0.027 0.271 0.105 0.064 1.347 0.472 0.801 12.090 3.973 0.201 7.633 3.012 

Cabbage Brassica capitata Total 0.027 0.065 0.045 0.041 0.132 0.088 0.365 1.200 0.736 0.509 2.024 1.167 

Kochumukhi Colocasia esculenta Total 0.056 0.088 0.072 0.257 0.472 0.364 3.197 4.642 3.919 1.411 1.587 1.499 


Note : Cd: Cadmium 

Cr : Chromium 

Cu : Copper 

Pb : Lead

Table 1.2.8 The Summary of Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb in Selected Vegetable Samples (mg/kg Dry Weight) (Samples Were Collected from 8 

Markets Inside the Metropolitan City of Dhaka from Sept. '99 to Dec. '99) 

Sample Scientific Name Parts 

Cd Cr Cu Pb 

Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg 

Puishak Basella alba Stem 0.575 5.253 1.528 1.014 5.590 2.387 11.654 60.535 28.857 6.002 27.491 14.273 

Root 0.375 6.834 1.583 0.742 2.739 1.604 14.457 52.464 26.898 3.046 15.979 9.132 

Lalshak Amaranthus Stem 0.433 2.787 1.217 1.096 3.527 2.415 10.243 78.032 43.764 5.162 43.565 22.632 

Gangeticus Root _ 2.634 0.990 1.115 9.280 3.644 13.279 86.569 33.743 5.796 50.488 23.588 

Radish Raphanus sativus Stem 0.387 2.655 1.170 0.669 5.112 2.525 14.135 56.411 27.259 7.278 38.972 20.429 

Root 0.267 5.160 1.035 0.487 8.161 2.039 8.384 48.709 22.591 3.603 31.041 16.317 

Dhania Coriandrum sativum Stem 0.195 1.959 0.848 _ 3.469 1.945 18.987 77.575 36.747 2.196 28.743 13.635 

Root 0.195 2.322 0.912 2.805 6.347 4.536 25.838 75.190 46.444 5.939 47.004 18.067 

Palangshak Spincea oleracea Stem 0.663 1.908 1.248 1.186 3.362 2.275 21.112 63.010 38.104 12.766 41.141 23.979 

Root 0.451 1.403 0982 2.032 78.500 18.862 22.076 360.08 99.218 12.382 93.205 35.029 

Potato Solanum tuberosum Total 0.244 0.938 0.518 _ 2.097 0.811 7.892 59.287 20.271 1.417 29.110 12.800 

Onion Allium cepa Total 0.304 0.619 0.443 _ 2.550 1.193 11.234 62.283 22.224 3.039 29.863 12.307 

Ginger Zingiber officinale Total 0.341 1.510 0.613 0.849 4.422 2.519 12.077 54.666 23.803 2.439 43.315 16.739 

Cabbage Brassica capitata Total 0.575 1.194 0.811 0.872 2.35 1.581 7.767 22.141 13.233 9.548 30.618 20.851 

Kochumukhi Colocasia esculenta Total 0.305 0.542 0.423 1.576 2.557 2.067 17.332 28.434 22.883 8.605 8.645 8.625 

Source : Hossain and Badruzzaman (2000) 

Note : Cd : Cadmium 

Cr : Chromium 

Cu : Copper 

Pb : Lead 

Land and Agriculture 11


Table 1.2.9 Arsenic Contents of Different Plant Samples 

Arsenic Content (ppm) 

Crop 

Location 

No. of 

Sample 

Irrigated with Arseniccontaminated 

Irrigation 

Water 

Irrigated with Arsenicfree 

Irrigation Water 

% Increased 

Over Control 

Range Mean Range Mean 

Tomato Nawabgonj 3 .016-.049 0.030 .001-.025 0.011 172.7 

Potato Monirampur 2 .013-.021 0.017 .001-.014 0.007 142.9 

Gopalgonj sadar 2 .211-.390 0.301 .083-.284 0.184 63.6 

Pirgacha 5 .042-.107 0.068 .024-.068 0.041 65.9 

Rajarhat 5 .000-.080 0.024 .000-.055 0.021 14.3 

Brinjal Nawabgonj 3 .042-.063 0.049 .028-.063 0.045 8.9 

Lalshak Monirampur 4 .132-.606 0.321 .072-.240 0.163 96.9 

Bitter gourd Gopalgonj 1 

_ 

0.091 

_ 

0.039 133.3 

Amaranth Nawabgonj 3 .093-.201 0.161 .099-.109 0.103 56.3 

Pirgacha 4 .182-2.791 0.935 .060-.370 0.241 288.0 

Monirampur 1 

_ 

0.620 

_ 

0.074 47.2 

Katua data Charghat 3 .060-.333 0.168 .092-.163 0.125 34.4 

Monirampur 1 

_ 

0.400 

_ 

0.103 288.4 

China shak Pirgacha 1 

_ 

0.539 

_ 

0.278 93.9 

Cabbage Muksedpur 2 .031-.042 0.037 .000-.059 0.030 23.3 

Monirampur 1 

_ 

0.106 

_ 

0.080 32.5 

Indian Spinach Monirampur 3 .134-.387 0.267 .092-.228 0.154 73.4 

Muksedpur 2 .096-.126 0.111 .000-.091 0.046 141.3 

Cauliflower Muksedpur 1 

_ 

0.011 

_ 

0.001 1000 

Chilli Gopalganj 1 

_ 

0.112 

_ 

0.103 8.7 

Okra Charghat 2 .034-.046 0.040 .016-.046 0.031 29.0 

Source : Forid et al. (2003) 

Note : ppm: parts per million 

Table 1.2.10 Arsenic Concentration of Rice Produced in Jessore 

No. 

As 

(ppm) 

Producer's 

Name 

Type Harvested Area Thana/Dist. TW Use 

SM01 0.16 Faruk Hassan Amon Oct.99 North-west Samta, Jessore N/A 

SM02 0.34 Babur Ali IRRI April 99 North-west Samta, Jessore E 

SM03 0.11 Golam Mostofa IRRI April 99 Northwest Samta, Jessore Unknown 

SM04 0.23 Sirajul Islam IRRI April 99 South-west Samta, Jessore Unknown 

SM05 0.22 Fazlul Karim Amon Nov. 98 South-west Samta, Jessore N/A 

SM06 0.18 Fazlul Karim IRRI April 99 South-west Samta, Jessore F 

SM07 0.36 Bazrul Rahman Amon Oct. 99 South Samta, Jessore N/A 

SM08 0.27 Bazrul Rahman IRRI April 99 South Samta, Jessore G 

[contd.]


Table 1.2.10 

No. 

As 

(ppm) 

Name of 

Producer's 

Type Harvested Area Thana/Dist. TW Use 

SM09 0.27 Md. Azizul Huq IRRI April 99 South Samta, Jessore F 

SM10 0.19 Md. Azizul Huq Amon Oct.99 South Samta, Jessore N/A 

SM11 0.24 Lutfur Rahman Amon Oct.99 South-west Samta, Jessore N/A 

SM12 0.21 Lutfur Rahman IRR April 99 South Samta, Jessore F 

SM13 0.22 Akbar Ali IRRI April 99 West Samta, Jessore A 

SM14 0.32 Md. Sar Ali IRRI April 99 South Samta, Jessore H 

SM15 0.18 Md. Solaiman IRRI April 99 South Samta, Jessore F 

SM16 0.40 Faruk Hassan IRRI May 99 North-west Samta, Jessore A 

SM17 0.21 Tutul Mondol IRRI April 99 North Samta, Jessore C or D 

SM18 0.31 Md. Ayubu Ali IRRI April 99 South Samta, Jessore Unknown 

SM19 0.21 Md. Aynal Huq IRRI April 99 South Samta, Jessore F? 

SM20 0.30 Daud Gazi Amon Dec. 98 North-west Samta, Jessore N/A 

SM21 0.94 Wazed Ali IRRI April 99 Samta Bazar Samta, Jessore N/A 

Source : Hironaka and Ahmad (2003) 

Table 1.2.11 Arsenic Concentration of Rice Produced in Rajshahi, Bangladesh (1999) 

No. As (ppm) Name of Farmer Rice Village / Post Office / Thana / District 

RS01 0.13 Abdul Jalil BR11 Teherpur, Gopigram, Sadullapur, Gaibandha 

RS02 0.08 Aminul Islam BR11 Dashmowas, Jahingar, Pirganj, Rangpur 

RS03 0.10 Gurudas BR11 Turakamal, Sandiapur, Sadullapur, Gaibandha 

RS04 0.03 Md. Shofikul Islam Puragini Shaigarigobindopur, Dhaperhart, Sadullapur, Gaibandha 

RS05 0.12 Nilatan Paijam Dulamitipur, Panbazar, Pirgonj, Rangpur 

RS06 0.11 Bablu Mija BR11 Junidpur, Sandiapur, Sadullapur, Gaibandha 

RS07 0.14 Ohab Miah BR11 Baradaudpur, Gopigram, Sadullapur, Gaibandha 

RS08 0.11 Ohab Miah BR11 Baradaudpur, Gopigram, Sadullapur, Gaibandha 

RS09 0.09 Gobinda Chandra Sarker BR11 Rowshanpur, Gopigram, Pirgonj, Rangpur 

RS10 0.07 Md. Haren Miah BR11 Mohenshapur, Gagarbazar, Sadullapur, Gaibandha 

RS11 0.10 Aauu Miah BR11 Gobarkutubpur, Panbazar, Pirgonj, Rangpur 

RS12 0.07 Shar Afroz Alam BR11 Mokimpur, Fathapur-Laldhigi, Pirgonj, Rangpur 

RS13 0.09 Rafiqul Alam BR11 Monoharpur, Jamalpur, Sadullahpur, Gaibandha 

RS14 0.10 Sunil Chandra Paijam Amodpur, Jahingirabad, Pirgonj, Rangpur 

RS15 0.09 Matab Ali Aman Dhan, Mojompur, Ghatail, Tangail 

RS16 0.08 Md. Nazrul Islam Khan Paijam Jhakai, Chaithatta, Ghatail, Tangail 

RS17 0.08 Shobhan Sharkar BR11 Dampara, Modhupur, Modhupur, Tangail 

RS18 0.07 Hazi Sakwat Hossain Binni Chaithatta, Chaithatta, Ghatail, Tangail 

RS19 0.34 Tafsir Uddin Chaina Chaithatta, Chaithatta, Ghatail, Tangail 

RS20 0.06 Halimuzzaman Khan Biroi Junkail, Ghatail, Tangail Ghatail, Tangail 

[contd.]


Table 1.2.11 

No. As (ppm) Name of Farmer Rice Village / Post office / Thana / District 

RS21 0.14 Hasan Ali Paijam Rassulpur, Chaithatta, Ghatail, Tangail 

RS22 0.10 Khalikur Rahman BR11 Kharghata, Shonkhola, Ghatail, Tangail 

RS23 0.06 Mohammad Ali Chapali Chaithatta, Chaithatta, Ghatail, Tangail 

RS24 0.05 Rafiqul Islam Kalizira Panzanal Porabari, Nagbari, Ghatail, Tangail 


Table 1.2.12 Arsenic Concentration of Market Rice from Rajshahi and Dhaka (1999) 

No. As (ppm) Sample Name Rice Note Market 

HT01 0.09 Motel Rajatan long grain white Rajshahi 

HT02 0.03 Hotel Abokasi long grain 1999/04/18 Dhaka 

HT03 0.05 No01 Hotel Abokashi small grain Dhaka Dhaka 

HT04 0.16 No01A Akhra Kitchin white middle long grain Dhaka 

HT05 0.06 No02A Akthar House long grain long grain Dhaka 

HT06 0.16 No02B Akthar Kitchin small white small white Rajshahi 

HT07 0.11 No02 Ralans Hamindarl long grain Prof. Hamidur Rajshahi 

HT08 0.12 No03 Pavjam long grain Rajahi Rajshahi 

HT09 0.09 No04 Katari china? rashahi Rajshahi 

HT10 0.28 No05 Market rice long grain long brwn Rajshahi 

HT11 0.13 No06 Pari Middle grain Rajhahi Rajshahi 

HT12 0.15 No07 India Middle grain from India Rajshahi 

HT13 0.05 No08 RARUNI Small White Rajhahi Rajshahi 

HT14 0.10 No09 Ratni long grain rashahi Rajshahi 

HT15 0.05 No10 Kalo Short white Rajshahi K Rajshahi 

HT16 0.12 Pacc-kitcin long grain Hotel Rajshahi 

HT17 0.19 Dhinighura long grain Rajshahi Rajshahi 


Table 1.2.13 Arsenic Concentration of Rice Produced in Japan (1988-99) 

No. As (ppm) Sampling Spice Pref./Province 

J98-E1 0.12 1999/07 hitomebore akita honsho-si 

J98-E2 0.16 1999/07 hitomebore iwate ichinoseki-si 

J98-E3 0.17 1999/07 hohoemi fukuoka yame hosino-mura 

J98-E4 0.17 1999/07 yumetukusi fukuoka asakura 

J98-E5 0.10 1999/07 akitakomachi akita yamamoto-gun 

J98-H1 0.15 1999/07 hohoemi fukuoka kurok 

J98-H2 0.18 1999/07 hinohikari kagosima isa 

J98-H3 0.27 1999/07 hinohikari yamaguchi kikukawa 

J98-H4 0.12 1999/07 kirara 397 hokkaido kitaryuu 

[contd.]


Table 1.2.13 

No. As (ppm) Sampling Spice Pref./Province 

J98-H5 0.07 1999/07 kosihikari kumamoto aso 

J98-S1 0.14 1999/07 hinohikari fukuoka fukuokacity motooka 

J98-S2 0.13 1999/07 Shonaimai-haenuki yamagata tsuruoka city 

J98-T1 0.32 1999/07 aigamo-genmai kumamoto kuma-gun 

J99-E1 0.25 1999/11 hitomebore miyagi tunoda-si 

J99-E2 0.31 1999/11 kosihikari shimane izumo 

J99-E3 0.20 1999/11 akitakomachi akita oogata-mura 

J99-E4 0.16 1999/11 yumetsukusi fukuoka tagawa 

J99-E5 0.21 1999/11 akitakomachi akita yamamotogun81machi 

J99-E6 0.15 1999/11 hitomebore miyagi furukawa 

J99-H1 0.26 1999/11 akitakomachi-2 nd akita senhoku-gun 

J99-H2 0.20 1999/11 kosihikari-2 nd niigata kashiwazaki 

J99-H3 0.21 1999/11 koshihikari-1 st toyama toyama-si 

J99-H4 0.19 1999/11 kosihikari-2 nd shimane iishi gun kakeai-cho 

J99-H5 0.23 1999/11 yuketsukusi-1 st fukuoka kaho 

J99-J1 0.18 1999/11 akitakomachigenmai akita akita 

J99-J2 0.26 1999/11 yumetsukusi fukuoka buzen-si 

J99-M1 0.08 1999/11 akitakomachi akita akita 

J99-M2 0.14 1999/11 hitomebore miyagi N/A 

J99-M3 0.11 1999/11 calfornia USA calfornia 

J99-M4 0.19 1999/11 neo-genmai chiba nodashi 


Table 1.2.14 Arsenic (As) in Water and Corresponding Arsenic in Soils 

Location Water As (mg/kg) Soil Depth (cm) Soil As (mg/kg) 

Sharsha 0.041 0-15 13.670 

Sirajdikhan 0.544 15-30 10.655 

Alamdanga 0.021 0-15 16.647 

Alamdanga 0.021 15-30 11.820 

Alamdanga 0.191 0-15 11.918 

Alamdanga 0.058 0-15 10.675 

Meherpur 0.163 0-15 33.912 

Meherpur 0.016 15-30 28.220 

Laksham 0.145 15-30 10.791 

Laksham 0.658 15-30 39.107 

Laksham 0.729 0-15 18.125 

Laksham 0.037 15-30 16.971 

Laksham 0.261 0-15 28.009 

[contd.]


Table 1.2.14 

Location Water As (mg/kg) Soil Depth (cm) Soil As (mg/kg) 

Laksham 0.261 15-30 42.608 

Laksham 0.397 0-15 22.763 

Laksham 0.341 15-30 12.529 

Chandina 0.380 15-30 19.270 

Chandina 0.160 15-30 19.270 

Sonargaon 0.682 0-15 38.930 

Sonargaon 0.860 0-15 22.866 

Sonargaon 0.860 15-30 14.829 

Sonargaon 0.860 0-15 14.000 

Sonargaon 0.860 15-30 13.671 

Bancharampur 0.092 0-15 17.147 

Bancharampur 0.115 0-15 11.318 

Nagarkanda 0.077 0-15 81.248 

Nagarkanda 0.064 15-30 26.559 

Source : Huq et al. (2003) 

Table 1.2.15 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Srinagar Paddy Field Soil Samples 

Location and Date 

Paddy Field ID 

1 st Layer 2 nd Layer 3 rd Layer 4 th Layer 

(0-75 mm) (75-150 mm) (150-300 mm) (300-450 mm) 

Srinagar, 1 19.39 7.62 5.04 2.7 

Munshiganj 

2 27.47 15.30 10.55 4.42 

3 7.27 12.68 5.26 3.16 

1 st Sampling 4 22.98 23.24 10.00 10.70 

5 7.01 7.57 4.68 6.21 

(06/02/2002) 6 22.45 13.91 9.11 3.68 

7 9.62 6.76 6.53 6.49 

Irrigation Water 8 19.10 9.14 8.06 6.39 

9 8.16 12.29 7.47 5.51 

Concentration 10 7.37 6.04 4.50 3.82 

(220-537 ppb) 

11 9.19 6.47 3.59 4.50 

Source: Masud (2003)


Table 1.2.16 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Srinagar, Paddy Field Soil Samples (2 nd sampling) 




(0-75 mm) (75-150 mm) (150-300 mm) (300-450 mm) 

1 25.91 11.36 6.12 5.53 


3 10.99 11.21 8.62 6.51 

Munshiganj 4 36.26 45.00 20.31 12.321 

6 24.87 25.62 10.83 6.02 

2 nd Sampling 7 12.75 11.93 7.43 5.98 

8 13.12 14.30 7.45 5.16 

(22/06/2002) 9 19.43 22.19 18.74 18.04 

Source: Masud (2003) 

Table 1.2.17 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Srinagar Paddy Field Soil Samples (3 rd sampling) 




(0-75 mm) (75-150 mm) (150-300 mm) (300-450 mm) 


Munshiganj 2 21.93 16.71 9.20 8.57 

3 rd Sampling 4 22.27 23.31 9.40 8.56 

(26/11/2002) 6 9.74 13.16 8.83 7.58 

9 12.47 12.67 7.50 6.91 


Table 1.2.18 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Srinagar Paddy Samples 

Field ID 

Grain Husk Stem Leaf Root 

(mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) 

2 0.47 1.75 8.05 7.15 16.75 

3 1.04 1.18 2.02 4.02 14.62 

5 1.52 1.86 1.96 3.29 6.02 

6 0.03 0.01 0.72 1.38 6.09 

7 0.45 1.14 1.33 1.40 4.52 

8 0.26 0.53 1.21 1.86 12.98 

9 0.03 0.24 0.27 0.90 12.10 

10 0.33 1.09 1.32 2.58 4.57 

11 0.21 0.30 0.46 0.89 2.81 



Table 1.2.19 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Sonargaon Paddy Field Soil Samples (1 st sampling) 




(0-75 mm) (75-150 mm) (150-300 mm) (300-450 mm) 

Sonargaon, 

Narayanganj 

1 st Sampling 

(03/03/2002) 


Concentration 

(83-354 ppb) 

1 11 7.63 8.29 4.34 

2 7.54 6.99 5.28 4.03 

3 3.17 3.01 1.74 1.73 

4 6.23 7.58 5.98 5.87 

5 11.12 9.32 9.41 8.80 

6 3.80 4.32 4.59 4.11 

7 7.42 5.92 2.98 4.07 

8 19.02 12.62 11.06 6.25 

9 15.59 10.50 6.21 5.17 

10 9.37 9.04 9.31 12.77 

11 8.44 8.74 10.27 8.53 

12 8.81 7.58 8.55 6.72 

13 5.76 9.70 9.01 6.65 

14 7.69 6.69 7.37 5.80 


Table 1.2.20 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Sonargaon Paddy Field Soil Samples (2 nd sampling) 




(0-75 mm) (75-150 mm) (150-300 mm) (300-450 mm) 

Sonargaon, 

Narayanganj 

2 nd Sampling 

(18/12/2002) 

srf 1 8.59 9.5 3.28 3.62 

srf 2 13.16 3.97 3.68 2.80 

srf 3 3.51 3.48 2.79 2.72 

srf 4 5.64 3.22 3.82 4.37 

srf 6 9.63 20.52 6.46 9.59 

srf 12 36.55 3.51 3.81 3.22 



Table 1.2.21 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Sonargaon Paddy Samples 

Field ID 



2 0.25 0.27 0.59 0.87 7.38 

4 0.96 1.07 1.63 1.84 9.14 

5 0.71 0.82 2.08 2.93 11.82 

6 0.93 0.89 2.02 2.94 16.64 

7 0.15 0.29 0.33 0.56 7.84 

8 1.23 2.44 5.70 6.78 26.11 

9 0.21 0.73 3.37 5.27 12.34 

0 0.20 0.26 3.10 2.20 17.35 

11 0.03 0.01 0.35 1.65 12.61 

12 0.28 0.36 0.66 0.82 8.82 

13 0.44 0.52 1.01 1.22 10.23 

14 0.08 0.20 0.26 0.74 2.88 


Table 1.2.22 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Dinajpur Paddy Field Soil Samples 




(0-75 mm) (75-150 mm) (150-300 mm) (300-450 mm) 

Dinajpur 

1 st Sampling 

1 0.92 1.81 2.36 2.35 

2 0.10 0.65 1.68 3.62 

3 0.69 1.67 2.88 2.72 

4 0.76 1.2 0.35 1.38 

(03/03/2002) 

As Con. of water 

(


Table 1.2.23 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Dinajpur Paddy Samples 

Field ID 



2 0.69 0.78 0.81 1.1 8.83 

3 0.42 0.43 0.98 1.42 10.01 

4 0.32 0.38 1.19 1.01 8.61 

5 0.19 0.21 0.45 1.55 9.03 

6 0.67 0.78 0.88 1.1 3.2 

7 0.88 0.95 0.81 1.37 3.76 

8 0.13 0.28 0.33 0.91 4.7 

9 0.78 1.28 1.33 1.57 3.82 

10 0.78 0.88 1.01 1.35 8.91 


Table 1.2.24 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Comilla Paddy Field Soil Samples 

Location and As Con. of Paddy 1 st Layer 2 nd Layer 3 rd Layer 4 th Layer 

Date Water (ppb) Field ID (0-75 mm) (75-50 mm) (150-00 mm) (300-450 mm) 

Comilla 

1 st sampling 

(8/5/02) 

252 crf 1 3.54 4.06 2.13 1.45 

212 crf 2 2.13 1.24 0.93 0.67 


Table 1.2.25 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Comilla Paddy Samples 

Field ID Grain (mg/kg) Husk (mg/kg) Stem (mg/kg) Leaf (mg/kg) Root (mg/kg) 

1 0.3674 0.68 2.25 2.78 18.56 

2 0.2248 0.75 0.83 1.38 9.1 



Table 1.2.26 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) in Soil Samples Collected from Irrigation Canals in Paddy Fields at Srinagar 


Srinagar, 

Munshiganj 

Sampling Date 

06/02/2002 As 

Canal Samples Distance from Top Layer Bottom Layer 

(CS) ID Well (ft) (0-150 mm) (150-300 mm) 

CS - 1 210 23.21 10.01 

CS - 2 330 18.42 9.17 

CS - 3 450 16.31 10.31 

CS - 4 100 20.15 6.23 

CS - 5 8 45.73 8.85 

CS - 6 30 48.77 23.63 

CS - 7 135 8.23 8.40 

CS - 8 200 12.82 6.41 

Concentration of 


(250-537 ppb) 

CS - 9 280 11.31 6.55 

CS - 10 100 42.34 8.79 

CS - 11 200 34.6 7.98 

CS - 12 310 21.33 15.64 


Table 1.2.27 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) in Soil Samples Collected from Irrigation Canals in Paddy Fields at 

Sonargaon 


Srinagar, 

Munshiganj 

Canal Samples Distance from Top Layer Bottom Layer 

(CS) ID Well (ft) (0-150 mm) (150-300 mm) 

CS - 1 4 14.65 6.54 

CS - 2 120 10.3 5.85 

CS - 3 200 10.52 9.22 

CS - 4 320 10.42 5.35 

CS - 5 130 8.21 7.27 

Sampling Date 

03/03/2002 

CS - 6 140 18.54 4.55 

CS - 7 290 4.14 4.53 

CS - 8 375 4.63 4.11 

CS - 9 425 36.77 4.29 

CS - 10 605 11.94 6.39 

CS - 11 605 28.14 5.92 

As Concentration 

of Irrigation Water 

(83-354 ppb) 

CS - 12 510 8.29 27.1 

CS - 13 235 13.39 11.6 

CS - 14 70 11.48 9.73 

CS - 15 460 9.76 8.11 

CS - 16 335 46.47 24.84 



Table 1.2.28 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Parts of Srinagar, Munshiganj Vegetable Field Soil Samples 

Field ID 

Source of Water and Vegetable 1 st Layer 2 nd Layer 3 rd Layer 4 th Layer 

As Con. (ppb) Type (0-75 mm) (75-150 mm) (150-300 mm) (300-450 mm) 

Mvf 1 Pond (37 ppb) Potato 8.25 5.51 5.52 3.46 



Mvf 4 Pond (37 ppb) Potato 9.95 4.31 4.99 

_ 




Table 1.2.29 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Srinagar, Munshiganj Vegetable Field Soil Samples 

(2 nd Sampling) 

Field ID 

Vegetable Type 


(0-75 mm) (75-150 mm) (150-300 mm) (300-450 mm) 

1 Potato 7.42 8.04 8.06 9.08 

2 Potato 6.82 8.21 8.58 10.04 

3 Potato 5.17 4.95 4.56 3.28 

5 Potato 6.2 6.16 5.78 5.64 

6 Potato 5.42 6.09 5.96 4.98 


Table 1.2.30 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Srinagar, Munshiganj Potato Samples 

Field ID 

Vegetable Type 

Root Stem Leaf Edible 

(mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) 

1 Potato 1.81 0.42 0.81 0.81 

2 Potato 2.8 0.51 0.65 0.26 

3 Potato 1.01 0.21 0.54 0.12 

4 Potato 2.89 0.69 0.29 0.85 

5 Potato 2.05 0.72 0.79 0.39 

6 Potato _ 0.26 0.48 0.27 



Table 1.2.31 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Sonargaon Vegetable Field Soil Samples 

Field ID 


As con. (ppb) Type (0-75 mm) (75-150 mm) (150-300mm) (300-450mm) 

1 Canal (8 ppb) Tomato 3.02 2.09 2.34 2.63 

2 Canal (


Table 1.2.34 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Sonargaon Vegetable Samples 

Field ID Vegetable Type Root (mg/kg) 

Edible Part 

Stem (mg/kg) Leaf (mg/kg) 

3 Lalshak 1.22 0.58 _ 

4 Lalshak 0.84 0.39 0.96 

8 Datashak 1.84 0.56 0.91 

9 Datashak 1.29 0.76 1.06 


Table 1.2.35 Arsenic Concentrations of Different Parts of Sonargaon Vegetable Samples 

Field ID Vegetable Type Root (mg/kg) Stem (mg/kg) 

Edible Part 

Leaf (mg/kg) 

Inner Part 

Outer Part 


10 Cabbage 0.88 0.4 1.6 0.38 

11 Cabbage 1.36 0.56 0.62 0.49 

Table 1.2.36 Arsenic Concentrations (mg/kg) of Different Layers of Noakhali Vegetable Field Soil Samples 

Field ID 


As con. (ppb) Type (0-75 mm) (75-50 mm) (150-00 mm) (300-450 mm) 

1 Pond (

Table 1.2.38 Varieties of Grain Legumes Released in Bangladesh 

Crop Variety Developed by 

Year of 

Day's to Yield Potential 

Pedigree 

Season 

Release Maturity (kg/ha) 

Special Features 

Barimung-1 PRC, BARI 1982 Introduction & Selection Kharif-1 & 70-80 900-1000 Cercospora leaf 

(Mubarik) ML-7706 (India) Kharif-2 spot tolerant 

Barimung-2 PRC, BARI 1987 Introduction & Selection Kh-1, Kh-2 75-85 1000-1800 CLS & YMV 

(Kanti) ML-7715 (India) Late rabi tolerant 

Mungbean Barimung-3 PRC, BARI 1996 Local cross Kh-1Kh-2 & 60-65 1200-1500 CLS & YMV tolerant 

(BMX-842243) Late rabi & Day neutral 

Barimung-4 PRC, BARI 1996 Local cross Kh-1, Kh-2 & 60-65 1200-1800 Do & Specially suitable 

(BMX-841121) Late rabi for southern belt 

Barimung-5 PRC, BARI 1997 Introduction & Selection Kh-1, Kh-2 & 55-65 1000-1800 CLS & YMV tolerant 

NM-92 (AVRDC) Late rabi synchronized maturity 

Binamung-1 BINA 1992 Local selection Kharif-2 90-95 900 CLS & YMV tolerant 

Binamung-2 BINA 1994 MB-55-4 X VC- Kharif-1 70-80 1100 CLS & YMV tolerant 

2773 (AVRDC 

Mungbean Binamung-3 BINA 1997 MB-55-4 X VC-1560D Kharif-2 80-85 1025 CLS & YMV tolerant 

(AVRDC) (MC-30) 

Binamung-4 BINA 1997 MB-55-4 X VC-1560D Kharif-2 80-85 1025 CLS & YMV tolerant 


Binamung-5 BINA 1998 MB-55-4 X VC-1560D Kharif-1 60-75 1000-1800 CLS & YMV tolerant 


Barimash-1 PRC, BARI 1990 Introduction & Selection Kh-1, Kh-2 & 75-85 1400-1500 CLS & YM tolerant 

Panth-30 (India) 

Late Rabi 

Black gram Barimash-2 PRC, BARI 1996 Local cross BMA-90233 Kh-1, Kh-2 & 70-75 1500-1700 CLS & YMV tolerant 

Late Rabi 

Mottar 

Barimash-3 PRC, BARI 1996 Local cross BMA-90235 Kh-1, Kh-2 & 70-75 1600-1800 CLS & YMV tolerant 

Late Rabi 

Binamash-4 BINA 1994 Local Selection Kharif-2 80-85 1600-1800 Leaf rot & YMV tolerant 

Barimattar-1 BARI 1996 Rabi 50-55 12000-14000 Soft pods cooked as a 

green pods whole, resistant to PM 

and downy mildew 

Barimatter-2 BARI 1996 Selection from Rabi 50-55 10000-12000 White flowers, 20-25 pod/pl. 4-7 

AVRDC Material green pods seeds/pod, pods. weet, resistant 

to PM and downy mildew 

[contd.] 

Land and Agriculture 25

Table 1.2.38 

Crop Variety Developed by 

Year of 

Day's to Yield Potential 

Pedigree 

Season 

Release Maturity (kg/ha) 

Special Features 

Jarseem Barijharseem-1 BARI 1996 Rabi 40-45 13000-14000 Pods in bunches, each 10-13 

green pods cm long, seeds white, resistant 

to virus. 

Barimasur-1 PRC, BARI 1991 Selected from local Rabi 105-110 1700-1800 Rust and stem phyllium blight 

(Utfalla) germplasm (pabna) BD. tolerant 

Lentil Barimasur-2 PRC, BARI 1993 ILX-113-55 (ICARDA) Rabi 105-110 1800-1900 Rust & blight tolerant 

Barimasur-3 PRC, BARI 1996 Local cross BLX-8405-36 Rabi 100-105 1900-2000 Rust & stem phyllium blight tolerant 

Barimasur-4 PRC, BARI 1996 ILX-87247 (ICARDA) Rabi 110-115 1900-2000 Rust & stem phyllium blight tolerant 

Grass pea Barikhesari-1 PRC, BARI 1995 Local cross (8612) Rabi 110-114 2500 Low BOA content 

Barikhesari-2 PRC, BARI 1996 Local cross (8603) Rabi 112-116 2600 Low BOA content 

Barichola-1 PRC, BARI 1987 Selection (ICRISAT) Rabi 120-125 2000 Good performance in virgin soil 

(Nabin) 

Barichola-2 PRC, BARI 1993 ICCL-83228 (ICRISAT) Rabi 120-130 1900-2000 Fusarium wilt tolerant 

Barichola-3 PRC, BARI 1993 ICCL-83105 (ICRISAT) Rabi 120 1900-2000 For Barind tract 

Chick pea Barichola-4 PRC, BARI 1996 ICCL-85222 (ICRISAT) Rabi 120-125 1760 Fusarium wilt tolerant 

Barichola-5 PRC, BARI 1996 Selection from local Rabi 125-130 1800 Fusarium wilt tolerant 

germplasm (RBH-228) 

Barichola-6 PRC, BARI 1996 ICCL-83149 (ICRISAT) Rabi 125-130 2000 Late variety 

Barichola-7 PRC, BARI ICCV-3274 (ICRISAT) Rabi 125-130 2000-2100 Fusarium wilt tolerant 

Barichola-8 PRC, BARI ICCL-88003 (ICRISAT) Rabi 125-130 1500 Kabuli type 

Hyprochola BINA 1981 Local (Faridpur-1) Rabi 125-130 1500 Root rot & blight tolerant 

Chick pea (Binachola-1) matation 

Cow pea 

Binachola-2 BINA 1994 Local selection Rabi 125-130 1600 Root rot & blight tolerant 

Barifalon-1 PRC, BARI 1993 Selection from local Rabi 120-125 1600 For southern belt 

germplasm 

Barifalon-2 PRC, BARI 1996 Selection from local Rabi 120-125 1600 For southern belt 

germplasm 

Total = 8 crops Varieties = 35 Period - 1981-9 


Source: BARI (2003)


Table 1.2.39 Average Crop Yields in the 90s (tons per hectare) 

Year Potato Wheat Jute Oil seeds Pulses Sugar cane 

1986 10.2 1.9 1.5 0.79 0.70 41.4 

1990 9.1 1.6 1.6 0.76 0.69 39.8 

1994 11.0 1.7 1.7 0.84 0.75 39.3 

1995 11.1 1.7 1.7 0.85 0.75 41.4 

1996 11.1 1.8 1.7 0.86 0.75 41.3 

1998 11.0 1.7 1.6 0.88 0.77 41.5 

Source: BBS (2001) 

1.3 Agricultural Inputs 

Table 1.3.1 Pesticide Use in Bangladesh (1982-2001) 


Note : MT: Metric Ton 

Year 

Total Quantity Used (MT) 

1982-1983 2547 

1984-1985 3042 

1986-1987 3928 

1988-1989 5051 

1990-1991 7656 

1992-1993 7442 

1994-1995 7859 

1996-1997 11353 

1997-1998 12900 

1998-1999 15200 

1999-2000 15800 

2000-2001 16200 

Table 1.3.2 Quantity of Pesticides Used During 1997 to 2001 in Bangladesh in MT 

Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Product From. a.i. From. a.i. From. a.i. From. a.i. From. a.i. 

Granule 8724.33 553.34 10124 659.01 11945 777.55 11915.70 704.02 10788.36 650.05 

Liquid 1408.77 838.76 1450 692.50 1700 811.90 1789.41 1019.10 1426.45 524.43 

Powder 88.10 57.60 80 46.44 110 63.85 78.61 51.22 86.04 51.55 

Miticide 22.10 11.40 30 16.44 35 19.18 25.38 12.71 18.85 9.71 

Fungicide 862.00 657.70 870 611.82 970 682.14 1430.01 1099.20 2170.60 1681.20 

Herbicide 159.88 54.40 265 76.02 300 86.06 271.10 55.98 838.00 120.92 

Rodenticide 101.82 0.05 90 2.18 100 2.43 122.06 70.30 

Total 11367.20 2173.25 12909 2104.40 15160 2443.11 15632.20 2942.30 15398.60 3037.90 

Source : DAE (2002) 

Note : 1. MT : Metric Tons 2. Form : Formulated Product 3. a.i. : active ingredient


Table 1.3.3 Number of Applications of Pesticides in a Crop Season 

Number of Applications of Pesticides 

Farmers (%) 

Vegetables Cereals All Crops 

Farmers applying pesticides 92.7 70.0 87.0 

One time 3.6 50.0 21.0 

Two times 12.7 6.7 11.1 

Three times 7.3 0.0 4.9 

Four times 16.4 0.0 11.1 

Five times 5.5 3.3 3.7 

More than five 475 10.0 32.1 

Farmers not applying pesticides 7.3 30.0 13.0 

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Mean number of application 6.15 2.03 4.41 

Standard deviation 5.19 3.86 4.98 

Total farmers 55 30 81 

Source : Field Survey (2000) 

Note : Four farmers were involved in producing both vegetables and cereals and hence are counted only once when overall applications were considered, 

thereby arriving at a total number of 81 farmers instead of 85. 

Table 1.3.4 List of Pesticides Used by Hybrid Vegetable and Cereal Seed Farmers 

Brand Name of Pesticides Ban Status Percent of Pesticide Using Farmers (%) 

Basudin Banned 1.2 

Benicron Banned 1.2 

Cap _ 6.2 

Cymbush _ 22.2 

Darsban Banned 65.4 

Diathene _ 2.5 

Diazinon Banned 9.9 

Dimecron Banned 9.9 

Ezodrin Banned 19.7 

Furadan _ 44.4 

Megaphos _ 1.2 

Maltheon Banned 9.9 

Nogos Banned 2.5 

Okosam _ 1.2 

Ostad _ 4.9 

Redomyl _ 2.5 

Regent Banned 2.5 

Relithion _ 4.9 

Rezonil _ 1.2 

Ripcord _ 22.2 

Secufon _ 1.2 

Sifanan _ 4.9 

Sumithion Banned 9.9 

Symba _ 1.2 

Takgar Banned 3.7 

Tilt _ 1.2 

Xolon _ 1.2 

Source : Field Survey (2000) 

Note : Total exceeds 100 because farmers use more than one type of pesticides. Information on ban status is taken from Motin (2000) and Daily Star (2001).


Table 1.3.5 Types of Insecticides and their Dosages Used by Sample Farms in the Rice Fields (Fatepur Village, Matlab, 

Chandpur) (2001-2002) 

Pesticide Type 

Amount Used per hectare 

Use-range Mean Std. dev. 

Recommended Rate 

Sunfuran 5G 7.5 _ 10 kg 9.25 kg 3.27 10.00 kg/ha 

Basudin 10G 14 _ 18 kg 15.50 kg 4.63 16.80 kg/ha 

Carbofuran 5G 09 _ 12 kg 10.20 kg 2.98 10.00 kg/ha 

Guracarb 3G 12 _ 15 kg 13.25 kg 2.76 16.80 kg/ha 

Diazinon 10G 13 _ 17 kg 15.75 kg 5.02 16.80 kg/ha 

Regent 3G 09 _ 14 kg 11.50 kg 6.03 10.00 kg/ha 

Diazinon 60EC 0.80 _ 1.90 litter 1.10 litter 0.47 1.70 litter/ha 

Darsban 20 EC 0.80 _ 1.60 litter 1.02 litter 0.16 1.00 litter/ha 

Marshal 6G 7.50 _ 10.5 kg 9.50 kg 2.43 10.00 kg/ha 

Malathion 57EC 1.0 _ 1.20 litter 1.08 litter 0.72 1.00 litter/ha 

Sumethion 50EC 0.70 _ 1.00 litter 0.92 litter 0.12 1.00 litter/ha 

Furadan 5G 9.5 _ 12 kg 10.50 kg 2.06 10.00 kg/ha 

Furadan 3G 14 _ 16 kg 15.28 kg 1.31 16.80 kg/ha 

Source : Sarker, Alam and Akhtar (2002) 

Table 1.3.6 Necessary Timeframe for 75%-100% Destruction of Selected Pesticides 

Pesticides Time (Year) Pesticides Time (Month) 

Eldrin 3 Diazinon 3 

Korden 5 Malathion and Parathion 0.25 

DDT 4 to 10 Propajahan and pikorem 18 

Heptachlor 2 Simazine 12 

Leanden 3 2,4,5 5 

Dye-Eldrin 3 Entrazine and Monorole 10 

Telodrin 4 MCPA 3 

Source : BAPA (2002) 

Table 1.3.7 Nutrient Content of Various Green Fertilizer (Pulses and Bean) 

Name N(%) P(%) K(%) 

Dhaincha (Green Manure) 0.62 0.02 0.3 

Sunhemp (Shanpat) 0.75 0.12 0.51 

Cowpea 0.71 0.15 0.58 

Blackgram 0.85 0.18 0.53 

Mungbean 0.72 0.18 0.53 


Note : N: Nitrogen, P: Phosphorus, K: Potassium


Table 1.3.8 Organic Manures and their Nutrient Compositions 

Name of the Organic Fertilizer N(%) P(%) K(%) 

Cow-dung 0.5-1.5 0.4-0.8 0.5-1.9 

Urine 1 Trace 1.35 

Compost (Water hyacinth) 2.0-3.0 1.0-2.0 3.0-4.0 

Compost (General) 0.4-0.8 0.3-0.6 0.7-1.0 

Quick Compost 2.56 0.98 0.75 

Ash 23-12.0 

Mustard Oil-cake 5.1-5.2 1.8-1.9 1.1-1.3 

Groundnut cake 7.0-7.2 1.4-1.6 1.3-1.4 

Sesame Oil-cake 6.2-6.3 2.0-2.1 1.2-1.3 

Poultry Manure (Poultry liter) 1.6 1.5 0.85 

Rice Straw 0.52 0.52 1.61 

Liquid Fertilizer (Ipilipil) 133.0 (ppm) 11.1 (ppm) 234.0 (ppm) 

Liquid Fertilizer (Cow-dung) 31.6 (ppm) 2.6 (ppm) 158.5 (ppm) 


Note : N : Nitrogen, P: Phosphorus, K: Potassium 

Table 1.3.9 Irrigation Status in 1996/97 

Season 

Mode of Irrigation 

Irrigated Areas in 

Hectares 

% Growth on 1995/96 

Groundwater All STW 21,58,741 7.70 

DTW/FMTW 4,75,439 -11.70 

Unmechanized 38,341 -24.00 

Rabi Season Surface Water LLP 5,70,322 -1.20 

Traditional 1,85,566 -17.70 

Total Minor 34,28,409 1.00 

Major Schemes 3,58,550 1.00 

Total 37,86,959 1.00 

Kharif Season Total 190,111 _ 

Source : NMIC (1998)


Table 1.3.10 Number of Operational Units by Irrigation Technology 

Units 

% Electric New Operating % Not 

Operating Powered Units 

% New Operating 

in 1996/97 

Total Units 

STW 6,00,276 7 72,932 12 2 6,13,559 

Deep Set STW 26,245 8 3,224 12 2 26,860 

Very Deep Set STW 3,313 20 1,579 48 3 3,412 

All Shallow Tubewells 6,29,834 7 77,735 12 2 6,43,831 

Force Mode Tubewell 201 82 57 28 8 219 

Deep Tubewell 25,210 52 495 2 18 30,873 

Low Lift Pump 62,875 10 8,158 13 4 65,824 

Unmechanized 1,39,157 1,39,157 

Traditional 5,39,484 5,39,484 

Source : NMIC (1998) 

Table 1.3.11 Area Irrigated (ha) by Irrigation Technology 

Rabi Season 

Kharif Season 

Boro Wheat Others Total Aman Others Total 

STW 1,605,954 2,83,237 1,71,621 20,60,812 94,597 28,348 1,22,945 

Deep Set STW 71,020 6,640 6,830 84,490 1,557 1,069 2,626 

Very Deep Set STW 11,412 1,236 790 13,438 249 103 352 

All Shallow TW 1,68,387 2,91,113 1,79,241 21,58,741 96,403 29,520 1,25,923 

Force Mode TW 824 29 64 917 11 6 17 

Deep Tubewell 4,16,115 33,846 24,561 4,74,522 29,290 2,769 32,059 

Low Lift Pump 5,33,138 13,713 23,471 5,70,322 5,182 808 5,990 

Unmechanized 21,387 6,584 10,370 38,341 728 0 728 

Traditional 1,42,095 12,261 31,210 1,85,566 25,393 0 25,393 

Total 28,01,946 357,545 2,68,918 34,28,409 1,57,007 33,103 19,90,110 

% of total 82 10 8 100 83 17 100 



Table 1.3.12 Trends in Minor Irrigation 1982/83 to 1996/97 

(Operational Equipment by Season) 

Irrigation Season 

Annual Operating Equipment ( '000 units ) 

Annual Percentage Change 

STW DTW LLP STW DTW LLP 

1982/83 93.1 13.8 35.5 

_ _ _ 

1983/84 120.3 15.5 36.0 29.2 12.3 1.4 

1984/85 147.0 16.9 37.0 22.2 9.0 2.8 

1985/86 146.9 17.9 37.5 -0.1 5.9 1.4 

1986/87 160.3 18.7 40.6 9.1 4.5 8.3 

1987/88 188.7 20.3 42.3 17.7 8.6 4.2 

1988/89 235.9 22.4 50.8 25.0 10.3 20.1 

1989/90 260.0 22.6 51.0 10.2 0.9 0.4 

1990/91 270.3 21.5 51.6 4.0 -4.9 1.2 

1991/92 309.3 25.5 50.3 14.4 18.6 -2.5 

1992/93 348.9 25.7 52.2 12.8 0.8 3.8 

1993/94 359.2 24.5 52.6 3.0 -4.7 0.8 

1994/95 488.9 26.7 57.1 36.1 9.0 8.6 

1995/96 576.2 27.1 60.6 17.8 2.2 5.1 

1996/97 629.8 25.2 62.9 9.3 -7.1 3.6 

Source : NMIC (1994) 

Table 1.3.13 Comparison of Irrigation Equipments 1992/93 to 1996/97 

( Total Number of Operational Units) 

Types of 

Division 

Equipment 

Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet 

Bangladesh 

STW 

1992/93 0 9,950 86,545 69,556 1,82420 404 3,48,875 

1994/95 0 13,649 1,09,614 93,405 2,71,686 515 4,88,869 

1995/96 53 14,957 1,28,064 1,15,786 3,16,592 829 5,76,248 

1996/97 20 16,225 1,44,423 1,26,877 3,39,300 1,133 6,29,834 

DTW 

1992/93 0 2,745 9,614 3,188 9,973 194 25,714 

1994/95 0 2,613 8,890 3,028 11,924 200 26,745 

1995/96 1 2,416 8,806 3,149 12,536 156 27,136 

1996/97 0 2,260 7,718 3,143 11,891 118 25,210 

LLP 

1992/93 4,775 21,806 12,976 3,107 4,880 4,673 52,217 

1994/95 4,527 24,115 14,149 3,263 5,642 5,349 57,090 

1995/96 5,590 24,741 14,978 3,654 5,759 5,973 60,695 

1996/97 5,193 25,208 15,005 3,995 6,031 6,962 62,875 



Table 1.3.14 Minor Irrigation Details 

Division 

Total no. 

% Powered Rabi Crop % of Rabi Area Kharif Crop 

Operating 

by Electricity (ha /unit) (ha/unit) 

in 96/97 Boro Wheat Others 

All Shallow Tubewell ( STW, DSSTW, VDSSTW ) 

Barisal 21 5 2.95 100 0 0 0.00 

Chittagong 16456 24 5.38 89 2 9 0.04 

Dhaka 144786 12 3.99 91 6 3 0.15 

Khulna 126877 15 2.86 62 23 15 0.35 

Rajshahi 340561 5 3.30 76 15 9 0.17 

Sylhet 1133 17 6.28 94 2 4 0.05 

Total 629834 7 3.43 78 14 8 0.20 

Deep Set Shallow Tubewell ( DSSTW ) 

Barisal 0 

Chittagong 190 73 4.98 96 0 4 0.00 

Dhaka 1396 10 4.59 93 4 3 0.17 

Khulna 985 15 2.06 69 18 13 0.08 

Rajshahi 23674 7 3.14 83 10 7 0.10 

Sylhet 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 

Total 26245 8 3.22 84 8 8 0.10 

Very Deep Set Shallow Tubewell ( VDSSTW ) 

Barisal 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 

Chittagong 136 44 7.28 88 6 6 0.00 

Dhaka 1577 15 3.69 90 6 5 0.05 

Khulna 205 30 3.42 87 8 6 0.08 

Rajshahi 1395 20 4.25 80 13 7 0.18 

Sylhet 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 

Total 3313 19 4.06 85 9 6 0.11 

Force Mode Tubewell ( FMTW ) 

Barisal 0 

Chittagong 133 83 3.44 92 0 8 0.00 

Dhaka 57 65 6.46 92 4 4 0.08 

Khulna 1 100 15.00 33 0 67 12.00 

Rajshahi 10 60 7.80 77 17 6 0.05 

Sylhet 0 

Total 201 77 4.57 90 3 7 0.02 

[Contd.]


Table 1.3.14 

Division 

Total no. 

% Powered Rabi Crop % of Rabi Area Kharif Crop 

Operating 

by Electricity (ha /unit) (ha/unit) 

in 96/97 Boro Wheat Others 

Deep Tubewell ( DTW ) 

Barisal 0 

Chittagong 2267 67 25.03 98 1 2 0.31 

Dhaka 7744 40 19.17 94 4 2 0.77 

Khulna 3143 35 16.57 76 14 11 2.00 

Rajshahi 11938 48 17.93 83 10 7 1.61 

Sylhet 118 50 28.72 100 0 0.02 

Total 25210 46 18.83 88 7 5 1.28 

Low Lift Pump 

Barisal 5287 2 9.35 99 1 0.05 

Chittagong 25535 12 9.15 96 1 3 0.05 

Dhaka 150555 12 11.06 94 2 4 0.12 

Khulna 3995 7 3.80 76 11 12 0.24 

Rajshahi 6041 11 4.14 69 18 12 0.23 

Sylhet 6962 2 10.21 96 2 1 0.07 

Total 62875 10 9.08 93 2 4 0.10 

MOPU ( Treadle Pump, Rower Pump, Hand Tubewell ) 

Barisal 327 Non-Mechanized 1.49 70 4 26 0.02 

Chittagong 15430 Non-Mechanized 0.05 78 3 19 0.01 

Dhaka 41775 Non-Mechanized 0.24 77 10 24 

Khulna 12390 Non-Mechanized 0.20 12 8 79 0.02 

Rajshahi 66003 Non-Mechanized 0.24 34 33 33 

Sylhet 3232 Non-Mechanized 0.68 85 2 13 0.05 

Total 139157 Non-Mecha nized 0.28 56 17 27 0.01 

All Traditional Systems ( Dam, Swing Basket etc. ) 

Barisal 9337 Non-Mechanized 0.61 79 3 18 0.87 

Chittagong 74001 Non-Mechanized 0.42 77 3 20 0.01 

Dhaka 106365 Non-Mechanized 0.33 91 4 4 0.01 

Khulna 37220 Non-Mechanized 0.21 53 3 44 0.35 

Rajshahi 12816 Non-Mechanized 0.25 25 28 47 0.01 

Sylhet 184745 Non-Mechanized 0.40 94 1 5 0.01 

Total 539484 Non-Mechanized 0.34 77 7 17 0.05 

Source: NMIC (1994)


Table 1.3.15 Comparative Statement of Irrigation Equipments and Irrigated Areas 

(a) Equipment (Nos.) 

Source of Water Item Year 2000 Year 2001 Growth Rate Year 2002 Growth Rate 

Ground Water Shallow Tubewells 707574 865213 22.28 893359 3.25 

Deep Tubewells 23536 23182 -1.50 23001 -0.78 

Non-mechanized pumps 67868 22919 -66.23 20196 -11.88 

Sub-total 798978 911314 936556 

Surface Water Low Lift Pumps 58042 71309 22.86 77007 7.99 

Traditional Equipments 135263 130719 -3.36 88242 -32.49 

Sub-total 193305 202028 165249 

Total 992283 1113342 1101805 

(b) Irrigated Area (ha) 

Source of Water Item Year 2000 Year 2001 Growth Rate Year 2002 Growth Rate 

Ground Water Surface Set Shallow 2122511 2295067 8.13 2355033 2.61 

Tubewells, Deep + Very Deep 

Shallow Tubewells 

Deep Tubewells 529640 538264 1.63 530291 -1.48 

Non-mechanized pumps 18651 6536 -64.96 7460 14.14 

or Manually operated pumps 

Artisan Wells 34488 5325 

Sub-total 2670802 2874354 2898109 

Surface Water Low Lift + Floating pumps 581801 603787 3.78 628748 4.13 

Traditional Equipments 76516 71735 -6.25 36901 -48.56 

Other Sources 227401 216371 -4.85 286009 32.18 

Sub-total 885718 891893 951659 

Total Irrigated Area 3556520 3766247 3849767 

Source: BADC (2002a, 2002b)


Table 1.3.16 No. of Non-Operated DTWs of BADC in Six Divisions 

Reasons for Non Operation of DTWs 

Sl 

No. 

Name of 

Division 

Groundwater Non Group Lack of Power Total 

Lowering Availability Conflict Interest of Interruption 

of Spare Parts Farmers (Only for EM) 

Year Year Year Year Year Year 

2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001 

1. Dhaka 20 73 713 767 896 1045 731 1153 36 78 2396 3116 

2. Chittagong 46 79 211 236 250 259 172 190 43 35 722 799 

3. Rajshahi 11 5 967 422 879 578 646 733 6 18 2509 1756 

4. Khulna 0 0 437 132 231 173 209 162 71 37 948 504 

5. Barisal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

6. Sylhet 0 0 39 5 51 36 54 73 1 0 145 114 

Total 77 157 2367 1562 2307 2091 1812 2311 157 168 6720 6289 

Source : BADC (2002) 

Note : 1. DTW : Deep tube-well 

Table 1.3.17 Brief Summary of Irrigation Equipments and Irrigated Area Surveys (Boro/2002) 

Sl No. Mode of Irrigation No. in Operation Area Irrigated (ha) 

1. DTW (by all agency) 23001 530291.01 

2. STW (Surface Set) 842659 2219135.82 

3. STW (Deep/Very Deep Set) 50700 135896.90 

4. LLP 76985 623688.56 

5. Floating Pump 22 5059.66 

6. Manually Operated Pumps 20169 7460.21 

7. Artesian Well 4785 5324.71 

8. Dug Well 5975 2106.51 

9. Traditional: 

Doan 52784 88242 23369.71 36901.47 

Swing Basket 35458 13531.76 

10. Others (Rubber Dam, _ 283902.47 

Gravitation Flow, Natural, 

Rainfed, etc.) 

Total 1112538 3849767.32 

Source: BADC (2002)


Table 1.3.18 Under Utilization of STW, DTW and LLP in Relation with Capacity 

Year 

Mode of 

Irrigation 

Nos. of 

Irrigation as Under Percentage of 

Area 

Equipment 

per Capacity Utilization Under 

Irrigated (ha) 

Operated Area (ha) Utilization 

2002 STW 893359 2355032 3573436 1218404 34.09 

DTW 23001 530291 558694 28403 5.08 

LLP 76985 623688 646782 23094 3.70 

Source : BADC (2002b) 

Note : 1. STW: Shallow Tubewell 2. DTW : Deep Tubewell 3. LLP : Low Lift Pump 

Table 1. 3.19 Irrigation by Different Mode 

Mode of 

Irrigation 

Year 2002 Year 2001 Year 2000 

No. of Irrigated % of No. of Irrigated % of No. of Irrigated 

Equipment Area (ha) Area Equipment Area (ha) Area Equipment Area (ha) 

Deep Tubewell 23001 530291.01 13.77 23182 538263.74 14.29 23536 529639.58 

Shallow Tubewell 893359 2355032.72 61.17 865213 2295066.85 60.94 707574 2122511.04 

LLP & Floating 77007 628748.22 16.33 71328 611826.67 16.24 58058 581801.59 

Pumps 

Manually 20169 7460.21 0.19 22919 6536.09 0.17 67878 18650.72 

Operated Pumps 

Artisan wel 4785 5324.71 0.14 5321 34487.63 0.92 6123 28260.58 

Dug well/Natural 5975 286008.98 7.43 0 208331.35 5.53 13285 199150.99 

Traditional Method 88242 36901.47 0.96 130719 71735.10 1.90 135263 76516.05 

Total 1112538 3849767.32 100 1118682 3766247.43 100 1011717 3556530.55 

Source: BADC (2002a, 2002b) 

Table 1.3.20 Division-wise Irrigated Area 

Mode of 

Division 


Irrigated Area % of Area Irrigated Area % of Area Irrigated Area % of area 

(ha) (ha) (ha) 

Dhaka 1058373.26 27.49 1046131.29 27.78 1001234.92 28.15 

Chittagong 470311.01 12.22 471701.70 12.52 404614.08 11.38 

Rajshahi 1465525.33 38.07 1454851.63 38.63 1303160.14 36.64 

Khulna 469222.56 12.19 453682.91 12.05 486864 13.69 

Barisal 99085.46 2.57 96748.92 2.57 83911.78 2.36 

Sylhet 287249.70 7.46 243160.98 6.46 276735.28 7.78 

Total 3849767.32 100 3766277.43 100 3556520.20 100.00 



Table 1.3.21 Division-wise Irrigation by DTWs 

Name of 

Division 



DTW Area (ha) Area DTW Area (ha) Area DTW Area (ha) 

Dhaka 6453 138778.43 26.17 6909 134616.4 25.01 6995 145891.71 

Chittagong 2244 58791.74 11.09 2277 58228.06 10.82 2293 54285.08 

Rajshahi 11600 280941.35 52.98 11235 293637.36 54.55 11571 270457.43 

Khulna 2607 48776.32 9.20 2657 48662.06 9.04 2559 55013 

Barisal 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 

Sylhet 97 3003.17 0.57 104 3119.86 0.58 118 3992.36 

Total 23001 530291.01 100 23182 538263.74 100 23536 529639.58 


Table 1.3.22 Use of Deep Tubewell by Different Irrigation Agencies 

Name of 

Agencies 



DTW Area (ha) Area DTW Area (ha) Area DTW Area (ha) 

BADC 16557 394263.02 74.35 17229 400194.7 74.35 17870 411528.21 

BWDB 416 5408.77 1.02 337 3969.96 0.74 565 10012.59 

BMDA 4576 89588.37 16.89 4569 107570.3 19.98 4493 93952.98 

Others 1452 41030.85 7.74 1047 26528.78 4.93 608 14145.8 

Total 23001 530291.01 100 23182 538263.74 100 23536 529639.58 


Table 1.3.23 Division-wise Irrigation by STWs 

Name of 

Division 



STW Area (ha) Area STW Area (ha) Area STW Area (ha) 

Dhaka 224764 700299.21 29.74 211640 680545.03 29.65 176719 646629.15 

Chittagong 26642 109078.1 4.63 24821 101244.79 4.41 15328 66976.06 

Rajshahi 453182 1149074.17 48.79 443306 1126752.86 49.09 368266 994817.09 

Khulna 186193 384281.55 16.32 182930 373680.86 16.28 145771 403205.00 

Barisal 6 30.35 0.00 6 27.11 0.00 19 72.84 

Sylhet 2572 12269.34 0.52 2510 12816.20 0.56 1471 10810.9 

Total 893359 2355032.72 100 865213 2295066.85 100 707574 2122511.04 



Table 1.3.24 Division-wise Irrigation by Manually Operated Pumps 


Name of No. of No. of No. of 

Division Manually Irrigated % of Manually Irrigated % of Manually Irrigated 

Operated Area (ha) Area Operated Area (ha) Area Operated Area (ha) 

Pumps Pumps Pumps 

Dhaka 6105 1673.85 22.44 8570 3296.76 50.44 23487 7822.14 

Chittagong 4097 2186.92 29.31 5014 1038.62 15.89 8524 3143.23 

Rajshahi 7383 2967.54 39.78 7019 1246.31 19.07 32237 6092.42 

Khulna 1876 345.90 4.64 1411 321.07 4.91 2499 492 

Barisal 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 

Sylhet 735 286.00 3.83 905 633.33 9.69 1131 1100.93 

Total 20196 7460.21 100 22919 6536.09 100 67878 18650.72 


Table 1.3.25 Division-wise Irrigation by LLP 

Name of 

Division 



LLP Area (ha) Area LLP Area (ha) Area LLP Area (ha) 

Dhaka 18465 168448.00 27.01 17947 190317.28 31.53 15001 175055.04 

Chittagong 24980 229373.94 36.78 24352 238075.32 39.44 21459 227744.44 

Rajshahi 7405 29821.24 4.78 5870 29577.06 4.90 4667 25637.53 

Khulna 5595 21208.80 3.40 6444 22526.74 3.73 5011 14844.00 

Barisal 7548 83262.41 13.35 8018 83246.32 13.79 8079 78138.08 

Sylhet 12992 91574.17 14.68 8678 39866.05 6.60 3841 60382.51 

Total 76985 623688.56 100 71309 603608.77 100 58058 581801.24 


Table 1.3.26 Number of Serviceable Operative and Non-Operative DTWs Installed by BADC 

Name of 

Division 


Operative Non-Operative Operative Non-Operative Operative Non-Operative 

DTW DTW DTW DTW DTW DTW 

Dhaka 6139 3155 6618 3116 6812 2396 

Chittagong 2194 803 2246 799 2277 722 

Rajshahi 5728 1916 5763 1756 6217 2509 

Khulna 2399 735 2498 504 2446 948 

Barisal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sylhet 97 86 104 114 118 145 

Total 16557 6695 17229 6289 17870 6720 



Table 1.3.27 No. of Serviceable and Operative DTWs of BADC 

Name of 

Year 2000 Year 2001 

Division 

Total No. of 

Total No. of 

Operative DTW 

Serviceable DTW 

Serviceable DTW 

Operative DTW 

Dhaka 9208 6812 9734 6618 

Chittagong 2999 2277 3045 2246 

Rajshahi 8726 6217 7519 5763 

Khulna 3394 2446 3002 2498 

Barisal 0 0 0 0 

Sylhet 263 118 218 104 

Total 24590 17870 23518 17229 

Source: BADC (2002a) 

Table 1.3.28 Crop Wise Irrigated Areas by All Equipments (ha) 

Mode of 

Division 

Boro Wheat Other Crops Total 

2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 

Dhaka 988479.98 984272.40 30785.42 29282.71 39107.86 32576.81 1058373.26 1046131.92 

Chittagong 454793.33 462566.83 1357.00 1588.90 14160.68 7546.97 470311.01 471702.70 

Rajshahi 1184347.39 1176763.01 139997.32 132340.44 141180.62 145477.18 1465525.33 1454580.63 

Khulna 374364.64 34944278 41519.92 49541.93 53338.00 54698.20 469222.56 453682.91 

Barisal 96979.49 96748.92 1665.85 0.00 440.12 0.00 99085.46 96748.92 

Sylhet 284432.46 199440.75 810.00 2395.25 2007.24 41294.98 287249.70 243130.98 

Total 3383397.29 3269234.69 216135.51 215149.23 250234.52 281594.14 3849767.32 3765978.06 

Source: BADC (2002b) 

Table 1.3.29 Number of Species of Insects and Mites at Various Stages of Multiple Resistance 

Year 

Resistant 

Number of Classes of Insecticidesa that can be Resisted 

Species 1 2 3 4 5 

1938 7 7 0 0 0 0 

1948 14 13 1 0 0 0 

1955 25 4 18 3 0 0 

1969 224 155 42 23 4 0 

1976 364 221 70 44 22 7 

1980 428 245 95 53 25 10 

1984 447 234 119 54 23 17 

Source : Georghiou (1986) 

Note 

: a DDT, cyclodienes, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids


Table 1.3.30a Wild Bees Reported to Pollinate Crops in the Tropics and Subtropics 

Species Crop Country 2 Rating 3 

Megachiudae 

Anthidinm sp. Forage legumes Iran *** 

A. forentinum Lucerne USA ex Iran ** 

Chalicodoma spp Lucerne Egype *** 

C. flavipes Lucerne India, Egypt, Cyprus *** 

Lithurgus atratus Cotton India *** 

Megachile spp. Forage legumes Egypt *** 

M. femorata Lucerne India ** 

M. Flavipes Lucerne India **/* 

M. lanata Cajanus Inducus, India ** 

Sun temp, pigron pea 

M. nana Lucerne India *** 

M. Patellimana Lucerne, berseem Egypt *** 

M. Rotundata Lucerne Chile *** 

M. Submucidae Berseem Egypt *** 

O. submicans Peas, brassica, berseem Egypt *** 

Anthophorlade 

Braunsapis sp. Lucerne India * 

Ceratina binghami Lucerne, legumes cucurbits India */**/*** 

Melissodes sp. Cotton W. Hemisphere *** 

Xylocopa fenestrata Luffa aegyptiaca India * 

Solanum melongena * 

Crotalaria juncea ** 

Cucurbita pepo *** 

X. mordax Yellow passion fruit St. Vincent *** 

X. pubescens Luffa aegyptiaca India * 

Solanum melongena * 

Crotalaria juncea ** 

X. sonorina Passion fruit Hawaii *** 

Apidae 

Melipona spp. Litchi Chinensis Vanilla spp. India *** 

M. guadrifasciata Coffee Brazil * 

Trigona spp. Phaseolus Vulgaris India * 

[Contd.]


Table 1.3.30a 

Species Crop Country 2 Rating 3 

Trigona spp. Papaya Venezuela * 

Passion fruit Brazil * 

Mango, litchi, spondias India ** 

T. jaty Cacao W. Africa * 

T. ruficrus Cucurbita pepo Brazil *** 

Halictidae 

Halictus sp. Iucerne Egypt ** 

Nomia Unidentata Berseem, Lucerne Egypt ** 

Adrenidae 

Adrena ilerda Toria, sarson,raya, taramira India *** 

A. legena Brassica spp., Eruca sativa India *** 

Melittidae 

Melitta leporina Lucerne Asia *** 

Source : Crane and Walker (1983) 1 

Note : 1: References of all cases listed are given in Crane and Walker, 1983 

2: Only tropical and subtropical developing countries are listed. References of pollination in substropical areas of USA and Japan in Crane and Walker (1983) 

3: Rating : * : very important 

** : important 

*** : of unknown or lesser importance 

Table 1.3.30b Some Examples of Pesticide Poisoning of Bees in Field Situations (agricultural pesticide use) 

Country Pesticide Crop Effect Source 

Jamaica Malathion (2 kg ai/ha) Sugar Ist day high mortality in the field and Metcalfe, 

(single application) cane around hive. In long term no effect found 1967 

in 23 out of 24 colonies. More effects 

expected from repeated observations. 

Aldicarb (3 kg asi/ha) Alfalfa Reduction of reproduction of Megachile Johansen, 

(granules in soi)l rotundata (Systemic pesticide) 1979 

Dimethoate (10 kg ai/ha) Alfalfa Mortality in M. Rotundata (Systemic Johansen, 

(granules in soil) pesticide: nectar contamination) 1979 

India Endosulfan (0.1%) Brassica Caged bees sprayed when crop was Kapil and 

Menazon (0.05%) Campestris partly blooming. Mortality was 10-15 x Lamba, 

(no amounts given) higher is sprayed parts of the field than 1974 

in control. Endosulfan remained toxic longer 

than menazon. After 7 days no differences 

were found a nymore between control 

and treatments. 

[Contd.]


Table 1.3.30b 

Country Pesticide Crop Effect Source 

Pakistan Phosphamidon (0.56 kg/ha) Mustard All pesticides sprayed during the in Crane 

Endosulfan (1.68 kg/ha; 35% EC) evening. Mortality assessed in hives and Walker, 

Formotlian (2.24 kg/ha; 25% EC) of apis cerana from fields. Safest 1983 

Azinphos-methyl (224 kg/ha; 20% EC) 

Ethion (1.68 kg/ha; 46.7% EC) 

was chlordimeform. Highest mortality 

was caused by phosphamidon 

Chlordimeform (1.12/1.40 kg/ha; and Endosulfan. 

50% EC) 

(All doses probably of formulation) 

Senegal Diazinon (240 g ai/ha) anti Honey bees severely affected in Fredrickson 

Fenitrothion (240 g ai/ha) -locusts some areas (no quantification) et. al., 1986 

(aerial applic.) 

Source: Crane and Walker (1983) 

Table 1.3.30c Bee Poisoning Hazard of Some Insecticides Commonly Used in East Africa 

Field Use 

Insecticide 

Laboratory 

Toxicity 

Formulation Toxicity Residual Toxicity Use Class 

Aldicarb High gran. low nil IV 

Aldrin High dust, w.p., e.c. v. high I 

Amidithion High low 3 h III 

Azinphos-methyl High w.p., e.c. v.high 2-4 days I 

BHC High dust, w.p., e.c. v. high 2 days I 

Binapacryl Low w.p., e.c. low < 2 h IV 

Camphechlor Low w.p., e.c. low 2 days I 

Carbophenothion Moderate dust high >1 day I 

e.c., w.p. high < 5 h III 

Chlordane High dust, e.g., w.p. high 2-3 days I 

Chlordimeftorm Low e.c., w.p., dust v. low < 3 h IV 

DDT Moderate dust. moderate 2-3 days I-III 

w.p. moderate >1 day III 

Demeton Moderate e.c. moderate < 3 h III 

Demeton-methy High e.c., moderate nil III 

Diazinon High dust, w.p., e.c. v. high 1 day I 

[Contd.]


Table 1.3.30c 

Field Use 

Insecticide 

Laboratory 

Toxicity 


Dichlorvos High e.c v. high >1 day I 

Dicrotophos High e.c v. high 1 day I 

Dieldrin High gran. moderate 3h I 

gran. low < 2 h IV 

Fenthion High w.p., e.c., v. high 2-3 days I 

gran. low < 3 h III 

Heptachlo High e.c., v. high I 

gran moderate < 2 h III 

Malathion High w.p., u.i.v., dust, v. high 1-7 days I 

e.c. moderate > 2 h II 

Menazon Low w.c., e.c. moderate < 2 h III 

Methomyl High w.p., v. high 1 day I 

Methoxichlor Low w.p., e.c., dust moderate 1 day I 

Omethoate High e.c. v. high >1 day I 

Parathion High e.c., w.p., dust. high >1 day I 

gran. low low nil IV 

Parathion-methyl High e.c., w.p., dust high >10 h I 

Phorate Moderate e.c., v. high 5 h II 

gran. moderate


Table 1.3.30c 

Insecticide 

Field Use 

Laboratory 


Toxicity 

Pyrethrins Low low 3 h IV 

Schradan low 1 day III 

Temphos High e.c. low 3 h III 

Tetrachlorvinphos High e.c., w.p., dust low 3 h III 

Trichlorphon Low w.p., low-high 2-5 h III 

dust high > 3 h I 

Source : Chandler (1976) 

Note : 

Use Class Residual toxicity Appliation time 

I Moderate to high at 10 hours or longer Cannot be applied safely to blooming crops at any time 

II low to moderate at 10 hours can be applied in late evening after foraging 

III low to moderate at 3 hours can be applied whenever bees are not foraging 

IV none to low at application can be applied any time with a minimum of injury to bees 

Table 1.3.31 Examples of Pesticide Induced Effects on Natural Enemies of Pests in (sub) Tropical Crops 

Country Pesticide Dose (kg ai/ha) 

Pest to be 

controlled 

Effects 

Source 

Cotton 

Sudan DDT + dimethoate 1.1 + 0.45 Heliothis The use of these insecticides is Evelecus 

armigera mentioned to have resulted in the (1983) 

Endosulfan 10 + 0.45 (American 

increased pest status of whitefly nittrich 

+dimethoate 

bollworm) 

Quinalphos 0.6 

Monocrotophos ? (Bomisia tabaci). Reduction of natural et al. 

Dimethoate + ? enemies is one (among several other) (1986). 

deltamethrin 

causes. 

USA Fenvalerate 0.056/0.11 Heliothis spp After 2 or 3 sprays, elimination of Roach and 

Toxaphene+methy 2.24 + 1.12 predator species (groups assessed: Hopkins, 

1 parathion Coccinellidae, spiders, Geocoris spp., 1981 

AC-222,705 0.056 Jalysus spinosus, green and brown 

(pyrethroid) 

Iacewing, Orius insidiosus, nabida, 

Monocrotophos 0.56 carabids, anta). 

India Deltamethrin 10 g ai/ha Pectinophora After treatmentboth reduction and Singh and 

Carbary 1 gossypiella increase of different predator/parasite Sidhu, 

Carbary 1 1.25 (pink bollworm) groups observed. Most non-target pest 1985 

species reduced. Spider mites 

(Tetranychus cinnabarinus increased 

2x in deltamethrin and 5x in carbary 

1 treated plots.) 

 

Rice 

Japan Gamma-BMC 1.8 (granules) Nephotettix- In BHC-treated plots the ratio of prey Kiritani 

cincticeps (leafhopper) to predator (spiders: (1976) 

BPMC 1.5 (granules) (rice leafhopper) oedothorax insectleeps) changed in 

favour of the prey. 

[Contd.]


Table 1.3.31 

Country Pesticide Dose (kg ai/ha) 

 

Pest to be 

controlled 

Rice 

Effects 

Source 

BPMC 0.6 - 0.8 leaf- and plan No effect on total spider abundance, Kiritani 

(dust) hoppers but the most effective predator species (1976) 

(Lycosa pseudoannulata) markedly 

reduced for 2 months. 

 

Kenya 

Phosphamidon 

? 

Maliarpha Insecticidal sprays of ricefields killed Service 

separatella both the malaria vector (Anopheles (1977) 

(rice stem borer) gambiae) and its predators. The 

former reestablished themselves very 

quickly, but recolonisation by the 

predators was slower. This probably 

accounted for the reduction in preadult 

mortality (84%) found in the mosquito 

population after spraying. 

Japan 

Paraquat 0.24 (2 M.B.F.)* Weeds All herbicide plots yielded more plant Ishihashi 

Thiohencarb + 2.8 + 0.6 -parasitic nematodes from the soil than et al. 

simetryne (3 WA.F.)* did the hand-weeded controls. (1983) 

Chlormethoxynil 2.8 (A.F.)* Predacious nematodes were 

*MBF: month before 

drastically reduced in thio./sym. and 

flooding 

chlor. Plots. (Damage relations were 

WAF: week after 

not investigated nor were predator 

flooding 

-prey interactions.) 

AF : at flooding 

Cotton 

Carbofuran 1.0 Orseolia oryzae Insecticidal treatment had very little Sample 

India Phorate (All granules, (rice gall mide) effect on parasite (Platygaster oryzae). et al. 

Isofenphos applied 30 days Ethoprophos gave highest yields; (1983) 

Isoprocarh after however bothfrom the point of view of 

transplanting) 

productivity and conservation of 

DPMC 

natural enomies, isofenphos was 

Ethoprophos 

thought to be best. Root dips showed 

Disulfoton 

no differences. 

Quinalphos 

USA 

Carbosulfan 

(All seedlings were root dipped in chlorpyrifos or isofenphos (0.02% ai) before transplating.) 

Sugarcane 

Mirex 0.02 (granules) Solenopsis invicta Insecticide was used to kill red Rengan 

(red imported imported fire ant (no pest of et al. 

fire ant) sugarcane). It caused a more than (1972) 

50% increase in sugarcane borer 

(Diatraean saccharalis) and 69% 

increase inc rop damage. Significant 

reduction of anti, carabid- and 

staphilinid predators thought to 

be the cause. 

Cowpea 

Nigeria DDT 1 kg ai/ha not specified Marked reudction of activity of spiders TITA, 

Weekly for 10 weeks/ (Lycosidae) in treated plots during part (1975) 

season (3 seasons) 

of the season. 

Source : Valk and Koeman (1988)


Table 1.3.32 Some Reported Side-effects of Agricultural Pesticides on Birds and Mammals in (Sub) Tropical Climates 

Country 

Pesticide 1 (g ai/ha) 

Cropping 

System 

Effects 

Source 

Chad Endrin/DDT 300/ Cotton Direct mortality of several species of birds attributed to sprays Everaarts 

900 (30x) of endrin and seed dressings of dieldrin (based on residue et. al., 1971 

DDT Endosulfan/ 

analysis). No important insecticide accumulation found in fish 

700/500/250 eating birds. 

M-parathion 

Egypt Not specified Cotton Reduction of populations of several species of birds of prey, Mullie and 

e.g. black kite (Milvus migrans), black shouldered hawk Meininger, 

(Elanus caeruleus) and other birds, e.g. cattle egret (Bubulcus 1985 

ibis) and hooded crow (Corvus corone), correlated with 

intensive cotton growing. 

Zinc phosphide Not specified Assumed secondary poisoning of foxes (Vulpes spp.) Idem 

USA Parathion, EPN Cotton Reduction of productivity up to 50% of a colony of laughting White 

(Texas) gulls (Larus atricilla). Reduction of AChE to 98% Detected in et. al. 1983 

dead birds. Gulls appeared to be attracted to cotton fields at 

spraying, which resulted in some acute mortality and 

contaminated food being brought into the colony. 

Israel Thallium sulfate 15 Mainly grains, After introduction of TS as a rodenticide against mice and voles, Mendelssoin, 

grains - 2% alfalfa, clover widespread mortality occurred in granivorous bids and raptors. 1972 

High amounts of TS found in livers of dead birds. Some species 

of raptors almost completely disappeared. After discontinuation 

of TS-use a slight improvement of population of some birds of 

prey was observed. 

Zimbabwe Organochlorines Not specified Residues of DDE in eggs of a range of birds were higher Tannock 

in urban and agricultural regions compared to relatively et. al., 1983 

virginal areas. In some raptors residue levels approached 

those that can hamper reproduction. 

Guam DDT Not specified Decline of bird population is general and insectivorous Jenkins, 

birds in particular. DDE residues in upper layers of guano 1983 

deposits contained more DDE residues (0-10 ppm) than 

from lower layers. 

Senegal Carbofuran 400-500 Rice (paddy) Low bird densities, especially Charadriidae, in fields that Verway 

(gramules) were treated with pesticides compared to untreated fields. et. al., 1986 

2,4-D 

Birds ingesting carbofuran granules died on the spot 

1200 

Proporall 2000 

USA Carbofuran Rice 106 Birds (11 species) found dead in and around 42 ha Flickinger 

(Texas) 40% (flowable) (unflooded) rice field. Residues in dead birds of carbofuran (average et. al., 1986 

(illegal seed 3.4 ppm in GI-tracts). AChE inhibition of more than 50% 

treatment) (1x) 

in 31% of animals; between 20-50% in 13% of animals. 

Although malathion was also used in the field, mortality 

was related to carbofuran (MIS) use. 

USA Carbofuram 560 (1x) Rice (flooded) Some mortality of birds the day after application. Four Flickinger 

(Texas) Aerial application; sandpipers had 1-8 granules carbofuran in their et al., 1980 

Granules 

stomachs. his was probably enough to have killed them. 

USA Aldrin 280 Rice (flooded) 54 and 60 dead/dying snow geese (Chen c. Flickinger 

(Texas) (seed dressing) caerulescens) found in and around rice field in two et. al., 1979 

seasons. Dieldrin residues in braine averaged 8.2 ppm in 

moribund and 14.1 ppm in dead geese (lethal concentrations). 

[Contd.]


Table 1.3.32 

Country 

Pesticide 1 (g at/ha) 

Cropping 

System 

Effects 

Source 

Australia Dieldrin 1.1 kg/ha Pasture Pre-sowing soil treatment. After treatments, persistent residues Gilbert and 

(1x ) Heptachlor were found in soil and pasture and grazing stock, although Lewis, 1982 

1.1 kg/ha (1x) residues declined over the trial period (3 years). Stock residues 

(not specified in a.i. 

in many cases exceeded the 0.15 and 0.20 ppm maximum 

or formulation) 

residue limits for the fat of milk and meat. Similar residues 

were found in additional cattle introduced after 15 months. 

Source: Valk and Koeman (1988) 

Note 1 : All doses expressed as unless stated otherwise; if no dose-rate is given, it was not specified in the article 

Table 1.3.33 Side-effects of Pesticides in Vector Control: Terrestrial Invertebrates 

Country Pesticide Dose 1 Appli 

cation 2 

Reported effects 

Source 

Tsetse Control 

Cameroon Dieldrin 750-900 g/ha H Estimated 10% reduction of overground invertebrates Muller 

(fallout on sheets on the ground). Reduction of et. al. 1981 

solidwelling arthropods after sprays (pitfalls), but almost 

complete restoration during subsequtn dry season. 

Possibly large part of lepidoptera wiped out and not 

returned a year later. (NB: no control area investigated). 

Nigerai Dieldrin 900 g/ha H Spiders, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera found dead in Koeman 

large numbers after spraying. et. al. 1978 

Dieldrin 800 g/ha H Insectgs and spiders found dead after spraying. Marked 

mortality amount ants (Hymenoptera). 

Endomulfan 800 g/ha H Insects and spiders founddead after spraying. Marked 

mortality among ants, other Hymenopters, Coleoptera, 

Diptera. Residual effect lasts approximately 5 days 

Ivory Endosulfan 267 g/ha (5x) H Knockdown of many insects after spraying (funnel traps); Everts 

Coast especially ants, other Hymenoptera, Diptera. Flying et. al. 1983 

insects reduced (Malaise traps). Recovery after each 

application. No apparent long term effect on entomofauna. 

10/267 (5x) H No effect observed on indoor resting anophellnemalaria 

mosquitos. Reduction of culicine mosquitos which was 

pemanent during spray period. No clear effect on dusk 

bitting captures of both groups, nor on species 

composition and number in ovitraps. 

(NB: no control area investigated). 

Ivory Cypermethrin 71-143 g/ha G Marked effects on arthropnd fauna, observed, Everts 

Coast Deltamethrin 112 g/ha cypermethrin: reduction of Araneae, Ephydridae, et. al. 1985 

Permethrin 121 g/ha Prototrupoidae, increase in Homoptera, Stratiomyidae, 

(all 1x) 

permethrii reduction in Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, 

Ephydridae, Chloropidae, Muscidae, Ichneumonoidae, 

Chalcidoidae, Proctotrupoidae, deltamethrin: reduction in 

Orthoptera, Muscidae, Proctotrupoidae. Increase in 

Nematocera. (Pitfall traps, Malaise traps). All affected 

taxa but one (a proctotrupoid genus) showed recovery 

within 2 months. 

[Contd.]


Table 1.3.33 


cation 2 



Source 

Nigeria Permethrin 300 g/ha H Insect abundance significantly reduced for at least 10 Smies 

Cypermethin 100 g/ha days after spraying (Malaise laps) for permethrin and et. al. 1980 

Deltamethrin 40 g/ha deltamethrin but not for cypermethrin and control. 

Zambia Endosulfan 28/56 g/ha FW No large effects observed on terrestrial arthropods Magadza, 

(pitfalls, fallout sheets, markrecapture technique). 1978 

Zimbabwe Endosulfan 14 g/ha FW No observed effects on terrestrial arthropods (light traps, Cock-bill, 

fallout trays). 1979 

Ivory Cyfluthrin 12 g/ha G Reduction of several arthropod taxa, but not always Buijsen 

Coast Fenfluthrin 12 g/ha distinguishable from natural (control) fluctuations. et. al. 1986 

Hymenoptera (esp. Apoidae) seemed to be most 

affected. Residual effect lasted 18 days. 

Ivory Dieldrin 3-4 kg/ha G Forest environment: Reduction after application in Everts and 

Coast Diptera, Formicidae, Coleoptera, Arachnidae, Psocoptera, Koeman, 

Orthoptera. Increase of Homoptera. No recovery in 5 1982 

months. Savanna environment: Reduction in Formiciade, 

Orthoptera (Acridoidae, Blattoidae). No recovery in 5 

months. (Pitfall traps, malaise traps). 

Burkina Deltamethrin 0.19/0.36/ H Endosulfan/azamethiphos did not cause any noticeable Takken 

Faso Azamethipos 12.5 g/ha effect on non-target insects. Fenthion (2.6) caused et. al. 1978 

Fenthion 3.3 g/ha moderate mortality (mainly Hymenoptera). 

Endosulfan 1.3/2.6 g/ha All applications of permethrin and deltamethrin caused 

Permethrin 9 g/ha mortality in a number of taxa (mainly Hymenoptera, 

1.9/4.3 g/ha Diptera, Hemiptera) (funnel traps, fallout sheets). Ants 

(Formicidae) were very vulnerable. 

(no control area investigated) 

Niger Endosulfan 900 g/ha H Highest mortality firest 2 days after application, but Dortland 

residual effect for 16 days (funnel traps). et. al. 1978 

Taxa showing highest fallout were Coleoptera, 

Hemiptera, Diptera and Formiciade. (no control area 

investigated). 

Source : Valk and Koeman (1988) 

Note : 1: All doses as active ingredient 2: FW: fixed wing aircraft application, H: helicopter application, G: ground application 3: Effects on bees in separate table 

Table 1.3.34 Some Examples of Pesticide Poisoning of Bees in Vector Control 

Country Pesticide Vector Effects Source 

Ivory Cyfluthrin (OMS 2013)12 tsetse flies Reduction of Apoidae caught in Malaise traps. Buijsen et. al., 1986 

Coast g ai/ha Fenfluthrin (OMS 2012) Recovery of catches occurred after one week 

12 g ai/ha (ground sprays) 

Somalia Endosulfan 10-41 g ai/ha (5x) tsetse flies 1983: hyperactivity, hive desertion and Douthwaite, 1985 

(Aerosol drift sprays by air) 

mortality (approx. five fold compared to 

control) 

1984: hyperactivity, hive desertion, no mortality. 

future spraying recommended to stop at dawn 

and dose rates not to exceed 18 g ai/ha 

Zimbabwe Endosulfan ULV 14 g ai/ha tsetse flies No effects observed on colonies of wild Cock-bill, 1979 

(FW aircraft, 6 applications) 

Mopane bees (Trigona spp.). A total of 

115 nests were expected in control and 

treated areas. 

Source: Valk and Koeman (1988)


Table 1.3.35 Side-effects of Pesticides in Vector Control: Aquatic Vertebrates 


cation 2 Tsetse Control 


Source 

Somalia Endosulfan 10-41 g/ha FW Kills of young small fish in still, shallow water; probably Doutlwaite 

(5x) negligible compared to observed large kills due to heat/ 1985 

asphyxiation. 

Cameroon Dieldrin 750-900 g/ha H Abundance of the two fishes most common in the Muller et. al. 

(1x) investigated brook (Aphyosemion bualanum, Clarias 1981 

walker; both consumed by man), did not show any 

changes after spraying nor one year later. 

Rotswana Endosulfan 6-12 g/ha (6x) FW Some fish killed in open shallow pools; none among Fox et. al. 

grass swamp. Estimated 1% of population killed after 1982 

each spraying. 

Several fish showed brain damage and liver lesions Matthiessen 

immediately after onset of spraying. Recovery after and Roberts, 

stopping of sprays (NB: no controls). 1982 

Endosulfan residues in living fish low: 0.19 mg/kg w.w. Matthiessen 

(muscle) or (generally) 0.8 mg/kg w.w. (viscera). Values et. al. 1982 

returned to normal within 3 months after cessation of 

spraying. Killed fish were all small and had low lipid content. 

Nigeria Endosulfan 800-1000 g/ha H Mass mortality of fish occurred in river. After some days Koeman 

(1x) no live fish were seen anymore. After 1.5 months only et. al. 1978 

very few juvenile fish were collected. One year later fair 

numbers were again caught by local fishermen. 

Ivory Coast Endosulfan 267 g/ha (1x) H All fish in treated pool died. Everts et al. 

1983 

Nigeria Permethrin 500 g/km (1x) G Fish killed in pool of standing water (accident possibly). Smies et. al. 

No effects observed from cypermathrin (G: 440 g/km and 1981 

H:60-150 g/ha), deltamethrin (G:71.4 g/km and H:20-40 

g/ha) and permethrin (H:200-300 g/ha) 

Zimbabwe Endosulfan 14 g/ha FW Dead fish found floating in pool or river 1-3 days after Cock-hill, 

application (5 species, 41 individuals). All smaller than 1979 

110 mm. 

Ivory Dieldrin 3-4 kg/ha G Considerable contamination of river water. Many dead Everts and 

Coast fish, most of them small. Koeman, 

1982- 

Niger Endosulfan 900 g/ha (1x) H Massive fish kills. Continued for four days. Total of 48 Dortland 

species were recorded among the victims Approx. et. al., 1978 

5500 individuals. Even large fish were killed. After 

23 days local fishermen caught very few species and 

numbers. Residues in fish relatively low (0.02-1.45 ug/g 

muscle; 0.99-37.3 ug/g liver), but higher than from 

untreated areas. 

Burkina Endosulfan 9.0 g/ha H No adverse effects on fish were seen in any of the Takken 

Faso Permethrin 1.9/4.3 g/ha treated areas. et. al. 1978 

0.19/0.36/ 

Deltamethrin 12.5 g/ha 

1.3/2.6 g/ha 

Fenthion 3.3 g/ha 

Azamethiphosa 

Burkina Permethrin 2.5(1x)/2.5 H Mortality of fish occurred after the two highest doses of Everts et.al. 

Faso (5x)/ 50 (1x) endosulfan. Some species extinct after 2nd spray round. 1978 

g/ha ) 0.2(1x) One year later small fish present again. Baldry et. al. 

Deltamethrin 12.5(2x) g/ha 1981 

5-10 g/ha(4x)/ 

Endosulfan 100/200 g/ha 

(2x) 

Nigeria Dieldrin 0.68/1.8 G Mortality in fish and amphibians relatively low. Koeman 

kg/ha(1x) Residues of dieldrin in these groups (up until 1 month et. al. 1971 

after spraying) were considerably elevated (0.1-5.4 ppm 

w.w. total body and 0.14-15 ppm w.w. in liver and/or fat). 

[contd.]


Table 1.3.35 

Country Pesticide Dose 1 Appli- 

cation 2 


Source 

Simulium Control 

Ghana Temephos max. 0.5 'by air' No fish kills observed that could be attributed to Abhan and 

ppm/10min temephos. However increased activity possibly caused Sammin, 

more fish to be caught in fishing nets. During dry season, 1982 

regular treatment may expose fish for longer periods 

than expected. 

Togo Permethrin 248-530 g/ha H 30 minutes after spraying, disorientation and Douben 

Cypermethrin (1x) hyperactivity among fish. After 24 hours no live specimens et. al. 1985 

72-198 g/ha were found anymore. Tadpoles died after 30 minutes. 

(1x) 

Live fish observed 2 days after permethrin and 3 days 

after cypermethrin treatment. 

Ivory GH 74 R* 02 ppm/ G (*: OMS1358: 1,1-bis-(para-oethoxyphenyl)-2 nitro Troubat 

Coast 10 min propane). Immediate effect on fish and amphibians et. al. 

resulted in mortality of even fairly resistant species like Lardeux, 

Clarias sp. and Chrysichtus sp. 1982 

Volta Temephos 0.05-0.10ppm G/H Fish are generally little or not affected. Appears to WHO, 

River Bacillus /10min 1.6 ppm /FW be no long term effect 1985 b 

Basin Thuringtensis /10min (weekly 

(West Africa) H-14 

applic.) 


Note : 1. All doses as Active Ingredient 

2. FW: Fixed wing aircraft application / H: Helicopter application / G: ground application 

Table 1.3.36 Side-effects of Pesticides in Vector Control: Aquatic Invertebrates 

Country Pesticide Dose 1 Appli- 

cation 2 



Source 

Botswana Endosulfan 6-12 g/ha FM (study during 3 dry seasons. No changes in zooplankton Russel-Smith 

(4-6x per 

(numbers of composition) and invertebrates in periphyton and Ruckert, 

season) (numbers) in lagoon, that were attributable to spraying. 1981 

Nigeria Permathrin 500 g/km (G); 200-300 One day after spraying many dead invertebrates found. Smies et. al. 

Cypermethrin 440 g/km (G); g/ha (H) Prominent groups affected were water beetles, and 1980 

Deltamethrin 71 g/km (G); 60-150 crustaceans (Caridina africana). No apparent differences 

g/ha (H) between compounds and applic. methods. Ephemeroptera, 

20-40 Zygoptera and Corixidae were affected during an 

g/ha (unspecified) postspray period. At least Ephemeroptera 

and Caridina recovered to some extent the year after. 

Burkina Endosulfan 9 g/ha H Deltamethrin (0.19) caused paralysation of fresh water Takken et. al. 

Faso Permethrin 1.9/4.3 g/ha shrimp Macrobrachium raridens while with the highest 1978 

Deltamethrin 0.19/0.36/ dose (12.5) all shrimp in the area were killed (up until 

Fenthion 12.5 g/ha 50 specimen/meter river bank). Also Caridina africana 

Azamethiphos 1.3/2.6 g/ha population reduced. Permethrin (4.3) caused 70% 

3.3 g/ha reduction of shrimp catches. Both compounds resulted 

in mortality in skaters (Gerridae) and back swimmers) 

(Notonectidae). Skaters reappeared after 10 days 

postspray. 

Burkina Permethrin 2.5 (5x)50 Deltamethrin at 12.5 g/ha practically eliminated shrimp Everts et. al., 

Faso Deltamethrin g/ha population (C. africana, M. raridens). After repeated 1978 

Endowsulfan 0.2/12.5 (2x) permethrin applications M. raridens was not found Baldry et. al. 

g/ha anymore. Highest endosulfan rates caused paralysation 1981 

3.85-10 g/ha of shrimp. C. africana had repopulated affected areas 

100-200 g/ha one year later. 

Niger Endosulfan 900 g/ha H No effect observed on benthic fauna. Surface dwelling Dortland 

skaters (gerridae) were killed in substantial numbers et. al. 1978 

[contd.]


Table 1.3.36 


cation 2 Simulium Control 


Source 

Ivory Temephos 0.05-0.1 ppm/ H/FW Short term: massive detachment invertebrate fauna Elouard, 

Coast 10min Long term: disappearance/rarification of some species 1984a 

(Stimulium adersi) some Ephemeroptera proliferation of 

S. schoutedent, Chironomidae. No effect 

Hydropsychidae (predator of Simulium). 43% 

overall reduction quantity of aquatic invertebrates. 

Ivory GH 74* 0.2 ppm/ G (*=OMS 1358= 1, 1-bis-(para-ethoxyphenyl)-2 nitro Troubat et. al. 

Coast 10min propane). Very rapid and catastrophic increase in drift Lardeux, 

of all taxa. Mortality of drifting animals close to 95%. 1982 

Ghana Temephos 0.05-0.1 'by air' Increased drift of aquatic invertebrates first hour after Sammon 

ppm/10min spraying. Afterwards normal drift cycles. No sign. and Pugh 

Reduction in normally drifting populations 

Thamas, 

(Cladocera, Copepoda, Chaoborida). 1979 

(NB: very short observation period: 48 hours.) 


Note 

_ Temephos Review article. 

Generally temephos at field rates induced detachment Opong 

of invertebrates from their substrates. Some groups -Mensah 

affected more (Ephemeroptera; Simulium sp.;). Others 1984 

increased (spceically Chironomidae). 

Japan Temphos 5 ppm/30min G Both insecticides killed the majority of the zoobenthos Yasuno 

Chlorphoxim 2 ppm/3 hours and resulted in a bloom of epilithic algae. The et. al. 1985 

chironomid populations recovered quickly but the 

trichopteran larvae slowly. (outdoor model stream study). 

Ivory Temephos 0.05-0.1 Alternate use of the 3 insecticides (but mainly temephos Elouard and 

coast Chlorphoxim ppm/10min ? and chlorphoxim) during 3 years, showed no difference Gibon, 1984 

Baillus (probably with the single applications. No effect on population 

Thuringieneis idem)1.6 ppm/ 

densities as a whole. 

10 min Change in structure: Ephemeroptera (Baetidae) 

H-14 H/FW decreased (esp. with chlorphoxim). Chironomidae 

increased whatever insecticide is used. 

Togo Temephos 0.05ppm/ H/G Detachment of benthic fauna in gutters positioned in the Yameogo 

Azamethiphos 10min river was 32-38% (azamethifos), 31% (temephos) and et. al. 1984 

0.17-0.2ppm/ 

17% (control). Surber samples showed 42% detachment 

10min 

of fauna in situ azamethifos) Population structure was 

unaffected. Bulk of drift were Simultidae, Chironomidae, 

Ephemeroptera. (Short term experiment: 48 hours). 

Togo Permathrin 0.015 ppm/ H Detachment of benthic fauna 59-77%. Ephemeroptera Paugy 

10min (94-98% detachment) and Simuliidae (89-100% det.) et. al. 1984 

were affected most. Chironomidae fairly insensitive 

(6-29% det.) (all gutter experiments). In situ same 

pattern (surber samples). 

Concluded that short term effect of permethrin on nontarget 

aquatic fauna is far more drastic than temephos. 

: 1: All doses as active ingredient 

2: FW: fixed wing aircraft application, H: helicopter application, G: ground application.

Chapter 2 

Forestry 

2.1 Basic Statistics 55 

2.2 Forest Product 61 

2.3 Bio-diversity 61

Forestry 55 

2.1 Basic Statistics 

Table 2.1.1 Forest Types of Bangladesh and their Areas 

Forest Types 

Forests Managed by Forest Forest Managed by 

Department (Mha) 

Others (Mha) 

Hill Forests 

a. Reserved and Protected Forests 0.67 

b. Unclasped State Forests 

Plain Land Forests 

a. Sal Forests 0.12 

b. Village Forests 0.27 

Littoral Forests 

a. Sunderbans 0.57 

b. Coastal Afforestation 0.132 

Social Forestry Plantation 0.04 

Tea and Rubber Plantation 

Total 1.532 1.07 

Source : FMP (1993) 

Note : Mha. Million Hectares 

Table 2.1.2 Countries Having No Forests 

Sl Name of Country Sl Name of Country 

1 Holy see (Vatican City) 25 Svalbard 

2 Bouvet Island 26 Antarctica 

3 Heard Island, McDonald Island 27 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 

4 French Southern and Antarctic Lands 28 Cook Islands 

5 Sao Tome and Principe 29 Netherlands Antilles 

6 Cape Verde 30 Anguilla 

7 Jersey 31 Bermuda 

8 Tokelau 32 Faroe Islands 

9 Wallis and Futuna 33 Jan Mayen 

10 Northern Mariana Islands 34 Greenland 

11 Wake Island 35 Western Sahara 

12 Baker Island 36 Lesotho 

13 Tuvalu 37 Libya 

14 Marshall Islands 38 Egypt 

15 Nauru 39 Djibouti 

16 Norfolk Island 40 Gibraltar 

17 Cocos (Keeling Island) 41 Monaco 

18 Paracel Island 42 San Marion 

19 Johnston Atoll 43 United Arab Emirates 

20 Midway Islands 44 Oman 

21 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 45 Qatar 

22 Aruba 46 Iraq 

23 Turks and Caicos Islands 47 Kuwait 

24 Bahrain 

Source : Amiglobe (2002)


Table 2.1.3 Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs) of Bangladesh 

ECAs District(s) Total Area (ha) 

Sunderbans Bagherhat, Khulna, Sathkhira 7,62,034 

Cox's Bazar-Teknaf Sea Beach Cox's Bazar 10,465 

St. Martins Island Cox's Bazar 590 

Sonadia Island Cox's Bazar 4,916 

Hakaluki Haor Maulavibazar 18,383 

Tanguar Haor Sunamganj 9,727 

Marjhat Baor Jhinaidha 200 

Gulshan-Baridhara Lake Dhaka _ 

Source : Khan (2001) 

Table 2.1.4 Summary of Protected Areas of Bangladesh 

National Designation 

Habitat 

IUCN 

Management 

Category 

Area in 

Hectares 

Year Notified 

National Parks 

1 Bhawal Deciduous forest V 5,022 1982 

2 Himchari Mixed evergreen forest Unassigned 1,729 1980 

3 Madhupur Deciduous forest V 8,436 1982 

4 Ramsagar Lake and Sal forest Unassigned 52 1974 

5 Lawachara Mixed evergreen forest Unassigned 1250 1996 

Wildlife Sanctuaries 

6 Char Kukri-Mukri Char land & Mangrove forest IV 40 1981 

7 Chunati Mixed evergreen forest IV 7,764 1986 

8 Pablakhali High hill mixed forest IV 42,087 1983 

9 Rema-Kalenga Mixed evergreen forest IV 1,095 1981 

10 Sunderbans East Mangrove forest IV 5,439 1977 

11 Sunderbans South Mangrove forest IV 17,878 1977 

12 Sunderbans West Mangrove forest IV 9,069 1977 

Game Reserves 

13 Teknaf High hill mixed VIII 11,615 1983 

Proposed 

14 Hail Haor Wildlife Forest water Wetland Proposed 1,427 

Sanctuary 

15 Hazarikhil Wildlife Mixed evergreen forest Proposed 2,903 

Sanctuary 

16 Rampahar-Sitapahar High hill mixed Proposed 3,026 

Wildlife Sanctuary 

Source: Green (1990)

Forestry 57 

Table 2.1.5 The 15 Notified Protected Areas of Bangladesh and their Present Conditions 

No. Name and status Area (Ha) IUCN category Region of Bangladesh 

1. Sunderbans East WS* 31,226 IV Southwest 

2. Sunderbans South WS* 36,970 IV Southwest 

3. Sunderbans West WS* 71,502 IV Southwest 

4. Char Kukri Mukri WS 40 V Southwest 

5. Ramsagar NP 52 IV Northwest 

6. Bhawal NP 5,022 V Central 

7. Modhupur NP 8,436 V Central 

8. Rema-Kalenga WS 1,795 V Northeast 

9. Lawachara NP 1,250 V Northeast 

10. Pablakhali WS 42,087 V Southeast 

11. Chunati WS 7,761 V Southeast 

12. Himchari NP 1,729 V Southeast 

13. Teknaf GR 11,615 VI Southeast 

14. Rampagar-Sitapahar WS 3,026 IV Southeast 

15. Hazarikhil WS 2,903 IV Southeast 

16. Nijhum Dweep WS 16,325 ? Southeastern part of Noakhali 

Source : Kabir and Muzaffar (2002) 

Note : * Also designed a World Heritage Site and a Ramsar site. 

WS-Wildlife Sanctuary 

NP-National Park 

GR-Game Reserve 

Table 2.1.6 Declared or Proposed Protected Areas 

Eco - Name Legal Status Major constraints/ Threats Management Status 

System 

North West 

Urban Ramsar Gazetted Forest Problem of urban recreational day tourism Under Forest Department 

water body National Park Reserve 1974 divisional office 

Sal Forest Madhupur Gazetted 1982 Habitat destruction, loss of bio-diversity, Under Forest Department 

National Park 

introduction of exotic species, hunting, 

cutting, encroachment by agriculture, erosion 

North East 

Wetland Hail Haor Wild Proposed Siltation, conservation to agriculture, hunting Under Forest Department, 

life Sanctuary Sanctuary of waterfowl in winter, structural intervention local office for management 

for FCDI, overfishing, water abstraction for particularly to try and control 

agriculture 

hunting and trapping 

Forest Lawachara Gazetted, Date Habitat destruction, loss of bio-diversity, Under Forest Department 

National Park unknown hunting, cutting, encroachment by , 

agriculture grazing 

Reed Companiganj Reed Forest Habitat destruction, loss of bio-diversity, Under Forest Department 

Wetland Wetland Wildlife Sanctuary, hunting, cutting, grazing, encroachment by 

Natural Proposed as FD agriculture, siltation 

Reserve natural Reserve 

Forest Rema-Kalenga Gazetted 1996 Habitat destruction, loss of bio-diversity, Under Forest Department 

Wildlife 


Sanctuary 


[Contd.]


Table 2.1.6 

Eco - 

System 

Source: WARPO (2000) 

Name Legal Status Major constraints/ Threats Management Status 

South West 

Natural Sunderbans Reserve Forest, Reduced dry season freshwater flows, Under Forest Department 

Sunderbans West Wildlife Wildlife Sanctuary increased salinity, oil pollution risk, tourism UNDP study carried out, ADB 

Mangrove Sanctuary Gazetted 1977 management problems Bio-diversity study mobilising 

Natural Sunderbans Reserve Forest, Reduced dry season freshwater flows, Under Forest Department, 

Sunderbans East Wildlife Wildlife Sanctuary increased salinity, oil pollution risk, tourism UNDP study carried out, ADB 


Natural Sunderbans Reserve Forest, Reduced dry season freshwater flows, Under Forest Department, 

Sunderbans South Wildlife Wildlife Sanctuary increased salinity, oil pollution risk, tourism UNDP study carried out, ADB 


Estuary 

Planted Char Kukri Gazetted 1981 Habitat destruction, hunting, cutting, grazing, Under Forest Department 

Mangrove Mukri Wildlife river bank erosion, cyclones 

Island Sanctuary 

Planted Nijhum Dwip Proposed Habitat destruction, introduction of exotic Under Forest Department 

Mangrove Wildlife Sanctuary species, hunting, cutting, grazing, river bank 

Island Sanctuary awaiting gazetting erosion, cyclones 

Eastern Hills 

Hill Forest Publakhali Proposed Conflict with indigenous agricultural practices Under Forest Department 

Wildlife Sanctuary within that are now unsustainable 

Sanctuary reserve forest 

Hill Forest Rampahar- Proposed Habitat destruction, loss of bio-diversity, Under Forest Department 

Sitapahar Sanctuary hunting, cutting, erosion 

Wildlife 

Sanctuary 

Forest Hazarikhil Not gazetted Habitat destruction, loss of bio-diversity, Under Forest Department 

Wildlife but considered a introduction of exotic species, hunting, 

Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary cutting, encroachment by agriculture, 

Since 1974 grazing erosion 

Forest Chunati Wildlife Gazetted 1986 Habitat destruction, loss of bio-diversity, Under Forest Department 

Sanctuary introduction of exotic species, hunting, with NGO participation 


Forest Himchari Gazetted 1980 Habitat destruction, loss of bio-diversity, Under Forest Department 

National Park 


cutting, encroachment by agriculture, 

grazing, erosion, construction 

Forest Teknaf Game Gazetted 1983 Habitat destruction, loss of bio-diversity, Under Forest Department 

Reserve introduction of exotic species, hunting, with NGO participation as 

cutting, encroachment by agriculture, erosion an elephant sanctuary

Forestry 59 

Table 2.1.7 Management of Protected Areas 

No. Name Legal Status Management Plan Status 

Implementation Institution Responsible 

Status for Management 

1 Bhawal National Gazetted 1982 The Conservation Management Implementation MoEF, FD, DoE, NGOs, 

Park Plan of the protected areas other Awaited Local Communities 

than those in the Sunderbans forests 

in Bangladesh. Mandala Agricultural 

Development Corporation Sept. 1997 

2 Madhupur National Gazetted 1982 Mandala Agricultural Development Implementation MoEF, FD, DoE, NGOs, 

Park Corporation Sept. 1997 Awaited Local Communities 

3 Rema-Kalenga Gazetted 1996 Mandala Agricultural Development Implementation MoEF, FD, DoE, NGOs, 

Wildlife Sanctuary Corporation Sept. 1997 Awaited Local Communities 

4 Hazarikhil Wildlife Not Gazetted Mandala Agricultural Development Implementation MoEF, FD, DoE, NGOs, 

Sanctuary but considered a Corporation Sept. 1997 Awaited 


since 1974 

5 Chunati Wildlife Gazetted 1986 Mandala Agricultural Development Implementation MoEF, FD, DoE, NGOs, 

Sanctuary Corporation Sept. 1997 Local Communities 

6 Himchari National Gazetted 1980 Mandala Agricultural Development Implementation MoEF, FD, DoE, NGOs, 

Park Corporation Sept. 1997 Awaited Local Communities 

7 Teknaf Game Reserve Gazetted 1983 Mandala Agricultural Development Implementation MoEF, FD, DoE, NGOs, 

Corporation Sept. 1997 Awaited Local Communities 

8 Char Kukri Mukri Gazetted 1981 Mandala Agricultural Development Implementation MoEF, FD, DoE, NGOs, 

Wildlife Sanctuary Corporation Sept. 1997 Awaited Local Communities 

9 Nijhum Dwip Wildlife Proposed Mandala Agricultural Development Implementation MoEF, FD, DoE, NGOs, 

Sanctuary Sanctuary Corporation Sept. 1997 Awaited Local Communities 

Awaiting gazetting 

10 Companiganj Wetland Reed Forest Mandala Agricultural Development Implementation MoEF, FD, DoE, NGOs, 

Natural Reserve Wildlife Sanctuary, Corporation Sept. 1997 Awaited Local Communities 

proposed as FD 

natural reserve 

11 Sunderbans West Reserve Forest, 1. Mandala Agricultural Development 1. Implementation MoEF, FD, DoE, NGOs, 

Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary Corporation Sept. 1997 Awaited Local Communities 

Gazetted 1977 2. Conservation of Bio-diversity in the 2. Work 

Sunderbans Reserve Forests, ADB Mobilizing 

funding, August 1999. 

12 Sunderbans East Reserve Forest, Wildlife Sanctuary Gazetted 1977 


13 Sunderbans South Reserve Forest, Wildlife Sanctuary Gazetted 1977 


14 Ramsagar National Gazetted Forest The Conservation Management Implementation MoEF and FD 

Park Reserve 1974 Plan of the protected area Ramsagar Awaited 

National Park Bangladesh. Mandala 

Agricultural Development 

Corporation Sept. 1997 

15 Publakhali Wildlife Proposed No plan drawn up at yet 

Sanctuary within 

reserve forest 

16 Hail Haor Wildlife Proposed 

Sanctuary Sanctuary No plan drawn up at yet 

17 Rampahar-Sitapahar Proposed No plan drawn up at yet 

Wildlife Sanctuary Sanctuary 

18 Lawachara National Gazetted, Date No plan drawn up at yet 

Park 

unknown 

Source : WARPO (2000)


Table 2.1.8 Afforestation Divisions of Bangladesh 

Plantation Year 

No of sample plots (each plot consists 0.1 ha of area & circular in shape) 

Patuakhali Bhola Noakhali Chittagong 

1976 2 2 2 4 

1977 2 2 2 4 

1978 2 2 2 2 

1980 2 2 2 2 

1981 2 2 2 2 

1982 2 2 2 2 

1983 2 2 2 2 

1984 2 2 2 2 

1985 2 2 2 2 

1986 2 2 - 2 

1987 2 2 2 2 

1988 2 2 2 2 

1989 2 2 2 2 

1990 2 2 2 2 

1991 2 2 2 2 

1992 4 2 2 2 

1993 _ 2 2 2 

Source: BFRI (nd.)

Forestry 61 

2.2 Forest Product 

Table 2.2.1 Profit Sharing between Forest Dept. and Participants in the Period of 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

Type of Garden Area of Garden Solid Money No. of Participants Received 

(hectares/km) (Tk.) Participant Money (Tk.) 

Woodlot 1271.46 (hec.) 54833383.51 1020 21759366.71 

Agro-forest 396.75 (hec.) 26573782.62 356 11958206.23 

Strip 392.22 (km) 126882067.68 3765 52794807.65 

Total 

Source: DoF (2002) 

_ 

126882067.68 3765 52794807.65 

2.3 Bio-diversity 

Table 2.3.1 Extent of Bio-diversity in Bangladesh 

Types of Bio-diversity 

No. of Species 

Plants 

Angiosperms 5,000 

Animals 

Mammals 119 

Birds 578 

Reptiles 124 

Amphibians 19 

Fresh water fishes 260 

Prawns 56 

Tortoise and Turtles 25 

Fin fishes 475 

Marine crabs 11 

Frogs and toads 10 

Edible marine oysters 7 

Source: Razzaque (2002) 

Table 2.3.2 Status of Inland and Resident Vertebrates of Bangladesh 

Group 

Total no. 

Threatened 

Data Not 

of Living Extinct Critically Endangered Vulnerable Total Deficient Threatened 

species Endangered (EN) (VU) (DD) (NO) 

(CR) 

Fishes (fresh 

water & brackish 266 0 12 28 14 54 66 146 

water) 

Amphibians 22 0 0 3 5 8 7 7 

Reptiles 109 1 12 24 22 58 39 12 

Birds 388 2 19 18 4 41 158 18 

Mammals 110 10 21 13 6 40 53 17 

Total 895 13 64 86 51 201 323 371 

Source : IUCN (2000)


Table 2.3.3 Common Plant Species of the Sunderbans 

Scientific Names Common Names Remarks 

Fresh Water Zone 

Amoora cucullata Amoor. Latimi Species in understorey 

Bruguiera gymnorhiza Lalnatinga, Kakra, Natanga Associated species 

Cynmetra ramiflora Singor, Singri Species in understorey 

Excoecaria agallocha Gewa Associated species 

Heritiera fomes Sundari Dominant species 

Xylocarpa moluccensis Passur Associated species 

Moderately Saline Zone 

Ceriops decandra Goran As dense understorey 

Excoecaria agallocha Gewa Dominant species 

Heritiera fomes Sundari Associated species 

Xylocarpa moluccensis Passur Associated species 

Saline Zone 

Acanthus ilicifolius Hargoza Common species 

Aegicerus corniculatum Halshi, Khalshi, Koilsha Associated species 

Avicennia officinalis Baen, Bina, Jubar, Dulia Associated species 

Imperata cylindrica Kash, Ulakhar, Ulukhagra A grass inmudflats 

Nypa fruticans Golpata A Palm 

Oryza coarctata Harkata, Uri Dhan Salinity tolerant wild rice in mudflats 

Rhizophora sp 

Common species 

Sonneratia ipetala Keora Associated species 

Xyocarpus obovata (X. granatum) Dhundul, Tutul, Karamphul Dominant species 


Table 2.3.4 Number of Species Estimated to Exist in the Sunderban 

Groups Khan, 1986 Sarker, 1986 Scott, 1991 

Percent in terms of species 

present in Bangladesh 

Amphibians 8 10 8 35 

Reptilia 50 63 35 28-30 

Aves 261 282 270 36-37 

Mammals 49 41 42 33-34 

Source : Khan (2001)

Forestry 63 

Table 2.3.5 Estimated Population of Some of the Prominent Species in the Sunderbans 

Animals Hendrichs, 1975 Gitins, 1980 Khan, 1986 Sarker, 1986 

Tiger 350 430-450 

Spotted deer 80000 

Wild Boar 20000 

Source : IUCN (2001) 

_ 

_ 

52600 

Rhesus Macaque 40000 126220 68200 

Otter 20000 

Crocodile 

_ 

_ _ _ 

_ _ _ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

200 100 

White Bellied _ _ _ 130 

Sea Eagle 

breeding pairs 

Water Monitor 

_ 

_ 

39795 

_ 

_ 

81


Table 2.3.6 Avifauna of the Bagkhali Range, Cox's Bazar 

Species Name English Name Bangla Name Density/ km 2 R/S N/S 

Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant Choto pankawri 10.00 R VU 

Ardea cinerea Grey Heron Badami bok 1.00 R VU 

Ardeola grayii Indian Pond Heron Kani bok 22.50 R LR 

Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Gobok 12.17 R LR 

Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret Maijja bok 17.44 R VU 

E. garzetta Little Egret Jaiti bok 40.53 R LR 

Ixobrychus cinamomeus Cinnamon Bittern Lal bok 10.00 R VU 

Dendrocygna javanica Lesser Whistling Duck Choto Sharali 3.50 R VU 

Nettapuscoromandelianus Cotton Pigmy-goose Balihash 2.42 R VU 

Milvus migrans lineatus Pariah Kite Goda Cheel 1.55 M 

_ 

Elanus caeruleus Black-shouldered Kite Dhola cheel 5.00 R VU 

Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Sankha cheel 5.00 R DD 

Hieraaetus pennatus Booted Hawk Eagle Kato cheel 5.00 R DD 

Accipiter badius Shikra Shikra 5.00 R VU 

Butastur teesa White-eyed Buzzard Baza 5.00 R DD 

Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable Hawk Eagle Kura 13.33 R VU 

Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle Tila Dluembabar 20.00 R VU 

Arborophila rufogularis Rufous-throarted Partridge Pahari titir 5.00 R DD 

Gallus gallus Red Jungle fowl Bon Morog 18.00 R VU 

Amaurornis phoenicurus White Breasted Water Hen Dahuk 5.00 R VU 

Portana porzana Spotted Crake Panimarag 2.42 M 

_ 

Gallicrex cineria Water cock Kora 1.71 R CR 

Metopidius indicus Bronze-winged Jacana Dal pipi 1.66 R EN 

Vanellus indicus Red-wattled Lapwing Titi 2.51 R LR 

V. cinereus Grey headed Lapwing Dhushar titi 1.71 M 

_ 

Charadrius dubius Little Ring Plover Balibatan 3.66 M 

_ 

Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper Shabuz chah 5.00 M 

_ 

T. erythropus Spotted redshank Lalpa chah 2.23 M 

_ 

Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern Gang cheel 8.05 M 

_ 

Sterna aurantia River Tern Gang cheel 5.00 R LR 

Treron curvirostra Thickbilled Fruit Pigeon Harikol 8.05 R EN 

T. phoenicoptera Yellow-footed Green Pigeon Bot kol 40.00 R EN 

Coluba livia Rock Pigeon Jalali kabitor 6.33 R LR 

[Contd.]

Forestry 65 

Table 2.3.6 


Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove Tila ghogu 45.04 R EN 

S. decaocto Eurasian Collared Dove Shada ghogu 11.06 R EN 

Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove Sabug ghogu 19.16 R CR 

Psittacula alexandri Red-breasted Parakeet Tota 56.50 R EN 

P himalayana Slaty-headed Parakeet Kalomatha tia 40.00 R CR 

Loriculus vernalis Vernal Hanging Parrot Lotkan 76.60 R EN 

Hierococcyx fugax Common Hawk Cuckoo Chokgelo 5.00 R LR 

Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo Bau-kata-kau 2.50 M 

_ 

Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal Kanakukha 5.00 R 

_ 

C. bengalensis Lesser Coucal Chata jamkoli 20.00 R VU 

Phaenicophaeus tristis Large Green Billed Malkoha Sabuj kokil 10.00 R VU 

Otus spilocephalus Mountain Scops Owl Nimpokh 5.00 R DD 

Bubo nipalensis Spot-bellied Eagle Owl Bon pencha 2.00 R EN 

Glaucidium cuculoides Asian Barred Owlet Potni pecha 5.00 R DD 

Ninox scutulata Brown Hawk Owl Baz pecha 4.00 R VU 

Athene brama Spotted Owlet Funti pecha 15.00 R LR 

Caprimulgus macrurus Large-tailed Nightjar Rait chor 2.50 R VU 

C. indicus Grey Nightjar Dinkana 2.50 R EN 

Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm Swif Nakkati 68.12 R LR 

Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Kludai machranga 10.00 R LR 

Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher Machranga 10.00 R LR 

Pelargopsis capensis Stork-billed Kingfisher Megh-hao 22.50 R CR 

Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher Pakra machranga 2.50 R LR 

Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller Nilkanto 1.71 R LR 

Upupa epops Hoopoe Hudhud 2.66 R VU 

Anthracoceros albirostris Oriental Pied Hornbill Dhonesh 1.66 R EN 

Merops leschenaulti Chestnut Bee Eater Khairisir banaspati 45.00 R DD 

M. philippinus Bluetailed Bee Eater Suichor 10.00 R DD 

M. orientalis Green Bee Eater Suichor 45.00 R DD 

Megalaima lineata Lineated Barber Gourkhod 7.50 R LR 

M. haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet Bashanti bauri 8.75 R LR 

Picus canus Grey-headed Woodpecker Kalo kaththokra 1.66 R EN 

Chrysocolaptes festivus Black Backed Woodpecker Kalodanakaththokra 10.00 R DD 

Dinopium benghalense Black-rumped Falmeback Sonali katthokra 8.75 R LR 

[Contd.]


Table 2.3.6 


Dendrocopos nanus Brown-capped Pigmy Bana Kaththokra 10.00 R LR 

Woodpecker 

Pitta sordida Green Breasted Pitta Nil phakhi 10.00 R VU 

Mirafra assamica Rufous-winged Bush Lark Bharat pakhi 25.00 R LR 

Alauda gulgula Oriental Skylark Chatok 45.00 R LR 

Delichon nipalensis Nepal House Martin Nepali ababil 11.16 R LR 

Lanius schach Black Headed Shrike Kalshir kashai 8.12 R LR 

Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Dhushar kashai 45.00 M 

Oriolus xanthornus Black Headed Oriole Halod pakhi 10.83 R LR 

Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo Fingay 89.16 R LR 

D. paradiseus Greater Racket Tailed Drongo Bimraj 5.00 R C 

D. annectans Crowbilled Drongo Fingay 5.00 M 

D. leucophaeus Ashy Drongo Dhushor fingay 1.60 M 

D. hottentottus Spangled Drongo Keshraj 5.00 R CR 

Artamus fuscus Ashy Woodswallow Latora 55.00 R LR 

Aplonis panayensis Glossy Starling Kalo shalik 26.00 R VU 

Sturnus malabaricus Grey headed Myna Kat shalik 22.50 R LR 

S. contra Asian Pied Starling Gobreyshalik 88.75 R LR 

Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Bhat shalik 46.00 R LR 

A fuscus Jungle Myna Jhuti shalik 50.06 R LR 

Gracula religiosa Hill Myna Myna 11.16 R CR 

Dendrocitta vagabunda Rufous Treepie Hari chacha 8.12 R LR 

Corvus splendens House Crow Pati kak 36.87 R LR 

C. macrorhynchos Jungle Crow Dar kak 7.50 R LR 

Tephrodornis pondicerianus Common Wood Shrike Baghabia 10.00 R VU 

T. gularis Large Wood Shrike Bora kath kashai 21.00 R VU 

Coracina novaehollandiae Large Cuckoo Shrike Bora kashai 21.00 R DD 

Pericrocotus cianamomeus Small Minivet Sat Saili 15.00 R VU 

Aegithina tiphia Coomon lora Fatik Jal 1.60 R LR 

Chloropsis cochinchinensis Blue-winged Leaf Bird Nilpatapakh 10.00 R VU 

Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul Bulbuli 51.50 R LR 

P. jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul Sipahi Bulbuli 51.50 R EN 

Malacocincla abbottii Abbot's Babbler Satbhai 24.15 R DD 

Turdoides striatus Jungle Babbler Satbhai 37.75 R LR 

_ 

_ 

_ 

[Contd.]

Forestry 67 

Table 2.3.6 


Garrulax pectoralis 

Black Neckleced Loughing 

Thrush 

_ 

35.00 R EN 

G. delesscrti Yellow Breasted Loughing Panga 15.0 R VU 

Thrush 

Muscicapa parva Red Breasted Flycatcher Lalbook chatok 24.15 M 

Culicicapa ceylonensis Grey Headed Flycatcher Footfoti 7.50 R DD 

Raipidura albicollis White Throated Fantail Lejnacani 5.00 R LR 

Flycatcher 

Zoothera citrina 

Orange Headed ground 

Thrush 

_ 

2.66 R VU 

Monticola solitarius Blue Rock Thrush Nil-thrush 5.00 M 

Orthotomus satorius Common Tailorbird Tuntuni 15.00 R LR 

Megalurus palustris 

striated Marsh Warbler 

_ 

24.00 R VU 

Cettia fortipes Strong Footed Bush Warbler Tuktuk 12.50 M 

Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin Doell 9.50 R LR 

C. malabaricus White-rumped Shama Shama 2.00 R DD 

Enicurus scouleri Little Forktail Choto chtralaz 40.00 M 

Saxieola caprata Pied Bushchar Chitra adda 10.00 M 

Melanochlora sultanea Sultan Tit Sultan jhuri 10.00 R DD 

Parus major Grey Tit Tit phok 10.00 R LR 

Anthus hodgsoni Tree Pipit Gecho pipit 5.00 R VU 

Motacilla indica Forest Wagtail Ban hanjan 10.00 M 

M. alba Pied Wgtail Shanker khanjan 20.00 M 

M. flava Yellow Wagtail Halud khanjan 5.00 M 

M. maderaspatensis White-browed Wagtail Pakra Khonjan 15.00 M 

Dicaeum erythorynchos Pale-billed Flowerpecker Fuljhuri 14.33 R LR 

D. concolor Plain Flowerpecker Fuljhuri 5.00 R VU 

D. enientatum Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker Rangapit fuljhuri 7.50 R DD 

Nectarinia asiatica Purple Sunbird Niltuni 5.00 R LR 

N. zeylonica Purple-rumped Sunbird Moutushi 11.25 R LR 

Zosterops palperbrosus Oriental White-eye Sheth akhi 10.00 R LR 

Passer domesticus House Sparrow Charai 85.00 R LR 

Ploceus philippinus Baya Weaver Babui 141.25 R LR 

Lonchura malacca Black-headed Munia Kalomatha munia 27.50 R LR 

Amandava amandava Red Avadavat Lal Munia 5.00 R EN 

Emberiza aureola Yellow-breasted Bunting Ghutra 5.00 M 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Source : Sarker et al. (2000) 

Note : R/S = Resident Status, N/S = National Status, R = Resident, M = Migratory, LR = Lower Risk, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered, 

CR = Critically Endangered and DD = Data Deficient.


Table 2.3.7 Plants Used in Beliefs 

Species name Local name Parts used Purposes 

Aegle marmelos (L) Correa Soh-bel (K) WP Can not be planted in front of 

houses (K) 

Aristolochia saccata Wall Krah-lehid/lahit (K) RT Against black magic (K) 

Cordia dichotoma Forst. (f) Kalgoza (MB), LF. Against black magic (BM) 

chikorgach (BM) 

RT 

Desmodium motorium Dhakuloti (H) WP Provokes love between female 

(Houtt.) Merr 

and male (H) 

Imperata cylindrica (L) Gong-chamri (M) WP First primitive plant (M) 

P. Beauv 

Ixora arborea Roxb. ex. Sm. Kuthui-rognikhon WP Fellow companion of deads (M) 

T, Khom-Chung-Khang (T) 

Lygodium sp Slah-khoom (J) RT Used in women edema (J) 

Mangifera indica (L) Thaicu-bulai (T) LF Against evil eyes 

Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Krah-chermit (K) RT Against jaundice (K) 

Musa orrata Roxb. Thirik-phang (M), WP First primitive plant (M) 

Echim-chimri (M) 

Streblus asper (L) Shawla (M), Sawra (K) WP Evil spirit lives in this tree (M.K.) 

Tamarindus indica (L) Soh-ginchili (K) WP Evil spirit lives in this tree (K) 

Source : Partha and Hossain (2002) 

Note: YG = Young twig, LF = Leaf, SM = Stem, IE = Inflorescence, SD = Seed, WP = Whole Plant, FT = Fruit, TR = Tuber, LX = Latex, RT = Root, 

RE = Rhizome, SB = Stembark, TM = Timber, WD = Wood, BB = Bulb, FR = Flower, M = Mandi, K = Khasia, T = Tripuri, L = Lalong, MM = Mei Tei 

Manipuri, Mu = Munda, H = Hajong, J = Jaintia, Ko = Koch, O = Oraon, S = Santal, D = Dalu, BM = Bisnupriya Manipuri, P = Pangon 

Table 2.3.8 Sacred Plants of Different 14 Ethnic Groups 

Species name 

Aegle marmelos (L) Correa. 

Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.) Rich ex Walp. 

Aquillaria malaccensis Lamk. 

Blumea sp. 

Bombax ceiba (L) 

Crinum sp. 

Diospyros montana Roxb. var. cordifolia Hierm. 

Euphorbia antiquorum (L) 

Ficus benghalensis (L) 

Ficus racemosa (L) 

Ficus religiosa (L) 

Hydnocarpus kurzii (King.) Warb. 

Imperata cylindrica (L) P. Beauv. 

Local name 

Bel (H), Beldare (MU) 

Kadamba dare (Mu) 

Agor (L) 

Kalizibba pan (Ko) 

Simul tola (H) 

Modlei (P) 

Tomal (H) 

Bajvaran (Mu) 

Prup (M), Bot (BM) 

Pipuldare (Mu) 

Giting (M) 

Rom-bwii (J) 

Uluchon (S) 

[Contd.]

Forestry 69 

Table 2.3.8 

Species name 

Mimusops elengi (L) 

Ocimum americanum (L) 

Ocimum basilicum (L) 

Ocimum sanctum (L) 

Saraca indica (L) 

Schima wallichii Choisy. 

Shorea robusta Gaertn. (f) 

Vitex peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer. 

Local name 

Bokul (BM) 

Bon-tolosi (Ko) 

Sada tulsi (D) 

Kala-tulsi-baha (O) 

Asokh (BM) 

Sreng-gun (K) 

Sarjom-sakum (S) 

Dong-siar (K) 


Note: YG = Young twig, LF = Leaf, SM = Stem, IE = Inflorescence, SD = Seed, WP = Whole Plant, FT = Fruit, TR = Tuber, LX = Latex, RT = Root, 

RE = Rhizome, SB = Stembark, TM = Timber, WD = Wood, BB = Bulb, FR = Flower, M = Mandi, K = Khasia, T = Tripuri, L = Lalong, MM = Mei Tei 

Manipuri, Mu = Munda, H = Hajong, J = Jaintia, Ko = Koch, O = Oraon, S = Santal, D = Dalu, BM = Bisnupriya Manipuri, P = Pangon 

Table 2.3.9 Land Tenure at Tanguar Haor 

Land Categories Dharmapasha Thana Tahirpur Thana Total in Acres 

Agricultural Land 13,100 10,956 24,056 

Khas land 10,050 11,200 21,250 

Khas land distributed 850 610 1,460 

Jalmohal 2,070 5,510 7,580 

Forestland 200 70 270 

Chanmohal 180 60 240 

Private Land 18,500 11,900 30,400 

Total Land 44,950 40,306 85,256 

Source : Giesen et al. (1997) 

Table 2.3.10 Status of Avifauna of Tanguar Haor Under Different Global and National Threatened Category 

Species Name English Category of Status of Global (G)/ Regional RDB NS CITES 

Name threat birds (R) Pop. Estimate 

Palecanus philippensis Spot-billed VU MR 11,500 (G) 

Pelican 

Palecanus crispus Dalmatian VU M 10,000-13,000 (R) V CR II 

Pelican 

Anastomus oscitans Asian Openbill NT M 60,000 (G) _ NT 

Stork 

Ciconia boyciana Oriental EN M 2,500 (G) 

Stork 

Leptoptilos javanicus Lesser VU MR 5,000 (G) V E 

Adjutant 

Threskiornis Black- NT Mr


Table 2.3.10 

Species Name English Category of Status of Global (G)/Regional RDB NS CITES 

Name threat birds (R) Pop. Estimate 

Aythya baeri Baer's VU M

Chapter 3 

Fisheries and 

Livestock 

3.1 Fisheries 73 

3.1.2 Inland Fisheries 77 

3.2 Livestock 80

Fisheries and Livestock 73 

3.1 Fisheries 

3.1.1 Basic Statistics 

Table 3.1.1.1 Sub-sector Wise Share of Fish Production in Bangladesh 

Sub Sector 1991-1992 (%) 2000-2001 (%) 

Inland Capture Fisheries 50 39 

Inland Culture Fisheries 24 40 

Marine Capture Fisheries 26 21 

Total 100 100 

Source : DoF (2002)


Table 3.1.1.2 Fish-sensitive Location 

Region Area Constraints/Sensitivity Present Management Measures 

North West Mahananda Floodplain Carp breeding ground 

Chalan beel Degraded, now seasonally dry, siltation, Fourth Fisheries Project has 

migratory route cut 

proposed excavation programme 

Badai river and Gajna 

beel 

Migratory route cut 

North Central Dhaleswari Floodplain Hatchling migratory route now cut CPP (FAP20) project has a monitoring 

and mitigation programme 

Old Brahmaputra 

Floodplain 

Main migratory route, no dry season flow 

North East Kangsa Floodplain Fish pass, eight sanctuaries plus 

river and beel excavation proposed 

Sylhet basin Major all year habitats, Important Declared fish sanctuary at Luba, 

breeding areas 

beel management under new policy 

Hakaluki Haor One of the largest haor, perenial Leaseholder management system in 

habitat 

operation 

Kawadighi Haor Migratory routes cut, important breeding Fish pass constructed, Fish sanctuary 

ground 

declared 

South West Beel Dakatia Migratory routes cut, Siltation Tidal river fisheries management 

proposed under BWDB 

Gorai Floodplain Reduced dry season flows, increasing Dreging of Gorai aims to restore flows 

salinity in dry season in Sunderbans and reduce salinity 

Fakirhat Floodplain 

Rich capture fisheries now converted into shrimp aquaculture 

South Central Chanda beel Large perennial habitat with good Fish sanctuaries proposed under 4th 

migratory links 

fisheries project 

Baghiar beel 

Patuakhali 

Rich fish resources 

Rich capture and culture fisheries 

South East Chandpur and Important seasonal Floodplain area, Habitat restoration proposed under 

Daudkandi degraded in places by FCDI Fourth Fisheries Project 

Eastern Hills Kaptai Reservoir Largest artificial lake in the country, Management programme jointly under 

important breeding ground, overfishing DoF, BFDC and FRI 

Halda and Karnaphuli Important carp habitats and breeding Carp spawning ground declared as a 

Revers grounds, migratory route to Kaptai cut, Sanctuary, Community 

pollution 

management. 

Main Rivers Padma Breeding grounds, Migratory route, low flow due to Farakka, siltation 

Brahmaputra 

Meghna 

Migratory route, high sediment load, routes to floodplains cut 

Migratory routes to very productive floodplains, breeding grounds 

Coastal Area Inshore Coastal Belt Nursery ground for marin fishes and Proposed programme to address 

shrimps, overfishing, especially shrimps overfishing in Fourth Fisheries Project 

Source : NWMP/EGIS (1999) 

Off-shore Coastal Belt Important habitants and breeding areas, Marine Fisheries Ordinance 1983 but 

seasonal overfishing 

problems of enforcement 

Chokoria Important brackish water habitat, habitat DoF and NGO existing programmes, 

Sunderbans distruction, overfishing, shrimp sustainable management proposed 

(EH Region) 

aquaculture damaging the environment 

Sunderbans Reserve Very important habitat, Ramsar site, Managed by DoF for royalties, 

Forest (SW region) overfishing proposed UNDP bio-diversity project


Table 3.1.1.3 Fish Production (MT) and Productivity (kg/ha per year) 

District Lower Meghna Lower Padma Upper Padma Others Rivers Total 

1984-85 

Faridpur 34 4,360 1,322 2,396 8112 

Barisal 30,866 _ _ 19,552 50,418 

Jessore _ _ _ 1,858 1,858 

Khulna _ _ _ 14,425 14,425 

Kushtia _ _ 1,895 2,562 4,457 

Patuakhali _ _ _ 36,639 36,639 

Total 30,900 4,360 3,217 77,432 115,909 

1986-87 

Faridpur 268 1,971 183 563 2985 

Barisal 43,124 _ _ 17,372 60,496 

Jessore _ _ _ 1,260 1,260 

Khulna _ _ _ 11,397 11,397 

Kushtia _ _ 219 296 515 

Patuakhali _ _ _ 12,021 12,021 

Total 43,292 1,971 402 42909 88,574 

1988-89 

Faridpur 127 792 111 475 1505 

Barisal 31,575 _ _ 16,526 48,101 

Jessore _ _ _ 770 770 

Khulna _ _ _ 8,676 8,676 

Kushtia _ _ 164 1,236 1400 

Patuakhali _ _ _ 11981 11981 

Total 31,702 792 275 39664 72,433 

Source : DoF (1984-89) 

Table 3.1.1.4 Numbers and Areas of Beels in the Northeast Region 

District Number Area 

Habiganj 1,003 4,930 

Moulvibazar 413 6,590 

Sunamganj 1,641 17,190 

Sylhet 1,084 11,870 

Kishoreganj 821 11,780 

Netrokona 987 11,110 

Mymensingh 85 6,400 

Total 6,034 69,870 

Source : Bernacsek et. al. (1992)


Table 3.1.1.5 Areas of Haors in the Northeast Region 

Haor District Area (ha) 

Hakaluki Maulavibazar 36,400 

Hail Maulavibazar 24,400 

Tanguar Sunamganj _ 

Dekker Sunamganj _ 

Matian Sunamganj 6,380 

Sunamoral Sunamganj 3,730 

Gurmar Sunamganj 5,360 

Khaliajuri Netrokona 15,000 

Gangajuri Habiganj 15,900 

Humaipur Kishoreganj 6,260 

Source : Bernacsek et. al. (1992) 

Table 3.1.1.6 Areas Under Different Types of Inland Open waters Areas 

Type 

Area (ha) 

Ganges River 27,165 

Padma River 42,325 

Brahmaputra-Jamuna 73,666 

Upper Meghna 33,592 

Lower Meghna 40,407 

Other rivers and canals (khals) 262,580 

Sub-total 

Estuarine areas 

479,735 a 

551,828 a 

Total 1,031,563 

Beel and Haors 

114,161 c 

Inundable Floodplains 

5,486,609 b 

Kaptai Lake 

68,800 c 

Total 6,701,133 

Source : Ali (1991a) 

Note : 

a MPO (1986), 

b MPO (1987a), 

c DoF (1986)


3.1.2 Inland Fisheries 

Table 3.1.2.1 Fish Production (MT) and Productivity (kg/ha per year) from Beels in the Southwest Region, 1983-1990 

Old District Beel area (ha) 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 

Production 

Faridpur 1915 862 421 414 336 445 408 414 

Barisal 79 36 14 17 14 27 24 25 

Jessore 5037 2267 1083 1106 1232 1731 1458 1280 

Khulna 365 164 78 80 89 125 106 93 

Kushtia 2197 989 472 383 390 755 636 558 

Patuakhali 

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

Total 9593 4318 2068 2000 2061 3083 2632 2370 

Productivity 

_ 450 216 208 215 321 274 247 

Source : DoF (1983-1993) 

Table 3.1.2.2 Estimates of Fish Production (MT) from Rivers and Estuaries in the Southwest Region 

Old district river 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 

Faridpur 12,593 8,112 2,111 2,885 2,887 1,535 

Barisal 59,850 50,418 70,550 60,496 48,300 48,101 

Jessore 7,786 1,858 667 1,260 1,289 770 

Khulna 12,255 14,425 19,186 11,397 12,874 8,676 

Kushtia 4,862 4,547 318 515 527 1,400 

Patuakhali 8,346 36,639 10,706 12,021 15,752 11,981 

Total 105,692 115,999 103,538 88,574 81,629 72,463 

Mean catch kg/ha per year 186 204 182 156 144 128 

Estuary 

Sunderbans 7,783 6,825 7,112 6,035 8,066 6.416 

kg/ha per year 39 34 36 30 40 32 

Source : DoF (1984-89)


Table 3.1.2.3 Annual Total Catch (MT) of Hilsa and Other Groups of Fish and Prawn from the Major Rivers of 

Bangladesh, 1983-1993 

River Fisheries 

Years 

83-84 84-85 85-86 86-87 87-88 88-89 89-90 90-91 91-92 

Hilsa 

Lower Meghna 52836 33162 63169 56745 43270 50010 74195 42892 45546 

Upper Meghna 2466 1971 3778 5611 5882 5357 2348 981 806 

Lower Padma 3370 4387 1294 2313 1871 773 278 332 450 

Upper Padma 823 866 521 330 336 195 288 233 200 

Jamuna 472 493 459 920 560 493 211 232 212 

Brahmaputra 61 77 82 59 45 14 5 2 2 

Major Carps 

Lower Meghna 437 359 40 52 0 0 0 0 0 

Upper Meghna 538 304 452 35 86 566 201 661 386 

Lower Padma 14 15 25 9 0 0 15 56 40 

Upper Padma 157 166 67 66 20 6 15 21 23 

Jamuna 711 269 132 46 96 129 59 95 50 

Brahmaputra 207 79 41 67 88 61 67 42 37 

Other Carps 

Lower Meghna 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 198 98 

Upper Meghna 167 147 44 13 0 64 205 174 109 

Lower Padma 3 3 2 0 0 0 14 21 3 

Upper Padma 0 0 43 31 15 2 9 3 2 

Jamuna 0 213 366 179 225 345 117 127 49 

Brahmaputra 6 2 34 11 5 8 1 0 1 

Cat fish 

Lower Meghna 1283 2376 649 187 191 54 6 424 201 

Upper Meghna 256 227 464 52 249 316 272 511 490 

Lower Padma 267 364 174 57 55 65 36 94 29 

Upper Padma 602 677 94 356 67 17 14 32 29 

Jamuna 678 485 913 424 482 474 294 222 151 

Brahmaputra 334 413 183 149 160 102 77 117 130 

Shrimp 

Lower Meghna 1199 516 3 14 5 234 1 24 81 

Upper Meghna 1240 1511 81 20 38 168 51 157 99 

Lower Padma 213 214 3 0 166 5 0 0 0 

Upper Padma 0 0 7 67 7 15 2 8 7 

Jamuna 17 0 7 1 0 0 0 4 2 

Brahmaputra 0 34 83 11 21 3 7 0 0 

[Contd.]


Table 3.1.2.3 

River Fisheries 

Years 

83-84 84-85 85-86 86-87 87-88 88-89 89-90 90-91 91-92 

Small Shrimp 

Lower Meghna 636 512 484 2052 514 534 560 724 758 

Upper Meghna 0 1418 1706 1020 833 1213 1134 823 956 

Lower Padma 0 0 6 26 65 2 0 13 6 

Upper Padma 135 144 57 145 138 178 27 125 51 

Jamuna 0 114 172 168 121 118 103 131 132 

Brahmaputra 451 427 81 18 64 27 3 8 16 

All Species Combined 

Lower Meghna 59959 42463 70586 65410 53629 55716 77681 48910 48836 

Upper Meghna 10840 10424 14778 16379 14856 14130 7056 5926 5408 

Lower Padma 5276 6463 1753 3517 2258 1694 1473 1030 748 

Upper Padma 5212 5632 2140 17807 946 713 516 837 893 

Jamuna 6622 7652 5911 3432 2782 2637 1775 2287 2253 

Brahmaputra 3792 3651 2667 1237 817 538 505 375 391 

Source : DoF (1983-93)


3.2 Livestock 

Table 3.2.1 Livestock Population in Bangladesh During 1960-90 

Increase in Livestock 

Annual Growth 

Livestock Population (million) 

Population (%) Rate (%) 5 

Species 

1983-84/ 1977/ 1960/ 

1989-90 1 1983-84 2 1977 3 1960 4 

1989-90 1989-90 1989-90 

1960-84 1977-84 

Cattle 22.50 21.17 20.57 18.96 6.28 9.38 18.67 0.50 0.60 

Buffalo 0.68 0.57 0.47 0.45 19.30 44.68 51.11 0.90 2.70 

Goat 21.70 13.56 8.44 5.67 60.03 157.11 282.71 3.70 7.00 

Sheep 0.87 0.67 0.57 0.48 29.85 52.63 81.25 1.40 4.00 

Chicken 89.86 61.10 41.46 - 47.07 116.74 - - 5.70 

Duck 13.10 12.62 12.13 20.10 3.80 8.00 - - 0.60 

Source : Alam (1993) 

Note : 1 Directorate of Livestock Services (Projection) 

2 Agricultural Census of 1983-84 (Full count) 

3 Agricultural Census of 1970. 

4 Agricultural Census of 1960. 

5 USAID (1991). 

Table 3.2.2 Livestock Population and their Growth Rates 

Livestock Population (million) Compound Growth Rate (%) 

Species 

Census BBS Census Adjusted Census 84 Census 84 Census 84 to 

1983-84 Survey 1996 BBS to BBS to BBS Estimate 

1993-94 Estimate 1996 Survey 94 Census 96 96 (Adjusted) 

Cattle 21.50 25.73 21.57 25.72 1.63 0.03 1.38 

Buffalo 0.57 0.95 0.72 0.83 4.64 1.8 2.89 

Goat 13.56 28.5 12.92 14.77 6.75 -0.37 0.66 

Sheep 0.67 1.25 1.69 1.93 5.67 7.12 8.14 

Chicken 61.09 119.83 97.55 118.69 6.12 3.6 5.11 

Duck 12.62 21.61 29.12 34.13 4.89 6.43 7.65 

Source: Alam (2002) 

Table 3.2.3 Growth of Livestock Farms in the Private Sector 

Type of Farm 

Number of farm Annual Growth Rate (%) 

1990-91 2001-02 Simple Compound 

Dairy farm 7369 47319 45.18 15.49 

Goat farm 2894 52872 143.91 24.21 

Sheep farm 590 28886 400.00 32.42 

Poultry farm 38613 106134 14.57 8.42 

Duck farm 14254 60401 26.98 12.03 

Source: Alam (2002)


Table 3.2.4 Annual Growth Rate of Livestock Sub-sector 

Annual Growth Rate (%) 

Year 

At 1995-96 Constant Prices 

At 1984-85 Constant Prices 

1990-91 2.29 2.2 

1991-92 2.34 3.6 

1992-93 2.38 6.2 

1993-94 2.42 8.5 

1994-95 2.47 8.3 

1995-96 2.51 8.0 

1996-97 2.58 8.0 

1997-98 2.64 8.0 

1998-99 2.69 7.6 

1999-2000 2.74 7.7 

Source: GOB (2002) 

Table 3.2.5 Density of Cattle and Poultry Population per Hectare for Selected Countries in 2000 

Country 

Cattle Chicken Arable Land Total Land 

(1000 head) (1000000) (1000 ha) (1000 ha) 

Density per hectare Density per hectare 

of Arable Land of Total Land 

Cattle Chicken Cattle Chicken 

World 1350130 14447 1369110 13050516 0.906 10.55 0.103 1.107 

Asia 472852 7166 495039 3087109 0.95 14.47 0.153 2.321 

Bangladesh 23652 139 8100 13017 2.92 17.16 1.817 10.68 

India 21880 402 161750 297319 0.14 2.48 0.074 1.352 

Indonesia 12102 800 17941 181157 0.67 44.59 0.067 4.416 

Pakistan 22000 148 21234 77088 1.04 6.97 0.285 1.92 

Japan 4588 298 4503 36450 1.02 66.18 0.126 8.176 

China 104582 3625 124140 932742 0.84 29.20 0.112 3.886 

Cyprus 56 4 101 924 0.55 39.60 0.061 4.329 

Kenya 13794 27 4000 56914 3.45 6.75 0.242 0.474 

Brazil 4200 1006 53200 845651 0.08 183.91 0.005 1.19 

USA 98048 1720 176950 915896 0.55 9.72 0.107 1.878 

Denmark 1850 20 2294 4243 0.81 8.71 0.436 4.714 

Germany 14650 108 11821 35668 1.24 9.14 0.411 3.028 

France 20527 233 18361 55010 1.12 12.60 0.373 4.236 

Netherlands 4200 106 914 3388 4.59 115.97 1.240 31.29 

UK 11133 154 5917 24988 1.88 26.02 0.462 6.393 

Australia 26716 96 47979 768230 0.56 2.00 0.035 0.125 

New Zealand 9457 13 1555 26799 6.08 8.36 0.353 0.485 

Source: FAO (2001)


Table 3.2.6 Different Breeds of Livestock and Poultry Birds in Bangladesh 

1. Cattle 

Breeds: (a) Local : Nondescript indigenous type, Red Chittagong, Goyal and Pabna 

cows 

2. Buffalo 

Breeds: 

3. Goat 

Breeds: 

4. Sheep 

(b) Exotic : 

(c) Hybrid : 

(a) River type 

(b) Swamp type 

(c) River X Swamp type 

(a) Black Bengal 

(b) Jamna pari 

(c) Cross-bred; Black 

Bengal X Jamna pari 

Hariana, Sindhi, Sahiwal, Jersey and Holstein Friesian 

Bos indicus X Bos taurus 

Bos indicus X Box frontalis 

5. Pig 

6. Poultry 

7. Duck 

Source: FAO (2001) 

Nondescript indigenous type 

Nondescript indigenous type 

Breeds: (a) Local : Nondescript indigenous type, Asseel Chittagong fowl and 

Nacked neck 

(b) Exotic : White laghorn, Rbode Island Red Fayoumi, Australorp, and a 

number of commercial broiler and layer breeds. 

(c) Cross-bred: 

Indigenous X Exotic 

Breeds: (a) Local : Nondescript indigenous type, Sylhet mete, Nagashari, Muscove, 

Goose 

(b) Exotic : Khaki Campbell, Indian Runner, Junding, Cherry Valley 

(c) Cross-bred: 

Indigenous X Exotic 

Table 3.2.7 Production, Requirements and Deficits of Livestock Products 

Products 

Per Capita need 

Per Capita Total Need Total Total Deficit 

Availability (Year) Production (Year) 

Milk 250 ml/day 33.95 ml/day 

Meat (all) 120 gm/day 12.61gm/day 

Eggs 2/week 0.455/week 

9.855 mmt 1.338 mmt 8.517 mmt 

(100%) (13.58%) (86.42%) 

4.257 mmt 0.447 mmt 3.81 mmt 

(100%) (10.50%) (89.50) 

8985.6 mn 2046.53 mn 6939.07 

(100%) (22.78%) (77.22%) 


Note : 1. mmt = million metric ton. 2. mn = million number. 

3. The deficit in meat is calculated assuming all meat coming from livestock sources. Assuming 50% animal protein 

to be supplied by the fishery sector, the net deficit in meat comes down to 78.94%. 

4. Population in 1991 = 108 million. 

5. Total requirements for meat and eggs are calculated making a deduction of 10% and 20% respectively from total population.


Table 3.2.8 Production and Annual Growth Rates of Milk, Meat and Eggs 

Product 

Production Level Growth Rate (%) 

1989-90 2001-02 Simple Compound 

Milk (MMT) 1.31 1.78 2.75 2.4 

Meat (MMT 0.44 0.78 5.94 4.4 

Eggs (MN 1941 4424.5 9.84 6.3 

Source: FAO (2001) 

Note: MMT = Million Metric Tons; MN = Million Number. Production figures are taken from the DLS 

Table 3.2.9 Milk Production and Yield in Selected Countries of the World in 2000 

Country 

Total Milk 

Milk-cow per 

Yield per Cow Milk per Cow 

Production 

Hectare of 

(Kg) 

(Kg) 

(1000 MT) Arable Land 

Milk-cow per 

Hectare of Land 

World 484895 2192 221198 0.16 0.017 

Asia 91968 1220 75387 0.15 0.024 

Bangladesh 755 206 3670 0.45 0.282 

India 30900 1014 35500 0.22 0.119 

Indonesia 384 1151 334 0.02 0.002 

Pakistan 8039 1179 6818 0.32 0.088 

Japan 8500 6614 1280 0.28 0.035 

China 7838 1639 4782 0.04 0.005 

Cyprus 133 5583 24 0.24 0.026 

Kenya 2250 2289 4690 1.17 0.082 

Brazil 22134 1340 16040 0.30 0.019 

USA 76294 8388 9096 0.05 0.010 

Denmark 4465 7271 614 0.27 0.145 

Germany 28420 5880 4833 0.41 0.135 

France 24890 5630 4421 0.24 0.080 

Netherlands 10800 1500 3388 1.64 0.443 

UK 14461 6190 2330 0.39 0.097 

Australia 11183 5153 2170 0.05 0.003 

New Zealand 12014 3600 3337 2.15 0.125 

Source: FAO (2001)


Table 3.2.10 Profitability of Bangladesh and New Zealand Dairy Farms, 1995/96 

Dollar Return/dollar Expenditure 

Bangladesh Farm 

New Zealand Farm 

$0.61/litre a $0.31/litre b $0.31/litre 

Including all expenses 1.14 0.92 0.99 

Excluding interest c 1.56 1.23 1.16 

Excluding interest and managerial 1.62 1.31 1.58 

salaries d 


Note : a Farmgate price of milk in Bangladesh was derived by dividing reported milk sales for the survey farms ($3926), by reported total milk production (6404 litres). 

b Farmgate price of milk in New Zealand was derived by dividing reported milk sales for the LIC (1997b) survey farms ($206,019) by reported total milk 

production (670,915). 

c Measure analogous to return on assets. 

d Measure analogous to return on assets and managerial labour. 

Table 3.2.11 Summary of Feed Resources in Bangladesh (MT 000) 

A. Annual feed requirement 

Species Dry matter TDN DCP 

Cattle 41000 18000 1640 

Buffalo 1574 472 50 

Goats/sheep 4850 3050 305 

Poultry 3760 2630 520 

Total 51184 24152 2515 

B. Annual feed supply 

Feeds Dry matter TDB DCP 

Straw/Haulm 12500** 5000 60 

Green roughage 17000 8500 1190 

By-products 1900 1400 190 

Total 31400 14900 1440 


Note : ** After making a deduction of 12500 thousand metric tons as wastage. 

TDN : 

DCP: 

Table 3.2.12 Requirements and Availability of Livestock Feed [Million Metric Ton (MMT)] 

Feed Requirements (MMT) Availability (MMT) Surplus/Deficit (%) 

Straw 16.27 20.51 + 26.02 

Green fodder 70.42 23.58 - 66.51 

Concentrate 27.73 2.79 - 89.94 

Source: Alam (2002)

Fisheries and Livestock 85


Table 3.2.13 Important Diseases of Animals and Poultry Birds in Bangladesh 

Disease Animal Poultry 

Bacterial origin a. Anthrax a. Fowl cholera 

b. Black quarter b. Fowl typhoid 

c. Hemorrhagic speticaemia c. Pullorum disease 

d. Brucellosis 

e. Mastitis 

f. Tetanus 

g. Johne's disease 

h. Colibacillosis 

Viral origin a. Foot and Mouth disease a. New castle disease 

b. Rabies b. Gumboro disease 

c. Goat pox c. Fowl pox 

d. Rinderpest d. Avian leukosis 

e. Duck plague 

Parasitic origin a. Fascioliasis a. Round worm infestation 

b. Stephanofilariasis b. Coccidiosis 

Deficiency a. Milk fever a. Avitaminosis 

b. Ketosis 

Source: Alam (1994) 

Table 3.2.14 An Estimate of the Requirements and Availability of Draft Power in Bangladesh 

Total Requirements 

Total Availability 

4942.25 mw for 13.25 million hectares of cropped area (0.373 kw per hectare) 

Animal = 1372.19 mw (assuming 0.17 Hp capacity of an average animal) 

Human = 1470.75 mw 

Mechanical = 79.50 mw 

2922.44 mw 

Total Shortage 

Additional draft animal required 

 

2019.81 mw (40.87% of the total requirement) 

a) 15.93 million cattle heads of 0.17 Hp capacity (147.23%) of the available 

quantity), if 100% of the shortage is met by draft animals. 

b) 10.19 million cattle heads of 0.17 Hp capacity (94.18% of the available 

quantity), if only 64% of the shortage is met by draft animals 

Source: Alam (1987)

Chapter 4 

Water 

4.1 Surface Water Flood 

and Erosion 89 

4.2 Water Supply 102 

4.3 Water Quality 109

Water 89 

4.1 Surface Water, Flood and Erosion 

Table 4.1.1 Statistics on River Basin and Drainage Area 

Area of Bangladesh 

Total rivers 

Cross boundary rivers 

1,47,570 sq. km. 

230 nos. 

57 nos. 

Major river basin area (India, Nepal, Bhutan, China and partly Bangladesh) 

a. Brahmaputra basin 5,83,000 sq. km. 

b. Ganges basin 9,07,000 sq. km. 

c. Meghna basin 65,000 sq. km. 

d. Southeastern hill basin 45,000 sq. km. 

Total 

Drainage area 

16,00,000 sq. km. 

a. Drainage basin inside country 7.50% 

b. Drainage basin outside country 92.5% 

Source : RHD (1998) 

Table 4.1.2 Extent of Flood and Corresponding Damage 

Year 

Inundated Area % of Total Damage 

(sq. km) Area (million taka) 

1954 36778 25.55 1200 

1955 38850 26.98 1240 

1956 35883 24.64 2180 

1962 37296 25.90 1020 

1963 35224 24.46 83 

1968 37296 25.90 1645 

1970 36260 25.18 330 

1971 38332 26.62 380 

1974 38850 26.98 10000 

1984 25900 17.88 2500 

Avg. Depth of 

Inundation 

(meters) 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Duration of 

Flood (Days) 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

1987 54390 37.77 10000 6.64 17 

1988 83994 58.33 50000 7.58 23 

1998 100000 65.00 100000 6.58 75 

Source : Zohra (1999) 

Table 4.1.3 1998 Flood Damage Statistics 

Number of affected districts 52 

Number of affected thanas 366 

Number of affected unions 3323 

[contd.]


Table 4.1.3 

Number of affected people 3,09,16,351 

Crop damage (acre) 14,23,320 

Number of damaged houses 9,80,571 

Number of deaths 918 

Number of dead livestock 26,654 

Damaged road in km 15,927 

Damaged bandh (embankment) in km 4,528 

Number of damaged bridge/culverts 6,890 

Number of damaged educational institutions 1,718 

Number of damaged shelters 2,716 

Number of sheltered people 10,49,525 

Source : EOC (1998) 

Table 4.1.4 Area Affected by Floods 1953-1998 

(Years for which flood affected area exceeded 50,000 km 2 are shown in boldface) 

Year 

Area Affected by Floods (km 2 ) 

Elahi (1) Shahjahan (2) Islam (3) 

1953 27,000 

1954 37,000 36,920 

1955 40,000 50,000 

1956 36,000 35,620 

1962 37,000 37,440 

1963 35,000 43,180 

1964 10,000 

1966 33,000 

1968 37,000 37,300 

1969 41,000 

1970 42,000 42,640 

1971 36,000 36,475 

1972 21,000 

1973 29,000 

1974 90,650 52,000 52,720 

1975 17,000 

1976 28,000 

1980 64,750 35,000 

1981 12,000 

1982 23,000 

1983 11,000 

1984 64,750 48,000 28,314 

1985 22,000 

1986 18,000 

1987 88,000 60,000 57,491 

1988 98,000 98,000 77,700 

1998 84,000 

Source : Khalequzzaman (2000) 

Note : 1. Elahi (1991) 2. Shahjahan (1998) 3. Islam (1999)

Table 4.1.5 Flood Affected Areas, Monsoon 1988 

Flood 

begins 

(Date) 

Affected 

Area 

(sq. km) 

Affected 

Population 

Affected 

Cropped 

Area (ha) 

Total 

Affected 

Cropped 

Area (ha) 

Partial 

No. of 

Affected 

Houses 

Total 

No. of 

Affected 

Houses 

Partial 

No. of 

Dead 

No. of 

Dead 

Livestock 

No. of 

Dead 

Poultry 

Affected 

Road(km) 

Total 

Affected 

Road(km) 

Partial 

No. of 

Affected 

Institutions 

Total 

No. of 

Affected 

Institutions 

Partial 

Remarks Affected 

Embankment (km) 

SW Region 

1 Bagerhat 09-May-88 633 157000 7059 5536 1,313 4,760 0 148 0 187 0 0 0 Embankment-19.50 

18 Chuadanga 9 3520 443 241 0 15 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 

29 Faridpur 32% 650 419140 42384 3910 28979 56845 32 199 0 626 80 2 144 Embankment-227 

Bridge/Culvert-68 

35 Gopalganj 1376 953648 80014 0 21419 106653 55 433 27652 1348 0 65 345 

41 Jessore 174 73684 6116 4258 42 285 0 0 0 0 337 0 0 

44 Jhenaidah 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

47 Khulna 09-Oct-88 67 34300 704 1070 233 1385 0 26 0 17 0 0 0 Embankment-20 

50 Kustia 472 274234 12059 6342 4414 16928 0 204 0 0 312 0 0 Embankment-83.70 

54 Madaripur 20% 90 189982 8794 5231 1592 4599 6 444 0 312 16 0 46 Embankment-42 


55 Magura 124 121000 1600 5200 108 370 8 22 0 524 0 0 0 Embankment-5 


57 Meherpur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

65 Narail 640 385000 14003 19270 2204 19500 3 295 1693 690 0 7 124 Embankment-123 

Bridge/Culvert-(Total)-4 

(Partial)-83 

79 Pirojpur 36% 09-Jun-88 80 55090 3648 1893 1707 3167 4 46 1169 54 0 0 15 Embankment-34 

Bridge-14, Culvert-9 

82 Rajbari 1120 806100 44295 5446 22802 45662 86 4063 6570 1305 0 341 0 Embankment-129 

Shelter-239, Family-49294 

Population-219128 

87 Satkhira 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Total 5435 3472698 22119 58398 84813 260169 193 5879 37084 5063 752 415 692 

[Contd.] 

Water 91

Table 4.1.5 

Flood 


(Date) 

Affected 

Area 

(sq. km) 

Affected 

Population 

Affected 

Cropped 

Area (ha) 

Total 

Affected 

Cropped 

Area (ha) 

Partial 

No. of 

Affected 

Houses 

Total 

No. of 

Affected 

Houses 

Partial 

No. of 

Dead 

SC Region 

No. of 

Dead 

Livestock 

No. of 

Dead 

Poultry 

Affected 

Road(km) 

Total 

Affected 

Road(km) 

Partial 

No. of 

Affected 

Institutions 

Total 

4 Barguna 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

No. of 

Affected 

Institutions 

Partial 



6 Barisal 09-Jan-88 1073 871524 29867 29508 17937 77275 76 2385 2500 986 0 0 0 Embankment-56.85 

9 Bhola 9-May-88 82 55050 248 837 1218 1883 0 48 9800 241 103 87 89 Embankment-26 

29 Faridpur 68% 1352 872011 88179 8136 60289 118266 66 413 0 1303 167 4 300 Embankment-227 

42 Jhalkati 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


54 Madaripur 80% 347 737527 34140 20308 6181 17853 21 1725 0 1209 60 0 180 Embankment-42 

78 Patuakhali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


79 Pirojpur 64% 09-Jun-88 146 99720 6603 3427 3091 5733 7 82 2116 99 0 0 27 Embankment-34 

Bridge-14, Culvert-9 


86 Shariatpur 1150 828543 39365 10553 56137 116939 46 2076 700 2064 0 8 631 Culvert-56 

Bridge175partial 

Total 4150 3464375 198402 72768 144853 337949 217 6730 15116 5902 330 99 1227 

EH Region 

3 Banderban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

15 Chittagong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

22 Cox's Bazar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

46 Khagrachhari 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

84 Rangamati 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

[Contd.]

Table 4.1.5 

Flood 


(Date) 

Affected 

Area 

(sq. km) 

Affected 

Population 

Affected 

Cropped 

Area (ha) 

Total 

Affected 

Cropped 

Area (ha) 

Partial 

No. of 

Affected 

Houses 

Total 

No. of 

Affected 

Houses 

Partial 

No. of 

Dead 

No. of 

Dead 

Livestock 

No. of 

Dead 

Poultry 

Affected 

Road(km) 

Total 

Affected 

Road(km) 

Partial 

No. of 

Affected 

Institutions 

Total 

No. of 

Affected 

Institutions 

Partial 



NW Region 

10 Bogra 29-Aug-88 1589 1155997 79907 5289 51341 94897 37 464 38842 0 1799 250 262 Embankment-34 


27 Dinajpur 25-Aug-88 1549 705180 24254 50824 29988 37550 6 276 0 1124 0 0 0 Embankment-307 

32 Gaibandha 26-Aug-88 1670 866150 44581 0 11717 26175 55 456 0 1242 0 51 182 Embankment-87 

38 Joipurhat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

49 Kurigram 80% 26-Aug-88 1076 518934 38539 23141 8604 9724 9 1894 0 0 657 27 52 Embankment-77 

Culvert-31 

52 Lalmonirhat 295 80000 815 3413 6964 34961 0 0 0 90 274 0 0 Embankment-48.50 

64 Naogaon 25-Aug-88 1739 741429 40645 25611 22604 26639 10 82 0 56685 797 47 100 0 

69 Natore 794 431155 32082 10558 5337 13848 10 30 0 421 0 0 0 Embankment-8.50 

70 Nawabganj 15-Aug-88 308 212051 4168 6423 6353 7403 13 19 4566 148 278 14 20 0 

73 Nilphamari 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

76 Pabna 1672 929084 57602 15752 57839 21655 39 767 23172 910 36 93 0 Bridge-73 

Embankment-60.50 

77 Panchagarh 23-Aug-88 188 103785 5050 2765 2114 6282 0 104 0 265 0 19 57 Bridge-/Culvert-112 

81 Rajshahi 542 250686 7267 11199 2252 6406 21 545 0 0 393 10 52 24 camps&Population-6348 

85 Rangpur 237 1149362 4414 12498 961 7377 0 42 1021 0 534 0 123 Embankment-51 

88 Sirajganj 91% 24-Aug-88 2297 1697117 94683 0 83205 250283 115 2647 16361 1759 0 88 557 Embankment-97 


94 Thakurgaon 1295 364150 3538 19224 7094 12166 0 4060 0 0 301 19 63 Bridge-/Culvert-202 

Total 15252 9205080 437545 186697 296372 555365 314 113869 83962 62644 5069 619 1468 

[Contd.] 

Water 93

Table 4.1.5 

Flood 


(Date) 

Affected 

Area 

(sq. km) 

Affected 

Population 

Affected 

Cropped 

Area (ha) 

Total 

Affected 

Cropped 

Area (ha) 

Partial 

No. of 

Affected 

Houses 

Total 

No. of 

Affected 

Houses 

Partial 

No. of 

Dead 

NC Region 

No. of 

Dead 

Livestock 

No. of 

Dead 

Poultry 

Affected 

Road(km) 

Total 

Affected 

Road(km) 

Partial 

No. of 

Affected 

Institutions 

Total 

No. of 

Affected 

Institutions 

Partial 



26 Dhaka 09-Jan-88 1398 1,667,857 39875 2470 86507 166410 201 4640 0 0 2468 0 0 59 

33 Gazipur 09-Jan-88 964 616,866 29229 7883 27208 32473 17 161 12666 552 788 57 232 Embankment (Total)-67 

(Partial)-77 

39 Jamalpur 25-Aug-88 1598 1187,425 75236 38540 25282 60531 22 315 34417 311 1310 10 224 Bridge- 53-114 

Embankment-72-207 

48 Kishoreganj31% 30-Aug-88 705 387,170 14839 0 6352 14278 0 141 0 503 0 0 0 Embankment-137 

49 Kurigram 20% 26-Aug-88 261 126,019 9359 5619 2089 2361 2 460 0 0 159 7 13 Embankment-77 

Culvert-31 

56 Manikganj 26-Aug-88 533 1,041,900 194042 0 103505 112889 103 2723 54142 1825 0 263 239 0 

59 Munshiganj 85% 09-Jan-88 833 903,422 10971 4102 45559 81626 14 1659 11816 0 0 0 0 0 


61 Mymensingh 53% 28-Aug-88 859 708,779 33420 12333 8866 14152 4 1051 3637 142 1229 3 250 0 

67 Narayanganj 29-Aug-88 0 150,000 0 1619 0 0 0 593 0 0 0 0 0 40 Shelter centre 

has opened 

68 Narsingdi 579 974,735 20322 4073 4345 19710 26 92 4169 778 0 5 48 Culvert-2 (Partial) 

88 Sirajganj 9% 229 168,791 9417 0 8275 24892 11 263 1627 175 0 9 55 Embankment-97 


89 Sherpur 41% 370 253,989 23343 11967 7442 12621 13 918 10879 16 550 21 44 Embankment-136 


93 Tangail 26-Aug-88 1793 2,286,564 114023 0 48038 225297 146 7751 0 174 3145 732 0 Bridge-273 

Total 10121 10,473,517 574076 88607 373469 767242 560 20767 133353 4476 9650 1106 1105 

[Contd.]

Table 4.1.5 

Flood 


(Date) 

Affected 

Area 

(sq. km) 

Affected 

Population 

Affected 

Cropped 

Area (ha) 

Total 

Affected 

Cropped 

Area (ha) 

Partial 

No. of 

Affected 

Houses 

Total 

No. of 

Affected 

Houses 

Partial 

No. of 

Dead 

No. of 

Dead 

Livestock 

No. of 

Dead 

Poultry 

Affected 

Road(km) 

Total 

Affected 

Road(km) 

Partial 

No. of 

Affected 

Institutions 

Total 

No. of 

Affected 

Institutions 

Partial 



NE Region 

12 Brahmaputra 27% 13-Aug-88 419 488545 1494 0 3028 15890 8 25 559 230 179 74 141 Bridge -30 

36 Habiganj 89% 13-Aug-88 1559 795931 12562 0 7886 12838 9 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

48 Kishoreganj 69% 30-Aug-88 1542 847151 32468 0 13900 31242 1 309 0 1100 0 0 0 Embankment-137 

58 Maulavibazar 15-Aug-88 951 362800 14132 0 3690 13236 0 39 0 520 0 120 13 Embankment-208 

Bridge-48 

61 Mymensingh 47% 28-Aug-88 764 630687 29738 10975 7889 12593 4 935 3236 126 1094 2 223 0 

72 Netrakona 28-Aug-88 1998 587678 30429 15786 16400 21015 9 175 0 1245 0 0 0 0 

89 Sherpur 59% 543 373121 34292 17580 10933 18541 19 1349 15981 24 809 31 65 Embankment-136 


90 Sunamganj 13-Aug-88 2705 1090000 2600 2455 8350 9100 8 25 0 0 187 0 0 0 

91 Sylhet 14-Aug-88 1109 766000 0 75798 5257 13052 40 396 0 0 1176 66 129 Bridge -57 

Total 11591 5941913 157716 122594 77333 147506 97 3260 19776 3245 3445 293 571 

SE Region 

12 Brahmanbaria73% 13-Aug-88 1137 1326455 4058 0 8225 43142 20 67 1516 625 487 200 383 Bridge-30 

13 Chandpur 27-Aug-88 527 464000 832 5535 765 25420 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

19 Comilla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

30 Feni 27-Aug-88 55 291000 6440 0 194 3821 2 11 0 0 0 4 65 0 

36 Habiganj11% 13-Aug-88 191 97419 1538 0 956 1571 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

51 Laxmipur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

59 Munshiganj 15% 09-Jan-88 150 162593 1975 738 8199 14691 2 298 2127 0 0 0 0 0 

75 Noakhali 09-Mar-88 180 145200 1915 7574 557 6590 10 34 2938 257 438 0 108 Culvert-2 

Embankment-5 

Total 2240 2486667 16757 13847 18903 95235 60 412 6581 882 925 204 556 


Water 95


Table 4.1.6 Flood Affected Areas by Region, Monsoon 1988 


by EHR 

Affected Area 

(sq. km.) 

Affected 

Population 

Affected 

Cropped 

Area (ha) : 

Total 

Affected 

Cropped 

Area (ha) : 

Partial 

No. of 

Affected 

Houses : 

Total 

1. SW 5435 3472698 221119 58398 84813 

2. SC 4150 3464375 198402 72768 144653 

3. NW 15252 9205080 437545 186697 296372 

4. NC 10121 10473517 574076 88607 373469 

5. NE 11591 5941913 157716 122594 77333 

6. SE 2240 2486667 165757 13847 18903 

7. EH 0 0 0 0 0 

Bangladesh 48789 35044250 1605615 542910 995743 

Source : WARPO (2000) 

Note : SW = South West (hydrological) region 

NE = North East (hydrological) region 

NW = North West (hydrological) region 

RE = Rivers and Estuary (hydrological) region 

SC = South Central (hydrological) region 

SE = South East (hydrological) region 

EH = Eastern Hills (hydrological) region 

EHR = Eastern Hydrological Region

Table 4.1.7 Flood Affected Areas, Monsoon 1998 

Thana 

Union 

Affected 

Families 

Affected 

People 

Crop 

Damage 

Full 

Crop 

Damage 

Partial 

House 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Dead 

No. of 

Dead 

Livestock 

Road 

Damage 

Full 

Road 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Embankment 

Damaged 

No. of 

Bridges 

Damaged 

Institutional 

Damage 

Full 

Institutional 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Shelter 

No. of 

Shelter 

SW Region 

1 Bagerhat 9 75 

18 Chuadanga 3 27 

29 Faridpur 32% 3 22 

35 Gopalganj 5 69 

41 Jessore 0 0 

44 Jhenaidah 0 0 

47 Khulna 0 0 

50 Kushtia 6 63 

54 Madaripur 20% 1 12 

55 Magura 4 17 

57 Meherpur 0 0 

65 Narail 3 25 

79 Pirojpur 36% 2 14 

82 Rajbari 3 29 

87 Satkhira 0 0 

Total : 38 353 

49011 268790 0 114575 11504 8 6102 0 5016 0 0 0 0 0 0 

32613 133680 6715 12607 11100 1 1000 15 314 19 19 0 2 2 50 

37482 174510 15762 28100 33063 6 231 53 390 3 49 9 120 11 5207 

150108 751805 43956 0 54574 5 703 210 610 38 164 13 336 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

116028 555601 91595 38491 125449 15 83 295 1549 100 185 0 740 77 10190 

39258 211999 6301 14102 12904 10 44 0 89 16 33 1 282 14 3967 

18330 110000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 75030 0 32455 10141 2 7 0 182 3 5 0 19 0 0 

26440 158641 3215 13918 8501 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 12035 

36801 178061 18220 28565 9870 16 20 0 187 13 40 0 48 37 7831 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

506071 3E+06 185764 282813 277107 65 8189 573 8023 174 476 23 1545 175 39229 

[Contd.] 

Water 97

Table 4.1.7 

Thana Union 

4 Barguna 0 0 

6 Barisal 10 81 

9 Bhola 7 19 

29 Faridpur 68% 5 47 

42 Jhalokati 0 0 

54 Madaripur 80% 3 45 

78 Patuakhali 0 0 

79 Pirojpur 64% 3 26 

86 Shariatpur 6 68 

Total 35 286 

3 Banderban 2 2 

15 Chittagong 14 104 

22 Cox's Bazar 3 44 

46 Khagrachhari 0 0 

84 Rangamati 10 48 

Total 29 198 

Affected 

Families 

Affected 

People 

Crop 

Damage 

Full 

Crop 

Damage 

Partial 

House 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Dead 

No. of 

Dead 

Livestock 

SC Region 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

146888 646452 118150 43904 75016 14 528 575 1247 110 146 16 324 162 77999 

14400 254707 4118 431158 33403 1 144 0 158 28 61 0 106 0 0 

77981 363064 32793 58462 68788 14 480 109 812 7 101 19 250 23 10832 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

152402 823001 24462 54746 50096 41 169 0 346 64 130 4 1096 54 15399 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

47860 287161 5819 25193 15388 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 21784 

153351 787621 52586 61376 82259 64 1316 640 954 2 512 165 1224 153 38385 

592882 3162006 237928 286796 324949 136 2638 1324 3517 210 590 204 3000 458 164400 

EH Region 

Road 

Damage 

Full 

Road 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Embankment 

Damaged 

No. of 

Bridges 

Damaged 

Institutional 

Damage 

Full 

Institutional 

Damage 

Partial 

0 1805 0 0 500 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

140000 380000 0 31151 19580 11 0 0 1587 187 100 0 134 0 0 

0 331400 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 50 0 3 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

27393 126968 8688 8226 11850 6 0 267 606 124 66 25 158 0 0 

167393 840173 8688 39377 31930 23 0 277 2193 361 166 28 292 0 0 

No. of 

Shelter 

No. of 

Shelter 


[Contd.]

Table 4.1.7 

Thana 

Union 

Affected 

Families 

Affected 

People 

Crop 

Damage 

Full 

Crop 

Damage 

Partial 

House 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Dead 

No. of 

Dead 

Livestock 

Road 

Damage 

Full 

Road 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Embankment 

Damaged 

No. of 

Bridges 

Damaged 

Institutional 

Damage 

Full 

Institutional 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Shelter 

No. of 

Shelter 

NW Region 

10 Bogra 12 52 

27 Dinajpur 0 0 

32 Gaibandha 7 77 

38 Joypurhat 5 32 

49 Kurigram 80% 7 56 

52 Lalmonirhat 5 30 

64 Naogaon 11 72 

69 Natore 5 45 

70 Nawabganj 5 54 

73 Nilphamari 6 61 

76 Pabna 9 71 

77 Panchagarh 0 0 

81 Rajshahi 8 33 

85 Rangpur 6 28 

88 Sirajganj 91% 8 74 

94 Thakurgaon 0 0 

Total 94 685 

54647 266508 23091 34249 20770 5 951 205 878 20 175 44 346 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 538487 22523 26599 41598 14 0 694 0 48 74 0 154 12 1600 

17124 84752 927 5298 2105 0 25 7 202 11 31 2 29 0 0 

69405 289485 5800 273560 289485 5800 27356 46979 456 119 84 19 175 0 0 

10555 46763 728 0 6117 0 2 42 188 15 0 16 68 0 0 

28140 117958 0 53070 8057 4 5 7 18 0 8 4 35 105 19535 

56600 305164 31808 31569 20132 2 2 0 592 0 29 5 123 131 41443 

188458 1186314 12618 28011 56077 24 22 815 563 59 59 5 868 232 72678 

12680 63500 22865 15002 41015 1 447 2 155 5 238 0 0 0 0 

45145 283338 18204 32148 80882 2 1091 404 789 95 115 37 485 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

73564 341698 20303 5251 45771 10 73 181 284 27 92 98 98 78 27170 

9877 44053 292 0 686 1 0 57 0 0 16 5 11 0 0 

350871 1819869 58552 50369 25889 23 461 531 1537 34 139 146 672 148 42748 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

917067 5387889 217711 308922 629085 93 3369 2945 5662 433 1060 381 3064 706 205174 

[Contd.] 

Water 99

Table 4.1.7 

Thana Union 

26 Dhaka 50 74 

33 Gazipur 5 45 

39 Jamalpur 7 68 

48 Kishoreganj 31% 4 34 

49 Kurigram 20% 2 147 

56 Manikganj 70 65 

59 Munshiganj 85% 5 58 

61 Mymensingh 53% 63 77 

67 Narayanganj 50 47 

68 Narsingdi 6 70 

88 Sirajganj 9% 1 7 

89 Sherpur 41% 2 21 

93 Tangail 110 101 

Total 375 681 

12 Brahmaputra 27% 2 27 

36 Habiganj 89% 7 66 

48 Kishoreganj 69% 9 73 

58 Maulavibazar 6 62 

61 Mymensingh 47% 57 69 

72 Netrokona 10 85 

89 Sherpur 59% 3 31 

Affected 

Families 

Affected 

People 

Crop 

Damage 

Full 

Crop 

Damage 

Partial 

House 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Dead 

NC Region 

455176 3038867 45082 19320 20713 125 853 2199 550 11 285 406 271 259 190476 

0 593350 4579 5172 9154 20 46 0 1090 1 169 10 101 25 15000 

229135 1132820 15123 22548 44426 18 150 325 1754 112 377 35 338 10 3500 

48489 226209 7742 5369 24899 10 161 134 343 51 36 14 326 13 6547 

16855 70299 1409 6643 11408 2 70 0 111 29 20 5 42 0 0 

86635 776923 9225 135847 48133 50 1033 167 10679 71 290 189 353 0 0 

95589 503612 9003 80987 53571 39 604 194 1182 75 208 11 463 54 13434 

139458 559481 11380 21328 12567 15 142 232 1082 211 226 11 146 38 38608 

251349 1512797 23346 20429 127865 29 519 1050 512 45 254 3 1370 349 180943 

135106 715755 29190 18784 36829 15 57 0 1200 76 182 7 389 163 42180 

34897 181000 5823 5010 25749 2 46 53 153 3 14 14 67 15 4252 

29070 137125 5922 32068 2838 2 19 26 182 26 11 0 86 0 0 

127229 637374 64334 46360 47478 23 720 892 1632 174 162 52 220 5 500 

1648988 10085611 232158 419866 465630 351 4420 5273 20479 885 2235 758 4172 931 495440 

NE Region 

No. of 

Dead 

Livestock 

Road 

Damage 

Full 

Road 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Embankment 

Damaged 

No. of 

Bridges 

Damaged 

Institutional 

Damage 

Full 

Institutional 

Damage 

Partial 

78726 371327 21529 11079 44599 14 203 318 918 10 72 11 1056 19 6629 

175063 710186 125012 0 22495 11 4218 265 1483 225 247 0 803 0 0 

106097 494958 16940 11748 54481 23 352 294 751 113 79 32 714 29 14324 

33867 169760 7540 20011 12331 0 20 29 447 129 75 0 114 0 0 

124092 497839 10126 18979 11182 14 126 207 962 187 202 9 129 33 34355 

50152 254060 19201 54179 11663 9 1584 0 94 10 3 2 37 4 670 

42706 201443 8700 47109 4170 4 27 39 267 37 16 1 127 0 0 

No. of 

Shelter 

No. of 

Shelter 


[Contd.]

Table 4.1.7 

Thana 

Union 

Affected 

Families 

Affected 

People 

Crop 

Damage 

Full 

Crop 

Damage 

Partial 

House 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Dead 

No. of 

Dead 

Livestock 

Road 

Damage 

Full 

Road 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Embankment 

Damaged 

No. of 

Bridges 

Damaged 

Institutional 

Damage 

Full 

Institutional 

Damage 

Partial 

No. of 

Shelter 

No. of 

Shelter 

90 Sunamganj 10 83 

91 Sylhet 11 87 

Total 114 583 

69943 279678 24257 0 7320 5 0 0 268 249 0 0 0 0 0 

0 57500 0 0 2448 0 0 0 224 41 0 0 0 0 0 

680646 3036751 233305 163104 170588 79 5100 1151 5414 1002 693 55 2980 85 555978 

SE Region 

12 Brahmaputra73% 5 72 

13 Chandpur 7 88 

19 Comilla 12 179 

30 Feni 5 48 

36 Habiganj11% 1 8 

51 Laxmipur 4 44 

59 Munshiganj 15% 1 10 

75 Noakhali 6 82 

Total 41 532 

213750 1008196 58452 30080 121090 38 551 864 2492 29 195 31 2869 51 17997 

300354 1393113 72507 84061 173432 40 590 790 2139 933 253 77 1218 174 20565 

320977 1477450 113635 104572 158590 74 822 2285 3839 206 451 157 2726 51 22770 

118000 470000 5421 6157 31176 0 70 105 945 23 159 3 240 0 0 

21427 86924 15301 0 2741 1 516 32 181 28 30 0 98 0 0 

120854 715954 21980 59769 37625 11 182 180 804 13 11 0 299 17 4446 

17204 90637 1620 14576 9641 7 109 35 213 14 38 2 83 10 2418 

86350 531533 12050 5308 15830 0 3 100 2556 85 30 0 377 26 6378 

1198916 5773807 300967 304523 550126 171 2843 4391 13169 1330 1167 270 7910 329 74574 

Bangladesh by EHR 

1. SW 38 353 

2. SC 35 286 

3. NW 94 685 

4. NC 375 681 

5. NE 114 583 

6. SE 41 532 

7. EH 29 198 

Bangladesh 726 3318 


506071 2618117 185764 282813 277107 65 8189 573 8023 174 476 23 1545 175 39229 

592882 3162006 237928 286796 324949 136 2638 1324 3517 210 950 204 3000 458 164400 

917067 5387889 217711 308922 629085 93 3369 2945 5662 433 1060 381 3064 706 205174 

1648988 10085611 232158 419866 465630 351 4420 5273 20479 885 2235 758 3064 931 495440 

680646 3036751 233305 163104 170588 79 5100 1151 5414 1002 693 55 4172 85 55978 

1198916 5773807 300967 304523 550126 171 2843 4391 13169 1330 1167 270 2980 329 74574 

167393 840173 8688 39377 31930 23 0 277 2193 361 166 28 292 0 0 

5711963 30904354 1416521 1805401 2449415 918 26559 15934 58457 4395 6747 1719 22963 2684 1034795 

Water 101


Table 4.1.8 Comparison of Depth and Duration During Three Major Floods 

Year 

Average Depth of 

Inundation (metre) 

Duration of 

Flood (days) 

1987 6.64 17 

1988 7.58 23 

1998 6.58 75 

Source: Zobra (1999) 

Table 4.1.9 Bank Erosion/Accretion Along the Different Rivers for the Period 1984-93 

Items Jamuna* Ganges Padma U. Meghna L. Meghna 

Bank erosion Left 100 -20 38 7 66 

rate (m/yr.) Right 84 56 121 -9 182 

Max. bank erosion rate (m/yr.) 784 665 620 NA 824 

Bank erosion (ha/yr) 5,020 2,240 1,800 48 1,172 

Bank accretion (ha/yr) 890 1,010 233 49 402 

Source : EGIS (2000) 

Note : 1: *Rates derived for the period 1984-92 

4.2 Water Supply 

Table 4.2.1 Public (Government Owned) Water Supply Facilities in Rural Areas 

Water Supply Facility 

1998-99 Number of Units 2000-2001 Number of Units 

Running Choked up Running Choked up 

Shallow Tubewell 842026 33264 858816 36871 

Deep Tubewell 81987 3396 100669 3942 

Tara Pump 130949 6873 149006 8795 

Tara - 2 1222 33 1417 51 

Ringwell 3946 866 5032 1175 

Very Shallow Shrouded 

Tubewell (VSST) 

5904 183 6046 164 

Pond Sand Filter (PSF) 2135 347 2557 455 

Iron Removal Plant (IRP) 3754 0 4075 3 

Deep Set Pump (DSP) 4474 1963 5363 2525 

Total Tubewell 1076397 46925 

Source: DPHE (2000), DPHE (2003)

Water 103 

Table 4.2.2 Regional Variation of Running and Choked-up Water Supply Source 

1998-99 2000-2001 

Region Total Total % Running Total Total 

Running Choked Up Running Choked Up 

Barisal 149518 6381 95.91 156894 6707 

Chittagong 260611 14321 94.79 14439 5396 

Chittagong Hill Tracts 13626 4050 77.09 275625 15501 

Dhaka 237846 8465 96.56 258634 10374 

Khulna 131722 3984 97.06 133945 4889 

Rajshahi 121676 5016 96.04 125208 5851 

Rangpur 161398 4708 97.17 168236 5263 

Source: DPHE (2000), DPHE (2003) 

Table 4.2.3 Status of Rural Water Supply 

1999 2000 

Division Source of Drinking Water (%) Source of Drinking Water (%) 

Tubewell/Tap/ Pond/River/ Tubewell/Tap/ Pond/River/ 

Ring Well Other Ring Well Other 

Dhaka 99.9 0.5 99.6 0.9 

Chittagong 97.1 3.8 95.9 5.4 

Sylhet 94.9 11.0 94.5 9.2 

Khulna 91.2 10.3 90.8 10.1 

Barisal 95.3 6.9 94.9 6.2 

Rajshahi 100.0 0.2 99.9 0.3 

Noakhali 97.7 3.0 97.3 3.6 

Source : BBS/UNICEF (1999 and 2000) 

Note 

: Figures may not add up to 100.0 due to multiple responses


Table 4.2.4 Number of Public SST/VSST and PSF Operating in the Rural Areas of the Coastal Districts 

Coastal Districts 

1998-1999 

Number of Operating Units 

2000-2001 

Number of Operating Units 

SST/VST PSF DTW SST/VST PSF DTW 

Satkhira 1119 544 644 1128 606 759 

Khulna 456 370 3353 328 382 4011 

Bagerhat 1005 520 1137 1213 638 1686 

Pirojpur 1607 129 1992 1607 129 2163 

Jhalakathi 132 67 4072 132 67 4072 

Barguna 705 350 8351 705 350 8351 

Barisal 0 0 9619 0 0 9619 

Patuakhali 0 0 11007 0 0 13881 

Bhola 0 0 9832 0 0 10808 

Laxmipur 0 0 1188 0 0 1188 

Noakhali 873 16 6799 926 20 8563 

Feni 0 0 3303 0 0 3618 

Chittagong 0 0 10263 0 0 15179 

Cox's Bazar 4 0 3171 4 0 3475 

Total in Coastal Districts 5897 1996 74731 6043 2192 87373 

Bangladesh Total 5904 2135 81987 6046 2557 100669 

Source: DPHE (2000), DPHE (2003) 

Table 4.2.5 Regional Variation in Rural Drinking Water Source 

1999 2000 

District Source of Drinking Water (%) Source of Drinking Water (%) 

Tubewell/Tap/ Pond/River/ Tubewell/Tap/ Pond/River/ 

Ring Well Other Ring Well Other 

Banderban 54.1 49.8 68.8 36.2 

Khagrachari 88.1 18.9 72.9 33.5 

Rangamati 61.9 43.5 64.8 41.4 

Bagerhat 71.7 34.1 63.7 40.5 

Khulna 80.6 23.1 87.7 12.7 

Satkhira 76.5 25.0 76.5 24.4 

Jhalakathi 88.3 13.1 97.8 3.5 

Pirojpur 80.2 25.0 76.3 24.2 

Noakhali 97.7 3.0 97.5 3.3 


Note 

: Figures may not add up to 100.0 due to multiple responses

Water 105 

Table 4.2.6 Source of Water for Household Work in Rural Areas 

Division 

1999 Source of Water (%) 

Tubewell/Tap/ Pond/River/ 

Combined 

Ring Well 

Other 





Other 

Dhaka 69.3 20.7 10.0 71.7 14.6 13.7 

Chittagong 26.9 58.8 14.3 28.9 42.2 28.9 

Sylhet 31.9 60.1 7.9 29.5 41.4 29.1 

Khulna 61.2 29.7 9.1 65.2 21.8 13.0 

Barisal 7.4 78.8 13.8 7.5 72.6 19.9 

Rajshahi 87.8 5.8 6.4 90.0 2.2 7.8 

National 58.7 31.5 9.9 60.6 23.1 16.3 


Note : Figures may not add up to 100.0 due to multiple responses 

Table 4.2.7 Status of Urban Water Supply by Division 

National 

1999 Source of Drinking Water (%) 2000 Source of Drinking Water (%) 

Tubewell/Tap/ 

Tubewell/Tap/ 

Pond River/Other 




Dhaka 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.1 

Chittagong 100.0 0.3 99.7 0.7 

Sylhet 100.0 0.0 99.8 0.9 

Khulna 96.8 3.5 96.6 4.0 

Barisal 100.0 0.3 100.0 0.1 

Rajshahi 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.3 


Note 

: Figures may not add up to 100.0 due to multiple responses 

Table 4.2.8 Status of Urban Water Supply in Urban Areas 

Source of Drinking Water (%) 

National 

Tubewell/Tap/ Ring Well 


Metro City Slum 99.9 0.3 

Metro City Non-Slum 100.0 0.0 

Metro Cities 100.0 0.1 

Other Urban 99.2 1.0 

All Urban 99.6 0.5 

Source: BBS/UNICEF (1999 and 2000) 

Note: Figures may not add up to 100.0 due to multiple responses


Table 4.2.9 Source of Water for Household Work in Urban Areas 



Division 




Ringwell 

Other 

Ringwell 

Other 


Dhaka 97.2 0.8 2.0 95.5 2.2 2.3 

Chittagong 73.5 18.0 8.5 74.6 13.3 12.1 

Sylhet 82.3 12.8 4.9 88.0 4.8 7.2 

Khulna 81.8 11.1 7.1 84.7 6.4 8.9 

Barisal 62.0 25.3 12.7 61.8 24.2 14.0 

Rajshahi 97.5 0.1 2.4 98.2 0.6 1.2 

National 89.0 6.5 4.5 89.1 5.5 5.4 


Note 

: Figures may not add up to 100.0 due to multiple responses 

Table 4.2.10 Water Service Provided by Dhaka WASA 

Description June 1998 June 1999 % Increase Sept. 1999 

Deep Tubewell (number) 237 277 16.87 277 

Water Production (m liter) 930 1,070 15.05 1,028 

Water Demand (m liter) 1,400 1,440 2.77 1,440 

Water Line 1,610 1,643 2.04 1,646 

Water Connection (number) 171,855 178,377 3.79 180,129 

Treatment Plant 3 3 0 3 

Source: DWASA (2000a), DWASA (2000b) 

Table 4.2.11 Water Production of Dhaka WASA 

Source 

Production Capacity 

Million Litre per Day 

Actual Production 

Groundwater Source 1,067.3 1,067.3 

Surface Water Source 85.2 90.3 

Total 1,152.5 1,157.6 

Source: DWASA (2000b) 

Table 4.2.12 Assessment of Industrial and Commercial Water Demand for the Year 2000 

Category Demand per Day (in litres) Gross Demand (MLD) 

Industrial 2000 / worker 28.2 

Commercial 38.5 / person 8.6 

School 27.2 / student 44.0 

Hospital 1258.9 / bed 14.1 

Offices 33.9 / day 63.1 

Religious Institution 1.5 / person 9.5 

Average 167.5 

Source: DWASA (1997)

Water 107 

Table 4.2.13 Water Pricing by Dhaka WASA 

Types of Connection 

Residential and Social 

Holding (in Taka) 

Commercial and 

Industrial (in Taka) 

With Meter (a) Per thousand galons 20.50 67.00 

(b) Per thousand liter 04.50 15.00 

Without Meter 

(a) Yearly tax on holdings' 

annual valuation 

29% 29.50% 

Under construction (a) 1/ 4 " Pipe (per month) 0571.00 1639.00 

building (b) 1" Pipe (per month) 0979.50 2951.00 

(Without Meter) (c) 1.5" Pipe (per month) 1959.00 5901.50 

(d) 2" Pipe (per month) 4081.00 12295.00 

Source : Daily Star (2002) 

Table 4.2.14 Water Pricing Practices by Dhaka WASA 

Past Price Previous Price Present Price 

(per 1000 litre) (per 1000 litre) (per 1000 litre) 

Residential and Social Holdings Tk. 4.13 Tk. 4.30 Tk. 4.50 

Commercial and industrial Tk. 13.39 Tk. 14.00 Tk. 15.00 

Source : DWASA (2000); The Daily Star (2002) 

Table 4.2.15 Extent of Supply of Dhaka WASA 

Sl No. Description Unit June, 2000 June, 2001 Growth 

1 Deep Tubewell Number 308 336 9.09% 

2 Water Generation Crore Litres 113 122 7.96% 

3 Water Demand Crore Litres 150 160 6.67% 

4 Water Supply Line Kilo Metre 2080 2127 2.26% 

5 Water Supply Connection Number 184479 191087 3.58% 

6 Sewerage Line Kilo Metre 631 631 00.00% 

7 Sewerage Connection Number 46389 47338 2.05% 

8 Storm Water Drainage Line Kilo Metre 205 205 00.00% 

9 Box Culvert Kilo Metre 7.00 7.00 00.00% 

10 Open Canal Kilo Metre 56.80 56.80 00.00% 

Source : DWASA (2001)


Table 4.2.16 Water of Dhaka WASA: Demand, Supply and Deficiency 

Year 

Population Water Demand Water Supply Deficiency Deep Tubewells in 

(Lakh) (Crore Litre) (Crore Litre) (Crore Litre) Operation (Number) 

1963 8.5 15 13 2 30 

1970 14.6 26 18 8 47 

1980 30.3 55 30 25 87 

1990 55.6 100 51 49 216 

1996 75.5 130 81 49 216 

1997 80 135 87 48 225 

1998 85 140 93 47 237 

1999 90 144 107 37 277 

2000 95 150 113 37 308 

2001 100 160 122 38 336 

Source : WASA (2001) 

Table 4.2.17 Number of Consumers of DWASA by Year 

Year 

Number of Metered 

Number of Connections 

Total Number of Growth 

Percent 

Percent 

Connections Without Meter Connections (Percent) 

1993-94 102184 71 40809 29 142993 10.80 

1994-95 113491 78 39832 26 153323 7.22 

1995-96 120324 73 43470 27 163794 6.82 

1996-97 122867 73 44575 27 167442 2.23 

1997-98 128891 75 42964 25 171855 3.63 

1998-99 130620 73 47360 27 177980 3.56 

1999-2000 138008 73 50277 27 188285 5.79 

2000-2001 138018 70 58435 30 196453 4.33 

Source : DWASA (2001) 

Table 4.2.18 Reported Incidence (%) where Womanfolk were Consulted for Site Selection by Water Technologies 

Womenfolk were consulted 

Women folk were not consulte 

Types of Water 

Technologies CTF User Control families CTF User Control families 

DTW 45.5 38.5 50.0 44.5 61.5 50.0 

STW 57.9 27.4 48.0 42.1 72.6 52.0 

Tara 52.1 35.3 53.3 49.7 64.7 46.7 

PSF 60.0 62.5 66.7 40.0 37.5 33.3 

Ringwell 63.0 _ _ 37.0 100 100 

SST 75.0 _ _ 25.0 100 _ 

VSST 80.0 _ 100 20.0 100 _ 

All 52.7 29.4 70.8 47.3 70.6 29.2 

Source : DPHE (1995)

Water 109 

4.3 Water Quality 

Table 4.3.1 Summary of Inorganic Constituents in Bangladesh Ground water from the National Hydrochemical Survey (NHS) 

Relative to WHO Health-based and Aesthetic Guideline Values (GVs), as Determined by BGS and DPHE (2001) 

Parameter 

Symbol 

WHO GV 

(mg/I) 


Standard 

(mg/I) 

% Exceedance 

Shallow Aquifer 

WHO 

Guideline 

Bangladesh WHO Bangladesh 

Value 

Standard GV Standard 

Chemicals of health significance 

Anamony Sb 0.005(P) _ _ _ _ _ Not measured in NHS. 

SS data suggest 

not a problem 

Arsenic As 0.01(P) 0.05 46 27 4.6 0.9 Senous problem 

Barium Ba 0.7 0.17 0.2 28 1.2 26 Occasional problem 

Beryllium Be NAD _ _ _ _ _ Not measured in NHS. 

Rarely detected in 

SS (always


Table 4.3.1 

Parameter 

Symbol 

WHO GV 

(mg/I) 


Standard 

(mg/I) 

% Exceedance 

Shallow Aquifer 

WHO 

Guideline 

Bangladesh WHO Bangladesh 

Value 

Standard GV Standard 

Substances that may give rise to complaints from consumers 

% Exceedance 

Deep Aquifer 

Aluminium Al 0.2 0.2 1.7 1.7 6 6 Normally below 0.1 mg/I 

Ammonia NH 3 1.5 _ _ _ _ _ Frequent exceedances 

Iron Fe 0.3 0.3-1.0 68 55 32 15 Frequent exceedances 

Potassium K 10 12 10 8 4 2 Occasional problem 

especially in southern 


Sodium Na 200 200 8.5 8.5 49 49 Senous problem in 

coastal areas 

Zinc Zn 3 5 0 0 0.3 0.3 Not a serious problem 

Source: BGS/Water Aid, (2002) 

Note: 1. - : No reliable data. 

2. (P) : Provisional WHO guideline maximum value. 

3. NAD : No adequate data to permit recommendation of a health-based guideline value. 

4. NHS : DPHE/BGS National Hydrochemical Survey. 

5. BWDB : Water quality survey of tubewells in the Bangladesh Water Development Board monitoring network. 

6. SS : Special Study Areas survey (Chapai Nawabganj, Faridpur, Lakshmipur upazilas). 

Comments 

Table 4.3.2a: DTW Pump Stations from which Ground water Samples were Collected 

Zone Well No. Location 

I 1 Baldha garden pump, Narinda Dhaka. 

2 Kaptan Bazar Pump, Kaptan Bazar, Dhaka. 

3 Bangabhaban Park Pup, Bangabhaban, Dhaka. 

II 4 Hazaribagh Park Pump, Hazaribagh, Dhaka. 

5 Badda Nagar Pump, Hazaribagh, Dhaka. 

6 College of Leather Technology, Hazaribagh, Dhaka. 

7 Tannery Area Pump, Hazaribagh, Dhaka. 

8 BDR Gate-1 Pump, Pilkhana, Dhaka. 

9 Nawabgong Pump, Nawabgong, Dhaka. 

10 Azimpur Shishupark Pump, Azimpur, Dhaka. 

III 11 Bashbari Water Pump, Mohammadpur, Dhaka. 

12 Road No.- 8, Dhanmondi, Dhaka. 

IV 13 Block-C, Mirpur-10, Dhaka. 

14 Pallabi Water Pump, Mirpur, Dhaka. 

V 15 Tejkunipara Water Pump, Tejkunipara, Firmgate, Dhaka. 

16 Mohakhali Lab. Pump, Mohakhali, Dhaka. 

17 Tibbet Water Pump, Tejgaon, Dhaka. 

VI 18 Banasree Housing Ltd. Rampura, Dhaka. 

19 Osmani Uddan Pump, Osmani Uddan, Dhaka. 

20 High Court Water Pump, High Court, Dhaka. 

Source: Ali, et. al. (2002)

Water 111 

Table 4.3.2b Cr (mg/L) Concentrations of Ground water Samples 

Zone 

Source: Ali, et. al. (2002) 

Well No. 

1st Sampling 2nd Sampling 3rd Sampling 

(06.06.01) (24.08.01) (07.11.01) 

I 1 0.0030 0.0008 0.0025 

2 0.0030 0.0013 0.0051 

3 0.0030 0.0039 0.0038 

II 4 0.0205 0.0006 0.0012 

5 0.0147 0.0089 0.0011 

6 0.0142 0.0005 0.0013 

7 0.0169 0.0088 0.0015 

8 0.0088 0.0015 0.0016 

9 0.0120 0.0009 0.0017 

10 0.0327 0.0008 0.0017 

III 11 0.0030 0.0007 0.0004 

12 0.0030 0.0044 0.0026 

IV 13 0.0040 0.0023 0.0054 

14 0.0030 0.0022 0.0010 

V 15 0.0110 0.0021 0.0024 

16 0.0040 0.0033 0.0011 

17 0.0050 0.0055 0.0033 

18 0.0060 0.0030 0.0031 

19 0.0020 0.0014 0.0017 

20 0.0040 0.0018 0.0069 

Table 4.3.2c Lead (mg/L) Concentrations of Ground water Samples 

Zone 


Well No. 

1st Sampling 2nd Sampling 3rd Sampling 

(06.06.01) (24.08.01) (07.11.01) 

I 1 0.020 0.007 0.011 

2 0.010 0.015 0.054 

3 0.040 0.007 0.013 

II 4 0.001 0.011 0.011 

5 0.008 0.006 0.010 

6 0.015 0.010 0.022 

7 0.012 0.025 0.023 

8 0.021 0.012 0.041 

9 0.023 0.010 0.013 

10 0.010 0.007 0.010 

III 11 0.030 0.009 0.014 

12 0.020 0.017 0.016 

IV 13 0.018 0.010 0.090 

14 0.012 0.011 0.044 

V 15 0.140 0.013 0.009 

16 0.020 0.009 0.009 

17 0.040 0.009 0.006 

18 0.080 0.007 0.018 

19 0.020 0.012 0.011 

20 0.030 0.010 0.013


Table 4.3.2d Iron, Manganese and Arsenic Concentrations of Ground water Samples from 1st Sampling 

Zone 


Table 4.3.3 Heavy Metal Concentration in River Water 

Sample ID 

Well No. 

Iron Manganese Arsenic 

(mg / L) (mg /L) (mg /L) 

I 1 0.02 0.031 < 5 

2 0.04 0.037 < 5 

3 0.15 0.070 < 5 

II 4 0.35 0.095 10 

5 0.10 0.078 < 5 

6 0.50 0.140 < 5 

7 0.08 0.058 < 5 

8 0.05 0.031 < 5 

9 0.20 0.107 < 5 

10 0.20 0.098 < 5 

III 11 0.1 0.002 < 5 

12 < 0.02 0.027 < 5 

IV 13 0.15 0.046 < 5 

14 0.08 0.036 < 5 

V 15 < 0.02 0.032 < 5 

16 < 0.02 0.039 < 5 

17 < 0.02 0.036 < 5 

18 1.5 0.001 < 5 

19 < 0.02 0.057 < 5 

20 0.05 0.057 < 5 

Concentration in mg/L 

AL Cd Cr Pb Hg Se Zn 

Buriganga River: 3.27 0.014 0.036 ND 0.0021 0.001 0.56 

Friendship Bridge 

Turag River: Amin Bazar 11.884 0.018 0.11 0.394 0.0058 0.0002 1.002 

Buriganga River: 5.396 0.006 0.006 0.25 0.0016 ND 0.984 

Chandni Ghat WW 

Lakhya River: 2.952 0.006 0.028 0.074 0.0032 0.0005 0.246 

Saidabad SWTP Intake Pt 

Buriganga River: 3.262 0.008 0.232 0.47 0.0033 0.0006 0.402 

Hazaribagh Tannery Area 

Balu River: Zirani Khal 2.1166 0.006 0.0224 ND 0.0010 ND 1.122 

Recommended Value 0.2 0.005 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.01 5 

for Drinking Water** 

Source : Shamsuzzoha (2002) 

Note : ND-Not detectable **-Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for Bangladesh; Department of Environment; July 1991. -Samples were tested on April 3, 1997. 

Table 4.3.4 Intake of Inorganic and Organic Arsenic Compounds in the General Population 

Source Inorganic Arsenic(µg/d, p) Organic Arsenic Compounds(µg/d, p) 

Air 0.05 _ 

Food 5-20 5-1000 

Water

Chapter 5 

Industry 

5.1 Waste Generation, Effluent and 

Emission Characteristics 115 

5.2 Brick Manufacture 117

Industry 115 

5.1 Waste Generation, Effluent and Emission Characteristics 

Table 5.1.1 Waste Generation by Selected Fertilizer Factories 

Waste Type CUFL ZFL UFL PUFFL JFCL T.S.P. Complex Treatment Disposal 

Solid waste 

Catalyst waste/dust 0.05 m 3 /d 1.8 m 3 year None Underground dumping 

in plastic bags, Sale 

Urea dust 0.81 ton/d No data 216 kg/d Some scrubbing Dispersed by air and water 

Solid scraps No data No data No data No data No data No data None Dumped in scrap yard 

Contaminated sludge 31m 3 Dilution Drained into river 

Liquid waste 

Combined effluent 3756 10929 MT/d 10 ton/d 5160 ton/d 8,040 m 3 /d Dilution Aeration Dumped in the river 

m 3 /d 

P 2 O 5 100 ppm PCT 

F 80 ppm system (UFL) 

SO 4 50 ppm Lagooning 

Treatment (JFCL) 

Ammonia 40 kg/d Dilution Drained into river 

G.V. Solution 960.30 MT/d None Stored in vessels 

Sanitary waste-water 240 ton/d Treatment (JFCL) To equalization basin 

Gaseous waste 

SA Plant exhaust gas 70,000 NM 3 /h Demister Through chimney into air 

SO 2 

SO 3 

900 ppm 

210 ppm 

Rock SO 3 grinding No data 2650 NM 3 w/62 Dust collector Through chimney into air 

plant exhaust gas 

NM 3 dust 

Ammonia No data 201.6 NM 3 504 kg/d Some scrubbing Dispersed into air 

and recovery 

Formaldehyde vapour 1.25 ppm Some scrubbing Vented to air 

Flue gas with CO 2 No data Partially recovered Vented to air 

Source : Faisal et. al. (2001) 

Note CUFL : 

ZFL : 

UFL : 

Table 5.1.2 Composition of Wastewater in Natore Sugar Mill 

Parameter Actual Value Tolerance for Land Disposal Tolerance for Water Disposal 

pH 9.7 6 - 9 6 - 9 

Total solids (mg/l) 822 N/A N/A 

Dissolved solids (mg/l) 804 2100 2100 

Suspended solids (mg/l) 18 200 150 

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 2.4 4.5 - 8 4.5 - 8 

BOD (mg/l) 520 500 100 

COD (mg/l) 1950 400 200 

Chloride (mg/L) 33 600 600 

Sulfate (mg/L) 7 1000 1000 

Carbonate (ml/l) 99 N/A N/A 

Source : Faisal et. al. (2001)


Table 5.1.3 Wastewater Characteristics of Selected Fertilizer Factories, 1994 

Parameter 

pH 8.5 8.25 8.3 4.5 9.4 

BOD 5 (mg/l) 200 40 120 0 0 

COD (mg/l) 340 65 320 20 200 

SS (mg/l) 760 1263 562 11910 4968 

Total Solids (mg/l) 4872 5239 4898 NA NA 

Turbidity (NTU) 27 3.9 7.4 NA NA 

Color (TCU) 60 2 10 NA NA 

Phosphate (mg/l) NA NA NA 56 7 

Nitrate (mg/I) 4.5 5 15 20 22 

Ammonia-N (mg/l) 55 65 90 NA NA 

Kjeldahl-N (mg/l) 86 82 115 15 185 

Chromium (mg/l) 0.358 0.372 0.025 0.075 0.022 

Nickel (mg/l) 0.038 0.03 0.064 0.068 0.087 


Urea Fertilizer Factory at Ghorashal 

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 

T.S.P. Complex 

at Chittagong 

Chittagong Urea 

Fertilizer Factory 

at Chittagong 

Table 5.1.4 Wastewater Characteristics of Selected Pulp and Paper Mills 

Parameter 

Karnafuli Paper Mill 

Hossain Pulp and 

Paper Mills Ltd. 

Bangladesh Paper 

Mills Ltd. 

1975 1994 1994 1994 

pH 8.4 8.7 6.7 6.3 

BOD 5 (mg/l) 530 150 400 600 

COD (mg/l) 1520 430 1400 1700 

DO (mg/l) 0.6 NA NA NA 

SS (mg/l) 673 2024 1242 459 

Total Solids (mg/l) NA 9237 NA NA 

E.C. (micro mho/cm) 2500 NA NA NA 

T. Alkalinity (mg/l) 132 NA NA NA 

Turbidity (NTU) 505 600 NA NA 

Phosphate (mg/l) NA 70 0.8 1.2 

Sulphate (mg/l) NA 35 278.4 259 

Chloride (mg/l) 288 5900 580 68 

Copper (mg/l) NA 0.078 NA NA 

Zine (mg/l) NA 0.083 NA NA 


Table 5.1.5 Hazaribagh Tannery Waste Composition 

Contaminants 

Avg. Composition (mg/l) 

Chromium 20 

Total Solids 13500 

Volatile Solid 3000 

COD 4500 

Sulphide 63 

Source : BCSIR (2000)

Industry 117 

Table 5.1.6 Emission of Air Pollutants in Sugar Mills 

Air Pollutant 

Total suspended particulates 

Light suspended particulates 

CO 

SO 2 

NO x 

Emission per MT Cane Crushed 

5 - 8 kg 

1 - 1.5 kg 

20 - 100 kg 

0.07 - 0.12 kg 

0.2 - 0.3 kg 


Note : Estimates are from Indian Sugar Mills 

Table 5.1.7 Emission from Sugar Mills in 1999 - 2000 


Waste Amount Produced Reuse and Disposal 

Note : Estimates are from Indian Sugar Mills 

Solid waste 

Bagasse 77,000 MT Reused in paper mills 

Filter Mud 66,000 - 77,000 MT Reused as fertilizer 

Molasses 77,000 - 82,500 MT Reused in alcohol and tobacco production, 

construction, as cattle feed and the rest is exported 

Boiler Ash No estimate Reused for land filling and construction work 

Liquid waste 

Polluted Water 550,000 - 825,000 m 3 Disposed in land and water 

Gaseous waste 

Total suspended particulates 11,000,000 - 16,600,000 kg Released into the air 

Light suspended particulates 2,200,000 - 3,300,000 kg Released into the air 

CO 11,000,000 - 220,000,000 kg Released into the air 

SO 2 154,000 - 264,000 kg Released into the air 

NO x 440,000 - 660,000 kg Released into the air 

5.2 Brick Manufacture 

Table 5.2.1 Market Share of the Four Types of Kilns Being Used in Bangladesh 

Kiln Type 

Number 

Percentage of Brick Production Percentage of Total 

Total Kilns (billion) Brick Production 

BTK 4000 90.1 8 88.6 

FCK 400 9.0 0.8 8.6 

Zigzag Kiln 15 0.34 0.03 0.3 

Hoffman Kiln 25 0.56 0.2 2.2 

Total 4440 100 9.03 100 

Source : Gomes and Hossain (2003) 

Note : BTK : Bull's Trench Kiln 

FCK : Fixed Chimney Kiln


Table 5.2.2 A Comparative Study of the Four Types of Kilns being Used in Bangladesh 

Parameter Bull's Trench Kiln Fixed Chimney Kiln Zigzag Kiln Hoffman Kiln 

1. Initial investment (Tk.) 2,500,000 4,00,000 4,000,000 32,000,000 

2. Working capital (Tk.) 1,00,000 900,000 900,000 7,500,000 

3. Land 1 ha, of which 0.4 1 ha, of which 0.4 1 ha, of which 0.4 Minimum 4 ha 

used round the year used round the year used round the round the year 

rest only during rest only during year rest only 

production production during production 

4. Inputs (a) Clay 2,830 m 3 

5. Fuel (per 100,000 

Consumption bricks) 


(b) Labour 200 (5% skilled, 200 (15% skilled, 200 (15% skilled, 400 (25% skilled, 

10% semi-skilled, 15% semi-skilled, 15% semi-skilled, 45% semi-skilled, 

rest unskilled) rest unskilled) rest unskilled) rest unskilled) 

(c) Electricity Not essential Not essential Necessary on Necessary - 

Small scale electricity outage 

hamper production 

(d) Fuel Coal/Gas Coal/Gas Coal/Gas 

98% use coal 98% use coal 98% use coal 

26-30 tonnes 22-26 tonnes 22-26 tonnes 15,000-17,000 m 3 

6. Pollution Severe Pollution Pollution Pollution Very Little Pollution 

7. Production Period November to November to November to Round the Year 

mid-April mid-April mid-April 

8. Wastage (%) 10-12 5-8 5-8 15-18 

9. Quality of bricks Medium Good Good Very Good 

10. Sale price (per 1000 

bricks) 

2200-2500 2200-2500 2200-2500 3000-3200 

Gas 

Table 5.2.3 CO 2 Reduction Potential of the Hoffman Kiln and VSBK 


Note 

: BTK : Bull's Trench Kiln 

VSBK : Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln 

Basis : 100,000 bricks produced 

Conversion Factors : Heating Value of Coal = 20.93 GJ/t 

Heating Value of Natural Gas = 35 MJ/m 3 

CO 2 emission of coal = 94.6 t CO 2 / TJ 

CO 2 emission of natural gas = 56.1 t CO 2 / TJ 

BTK Hoffman VSBK 

Fuel Coal Natural Gas Coal 

Fuel Consumption per brick 0.28 kg 0.1632 m 3 0.17 kg 

Total Fuel 28 t 16320 m 3 20 t 

Total energy consumption 586 GJ 571 GJ 419 GJ 

CO 2 emission 55.4t 32.0t 39.6 t 

CO 2 emission reduction compared to BTK (%) 

_ 

42 28.5

Chapter 6 

Energy 

4.1 Energy Source and 

Consumption 121 

4.2 Electricity and Power 122 

4.3 Natural Gas and Oil 125

Energy 121 

6.1 Energy Source and Consumption 

Table 6.1.1 Energy Consumption in the Year 1999-2000 (PJ) 

Source : BUET (2002) 

Sector Coal Oil Natural Gas Total Fossil Fuels Biomass 

Power Generation _ 11.90 147.31 159.21 _ 

Residential _ 26.02 29.36 55.38 440 

Commercial 1.35 1.27 3.81 6.43 2 

Industrial 12.15 11.43 40.62 64.20 118 

Transport _ 62.35 _ 62.35 _ 

Agriculture/others _ 24.57 _ 24.57 _ 

Non-energy use _ _ 84.00 84.00 _ 

(urea fertilizer production) 

Losses and own use 1.86 23.91 25.77 _ 

Total 13.50 139.40 329.01 481.91 560 

Table 6.1.2 Supply of Biomass Fuels in Bangladesh in 1981 

Type of Land 

Area in 

Biomass Fuels 

% 

Million Acre 

Million Tonnes Peta Joule % 

Forests 5.41 15.30 0.68 10.30 2.15 

Not available for Cultivation 6.36 18.00 0.08 1.20 0.25 

Village Forests 0.74 2.10 4.66 65.60 13.70 

Culturable Wastes 0.62 1.80 0.15 2.00 0.41 

Current Fallow 1.40 4.00 0.32 4.70 0.98 

Net Crop 20.77 58.80 23.08 288.48 60.20 

Total Area 35.33 100.00 29.00 372.28 77.69 

Livestock (20.5 milion head) 6.70 (Dung) 77.72 16.21 

Recycle Biomass 2.30 29.30 6.10 

Total 38.00 479.30 100.00 

Source : GOB (1987) 

Table 6.1.3 Supply and Consumption of Different Types of Biomass Energy (in Peta Joule or PJ) 

Non-wood Biomass Wood Fuel Total Biomass Energy 

Supply 

Indigenous Production 323.12 331.09 654.21 

Total Primary 323.12 331.09 654.21 

Consumption 

Domestic 258.92 252.74 511.66 

Industrial 63.49 65.12 128.61 

Commercial 0.71 2.20 2.91 

Others 0.00 7.76 7.76 

Total Consumption 323.12 327.82 650.94 

Source : ADB (2003)


Table 6.1.4 Renewable Energy Prospects in Bangladesh 

Type 

Current Capacity 

(up to December 2002) [1] 

Capacity Expansion 

Over Next 5 Years 

Theoretical Potential 

Wind 50 kw 5 MW [2] 2000 MW [4] 

Hydro 230MW 5 MW [2] 672 MW [4] 

Solar PV 1026KW 3.2 MW [2] 50,436 [1] 

Solar Thermal 800 m 2 2000 m 2 20 x106 m 2 [1] 

Biogas 50,000 m 3 220,000 m 3 3675 x106 m 3 [1] 

Energy Saving per year through 4.7 PJ 7.8 PJ [3] 312.5 PJ [1] 

improved stoves 

Source : BCAS (2003), World Bank (2002), BCSIR (2003), Fulton (1996), Islam (2002) 

Table 6.1.5 Present and Projected Demand (MT) of Petroleum Products 

Products 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Octane 0.66 0.72 0.80 0.88 0.98 1.07 1.18 

Petrol 2.35 2.59 2.84 3.13 3.78 4.16 4.58 

J. P. -1 1.40 1.41 1.43 1.44 1.46 1.47 1.49 

Kerosene 6.02 6.02 6.39 6.58 6.77 6.98 7.19 

Diesel 18.00 19.44 21.00 22.66 24.49 26.45 28.56 

LDO 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 

LPG 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 

JBO 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.35 

Lubricants 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 

Bitumen 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.63 0.68 0.73 0.79 

Total 1.12 1.18 1.21 1.27 1.38 1.38 1.42 

Source : BPC (2001) 

6.2 Electricity and Power 

Table 6.2.1 Power Tariff of Rural Electrification Board (REB) (Dhaka PBS-1) 

Consumer Category 

Residential 

Unit Price in Taka 

2.18 (1 to 300 units) 

3.43 (301 to 600 units) 

4.78 (600+ units) 

Charitable institutions 2.85 

Irrigation 2.40 

Small industries 3.45 

Large industries 3.35 

Street lights 3.30 

Commercial 4.60 

Source : Khan (2003)

Energy 123 

Table 6.2.2 Existing Co-generation Facilities in Sugar Mills 

Installed Cane Turbine Generating Annual Power Power 

Sugar Mill Capacity Crushed Capacity Operation Generated Purchased 

t/day crushed (T) (KW) (days) (MWh) (MWh) 

Panchagarh 1,016 143,952 2,000 150 2,967 678 

Thakurgaon 1,524 200,213 3,000 148 3,878 538 

Setabganj 1,250 135,872 4,000 114 3,838 631 

Shyampur 1,016 125,111 2,000 138 2,897 510 

Rangpur 1,321 154,421 2,600 131 3,879 462 

Jaypurhat 2,032 220,294 2,500 136 3,586 1,121 

Rajshahi 2,000 234,072 3,500 162 5,519 1,462 

Natore 1,500 263,941 4,000 167 5,972 786 

North Bengal 1,500 270,979 2,000 166 4,159 1,487 

Kushtia 1,524 162,325 3,000 130 3,104 855 

Carew 1,150 185,752 3,000 175 3,446 2,778 

Mobarakganj 1,500 218,985 2,000 156 1,888 736 

Faridpur 1,016 171,431 2,000 160 299 648 

Zeal bangla 1,016 143,091 2,000 155 3,138 737 

Total 19,665 2,647,113 38,100 49,134 13,610 

Source: Sarkar et al. (2003) 

Table 6.2.3 Wind Speed Measurement (Station: Kuakata, Sensor height : 25 m) 

Monthly Standard Peak Wind Full Period Coefficient of Prevailing 

Month Mean Wind Deviation of Speed (m/s) (hours) Variation Wind 

Speed (m/s) Wind Speed Direction 

Aug. 1996 5.88 0.65 19.83 9.47 0.13 SW 

Sep. 1996 3.77 0.57 21.92 14.5 0.20 SW 

Oct. 1996 2.18 0.46 23.17 42.53 0.23 N/NE 

Nov. 1996 1.98 0.48 13.17 23.6 0.29 N/NE 

Dec. 1996 3.35 0.48 9.42 12.33 0.16 N 

Jan. 1997 3.18 0.44 10.25 36.50 0.15 W/SW 

Feb. 1997 3.37 0.42 14.42 19.33 0.14 SW 

Mar. 1997 4.84 0.50 35.25 6.67 0.12 W/SW 

Apr. 1997 4.93 0.87 35.67 7.67 0.13 S/SW 

May 1997 6.28 0.63 21.50 6.83 0.10 W/SW 

Jun. 1997 7.31 0.68 24.00 20.67 0.10 W/NE 

Jul. 1997 7.34 0.65 20.67 3.09 0.10 W 

Average 4.54 0.54 0.26 0.01 

Source: Sarkar et al. (2003)


Table 6.2.4 Wind Turbine Installations in Bangladesh 

Organization Type of Application Installed Capacity, W Location Present Status 

Grameen Shakti 3 hybrid 4,500 Grameen offices in the Functioning 

coastal region 

Source: Sarkar et. al. (2003) 

Hybrid 7,500 Cyclone shelter in the Functioning 

coastal region 

BRAC Stand-alone 900 Coastal region Functioning 

Hybrid 4,320 Coastal region Functioning 

Bangladesh Army Stand -alone 400 Chittagong Hill Tracts Functioning 

IFRD Stand- alone 1,100 Teknaf Functioning 

600 Meghnaghat Functioning 

LGED Wind-PV hybrid 400 Kuakata Functioning 

Total 19,720 

Table 6.2.5 Major Types of Solar Home Systems Installed by Grameen Shakti 

Capacity and Number Service Major Components 

75 Wp 6 lamps each of 6 W capacity One 75 WP Panel 

. One 43 cm B&W television . One 130 Ah deep cycle battery 

. 

One charge controller 

Bulbs and other accessories 

. 







. 





. 



One 47 Ah deep cycle battery 

. 



30 Wp . 2 lamps each of 6 W capacity . One 40 WP Panel 

Source: Alam et. al. (2003)

Energy 125 

6.3 Natural Gas and Oil 

Table 6.3.1 Relevant Information on Seven Ammonia-urea Complexes 

Complex NGFF UFFL ZFCL PUFF CUFL JFCL KAFCO 

Location Fenchuganj Ghorashal Ashuganj Polash Rangadia Tarakandi Rangadia 

Gas field from where Sylhet Titas Titas Titas Bakhrabad Titas Bakhrabad 

NG supplied [1] 

Year of Commissioning 1961 1970 1981 1986 1987 1991 1995 

Plant Capacity, t/year 

Urea 106,000 469,260 [2] 528,000 95,000 561,000 561,000 575,425 

Ammonia 66,000 272,250 [2] 307,000 56,160 330,000 355,740 499,500 

Type of Urea Produced Prilled Prilled Prilled Prilled Prilled Granulated Granulated 

Electric Power Captive Captive Captive Captive Captive Captive Captive 

Ammonia Process CCC (USA) Toyo Uhde China Kellog Holder Holder 

Licenser Topsoe Topsoe 

Urea Process Licenser CCC (USA) (TEC Stamicarbon China TEC-MTC Snamprog Stamicarbon 

- MTC C- -D-Process etti 

Process) 

ACES 

CO 2 removal [3] system CCC (USA) (Vetrocoke) Benfield Benfield Benfield Benfield UOP 

for the reformed gases 

Benfield 

Type of Compression 

1. ammonia synthesis Reciprocating Centrifugal Reciprocating Centrifugal Centrifugal Centrifugal Centrifugal 

2. urea synthesis Reciprocating Centrifugal Reciprocating Centrifugal Centrifugal Centrifugal Centrifugal 

Source : BCIC (2001) Quader (1998) 

Notes : 1. When Commissioned 

2. Capacity after revamping (originally urea 340,000 t/year; ammonia 200,000 t/year) Original Process


Table 6.3.2 Natural Gas Consumption Per Ton of Urea for Different Complexes Under BCIC 

Plant (capacity in t/yr urea), Year Consumption of NG (Range of % Excess NG Consumed over 

of Commissioning as per Design the Design Value) 

(10 3 m 3 /t urea) 

NGFF (106,000) 1961 1.67 4.86 to 13.56 (during 1991-2000) 

UFFL [340,000/ 469,260(1)] 1970 1.00 5.76 to 20.96 (during 1992-2000) 

ZFCL (528,000) 1981 0.79 16.39 to 29.85 (during 1991-2000) 

PUFF (95,000) 1986 1.41 -14.22 to 5.53 (during 1991-2000) 

CUFL (561,000) 1987 0.78 10.69 to 21.60 (during 1991-2000) 

JFCL (561,000) 1991 0.69 12.04 to 45.04 (during 1992-2000) 

Source : BCIC (2001); Quader and Gomes (2002) 

Note : 1. After 1991 revamping. 

2. NGFF: 

UFFL: 

ZFU: 

Table 6.3.3 Connected Load of Gas for Fertilizer Sector 

Year Plant Load (Mm 3 /day) Comulative load (Mm 3 /day) 

1961 NGFF 0.54 0.54 

1970 UFFL 1.27 1.81 

1981 ZFCL 1.42 3.23 

1986 PUFF 0.48 3.71 

1987 CUFL 1.42 5.13 

1991 JFCL 1.22 6.34 

1994 KAFCO 1.84 8.18 

Source : Quader (2003)

Energy 127 

Table 6.3.4 Natural Gas and Energy Related Information on Ammonia-urea Complexes 

Complex (year of 

commissioning) 

Production Capacity Design Connected Design Gas 

Captive Power (MW) [1] 

(t/day) Stream Gas Load Consumption 

Days (Mm 3 /day) (10 3 m 3 /t Urea) 

Ammonia Urea GTGs STGs 

NGFF (1961) 203 339 312 0.54 1.67 _ 12(3) 

UFFL (1970) 825 1422 330 1.27 1.00 16(1) _ 

ZFCL (1981) 930 1600 330 1.42 0.79 _ 13.5(2) 

PUFF (1986) 180 305 312 0.48 1.41 8(2) _ 

CUFL (1987) 1000 1700 330 1.42 0.78 _ 12(2) 

JFCL (1991) 1078 1700 330 1.22 0.69 _ 89(2) 

KAFCO (1994) 1500 1725 330 1.84 0.71 _ 10(2) 

Source : BCIC (2001) 

Note 

: 1. Capacity of each unit with number of units in parenthesis


Table 6.3.5 Gas and Oil Fields of Bangladesh 

Field 

Year 

Discovered Gas Reserve by PB (Gm 3 ) Gas Reserve by HCU(Gm 3 ) 

by 

GIIP Recoverable GIIP Recoverable 

Sylhet 1955 PPL 12.57 7.53 19.37 13.56 

Chhatak (West) 1950 PPL 12.66 7.59 14.19 9.94 

Rashidpur 1960 Shell 63.49 37.07 56.69 39.67 

Kailashtila 1962 Shell 103.56 71.61 77.02 54.68 

Tital 1962 Shell 117.18 59.47 206.71 144.70 

Habiganj 1963 Shell 103.90 53.66 145.52 109.13 

Bakhrabad 1969 Shell 40.55 24.55 40.55 28.37 

Semutang 1969 Petrobangla 4.64 2.78 4.93 3.45 

Kutubdia 1977 Union 22.09 13.25 24.38 17.08 

Begumganj 1977 Petrobangla 0.71 0.42 1.30 0.91 

Feni 1981 Petrobangla 5.04 3.54 4.67 3.28 

Beanibazar 1981 Petrobangla 6.88 4.73 6.88 4.81 

Kamta 1981 Petrobangla 0.93 0.65 1.08 0.76 

Fenchuganj 1988 Petrobangla 9.91 5.95 11.44 8.01 

Jalalabad 1989 Scimittar 35.57 23.08 35.57 24.89 

Meghna 1990 Petrobangla 4.50 2.95 4.50 3.14 

Narsingdi 1990 Petrobangla 5.49 3.57 3.14 2.18 

Shahbajpur 1995 Petrobangla 14.55 9.43 18.83 13.17 

Saldanadi 1996 Petrobangla 5.66 3.96 5.66 3.96 

Sangu 1996 Cairn 29.70 23.76 29.70 20.78 

Bibiyna 1999 Occidental 89.20 67.96 89.06 62.35 

Maulavibazar 1998 Occidental Blowout 14.16 9.91 

Sylhet 7 1986 Petrobangla Oil (1.12 Mt) 

Source : GOB (2002) 

Note 

: PPL = Pakistan Petroleum Limited, PB = Petrobangla, HCU = Hydrocarbon Unit

Chapter 7 

Urbanization 

7.1 People and Environment 131 

7.2 Solid and Hospital Wastes 136 

7.3 Air and Noise Pollution 138 

7.4 Hazards 142

Urbanization 131 

7.1 People and Environment 

Table 7.1.1 Distribution of Open Spaces in Dhaka City 

Type of Open Space Area in acres Area (acre) per 1000 People Percent of Total Area 

Agricultural 4871.00 1.15 12.12 

Garden 362.00 0.086 0.901 

Graveyard 14.50 0.003 0.036 

Lake 60.71 0.014 0.151 

Vacant Space 2004.63 0.470 4.991 

Park 358.46 0.082 0.892 

Playground 156.46 0.037 0.390 

Pond 101.12 0.024 0.252 

Swamp 731.00 0.173 1.82 

Urban Forest 8.00 0.002 0.02 

Total 8668.23 2.040 21.573 

Source: Bhadra and Shammin (2001) 

Table 7.1.2 List of Some Slums and Squatter Settlements (with No. of Household, Total Population, Area and Ward 

Number) in Dhaka City 

Sl. 

No. of Total Area Ward 

Name and Address of the Slums 

No. Household Population (acre) Number 

01 Kurmitola Bustee, Section-12, Pallobi 750 3850 8.33 02 

02 Kallayanpur Pora Bustee 1402 7300 2.91 11 

03 Vasantek 4, Dhaka Cantonment 1200 5000 15.00 15 

04 Korail Bustee (North Side of Gulshan Lake) 7000 31000 12.00 19 

05 WASW Plot Bustee, Rd No. 55, Plot No. 12 300 3000 2.66 19 

06 Kamlapur Railway Barak Bustee 450 2200 1.50 31 

07 Khilgaon Bagicha Bustee 230 1150 1.50 34 

08 Agargaon Radio Office (North Side) 5500 30250 64.50 41 

09 Geneva Camp 7500 41250 9.88 47 

10 Bacila Bustee, Mohammadpur 920 8740 42.20 47 

11 Benband Bustee, Benband, Dhanmondi 300 1500 5.00 48 

12 North Side Bustee of High Court 300 1500 5.00 56 

13 Bangladesh Railway Colony Bustee, Phulbaria 300 1500 1.50 57 

14 Gandaria Rail Line Bustee, Gandaria 700 4500 4.10 57 

15 Kalunagar Bustee 204 1122 4.60 58 

16 Ganoktoli Sweeper Colony Bustee 852 4686 2.30 58 

17 13 & 14 Shahidnagar Bustee 650 3275 2.00 60 

18 North Portion of Buriganga River, Islambagh 700 3600 4.00 65 

[Contd.]


Table 7.1.2 

Sl. 

No. of Total Area Ward 

Name and Address of the Slums 

No. Household Population (acre) Number 

19 Agasadek New Rd Bustee, Majed Sardar Road 200 1000 1.65 69 

20 25, Agasadek Hindu Sweeper Colony 400 2500 2.47 72 

21 Kowartek, Begumganj, Sutrapur 343 2025 5.90 80 

22 Dhalpur Bastee 118 584 0.59 85 

23 Katarigate, Member Bari, Puratan KC 450 2300 2.50 90 

24 229/5, East Jurine Rail Line Bustee 1000 4000 2.47 90 

25 Refugee Camp, Nondipara 520 3200 3.30 90 

Source : CUS (1996) 

Note 

: Bold marked urban poor areas have been taken as study area. 

Table 7.1.3 Residential Patterns of Urban Poor in Dhaka City 

Sl. No. 

Nature of Residential Pattern 

Estimated No. of 

Persons 

Percentage of Total 

Poor Population 

01 Slum and Squatter Settlements of HHs or More 13,17,000 47.5 

02 Household Maids/Servants Living in High/Middle Class 300,000 10.8 

Residence 

03 Floating Population 50,000 1.8 

04 Garments Worker Living Outside the Slums and Squatters 200,000 7.2 

05 People Living in Institutional Buildings 75,000 2.7 

06 People Living in Construction Areas, Kutcha Bazars, on 80,000 2.9 

Trucks, Buses, and other Vehicles 

07 Poor Families Living Outside the Slum Settlements under 750,000 27.1 

Various Arrangements 

Total 27,72000 100.0 

Source: CUS (1996) 

Table 7.1.4 Magnitude of Urban Poor Population in Bangladesh 

Year 

Total Urban Percentage of Urban Population Total Urban Population (million) 

Population 

Under Poverty Under Poverty Under Poverty Under Poverty 

(million) 

Level I Level Il Level I Level II 

1990 22.9 50 30 11.45 6.87 

2000 37.3 45 25 16.76 9.00 

2010 56.8 40 20 22.72 10.80 

Source: World Bank (1985)


Table 7.1.5 Growth of the Largest Cities, 1950-2000 

Mega-City 

Population Population Population Annual Annual Annual 

(thousand) (thousand) (thousand) Growth Rate Growth Rate Growth Rate 

1950 1975 2000 (%)1950-1955 (%)1970-1975 (%)1980-1985 

Mexico City 3,050 11,610 25,820 5.26 4.81 3.58 

Tokyo 6,736 17,668 24,172 4.86 1.52 1.26 

Sao Paulo 2,760 10,290 23,970 5.73 4.50 4.28 

Calcutta 4,520 8,250 16,530 2.05 2.96 2.76 

Mumbai 2,950 7,170 16,000 3.29 3.63 3.32 

New York 12,410 15,940 15,780 1.36 -.043 0.04 

Seoul 1,113 6,950 13,770 6.67 4.99 3.88 

Rio de Janerio 3,480 8,150 13,260 3.86 2.55 2.37 

Shanghai 10,240 11,590 13,260 0.38 0.32 0.36 

Jakarta 1,820 5,530 13,250 4.14 4.20 3.52 

Delhi 1,410 4,630 13,240 4.89 4.84 4.61 

Buenos Aires 5,251 9,290 13,180 2.91 1.68 1.56 

Karachi 1,040 4,030 12,000 5.48 4.98 5.20 

Tehran 1,126 4,267 11,329 6.52 5.76 5.33 

Beijing 6,740 8,910 11,170 0.95 1.44 0.43 

Dhaka 430 2,350 11,160 4.02 8.42 7.25 

Cairo 3,500 6,250 11,130 2.46 1.87 2.15 

Baghdad 579 3,830 11,125 4.35 5.10 4.23 

Osaka 3,828 8,649 11,109 4.22 0.88 1.62 

Manila 1,570 5,040 11,070 3.83 6.70 3.30 

Los Angeles 4,070 8,960 10,990 4.83 1.22 1.05 

Bangkok 1,440 4,050 10,710 4.18 4.30 4.05 

London 10,369 10,310 10,510 0.19 -0.54 0.10 

Moscow 4,841 7,600 10,400 2.68 1.44 1.79 

Tianjin 5,450 7,430 9,700 1.07 1.56 0.63 

Lima 1,050 3,700 9,140 5.01 4.71 4.25 

Paris 5,525 8,620 8,720 2.59 0.66 0.04 

Lagos 360 2,100 8,340 6.60 7.51 5.34 

Milan 3,637 6,150 8,150 2.05 2.81 1.41 

Madras 1,420 3,770 8,150 1.92 3.81 3.11 

Source: Richardson (1993)

134 People's Report 2002 : Bangladesh Environment 

Table 7.1.6 Total and Urban Population in Bangladesh (Population in millions) 

Year 

Average 

Level of 

Annualized Average 

Level of Urbanization 

Annual Urbanization Growth Rate 

Total Growth Rate 

Population (percent) Low Scenario High Scenario Low High 

(32 percent in 2025) (43 percent in 2025) Scenarios 

1980 87.12 _ 9.58 (11%) 9.58 (11%) _ _ 

1990 110.37 2.67 16.22 (15%) 16.22 (15%) 6.93 6.93 

1995 119.80 1.71 20.97 (18%) 20.97 (18%) 5.86 5.86 

2000 129.06 1.55 26.45 (20%) 26.45 (20%) 5.22 5.22 

2005 139.29 1.59 32.23 (23%) 33.29 (24%) 4.37 5.17 

2010 149.80 1.51 38.60 (26%) 41.61 (28%) 3.95 5.00 

2015 160.53 1.44 45.18 (28%) 51.70 (32%) 3.41 4.85 

2020 171.10 1.32 51.62 (30%) 63.59 (37%) 2.85 4.60 

2025 181.79 1.25 57.68 (32%) 77.52 (43%) 2.35 4.38 

Source : Bhadra and Shammin (2001) 

Note : Shaded areas represent the projections 

Table 7.1.7 Urban Population in South Asian Countries (Population in millions and growth rate in percent) 

Region 1950 1970 1990 2010 

South Asia 74.58 140.45 (3.2) 288.84 (3.7) 581.20 (3.6) 

Bangladesh 1.78 5.07 (5.4) 18.69 (6.7) 53.78 (5.4) 

Bhutan 0.02 0.03 (3.9) 0.08 (4.8) 0.28 (6.4) 

India 61.70 109.62 (2.9) 216.08 (3.5) 401.72 (3.1) 

Nepal 0.19 0.45 (4.5) 2.14 (8.1) 7.19 (6.3) 

Sri Lanka 1.11 2.77 (4.6) 3.68 (1.5) 6.63 (3.0) 

Pakistan 6.92 16.35 (4.4) 37.81 (4.3) 89.83 (4.4) 

Source : UN (1992) 

Note : Figures in the parentheses are growth rate in the last decade 

Table 7.1.8 Projected Distribution of Urban Population in Bangladesh (in millions) 

Year 2000 

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High 

DSM 11.37 12.57 3.65 13.90 15.81 14.91 18.09 15.49 19.71 15.00 20.16 

(43) (39) (41) (36) (38) (33) (35) (30) (31) (26) (26) 

CSMA 4.50 5.48 5.99 6.56 7.49 8.13 9.82 9.29 12.08 10.96 14.73 

(17) (17) (18) (17) (18) (18) (19) (18) (19) (19) (19) 

OUA 10.58 14.18 13.65 18.14 18.31 22.14 23.78 26.84 31.80 31.72 42.64 

(40) (44) (41) (47) (44) (49) (46) (52) (50) (55) (55) 

Total 26.45 32.2 33.29 38.6 41.61 45.2 51.70 51.6 63.59 57.68 77.52 

Source : UNDP, UNCHS, GoB, RAJUK (1993) and Bhadra and Shammin (2001) 

Note 

: OUA - Other Urban Areas


Table 7.1.9 Urban Employment by Major Industry Groups in 1995 

Major Activities 

Distribution of Labor Activity-wise Breakdown 

(percent) 

(in millions) 

Mining & Quarrying 0.12 0.011 

Electricity, Water & Gas 0.36 0.033 

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishery 26.80 2.441 

Manufacturing 19.97 1.819 

Construction 2.84 0.258 

Trade, Hotel & Restaurants 16.96 1.545 

Transport & Communication 9.50 0.865 

Finance & Business 2.36 0.215 

Community & Personal Services 8.79 0.80 

Household & NAD 12.30 1.12 

Total Employed 100.00 9.11 

Source: BBS (1995) 

NAD: not adequately defined 

Table 7.1.10 Urban Population, Employment and Sectoral Distribution (in millions) 

Year 

Population Sectoral Distribution Sectoral Distribution 

Scenarios Case 1 (base scenario) Case 2 (upper ceiling) 

Low 

High 

Low High Low High 

UE F I UE F I UE F I UE F I 

1995 20.97 20.97 9 2.3 6.8 9 2.3 6.8 9 2.3 6.8 9 2.3 6.8 

2000 26.45 26.45 12 3.0 9.0 12 3.0 9.0 12 3.0 9.0 12 3.0 9.0 

2005 32.23 33.29 15 3.8 11.3 16 4.0 120 15 4.0 11.0 16 4.3 11.7 

2010 38.60 41.61 20 5.0 15.0 22 5.6 16.5 20 6.0 14.0 22 6.6 15.4 

2015 45.18 51.70 25 6.3 18.8 28 7.0 21.0 25 8.9 16.1 28 10.0 18.0 

2020 51.62 63.59 31 7.8 23.3 38 9.5 28.5 31 13.0 18.0 38 15.9 22.1 

2025 57.68 77.52 36 9.0 27.0 49 12.3 36.8 36 18.0 18.0 49 24.5 24.5 


Note : 1. Shaded areas represent the projections 

2. UE: Urban employment; F: Formal sector employment; and, I: Informal Sector Employment. 

Table 7.1.11 Projection of Urban Population and Demand for Housing (in millions) 

Year 

Number of Distribution of Housing Distribution of Housing 

Households Case 1 Case 2 

Scenarios 


Low High F I F I F I F I 

1995 4.84 4.84 1.89 2.95 1.89 2.95 1.89 2.95 1.89 2.95 

2000 6.10 6.10 2.34 3.72 2.34 3.72 2.34 3.72 2.34 3.72 

2005 8.05 8.32 3.14 4.91 3.24 5.08 3.63 4.43 3.24 5.08 

2010 10.72 11.56 4.19 6.54 4.51 7.05 5.90 4.82 5.20 6.36 

[Contd.]


Table 7.1.11 

Year 

Number of Distribution of Housing Distribution of Housing 

Households Case 1 Case 2 

Scenarios 


Low High F I F I F I F I 

2015 13.90 15.91 5.42 8.48 6.20 9.71 8.48 5.42 8.75 7.16 

2020 15.88 19.57 6.19 9.69 7.63 11.94 10.80 5.08 12.72 6.85 

2025 17.74 23.85 6.92 10.82 9.30 14.55 13.31 4.44 17.89 5.96 


Note 

: Case 1 represents the situation where we maintain the observed distribution of housing of 61% in informal housing while the remaining 

39% is in the formal sector. Case 2 represents an optimistic situation where, starting from the baseline, we reduce the share of informal 

housing from 61% to 25% and subsequently raise the share of the formal sector. Finally, we assume size of the household in the base year 

1995 to be 4.3 with a stable range of 3.25 in the year 2015 and beyond. 

7.2 Solid and Hospital Wastes 

Table 7.2.1 Medical Waste Items Disposed by Different Disposal System 

(A) Sold (B) Burned (C) Buried (D) Dumped 

(G) Container/ (H) Destroy by 

Basin acid/Autoclave 

Container Clothes Common waste D/syringe Tips Cotton 

Syringe Gauze Needle Saline bag set Reagent Needle 

Saline bag Cotton Syringe Gloves Chemicals Syringe 

D/Syringe Mattress Blood lancets Needle Blood TB slides 

Bucket Bandage Specimen Cotton Urine Sputum pot 

Saline set AIDS clothes Collection pot Gauze Stool 

Needle Rabies clothe Blood Bandage Sputum Tested 

X-ray Paper Urine Pad D/syringe Sample's 

Water Gloves Stool Paper Needle Vials 

Saline bag Sputum Plastic Gloves 

Plastic Saline set Saline bag TB slide Slide 

Bottle X-ray film Damaged body Sputum Broken glass 

Needle Part Polythene 

Ampoules Syringe Placenta Blood sample 

Vials Blood bag Slides Tissue paper 

Plaster of Paris Cotton Common wastes 

Apron 

Dressing 

D/syringe 

Stool 

Plastic 

Urine 

Sputum pot. 

Broken tube 

TB slide 

Acid bottle 

Blood 

Syringe 

Urine 

Paper packet 

Stool 

Placenta 

Bed sheet 

Source : Akter (2000)


Table 7.2.2 Prices Received by Mymensingh Medical College Hospital by Selling their Waste (as of 1997) 

List of Medical Waste 

Unit Price 

X-ray water 

Poly-bag or jute bag 

Tk. 11.25/litre 

Tk. 0.50/bag 

450 ml bottle Tk.1.50/piece 

250 ml bottle Tk. 0.25/piece 

100 ml bottle Tk. 0.10/piece 

Saline bag (1000 ml - 500 ml) 

Ampoule or vial 

Tk.20/kg 

Tk. 2/kg 

Source : Akter (2000) 

Table 7.2.3 Pathogens (number) in Hospital Waste from Different Sources 

Source of waste 

sample 

Salmonella Shigella Mycobacteria Amoeba 

Dustbin 2.5x10 6.4x10 2.3x10 3.8x10 

Basin water 2.7x10 1.1x10 1.1x10 3 

Dustbin 3.2x10 3.6x10 4.7x10 5.3x10 

Basin water 3.2x10 1.7x10 15


Table 7.2.4 

Sample # 

Total Faecal Feacal 

Salmonella 

Coliform/ Coliform/ streptococci/ Vibrio sp 

spp./Shigella 

100ml or gm 100ml or gm 100ml or gm spp. 

3S DMCH 1.2 x 10 5 1.1 x 10 5 _ V. cholerae non O1, non O139 Absent 

present 

3W 2.2 x 10 8 6.0 x 10 7 _ V. cholerae non O1, non O139 Absent 

present 

DMCH (med) 3.8 x 10 7 3.2 x 10 7 1.6 x 10 6 Absent Absent 

DMCH (Surg) 6.8 x 10 8 2.4 x 10 8 8.4 x 10 7 V. cholerae non O1, non O139 Salmonella 

present 

spp.present 

DMCH (Uro) 3.6 x 10 6 2.4 x 10 6 3.6 x 10 4 Absent 

IPGMR 3.9 x 10 9 2.9 x 10 9 2.0 x 10 6 Absent Absent 

Source : Akter (2002) 

Note 

: w = leachate from dustbin, s = solid waste 

7.3 Air and Noise Pollution 

Table 7.3.1 Air pollutants in Dhaka City (March 2001) Compared to WHO Recommended Standard 

Compound Hourly extreme µg/m 3 Times the WHO 

Recommended Standard 

NO 2 601-714 >10 

SO 2 300-500 >10 

Particles 5-400 >15 

Ozone 600-900 >5 

VOCs 783000 >50-100 

Benzene 783000 >7-10 

Toluene 200000 >10 

Source: Mrdiha and Lundval (2002) 

Table 7.3.2 Air Quality in Dhaka City (1997) 

Month 

SPM (µm 3 ) SO2 (µm 3 ) NOx (µm 3 ) 

Farmgate Tejgaon Agargaon Farmgate Tejgaon Agargaon Farmgate Tejgaon Agargaon 

January 1849.36 435.6 73.24 125.12 25.3 43.8 

February 

March 1773.70 438.96 73.1 103.72 30 47.03 

April 887.60 314.8 65.13 71.92 27 30.07 

May 508.40 330.7 60.09 72.23 32.31 36.02 

June 665.00 387.9 51.22 64.17 25.5 29.78 

July 209.00 0 10.54 

August 56.69 0 9.55 

September 245.00 0 8.37 

Source: Bhadra and Shammin (2001)


Table 7.3.3 Minimum, Maximum and Average of Chemical Concentrations of Species Identified in Dhaka Ambient 

Air Filters (microgram/cubic meter) 

Species Minimum Maximum Average 

Cl 0.9591 2.4731 1.4248 

NH 3 + 0.4806 4.6651 1.4211 

SO 4 - 2 1.9292 13.4715 5.2670 

NH 4 + 0.0384 .3279 0.3268 

K + 0.3552 3.0455 0.5885 

OC (organic carbon) 12.9309 315.383 54.9708 

EC (elemental carbon) 3.727 57.4187 16.3521 

TC (Total Carbon) 18.9359 372.8017 71.3181 

Na 0 1.0934 0.5421 

Mg 0 0.8378 0.1460 

Al 0 2.0824 0.2490 

Si 0.702 7.0248 0.9447 

P 0 0.1025 0.0336 

S 0.056 3.8164 0.8186 

Cl 0 0.4756 0.1229 

K 0 1.5127 0.3442 

Ca 0 2.8629 0.4002 

Ti 0 0.2654 0.03719 

V 0 0.0346 0.00549 

Cr 0 0.0181 0.00586 

Mn 0 0.064 0.01272 

Fe 0.0314 3.4433 0.45141 

Co 0 0.0202 0.00265 

Ni 0 0.018 0.00241 

Cu 0 0.0677 0.011445 

Zn 0.0012 0.9295 0.148845 

Ga 0 0.0233 0.003489 

As 0 0.0445 0.00564 

Se 0 0.0065 0.000449 

Br 0 0.5996 0.052711 

Rb 0 0.0115 0.010128 

Sr 0 0.115 0.001511 

Y 0 0.0146 0.003749 

Zr 0 0.0629 0.003272 

Mo 0 0.0129 0.002026 

Pd 0 0.0905 0.001806 

[Contd.]


Table 7.3.3 

Species Minimum Maximum Average 

Ag 0 0.1258 0.016287 

Cd 0 0.1469 0.02666 

In 0 0.0961 0.042887 

Sn 0 0.0195 0.021696 

Sb 0 0.1212 0.001428 

Ba 0 0.2719 0.011381 

La 0 0.7497 0.036681 

Au 0 0.0382 0.147485 

Hg 0 0.0226 0.009587 

Tl 0 0.0105 0.001345 

Pb 0.0012 1.209 0.001445 

U 0 0.0126 0.197434 

NH 4 SO 4 0.65014 3.4641 0.0013 

(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 1.01283 5.5314 2.413619 

Source : Islam (2000)


Table 7.3.4 Percentage of Patients (%) Attending Outpatient Department (medical) Suffering from ARI in the Dhaka 

Shishu Hospital 

Year 

Winter (November-February) Summer (March-June) Monsoon (July-October) 

ARI Wheeze ARI Wheeze ARI Wheeze 

1996 39 21 35 10 25 8 

1997 48 25 42 10 32 9 

1997 52 33 45 15 35 11 

Source : Hussain (2000) 

Note 

: ARI = Acute Respiratory Infection 

Table 7.3.5 Noise Level (dBA) Near Road 

Time Interval 

Locations 

Gulisthan Sc. Lab. Saydabad Farm Gate Dhanmondi Gulshan Uttara 

Land-use Type Comm. Mixed Comm. Comm. Res. Res. Res. 

7am -11am 80.08 76.24 83.27 80.07 75.87 76.16 76.25 

11am - 3pm 79.34 75.19 83.89 78.86 74.38 74.83 74.81 

3pm-7pm 81.13 77.23 84.37 81.96 75.21 76.11 76.81 

7pm -11pm 78.52 75.32 82.08 80.28 76.30 74.31 73.36 

Source : Alam et. al. (2000) 

Note 

: Comm. : Commercial; Res.: Residential


Table 7.3.6 Noise Levels in Selected Areas of Dhaka (1998) 

Area 

Noise Level (Decibels) 

Sayedabad Bus Terminal 106 

Bangla Motor 106 

Sonargaon Hotel 104 

Farmgate 104 

Mohakhali Crossing 103 

Maghbazar 103 

Mowchak 103 

Gabtoli 102 

Jatrabari 100 

Tejgaon Industrial Area 97 

Mirpur-1 97 

Kakrail 92 

Gulisthan 90 

Sapla Chattar Motijheel 89 

Sadarghat 87 

Mirpur-10 86 

BIRDEM Hospital 81 

Dhanmondi Residential Area 78 

Gulshan Residential Area 70 

Banani and Baridhara Residential Area 68 

Source: SAHIC (nd.) 

7.4 Hazards 

Table 7.4.1 Number of Reported Fire Incidences in Dhaka City 

Incidence 

Year 

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Fire Incident 736 809 768 734 782 806 833 

Fire in Accident 

and Other Mishaps 

136 124 128 160 179 192 201 

Total : 872 933 896 894 961 998 1034 

Source: BFSCD (2001)

Chapter 8 

Population 

Health and Nutrition 

8.1 People 145 

8.2 Health and Nutrition 145 

8.3 Sanitation 147

Population Health and Nutrition 145 

8.1 People 

Table 8.1.1 Names of Sacred Groves in Ethnic Dialect 

Ethnic Group 

Khasia 

Jaintia 

Mandi 

Koch 

Munda, Oraon, Santal 

Tripuri 

Sacred Groves (in ethnic dialect) 

Basuk-Kermit 

La-lyngdoh 

Gang-bera 

Wai-bono 

Than 

Motai: Khola 


8.2 Health and Nutrition 

Table 8.2.1 Projected Demand of Various Food Items for Different Income Growth Rate Scenario 

Food Item 

Baseline 

Consumption 

(1990) (mMt) 

Income Growth Year (Production mMt) 

Rate (%) 

2000 2010 2020 2030 

Cereals 19.99 2 25.2 31.37 37.42 43.82 

3 26.28 33.86 41.78 50.62 

Pulses 0.19 2 1.48 1.99 2.55 3.22 

3 1.59 2.28 3.12 4.19 

Sugar/Gur 0.38 2 0.55 0.81 1.15 1.64 

3 0.62 1.01 1.64 2.68 

Tuber 1.56 2 2.25 3.08 4.02 5.14 

3 2.45 3.59 5.01 6.86 

Vegetables 5.28 2 7.45 10.17 16.63 16.95 

3 8.14 11.68 13.32 22.62 

Fruits 0.53 2 0.87 1.36 2.05 3.05 

3 1 1.78 3.07 5.23 

Edible Oil 0.49 2 0.53 0.7 0.89 1.1 

3 0.57 0.78 1.04 1.35 


Note : 1. mMt: Million Metric Ton


Table 8.2.2 Achievements in Children Immunization Coverage 

Indicators 

% of children aged 12 - 23 months immunized 

against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus ( DRT3 ) 


against poliomyelitis ( OPV3 ) 

Status % 

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 

62 74 80 88 70 69 58 68 71 

62 74 80 88 70 69 58 67 75 


against measles 54 68 76 86 74 79 71 76 75 


against tuberculosis 

86 89 92 96 _ _ 88 91 93 

% of women immunized against tetanus ( TT2 ) 75 78 80 _ 53 59 59 57 _ 

Source: BBS/UNICEF (1999) 

Table 8.2.3 Average Distance (m) between GoB/UNICEF Funded TWs and Nearest TWs, and Average Distance Between 

TW and Latrines : 

GoB/UNICEF TWs and Nearest TW 

Types of Water 

Technologies CTF User 

Control 

Families 

Mean Distance between TW and Latrine 

Control 

CTF 

User 

Families 

DTW 443.34 485.34 558.55 61.24 194.84 146.30 

STW 222.23 189.94 217.63 22.42 36.09 12.19 

Tara 230.79 226.63 208.21 25.12 33.68 20.83 

PSF 579.12 1066.8 386.08 78.18 329.18 129.54 

Ringwell 411.68 423.67 335.28 34.00 18.03 60.96 

SST 234.69 

_ 

_ 

21.34 

_ 

_ 

VSST 421.64 

_ 

243.84 87.38 

_ 

49.5 

All 269.90 265.90 249.25 30.23 71.29 40.21 

Source: DPHE (1995) 

Table 8.2.4 Household Expenditure Survey (HES) and Nutrition Survey (IFSNS) Consumption Estimates 

(kg/per capita/annum) 

Food item HES Year IFSNS Year 


1988-89 1991-92 1995-96 2000 1981-82 1995-96 

Meat 2.34 2.96 4.23 4.85 1.83 2.19 (3.29) 

Eggs 2.15 1.71 1.17 1.93 0.44 1.09 (1.46) 

Milk 8.03 6.97 11.79 10.84 5.48 4.75 (5.48) 

Note : Institute of Food Science and Nutrition Survey (IFSNS) figures indicate per capita food consumption for rural people. Bracketed figure indicate national average.

Population Health and Nutrition 147 

8.3 Sanitation 

Table 8.3.1 Status of Sanitation in Rural Areas 

1999 2000 

Division Type of Latrine Used (%) Type of Latrine Used (%) 

Water- 

Pit Hanging 

Open Water- 


Open 

seal Defecation seal Defecation 

Dhaka 6.8 25.7 49.6 22.7 8.2 28.2 46.2 23.8 

Chittagong 9.3 24.6 59.4 11.1 11.6 28.4 53.8 8.8 

Sylhet 9.0 30.0 57.9 8.5 13.4 31.0 50.3 10.6 

Khulna 10.9 47.9 20.4 26.3 15.0 46.8 20.5 23.0 

Barisal 3.8 38.4 54.8 4.9 6.5 41.4 50.3 3.7 

Rajshahi 9.2 24.7 18.9 53.4 9.0 26.8 18.1 51.9 

National 8.3 29.1 40.6 27.0 10.0 31.3 37.6 26.1 

Source : BBS/UNICEF (1999 and 2000). 

Note : Figures may not add up to 100.0 due to multiple responses. 

Table 8.3.2 Status of Sanitation System in Urban Areas 

1999 2000 

Division 

Type of Latrine Used (%) Type of Latrine Used (%) 

Water- 

Open Water- 

Open 



seal Defecation seal Defecation 

Dhaka 45.1 15.4 37.7 3.0 40.4 12.2 46.5 1.5 

Chittagong 43.4 24.1 32.9 1.3 39.3 19.5 40.9 1.3 

Sylhet 49.9 17.8 33.2 0.5 57.4 13.1 30.8 0.5 

Khulna 39.0 28.6 29.0 5.7 50.9 24.3 22.4 3.6 

Barisal 37.1 36.7 26.1 0.8 33.8 36.0 30.2 0.8 

Rajshahi 49.5 21.1 22.2 8.9 48.0 25.8 20.2 9.3 

National 44.5 20.6 32.6 3.9 42.9 18.3 37.1 2.9 


Note : Figures may not add up to 100.0 due to multiple responses. 

Table 8.3.3 Sanitation Service Provided by Dhaka WASA 

Description 1998 1999 

Sewerage Line (km) 624 631 

Sewer Connection (number) 44,127 45,325 

Sewage Lift Station (number) 23 23 

Sewage Treatment Plant (number) 1 1 

Storm Sewer Drainage Line (km) 185 185 

Pumping Station (number) 3 3 

At Narinda (m 3 /sec) 9.6 9.6 

At Kallyanpur (m 3 /sec) 10.0 10.0 

At Dholai Khal (m 3 /sec) 22.0 22.0 

Box Culvert (km) 6.15 _ 

Open Canal (km) 35.65 _ 

Source : DWASA (2000a), DWASA (2000b)

Table 8.3.4 Summary of Results of the Survey Conducted in 50 Districts, 372 Upazilas, 5 City Corporations and 278 Paurashavas (municipalities) 

Name 

Total No. 

of Families 

No. of 

Families 

Using 

Latrines 

Type of Latrine 

No. of 

Sanitary 


No. of 

Unsanitary 


No. of 

Family 

Members 

(above 3 

years) 

Type of Use 

Only 

Female 

Members 

Sometimes, 

e.g. when 

Guests 

Come 

No. of 

Family 

Without 

Latrine or 

Who do 

not Use 

Latrine 

Reasons for not having a Latrine or Non-use of Latrine 

50 Districts 15126892 7887743 4458930 3428813 7596670 206581 29529 7239149 52927890 733789 1851839 308557 135876 

(52.14%) (29.47%) (22.66%) (47.86%) 

City 546079 521704 304352 217352 516015 3677 2012 24375 186668 8022 4960 1122 00 

Corporation (95.54%) (55.73%) (39.80%) (4-46%) 

278 1847196 1494313 987037 507276 1430590 19573 5105 352883 291497 60856 73038 11155 1314 

Pourashavas (80.90%) (53.43%) (27.46%) (19.10%) 

Lack of 

Money 

Lack of 

Space 

Lack of 

Awareness 

Prefer 

Open 

Defection 

Unavailability 

of Latrine 

Making 

Materials 


Total 17520167 9903760 5750319 4153441 5543275 229831 36646 7616407 5602955 802667 1936137 320834 136190 

(56.53%) (33.06%) (23.70%) (43.47%) 

Source: GoB (2003)

Table 8.3.5 Status of Urban Water and Sanitation Facilities, 1999 

Gazipur 

Manikganj 

Tangail 

Jamalpur 

Sherpur 

Mymensingh 

Narshingdi 

Munshiganj 

Kishorganj 

Netrokona 

Cox's Bazar 

Habiganj 

Population 150000 51161 125900 166578 76000 255115 212000 51066 68214 46130 73500 50000 

Holding 10756 9000 20619 14232 12000 14840 18500 6407 8836 6413 3542 4401 

Production Well 3 2 5 6 3 9 7 4 6 2 5 4 

Overhead Tank 2 0 1 2 0 7 5 1 2 0 0 1 

Treatment Plant 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Pipe Length [km] 13 31 37.8 28 17.5 82 42 16.51 26 20 23 19.4 

Service Connection 1544 915 2225 1870 673 4289 2180 1109 1427 722 723 1090 

Stand Post 42 7 5 27 18 304 6 30 77 51 0 20 

Hand Tw. ( Public ) 582 1155 8544 1245 1000 516 325 691 496 441 910 262 

Total Storage Capacity [m3] 454 0 1564 1360 45 4338 2500 682 1334 0 0 682 

PWSS Staff 10 9 26 17 10 38 19 19 20 6 7 15 

Daily Water Production [m3] 4107 1614 4590 3000 2161 9561 6000 1850 2225 1330 1000 2200 

Daily Pumping Hour [hr] 11.3 10 13.5 12 12 15 7 12 5 7 11 14 

Service Coverage [Pipe Water] 16.18% 24.62% 23.37% 16.21% 13.88% 33.77% 13.65% 34.11% 38.48% 31.40% 12.79% 32.34% 

Hand Tw. Coverage 11.64% 67.73% 70.00% 22.42% 42.00% 12.00% 4.24% 17.00% 21.81% 28.68% 20.00% 23.00% 

Water Availability [hr] 10.00 10.00 6.50 6.00 12.00 4.50 5.00 3.00 4.00 7.00 10.00 3.50 

Water Tariff [1/2" size] 60 40 101 25 100 60 80 85 60 40 100 110 

Connection per km of pipe line 118.17 29.52 58.86 66.79 38.46 52.30 51.90 67.17 54.88 36.10 31.43 56.19 

[Contd.] 

Population Health and Nutrition 149

Table 8.3.5 

Maulavibazar 

Noakhali 

Feni 

Laxmipur 

Chandpur 

Br. Baria 

Comilla 

Sylhet 

Sunamganj 

Rajshahi 

Pabna 

Chapai N. 

Population 50000 126574 94392 75720 150000 130000 16600 500000 51500 720000 17228 200500 



Overhead Tank 0 1 3 1 2 1 6 3 2 0 2 1 


Pipe Length [km] 28 24 27 25 47.9 23 97 62 27.5 25 44.09 34 


Stand Post 14 3 15 3 150 4 365 77 4 750 27 58 

Hand Tw.( Public) 447 923 119 2100 559 1083 75 2789 350 3500 118 1517 



PWSS Staff 11 3 9 19 35 14 53 54 12 106 35 11 

Daily Water Production [m3] 2520 537 2026 3000 6800 2200 12762 8510 1900 28000 4236 2000 

Daily Pumping Hour [hr] 12 8 9.25 20 16 9 13 11.5 11 10 10 9 




Water Tariff [1/2" size] 100 40 40 150 60 60.6 75 40 68 20 40 40 


[Contd.]

Table 8.3.5 

Sirajganj 

Natore 

Naogaon 

Jessore 

Jhenaidah 

Magura 

Narail 

Satkhira 

Bagerhat 

Kushtia 

Meherpur 

Khulna 

Population 129000 66500 120780 310000 91624 55000 55556 85025 96866 134157 52000 1500000 



Overhead Tank 1 1 1 6 3 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 


Pipe Length [km] 21.08 32 42 107 55 30 10 15 26 42.5 25.5 229 


Stand Post 7 30 30 63 40 21 3 9 93 24 1 190 

Hand Tw. (Public) 1030 515 1000 1251 785 1026 673 730 1205 2508 476 4339 


PWSS Staff 11 7 35 81 13 16 8 8 17 42 14 240 

Daily Water Production [m3] 1560 4715 4656.9 9555 2080 2798 1194 1501 2700 4350 973 45455 

Daily Pumping Hour [hr] 16 7 12 8 3 12 12 14 16 40 9.51 12 






[Contd.] 


Table 8.3.5 

Chuadanga 

Bhola 

Barisal 

Pirojpur 

Jhalakathi 

Faridpur 

Sariatpur 

Gopalganj 

Rajbari 

Madaripur 

Patukhali 

Barguna 

Population 152000 75000 500000 99900 39792 150000 45000 109725 65112 82500 80000 53203 



Overhead Tank 3 0 7 0 0 2 0 1 1 2 1 0 


Pipe Length [km] 42 33.78 142 24 21 50.5 22 24.05 23 31 28 4.5 


Stand Post 10 47 30 33 22 20 10 8 26 3 60 4 

Hand Tw. (Public) 700 327 253 400 938 4629 553 673 530 700 185 270 



PWSS Staff 18 20 83 16 7 34 7 14 12 12 23 5 

Daily Water Production [m3] 3000 3674 14680 1536 2320 4140 730 1019 1400 1980 1254 650.43 

Daily Pumping Hour [hr] 6 11 18.19 16 8 31 10 10 7 8 8 12.14 






[Contd.]

Table 8.3.5 

Gaibandha 

Kurigram 

Lalmonirhat 

Panchagar 

Thakurgaon 

Joypurhat 

Bogra 

Nilphamari 

Rangpur 

Dinazpur 

Rangamati 

Banderban 

Khagrachari 

Population 60000 76400 75000 60000 660000 85312 45600 50282 255158 155241 66211 40000 50000 

Holding 8375 7880 9000 6327 7400 9167 19678 7492 20025 16805 9157 3582 8368 

Production Well 3 2 2 3 3 2 12 2 7 4 0 6 9 

Overhead Tank 2 2 1 1 0 0 5 1 2 3 1 0 3 

Treatment Plant 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 2 

Pipe Length [km] 39 23 27 21 40 11.99 86 23.2 62 42.17 38 22 30 

Service Connection 2107 997 1005 54 1287 670 3564 415 1705 1311 2785 1115 625 

Stand Post 20 30 4 0 8 4 39 5 19 27 15 67 17 

Hand Tw. (Public) 970 929 650 1090 255 869 228 732 1034 10137 384 396 260 

Total Storage Capacity [m3] 900 800 4.5 0 0 0 4364 450 1362 2040 454 272 1068 

PWSS Staf 14 7 7 7 16 12 32 7 39 25 13 10 9 

Daily Water Production [m3] 3825 2302 1250 30 2330 1003 6300 628.48 3317 3200 4540 1636 1364 

Daily Pumping Hour [hr] 25 20 10 24 20 13.38 12.5 6 35 10 21 20 9.3 

Service Coverage [Pipe Water] 49.98% 20.89% 17.95% 1.17% 2.66% 10.68% 34.50% 11.72% 9.43% 12.72% 56.95% 52.99% 19.65% 

Hand Tw. Coverage 45.00% 36.47% 44.00% 54.50% 23.00% 0.40% 4.70% 51.00% 14.84% 25.11% 16.00% 0.19% 15.00% 

Water Availability [hr] 3.50 3.00 10.00 0.00 17.00 0.07 2.50 6.00 8.00 4.50 6.00 16.00 0.04 

Water Tariff [1/2" Size] 60 40 60 0 80 75 40 100 50 30 40 25 0.2 

Connection per km of pipe line 54.03 43.35 37.22 2.57 32.17 55.84 41.44 17.89 27.50 31.09 73.29 50.68 20.83 

Source : DPHE (1999a) 


Table 8.3.6 Status of Rural Water and Sanitation Facilities (operating units only) 

Thana 

Population Shallow Tubewell Deep Tubewell Tara pump Tara Pump -2 R. Well VSST/SST PFS IRP DSP 

1997 1998 2001 1997 1998 2001 1997 1998 2001 1997 1998 2001 1997 1998 2001 1997 1998 2001 1997 1998 2001 1997 1998 2001 1997 1998 2001 1997 1998 2001 

District: Dhaka 

Dohar 198255 206288 1719 1744 0 85 0 0 0 0 

Keraniganj 597759 699545 3955 3878 0 111 149 173 0 0 

Dhamrai 352644 366935 2813 2847 0 79 1026 1004 0 0 

Savar 329491 377442 352909 1874 2169 2078 0 0 0 1104 1448 1375 0 0 0 

Nawabganj 297573 303376 309634 2936 2980 3043 0 0 32 0 41 92 0 0 0 

Tejgaon 121855 697616 734781 382 2200 2132 0 0 10 300 1850 1973 0 0 0 

District: Gazipur 

Kaliganj 262903 268030 273558 2169 2169 2169 7 0 0 731 1045 1115 0 0 0 

Sreepur 361390 368436 376034 283 2197 2197 945 0 0 0 1055 1250 0 8 8 

Kaliakaur 262605 267726 273246 1430 1430 1430 106 0 0 839 887 1035 0 9 9 

Kapasia 342424 349103 356301 2456 2448 2368 0 0 0 1132 1292 1430 0 6 6 

Sadar 54571 636779 690403 187 1653 1653 0 0 0 156 1913 2237 0 64 64 

District: Manikganj 

Sadar 217516 221758 226331 218 2237 2176 0 0 5 28 449 449 0 0 0 

Harirampur 176250 179686 183393 2268 2391 2226 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Singair 261151 266244 271737 2467 2483 2483 0 0 0 125 166 166 0 0 0 

Daulatpur 156273 159321 162605 1885 2047 1948 0 0 0 180 215 267 0 0 0 

Saturia 158086 161169 164492 1872 1957 1934 0 0 0 50 50 50 0 0 0 

Gheor 143775 146578 149602 1711 1742 1766 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Shivalaya 162177 165339 168750 1549 1503 1516 0 0 6 418 278 313 0 0 0 

District: Tangail 

Sadar 309506 315541 322049 2879 3018 3145 0 0 0 0 39 39 0 0 0 

Ghatail 44575 392396 400489 2073 2138 2202 0 0 0 764 708 949 0 0 0 

Shakhipur 248362 253203 258426 836 750 773 0 0 0 1539 1200 1175 0 50 50 

Gopalpur 232886 237428 25732 1894 2028 288 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mirzapur 380516 387938 395938 2871 3012 2985 0 0 0 933 1060 1068 0 0 0 

Kalihati 400205 408010 416423 3293 3362 3573 0 0 0 201 250 268 0 0 0 

Madhupur 422188 430421 490820 2275 2311 2915 0 0 0 988 832 1099 0 0 0 

Nagarpur 268813 285840 293536 3114 3258 3321 0 0 0 12 12 16 0 0 0 

Basail 167419 170757 174278 1453 1555 1496 0 0 0 420 415 417 0 0 0 

Bhuapur 199670 203564 207762 1821 1904 1952 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Delduar 198076 201940 206104 2064 2051 2131 0 0 0 290 308 319 0 0 0 

District: Jamalpur 

Sadar 449147 457906 467348 2901 2957 3029 0 0 0 1748 1952 2122 0 0 0 

Melandaha 295936 301707 321589 2502 2584 2771 0 0 0 20 20 20 0 0 0 

Islampur 302559 308458 314819 2786 2824 2854 0 0 0 20 29 29 0 0 0 

Dewanganj 217806 222052 226635 1983 2024 2062 0 0 0 0 58 61 0 0 0 

Sarishabari 270884 276165 281860 2642 2690 2796 0 0 0 11 11 7 0 0 0 

Madarganj 227743 232185 236972 2199 2189 2252 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bakshiganj 177467 180927 184657 1631 1688 1747 0 0 0 22 19 22 0 0 0 

District: Sherpur 

Sadar 350113 356941 364300 2992 3109 3153 0 0 9 377 422 452 0 1 4 

Nokla 183723 187305 191168 1592 1619 1697 0 0 13 215 215 215 0 0 0 

Nalitabari 259690 264754 270214 1624 1632 1632 0 0 19 903 1143 1151 0 0 0 

Jhenaigati 157541 160615 163928 1098 1076 1083 0 0 17 691 808 881 0 0 0 

Sreebordi 257282 262300 267708 2557 2646 2664 0 0 8 193 196 195 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 104 103 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 106 106 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 57 57 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 262 262 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 75 75 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 30 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 549 549 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 172 172 172 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 120 120 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

46 45 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

41 31 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


[Contd.]

Table 8.3.6 

Population Shallow Tubewell Deep Tubewell Tara pump Tara Pump-2 R. Well VSST/SST PFS IRP DSP 

District: Mymensingh 

Sadar 423178 431430 440330 3230 3297 3136 0 0 0 697 1416 1810 0 10 0 

Muktagacha 339737 346360 353503 2325 2171 2337 0 0 0 688 1057 1301 0 0 0 

Trisal 372352 379614 387443 2584 2525 2620 0 0 0 729 1551 1787 0 0 0 

Bhaluka 298769 304594 310877 1666 1723 1696 0 0 0 681 970 1169 0 0 0 

Gafargaon 428216 436670 445571 ### 3065 3186 0 0 0 815 1064 1362 0 0 0 

Fulbari 329298 396888 405072 2526 2423 2546 5 0 0 888 1655 1889 0 28 0 

Gouripur 258815 263861 269302 1718 1750 1744 0 0 0 503 747 1026 0 0 56 

Fulpur 552476 563416 574867 3491 3728 3833 0 0 0 1073 1422 1968 0 0 23 

Nandail 370765 377996 385790 2297 2332 2334 0 0 0 701 1186 1420 0 0 0 

Haluaghat 273229 278556 284301 1753 1755 1755 0 0 0 592 832 1032 0 0 0 

Dubarua 203455 207440 211701 1187 1216 1329 0 0 0 327 555 694 0 0 0 

Iswarganj 346107 352856 360134 2035 2064 2037 0 0 0 581 905 1276 0 0 0 

District: Narshingdi 

Palash 200051 204178 1518 1510 0 0 58 556 0 0 

Sadar 405749 414118 3578 3614 0 3 10 7 0 0 

Raipura 474583 484354 4495 4686 0 0 62 62 0 0 

Shibpur 272704 278327 2252 2252 0 0 646 659 1 1 

Belabo 167484 170939 1397 1418 0 0 435 587 0 0 

District: Narayanganj 

Narayanganj 462575 472114 2175 2198 0 51 373 378 0 0 

Sonargaon 301019 307228 2429 2429 0 0 180 180 0 0 

Rupganj 366240 373794 2369 2387 0 16 492 513 0 0 

Araihazar 344671 351778 2833 2870 0 16 108 108 0 0 

Bandar 158805 162081 1556 1571 0 24 58 81 0 0 

District: Munshiganj 

Tongibari 203314 207508 2337 2337 0 22 0 0 0 0 

Serajdikhan 263320 268750 2603 2603 0 45 0 0 0 0 

Gazaria 147551 241429 1520 2733 0 10 0 0 0 0 

Sreenagar 236559 179999 2733 1512 0 74 0 0 0 0 

Lowhajang 176360 150594 1512 1520 0 25 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 290266 296251 2890 2890 0 51 0 0 0 0 

District: Kishorganj 

Kishorganj 255399 260552 1751 1847 0 83 803 1321 0 0 

Katiadi 304206 310304 2129 2743 0 47 282 272 0 0 

Itna 165244 168562 1524 1593 0 33 0 15 0 0 

Hossainpur 170247 173660 1021 1076 0 48 472 761 0 0 

Tarail 159275 162468 1031 1128 0 22 283 435 0 0 

Karimganj 272752 278219 2020 2060 0 54 176 283 0 0 

Nikli 127560 130117 1078 1169 0 21 154 240 0 0 

Bajitpur 185445 223350 1148 1255 0 56 511 972 0 0 

Pakundia 241930 246779 1808 1894 0 37 238 592 0 0 

Austagram 152162 178086 1174 1571 0 54 0 40 0 0 

Kuliarchar 153339 156413 1203 1532 0 202 179 290 0 0 

Mithamon 124445 126939 971 1121 0 47 0 32 0 0 

Bhairab 140721 143542 1599 1692 0 215 0 35 0 0 

District: Netrokona 

Kalmakanda 240789 245613 1828 2387 0 35 0 95 0 0 

Barhatta 163514 166791 1076 1077 0 58 71 697 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

[Contd.] 


Table 8.3.6 


Khalijuri 73702 75179 504 923 0 45 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 237953 261630 1764 2102 0 81 118 1128 0 0 

Atpara 138576 141355 1028 1045 0 28 0 579 0 0 

Mohanganj 128970 * 840 0 0 0 

Kendua 305326 311622 2672 2526 0 49 155 155 0 0 

Madan 135265 137977 1055 1460 0 78 0 92 0 0 

Pubadhala 271050 304724 1774 2070 0 48 242 1196 0 0 

Durgapur 194525 198422 1382 1534 0 7 134 600 0 0 

District: Chittagong 

Patiya 414846 423400 855 875 2793 4312 18 40 0 0 

Rangunia 314666 323003 3139 3255 11 11 172 163 0 0 

Fatikchari 446002 455199 3788 3970 21 22 341 339 0 0 

Raojan 315344 321848 3034 3170 28 28 130 174 0 0 

Hathazari 338643 345627 3492 3565 0 0 286 292 0 0 

Chandanaish 198672 202771 668 673 213 1303 0 48 0 0 

Sandwip 309886 316279 700 700 2587 3252 0 0 0 0 

Banshkhali 368212 375807 1304 1079 1249 2057 200 200 0 0 

Sitakunda 294639 300695 2176 2194 173 248 0 0 0 0 

Anowara 252241 257445 1238 1237 866 1383 0 0 0 0 

Satkania 336979 343902 3008 3231 587 1082 84 159 0 0 

Lohagora 233860 238681 1929 2001 83 244 210 214 0 0 

Boakhali 224840 229477 1926 1982 483 758 234 226 0 0 

Mirasarai 374388 382112 3298 3408 398 479 40 40 0 0 

District: Cox's Bazar 

Teknaf 175357 196008 1242 1479 95 97 25 30 0 0 

Kutubdia 109261 111512 605 618 320 460 0 0 0 0 

Ramu 213729 204340 1946 1802 116 165 43 42 0 0 

Sadar 261132 266159 1516 1535 667 726 97 100 0 0 

Chokoria 530730 541675 2708 2742 1455 1488 29 29 0 0 

Moheskhali 264847 270310 1599 1627 449 465 14 14 0 0 

Ukhiya 139674 142555 1409 1395 69 74 171 224 0 0 

District: Habiganj 

Nobiganj 283835 289691 2798 2967 0 0 213 265 0 0 

Bahubal 157937 161194 1618 1651 0 0 129 146 0 0 

Sadar 217868 222359 2079 2241 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Madhabpur 287444 293369 2415 2482 0 0 193 215 0 0 

Chunarughat 268686 274228 2354 2514 0 0 97 128 0 0 

Ajmirigonj 99783 101841 1060 1060 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Lakhai 126805 129421 1359 1365 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Baniachong 269951 275518 2583 2769 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Maulavibazar 

Baralekha 230664 235421 2187 2252 0 12 298 345 0 0 

Rajnagar 200327 204458 1971 2014 0 0 282 310 0 0 

Sadar 237546 242446 2737 2772 0 0 137 180 0 0 

Sreemongal 245858 250927 1966 2050 0 0 213 259 0 0 

Kulaura 418218 426841 3276 3287 0 0 493 569 0 0 

Kamalganj 220317 224861 2401 2403 0 0 249 285 0 0 

District: Noakhali 

Chatkhil 223206 227810 1195 1961 235 337 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 163 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

9 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 163 

64 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

8 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 3 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

57 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

73 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

50 39 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 33 33 0 0 

24 24 0 0 0 0 135 135 0 0 

97 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

16 13 0 0 0 0 66 66 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


[Contd.]

Table 8.3.6 


Hatiya 325202 331909 1090 1090 1864 1892 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Senbag 248636 253765 2709 2709 0 104 0 0 0 0 

Begumganj 719816 734665 6656 6806 1248 1795 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 673616 687510 3964 3963 2674 3525 0 0 0 0 

Companyganj 190820 194757 1782 1814 471 910 0 0 0 0 

District: Feni 

Sonagazi 247273 * 2196 878 0 0 

Dagonbhuiyan 235608 * 1842 264 0 0 

Sadar 366105 * 2679 450 0 0 

Chhagalnaya 203143 180803 233 1453 891 831 0 0 0 0 

District: Laximpur 

Sadar 556419 567566 4587 4587 598 598 0 0 0 0 

Ramgati 385569 393294 2874 2874 324 324 0 0 0 0 

Raipur 245631 250557 1837 1837 262 262 0 0 0 0 

Ramganj 252505 257568 2821 2821 4 4 0 0 0 0 

District: Chandpur 

Sadar 371408 3485 2 0 0 

Faridganj 400328 408589 3453 3445 109 125 0 40 0 0 

Haimchar 130240 132925 1169 1169 0 42 0 24 0 0 

Haziganj 277557 304862 2465 2495 32 137 0 51 0 0 

Sharasti 207614 211923 2044 2063 3 28 0 46 0 0 

Kachua 337574 344536 2585 2585 153 153 0 94 0 0 

Matlab 512203 522769 5657 5667 84 377 0 142 0 0 

District: Brahmman Baria 

Bancharampur 296983 303110 2480 2449 2 2 0 0 0 0 

Sarail 292516 298546 2427 2440 0 5 10 15 0 0 

Kasba 280273 286055 2378 2480 0 0 349 390 0 0 

Nasirnagar 269074 274623 2464 2590 0 9 96 96 0 0 

Nabinagar 452838 462175 3734 3756 0 2 0 0 0 0 

B. Baria 610521 691722 5382 5663 0 0 481 510 0 0 

Akhaura 129866 132546 1168 1155 0 0 289 317 0 0 

District: Comilla 

Sadar 423944 432667 2312 2436 0 0 1449 1501 0 0 

Daudkandi 527023 537894 4713 4643 0 0 21 21 0 0 

Homna 241805 249442 2469 2494 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Nangolkot 317231 323775 2075 2180 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chuddagram 381681 389553 2574 3144 0 0 407 469 0 0 

Chandina 309982 359508 2372 2423 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Burichang 262626 268043 1912 1929 0 0 1200 1321 0 0 

Muradnagar 495653 511175 4192 4375 0 0 1 1 0 0 

Laksham 606294 579904 4692 4756 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Brahmanpara 183862 189940 1737 1823 0 0 32 32 0 0 

Barura 351551 364592 3049 3086 0 25 157 165 0 13 

District: Sylhet 

Sadar 526486 537345 3760 3723 0 3 592 689 0 0 

Zakiganj 200047 204173 1848 1951 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Beani Bazar 208678 212981 1851 1846 0 3 374 378 0 0 

Biswanath 195097 199121 1721 1725 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Jaintapur 111854 114159 888 887 0 1 149 180 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 136 138 6 8 0 0 0 0 

0 0 495 508 10 12 0 0 0 0 

0 0 272 276 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 33 0 0 

0 0 0 0 33 35 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 23 55 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 5 7 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 22 22 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 16 49 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 14 0 0 0 0 80 80 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 44 44 0 0 

106 163 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

[Contd.] 


Table 8.3.6 


Companiganj 97898 99917 683 728 0 2 81 86 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fenchuganj 93801 95736 1127 1160 0 0 162 190 0 0 

Goainghat 195334 199364 1859 1823 0 0 21 46 0 0 

Golapgonj 260972 268740 2130 2100 0 3 407 379 0 0 

Balagonj 265364 270838 2476 2505 0 0 18 50 0 0 

Kanaighat 205355 209589 1760 1803 0 3 30 55 0 0 

District: Sunamgonj 

Sulla 103383 105514 55 559 0 7 0 0 0 0 

Jamalganj 123877 126431 899 891 0 9 0 0 0 0 

Tahirpur 159320 162512 874 915 0 10 0 0 0 0 

Dowara Bazar 189120 193021 1297 1316 0 15 10 10 0 0 

Derai 212976 217365 1353 1390 0 15 0 0 0 0 

Chatak 319560 326150 2623 2061 0 651 11 60 0 0 

Bishwambarpur 122123 157360 644 689 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Dharmapasa 184922 188735 1238 1256 0 13 0 0 0 0 

Jagannathpur 216258 220717 1279 1723 0 65 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 318832 325404 2267 2322 0 24 0 0 0 0 

District: Rajshahi 

Mohanpur 145285 148283 1017 1071 0 0 720 738 0 0 

Durgapur 156619 159848 1296 1282 0 0 664 683 0 0 

Charghat 188353 192237 1727 1724 0 58 610 571 0 0 

Putia 183229 187008 1551 1558 0 0 234 254 0 0 

Bagha 176937 180586 1335 1368 0 14 518 548 0 0 

Godagari 250363 255527 1209 1189 0 0 1483 1113 67 136 

Paba 245270 250329 1530 1535 0 0 1315 1292 0 0 

Bagmara 327133 333880 2504 2563 0 0 1866 1870 0 0 

District: Pabna 

Sujanagar 246133 251210 1735 1750 0 22 1235 1287 0 0 

Chatmohor 250444 256850 1743 1746 0 0 1170 1231 0 0 

Sadar 377296 385073 2366 2414 0 0 1451 1565 0 0 

Atgharia 113688 116859 1778 1318 0 0 761 793 0 0 

Santhia 325829 332548 2673 2735 0 0 982 1117 0 0 

Faridpur 128122 130764 853 863 0 0 594 618 0 0 

Bera 194719 198733 1616 1652 0 2 512 545 0 0 

Bhangura 93822 95757 693 751 0 0 566 606 0 0 

Ishurdi 212872 217259 1233 1253 0 40 1050 1057 0 0 

District: Chapai Nawabganj 

Sadar 297647 303783 2260 2260 0 0 1115 1197 61 67 

Shibganj 473977 483754 4445 4437 0 0 699 746 0 0 

Bholahat 81043 82715 510 512 0 0 497 551 22 22 

Gomastapur 220663 225215 995 983 0 0 1143 1285 166 209 

Nachol 111635 113936 362 349 0 0 613 671 110 123 

District: Sirajganj 

Sadar 340557 796173 3094 3437 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kazipur 269892 275459 2669 2731 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kamarkhanda 121839 124352 1214 1251 0 0 17 14 0 0 

Shajadpur 491961 502105 2922 2922 0 0 1967 1867 0 0 

Ullapara 458719 468177 2626 2600 0 0 1523 1633 0 0 

Tarash 155675 158885 943 943 0 0 875 999 0 0 

7 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

66 89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

6 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 5 0 0 0 0 30 30 0 0 

78 107 0 0 0 0 33 33 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 301 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 32 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 298 298 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 176 188 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 288 234 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 258 262 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 210 210 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


[Contd.]

Table 8.3.6 


Raigonj 258660 263995 1731 1731 0 0 1101 1187 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Belkuchi 281806 287617 1999 2033 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chowhali 124669 178216 1464 1901 0 0 2 10 0 0 

District: Natore 

Sadar 370666 378309 2362 2414 0 0 1093 1232 0 0 

Lalpur 249399 254543 1888 1909 0 0 900 956 0 

Bagatipara 123888 126442 946 953 0 0 ### 391 0 0 

Gurudashpur 154875 158070 1301 1314 0 0 490 528 0 0 

Baraigram 264927 270391 1839 1863 0 0 597 661 0 0 

Singara 333286 340161 2344 2362 0 0 1086 1102 0 0 

District: Naogaon 

Naogaon 260196 265563 1794 1760 0 0 1187 1207 0 0 

Dhamoirhat 174572 178173 1433 1455 0 0 465 532 0 0 

Badalgachi 202371 206490 1637 1641 0 0 548 614 0 0 

Patnitala 227793 232478 1239 1283 0 0 759 823 26 26 

Raninagar 181894 185644 1289 1313 0 0 599 693 0 0 

Mahadebpur 267096 272606 1901 1927 0 0 668 718 0 0 

Niamatpur 222071 226652 1028 1019 0 0 931 975 36 36 

Shapahar 132556 135288 308 318 0 0 729 776 71 71 

Manda 381612 389482 2472 2502 0 0 1109 1244 0 0 

Atrai 191934 195892 1415 1493 0 0 703 785 0 0 

Porsha 111817 114122 214 193 0 0 802 776 64 64 

District: Jessore 

Sadar 435536 444519 3173 3173 0 25 545 545 0 0 

Abhoynagar 235240 240092 2077 2077 77 101 17 17 0 0 

Bagarpara 194186 198190 1742 1742 0 0 46 46 0 0 

Jhikargacha 271134 276725 2782 2802 0 10 266 236 0 0 

Monirampur 374829 382563 3752 3463 44 130 61 77 0 0 

Keshabpur 230153 234901 2266 2266 43 61 10 10 0 0 

Sharsa 297466 303601 2339 2361 21 34 117 117 0 0 

Chowgacha 209003 213312 1916 1938 0 0 133 142 0 0 

District: Jhenaidah 

Jhenadaha 310691 317100 3088 3137 0 7 177 177 0 0 

Sailkupa 337242 344133 3115 3104 0 0 839 850 0 0 

Hornakunda 186300 190142 1709 1784 0 0 221 236 0 0 

Kaliganj 223005 232881 2659 2691 0 0 148 150 0 0 

Kotchandpur 96025 98005 1017 1017 0 0 13 15 0 0 

Mohespur 269780 286006 2522 2565 0 100 53 56 0 0 

District: Magura 

Sadar 287356 293282 2850 2903 0 4 113 133 0 0 

Shalika 152061 155197 1641 1641 0 0 112 112 0 0 

Mohammedpur 180164 183880 2197 2197 0 0 309 309 0 0 

Sripur 166062 801845 1496 8237 0 4 501 1055 0 0 

District: Narail 

Narail 257184 262486 255 2643 0 16 0 0 0 0 

Lohagora 239369 244306 2483 2421 0 21 0 0 0 0 

Kalia 210423 214765 2404 2461 0 26 0 0 0 0 

District: Satkhira 

Debhatta 113874 116221 1388 1394 46 53 81 81 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 46 67 23 25 0 0 0 0 

[Contd.] 


Table 8.3.6 


Kaliganj 259310 264660 2368 2380 171 143 0 0 0 0 

0 0 291 313 195 171 0 0 0 0 

Tala 288958 294917 2953 2887 2 24 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 12 39 0 0 0 0 

Asasuni 253980 * 1476 217 0 0 

0 370 92 0 0 

Shyamnagar 301448 * 168 7 0 0 

0 412 187 0 0 

Sadar 311892 318321 2882 2882 14 74 381 376 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 

Kalarua 197568 200767 1934 1742 5 12 490 498 0 0 

0 0 0 0 35 50 0 0 0 0 

District: Bagerhat 

Moralganj 366442 376763 2207 2225 1 1 0 0 0 0 

0 0 346 375 118 140 0 0 0 0 

Bagerhat 238791 243716 2700 2620 378 475 0 0 0 0 

0 0 47 57 45 53 2 5 0 0 

Fakirhat 142481 145420 2169 2179 326 552 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 5 4 18 2 2 0 0 

Mollah hat 134172 136941 1755 1781 9 117 0 0 0 0 

0 0 5 15 2 13 0 0 0 0 

Kachua 107183 109394 1514 1547 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 10 18 22 40 1 1 0 0 

Rampal 173189 176762 1046 1144 423 541 0 0 0 0 

0 0 220 230 71 68 0 0 0 0 

Chitalmari 146581 149606 1829 1857 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 24 45 20 31 0 0 0 0 

Sarankhola 120147 122625 727 727 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 166 166 140 140 0 0 0 0 

Mongla 96773 160202 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 187 302 98 135 0 0 0 0 

District: Kushtia 

Sadar 340638 347661 2826 2827 0 0 655 718 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kumarkhali 306355 314284 1861 1971 0 0 1423 1443 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Khoksa 117277 121213 847 847 0 0 670 667 0 0 

0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 38 

Mirpur 285860 291757 2284 2320 0 0 477 473 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 

Bheramara 145219 148214 1030 1046 0 0 531 563 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Daulatpur 414615 423165 2981 2974 0 0 932 938 0 49 

0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 28 

District: Meherpur 

Meherpur 271348 276943 2266 2253 0 0 352 352 0 0 

0 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gangni 263383 268816 2411 2396 0 0 113 100 0 0 

0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Khulna 

Fultala 127550 130179 1183 1161 252 298 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 

Rupsha 172632 176191 1601 1585 136 251 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 

Terakhada 128841 131498 23 1442 14 197 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 

Batiaghata 147341 150379 1063 1024 722 745 0 0 0 0 

0 0 16 16 10 24 0 0 0 0 

Dumuria 294836 300915 1974 1974 1407 1497 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 

Dighalia 158021 166475 1264 1255 293 489 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 10 2 0 0 0 0 

Dacope 16145 164790 327 322 20 20 0 0 0 0 

0 0 277 137 151 156 0 0 0 0 

Paikgacha 258725 264060 2454 2404 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 67 67 78 62 0 0 0 0 

Koyra 190203 194125 258 232 504 514 0 0 0 0 

0 0 96 108 106 113 0 0 0 0 

District: Chuadanga 

Sadar 188275 192159 1475 1498 0 0 263 272 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Alamdanga 281094 286847 2504 2479 0 0 16 23 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dhanurhuda 214801 219232 1637 1655 0 4 421 432 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Jiban Nagar 15382 174796 1218 1180 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Bhola 

Sadar 354115 368834 0 0 2822 3010 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Borhanuddin 239635 244577 0 0 1552 1891 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Daulatkhan 183711 180029 0 0 1030 1215 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Lalmohon 290234 296220 0 0 1510 1505 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Charfeshan 497778 445405 0 0 1857 2066 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tazumoddin 134281 137051 0 0 694 728 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Monpura 59037 60254 0 0 367 393 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


[Contd.]

Table 8.3.6 


District: Barisal 

Hizla 203416 209486 1935 1935 459 459 0 0 0 0 

Muladi 197647 201724 1669 1669 664 664 0 0 0 0 

Agoljara 169364 172857 1654 1654 336 366 0 0 0 0 

Banaripara 169058 168729 1349 1349 727 727 0 0 0 0 

Wazipur 261059 266442 1854 1854 915 915 0 0 0 0 

Babuganj 156216 159439 1720 1720 540 540 0 0 0 0 

Bakerganj 361033 368477 1733 1733 2794 2794 0 0 0 0 

Gournadi 197260 201326 1454 1454 824 824 0 0 0 0 

Mahendiganj 329935 336739 2544 2544 1132 1132 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 280522 286307 1538 1538 1198 1198 0 0 0 0 

District: Pirojpur 

Bhandaria 166939 170381 2394 2402 226 397 0 0 0 0 

Nazirpur 190824 194760 1816 1816 328 328 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 221195 225754 199 1996 212 212 0 0 0 0 

Swarupkati 232786 237589 1768 1768 691 691 0 0 0 0 

Kowkhali 80860 82526 876 876 373 373 0 0 0 0 

Mothbaria 291863 297882 888 888 162 162 0 0 0 0 

District: Jhalokathi 

Rajapur 165223 168535 1404 1404 775 775 0 0 0 0 

Kathalia 141805 144648 1142 1142 387 387 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 208972 213160 1608 1608 3310 1310 0 0 0 0 

Nalcity 216815 223184 1290 1290 1600 1600 0 0 0 0 

District: Faridpur 

Sadar 306444 312588 2791 2725 0 14 103 164 0 0 

Sadarpur 197884 201852 2206 2290 0 11 9 9 0 0 

Alfadanga 104503 106608 1229 1199 0 20 48 12 0 0 

Boalmari 218701 223086 2065 2127 0 22 164 254 0 0 

Bhanga 246927 263698 2312 2497 0 12 0 0 0 0 

Madhukhali 190177 194084 1772 1764 0 5 312 420 0 0 

Nagarkanda 307296 339259 2778 3196 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Charvadrashan 80336 81975 1065 1054 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Sariatpur 

Sadar 164643 168977 1360 1360 760 760 0 0 0 0 

Goshairhat 133200 135946 1230 1077 377 536 0 0 0 0 

Bederganj 282615 330803 2209 2209 314 314 0 0 0 0 

Naria 247075 252162 2437 2437 810 810 0 0 0 0 

Jajira 180825 184553 1704 1742 0 70 0 0 0 0 

Damudya 118176 121867 1087 1029 341 416 0 0 0 0 

District: Gopalganj 

Kasiani 236329 241193 2625 2810 0 28 0 0 0 0 

Kotalipara 237011 241898 2184 2158 1454 1673 0 0 0 0 

Tungipara 101268 103357 1184 1271 448 679 0 0 0 0 

Moksedpur 309762 316148 2988 2960 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 306211 312529 3238 3753 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Rajbari 

Baliakandi 187580 191449 1528 1542 0 19 726 780 0 0 

Sadar 254752 260005 2301 2409 0 65 891 949 0 0 

Pangsa 337438 344395 2763 2784 0 25 1313 1437 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 339 339 13 13 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 21 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 1242 1242 116 116 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 132 132 67 67 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

[Contd.] 


Table 8.3.6 


Goalanda 105376 107549 1108 1156 0 14 11 11 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Madaripur 

Sadar 300938 307144 2783 2667 379 505 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kalkini 288415 294363 2520 2517 1499 1785 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Shibchar 351813 359067 3226 3194 143 176 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rajoir 231525 239741 2018 2018 160 324 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Patuakhali 

Kalapara 189565 193479 0 0 1394 1897 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bauphal 331991 338837 0 0 2696 2923 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Galachipa 399493 409826 0 0 2256 2455 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 334713 341616 0 0 2494 3180 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mirzaganj 127317 129942 0 0 1184 1184 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dashmina 122460 124986 0 0 982 1396 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Barguna 

Amtoli 276240 286764 0 0 2410 2410 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 227034 231716 0 0 2420 2420 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bamna 75823 77386 0 0 848 848 0 0 0 0 

0 0 68 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Patharghata 154757 157948 2050 2050 1067 1067 0 0 0 0 

0 0 637 637 350 350 0 0 0 0 

Betagi 127503 130133 0 0 1606 1606 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Gaibandha 

Gaibandha 366477 374003 3100 3098 0 0 255 379 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 104 104 0 0 

Sadullahpur 279330 285092 2350 2457 0 0 32 32 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 80 118 0 0 

Gobindaganj 476553 486381 3526 3584 0 0 584 618 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Shaghatta 266807 272310 2224 2348 0 0 86 106 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fulchari 148100 151153 1709 1790 0 38 25 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sundarganj 414580 423130 3627 3664 0 0 6 10 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 245 245 0 0 

District: Kurigram 

Nageshari 321584 32818 2858 2846 0 0 400 532 0 1 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ulipur 396798 404979 3652 3674 0 0 51 62 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 324 358 0 0 

Bhurengamari 203249 207438 1878 1935 0 0 4 4 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rajarhat 182358 186119 1557 1634 0 0 4 18 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 299 299 0 0 

Fulbari 149048 152120 1415 1464 0 0 2 2 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chilmari 115538 117919 1139 1182 0 0 111 158 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 122901 186673 1518 1528 0 0 229 330 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 272 280 0 0 

Rajibpur 66724 68101 697 703 0 0 87 134 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Raumari 157522 160771 1353 1352 0 0 127 183 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Lalmonirhat 

Sadar 245738 250806 2277 2311 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Patgram 189739 193652 1590 1644 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adithmari 203177 207369 1759 1811 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hatibandha 198183 202271 2000 2065 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kaliganj 25516 219961 1924 1975 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Panchagar 

Boda 193405 197392 2070 2096 0 0 5 5 0 0 

16 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atwari 119434 121897 1230 1229 0 0 12 12 0 0 

2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 187012 190870 1736 1806 0 0 20 20 0 0 

28 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tetulia 99725 01780 996 1021 0 0 3 3 0 0 

41 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Debiganj 183798 187589 7911 1884 0 0 46 6 0 0 

95 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


[Contd.]

Table 8.3.6 

Population 

District: Thakurgaon 

Shallow Tubewell Deep Tubewell Tara pump Tara Pump-2 R. Well VSST/SST PFS IRP DSP 

Sadar 446604 455798 3907 4153 0 0 0 7 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pirganj 190215 194140 2060 2080 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Haripur 116849 119261 1007 1027 0 0 2 2 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ranishankail 178328 182007 1481 1609 0 0 0 2 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Baliadang 169157 172646 1016 1623 0 0 0 2 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Joypurhat 

Kalai 131248 133954 931 917 0 0 ### 502 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Khetlal 122088 124527 845 1334 0 0 507 572 80 22 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Panchbibi 22263 226848 1643 1568 0 0 661 619 15 12 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sadar 212178 216552 1814 1773 0 0 796 850 14 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 18 18 0 0 

Akkelpur 144885 147871 961 956 0 0 3041 631 121 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 

District: Bogra 

Sadar 521738 532487 3240 3283 0 0 1771 2031 20 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 30 34 0 0 

Sariakandi 241429 246407 2449 2482 0 0 52 52 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 28 28 0 0 

Kahaloo 210613 214958 1265 1264 0 0 720 741 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dhupcachia 171398 174932 997 998 0 0 481 546 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sonatala 181902 185653 1461 1522 0 0 217 217 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Nandigram 169609 173109 937 906 0 0 358 475 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adamdighi 191812 168656 1071 1084 0 0 625 640 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dhunat 283897 289752 1856 1948 0 0 965 1116 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 63 64 0 0 

Sherpur 244657 249702 1428 1413 0 0 936 988 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 0 0 

Shibganj 359518 366932 2253 2249 0 0 1193 1283 10 10 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 

Gabtali 305670 311972 2770 2807 0 0 264 267 0 0 

0 0 0 0 1 0 55 77 0 0 

District: Nilphamari 

Sadar 315145 321644 2837 2950 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Domar 201735 205894 1955 1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dimla 215868 220197 2077 2188 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Jaldhaka 268838 274383 2288 2400 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kishorganj 226613 231284 1981 2056 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Saidpur 114004 116396 1082 1148 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Rangpur 

Sadar 344344 351445 2561 2687 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mithapukur 471191 480896 3970 4024 0 0 632 792 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pirganj 326870 564848 2327 2521 0 0 763 989 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pirgacha 294920 301001 2568 2624 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kaunia 149631 152717 1860 1919 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Badarganj 245330 250388 1993 2040 0 0 566 706 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Taraganj 121157 123643 1226 1257 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gangachara 277865 283188 2449 2608 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

District: Dinajpur 

Sadar 264458 269913 2224 2213 0 0 765 791 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kaharole 136071 138876 1206 1195 0 0 179 203 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phulbari 118391 149046 999 1172 0 0 349 445 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chirirbandar 267141 272652 2336 2304 0 0 289 323 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Khansama 142282 145216 1326 1342 0 0 0 16 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hakimpur 76870 78454 846 809 0 0 202 208 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ghoraghat 96875 98873 725 724 0 0 308 323 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Birampur 154920 158115 1262 1234 0 0 278 300 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Parbatipur 284057 289915 2247 2252 0 0 761 799 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

[Contd.] 


Table 8.3.6 


Bochaganj 155607 158817 1301 1317 0 0 100 117 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Nowabganj 195752 199788 1701 1688 0 0 564 592 0 0 

Birol 234972 239816 1898 1896 0 0 629 692 0 0 

Birganj 265873 271357 2105 2105 0 0 699 775 0 0 

District: Rangamati 

Baghaichari 65953 67314 209 156 0 0 282 205 29 44 

Longadu 61819 63923 18 22 0 0 194 210 21 21 

Barakal 28994 33831 0 0 0 0 25 27 3 4 

Belaichari 20658 21723 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Naniarchar 39724 40545 44 44 0 0 124 130 10 11 

Sadar 89866 91719 0 0 0 0 114 120 0 0 

Kaptai 76255 78907 134 134 0 0 122 123 14 9 

Jurachari 13357 13632 25 22 0 0 41 41 0 0 

Rajashthali 19768 20175 99 100 0 0 56 57 6 7 

Kawkhali 48764 49751 402 439 0 0 166 189 7 7 

District: Banderban 

Rowangchari 20579 21003 0 0 0 0 8 8 21 19 

Alikadam 28485 29073 54 67 0 0 158 96 0 0 

Nilkhongchari 44081 44990 255 267 0 0 211 204 0 3 

Lama 74431 75922 306 359 0 0 587 297 0 0 

Thanchi 18509 18891 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 

Sadar 32251 32916 166 230 0 0 393 432 13 27 

Ruma 21840 22290 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

District: Khagrachari 

Mahalchari 37481 38254 144 134 0 0 103 98 0 0 

Sadar 42445 43321 180 168 0 0 157 138 5 3 

Dighinala 58543 59750 294 395 0 0 176 170 0 0 

Ramghar 50824 51873 340 315 0 0 166 135 0 0 

Matiranga 82701 84406 303 272 0 0 275 223 5 7 

Manikchari 44229 45141 85 101 0 0 145 140 5 19 

Panchari 30251 30874 184 166 0 0 159 128 0 0 

Laxmichar 19168 19562 14 17 0 0 53 55 3 4 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

166 187 0 0 0 0 0 0 232 178 

216 269 0 0 0 0 0 0 569 567 

165 180 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 36 

114 136 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 18 

110 146 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 202 

102 149 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 98 

159 273 0 0 0 0 0 0 109 90 

30 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 34 

66 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 48 

140 230 0 0 0 0 0 0 177 171 

0 0 

120 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 43 

79 113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 77 

138 147 0 0 0 0 0 0 155 123 

189 260 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 407 

56 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 66 

251 339 0 0 0 0 0 0 172 178 

54 113 0 0 10 0 0 0 30 35 

100 121 0 0 0 0 0 0 108 117 

118 121 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 58 

108 174 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 246 

132 144 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 178 

205 168 0 0 0 0 0 0 412 354 

79 101 0 0 0 0 0 0 162 170 

120 133 0 0 0 0 0 0 143 129 

94 94 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 25 


Source : DPHE (1999b)

Chapter 9 

Transport and 

Communication 

9.1 Road Transport 167 

9.2 Movement of People and Goods 171

Transport and Communication 167 

9.1 Road Transport 

Table 9.1.1 National and Regional Road Network Density in Bangladesh by RHD Zones 

Road Length (km.) 

Network 

RHD Zone 

Total Area Density per 

National Regional 

Total Length (sq.km) 100 sq.km. 

Highway Highway 

(N) (R) (T = N+R) (A) (T/A) 

Dhaka 562 263 825 24111 3.42 

Comilla 558 229 787 25297 3.11 

Chittagong 387 104 491 21070 2.33 

Rangpur 556 243 799 20203 3.95 

Rajshahi 336 208 544 14310 3.80 

Khulna 338 376 714 22274 3.21 

Barisal 259 287 546 20305 2.69 

Total (km) 2996 1710 4706 147570 _ 

Mean _ _ _ _ 3.22 

Standard Deviation _ _ _ _ 0.58 

Coefficient of variation _ _ _ _ 17.9% 

Source: RHD (1998) 

Table 9.1.2 Road Accident Statistic of Bangladesh (1998 -2000) 

Accidents by Severity types 

Year 

1998 1999 2000 

Fatal 2000 2432 2523 

Grievous 1137 986 1029 

Simple 193 304 209 

Collision 203 220 209 

Total Accidents 3533 3942 3970 

Deaths from Road Accidents 2346 1951 3058 

Source: Habib and Hoque (2003) 

Table 9.1.3 Road Accident Statistic of Dhaka Metropolitan Area 

Year 

Accidents by Severity types 

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 

Fatal 343 363 399 304 293 

Grievous 384 474 593 328 384 

Simple 171 117 64 122 29 

Collision 103 169 146 138 145 

Total Accidents 1001 1123 1202 982 851 

Deaths from Road Accidents 396 374 420 314 301 

Source: Habib and Hoque (2003)


Table 9.1.4 Yearly Distribution of Accidents Occurred on Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue and Mirpur Road (1996-2000) 

Year 

Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue 

Mirpur Road 

Total No. of Accidents % of Total Total No. of Accidents % of Total 

1996 108 24 60 22 

1997 106 23 73 27 

1998 126 27 62 23 

1999 78 17 39 14 

2000 43 9 40 14 

Total 461 100 274 100 

Source: DMP (nd) 

Table 9.1.5 Monthly Distribution of Accidents Occurred on Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue and Mirpur Road (1996-2000) 

Month 


Mirpur Road 


January 36 8 22 8 

February 60 13 27 10 

March 43 9 32 12 

April 39 8 20 7 

May 33 7 33 12 

June 41 9 15 5 

July 26 6 24 9 

August 39 8 18 7 

September 27 6 29 10 

October 46 10 18 7 

November 36 8 17 6 

December 35 8 19 7 

Total 461 100 274 100 


Table 9.1.6 Daily Distribution of Accidents Occurred on Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue and Mirpur Road (1996-2000) 

Day 


Mirpur Road 


Saturday 64 14 36 13 

Sunday 52 11 36 13 

Monday 58 13 43 15 

Tuesday 67 15 41 15 

Wednesday 69 15 38 14 

Thursday 85 18 48 18 

Friday 66 14 32 12 

Total 461 100 274 100 

Source: DMP (nd)


Table 9.1.7 Hourly Distribution of Accidents Occurred on Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue and Mirpur Road (1996-2000) 

Time 


Mirpur Road 


00:00 - 02:00 16 3 9 3 

02:00 - 04:00 17 4 8 3 

04:00 - 06:00 18 4 15 5 

06:00 - 08:00 29 6 32 12 

08:00 - 10:00 42 9 43 16 

10:00 - 12:00 62 13 28 10 

12:00 - 14:00 55 12 26 9 

14:00 - 16:00 56 12 27 10 

16:00 - 18:00 42 9 24 9 

18:00 - 20:00 53 11 16 6 

20:00 - 22:00 45 10 24 9 

22:00 - 24:00 32 7 22 8 

Total 461 100 274 100 

Source: DMP (nd)


Table 9.1.8 Severity of Accidents Occurred on Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue and Mirpur Road (1996-2000) 

Severity of Accident 

Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue Mirpur Road Total 

No. % No. % No. % 

Fatalities 95 20.61 68 24.82 163 22.18 

Grievous injuries 188 40.78 119 43.43 307 41.77 

Simple injuries 69 14.97 41 14.96 110 14.97 

Collisions 109 23.64 46 16.79 155 21.08 

Total 461 100 274 100 735 100.00 


Table 9.1.9 Casualty Distribution of Accidents by Gender (both roadways, five-year period) 

Gender 

Fatal Grievous Injury Simple Injury Total 

No. % No. % No. % No. % 

Male 131 80 272 89 92 84 495 85 

(26%) (55%) (19%) (100%) 

Female 32 20 35 11 18 16 85 15 

(38%) (41%) (21%) (100%) 

Total 163 100 307 100 110 100 580 100 


Table 9.1.10 Assessment of Damages to Highways Caused by Flood of 1998 

RHD Road 

National 

Highway 

Regional 

Highway 

Feeder 

Road 

Length Damaged No. of Imm. Rehabilitation Total 

Sub- Damaged Road (km) Bridges & Damaged Repair Cost (mil. Cost 

merged Culverts No. Ferry Cost (mil. Taka) (mil. 

(km) Ghats Taka) Taka) 

Embank 

Pavement Badly Partial 

Short Long 

-ment Term Term 

1381.2 623.6 599.3 88 232 13 678.4 490.9 918.1 2087.8 

783.9 329.8 329.2 59 126 7 374.3 268.4 502.0 1144.8 

7457.5 3376.1 3315.9 229 470 34 3761.9 2720.5 5087.6 11570.0 

Mecha _ _ _ _ _ _ 

Equipment 

30.0 70.0 0 100.0 

Total 9622.6 4329.5 4244.4 376 828 54 4845.1 3549.9 6507.7 14902.6 

Source: RHD (nd)


9.2 Movement of People and Goods 

Table 9.2.1 Growth Rate of Passengers and Cargo Traffic at ZIA 

Year 

International Growth Rate International Growth Rate 

Avg. (%) 

Passengers (%) Cargo (%) 

Avg. (%) 

1996 1625334 71601 

1997 1762236 8.4 78118 9.1 

1998 1912280 8.5 8.5 82505 5.6 12.0 

1999 1902616 

_ 

84644 2.6 

2000 2112422 11.0 110690 30.8 

2001 2239538 6.0 93893 

_ 

Source: Hossain and Hossain (2003) 

Table 9.2.2 Freight Movement Along Major Transport Corridors of Bangladesh 

Corridors 

1993 2000 

Road Rail Water All Road Rail Water All 

(Million tons p.a.) 

(Million tons p.a.) 

Dhaka-Chittagong 6.5 1.2 2.8 10.5 13.2 1.7 3.5 18.4 

Dhaka-Northwest 3.8 0.7 2.6 7.1 15.3 0.6 2.2 18.1 

Dhaka-Khulna 3.8 

_ 

2.5 6.3 0.4 

_ 

2.4 2.8 

Dhaka-Sylhet 2.6 0.3 1.9 4.8 4.4 0.5 2.5 7.4 

Khulna-Northwest 2.1 0.3 

_ 

2.4 8.9 0.3 

_ 

9.2 

Total 18.8 2.5 9.8 31.1 42.2 3.1 10.6 55.9 

(%) 60.5 8.0 31.5 100 75.5 5.5 19.0 100 

Source: BTSS ( 1994) 

Table 9.2.3 Passenger Movement Along Major Transport Corridors of Bangladesh 

1993 2000 

Corridors Road Rail Water All Road Rail Water All 

(Million p.a.) 

(Million p.a.) 

Dhaka-Chittagong 7.2 12.8 3.2 23.2 30.7 25.1 10.0 65.8 

Dhaka-Northwest 4.6 4.5 1.6 10.7 16.0 7.2 2.9 26.1 

Dhaka-Khulna 11.9 _ 10.7 22.6 10.5 _ 9.9 20.4 

Dhaka-Sylhet 4.3 4.6 3.4 12.3 5.7 6.1 3.5 15.3 

Khulna-Northwest 3.6 4.7 _ 8.3 6.6 7.9 _ 14.5 

Total 31.6 26.6 18.9 77.1 69.5 46.3 26.3 142.1 

(%) 41.0 34.5 24.5 100 48.9 32.6 18.5 100 

Source: BTSS ( 1994)


Table 9.2.4 Proportion of Traffic Handled by Different Modes of Transport in Rural Markets 

Modes of Transport Used 

Sherpur Market (Bogra) 

Baliakandi-Narua (Faridpur) 

Dry Season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season 

1 Headload & shoulder load 18% 22% 21% 43% 

2 Animal back 3% 1% 8% 2% 

3 Bullock/horse cart/boats 71% 59% 62% 48% (boat) 

(35% by boat) 

4 Rickshaw/vans 5% 9% _ _ 

5 Bi-cycles 3% 9% 9% 7% 

Source : BUP (1984) 

Table 9.2.5 Volume of Food grains Handled through Different Means of Transportation 

All Markets Primary Secondary 

Pucca roads 27% 21% 39% 

Kutcha roads 42% 49% 27% 

Railways 4% 4% 5% 

Waterways 27% 26% 29% 

Total 100% 100% 100% 

Source: BRRI and AMD (1985) 

Table 9.2.6 Transport Charge by Different Modes of Transport (Taka/mile) in Bogra District 

Mode of Transport 

Dry Season 

Sherpur Market 

Wet Season 

1 Shoulder load 2.03 3.18 

2 Animal back 1.84 1.86 

3 Bullock cart 1.17 1.55 

4 Horse cart 1.23 _ 

5 Boat _ 0.28 

6 Rickshaw 0.67 0.67 

7 Van 0.50 0.50 

8 Truck 0.22 _ 

Weighted Average: 1.32 1.73 

Source : BUP (1984)

Chapter 10 

Climate 

10.1 Rainfall 175 

10.2 Global Climate Change 177 

10.3 Natural Disaster 179

Climate 175 

10.1 Rainfall 

Table 10.1.1 Average Rainfall in Inches (Circle-wise) 

Year 

North 

Lungla Manu- 

Juri Valley 

Sylhet Valley Doloi 

Balisera Luskerpore Chittagong 

1972 16.81 131.46 106.67 80.07 76.06 63.37 62.16 

1973 223.43 139.00 115.15 128.45 118.71 117.92 105.56 

1974 224.49 136.75 129.76 98.98 93.35 96.81 116.65 

1975 221.66 107.67 111.00 81.89 78.47 77.26 105.59 

1976 212.56 137.97 124.90 123.42 118.00 110.00 131.26 

1977 177.41 130.51 135.31 110.68 101.93 100.44 117.88 

1978 143.73 107.12 91.14 97.67 105.65 102.72 100.15 

1979 180.40 97.92 93.13 73.12 88.69 88.48 97.32 

1980 156.80 122.43 112.64 97.71 96.92 96.44 68.00 

1981 165.70 114.65 105.58 90.44 87.81 88.74 81.90 

1982 158.19 110.14 99.78 88.18 93.53 91.93 87.57 

1983 N.A. 149.94 147.14 124.98 123.30 113.43 101.90 

1984 168.90 114.52 130.60 120.89 113.76 86.07 89.31 

1985 174.85 121.17 122.54 97.54 94.21 79.75 95.46 

1986 153.62 103.34 109.52 100.62 99.77 89.92 86.52 

1987 178.59 107.72 123.14 91.83 84.66 78.52 110.06 

1988 215.26 131.44 151.55 135.44 126.54 119.71 118.20 

1989 217.32 122.59 126.44 92.22 73.30 N.A. 58.08 

1990 154.05 112.96 99.34 104.33 80.84 89.04 97.76 

1991 247.87 140.09 152.23 114.98 121.11 130.00 111.50 

1992 215.50 92.43 99.22 79.97 74.75 71.39 74.58 

1993 109.98 144.05 154.75 131.88 114.14 59.77 57.91 

1994 95.70 110.15 100.70 94.29 67.00 123.61 60.95 

1995 184.61 130.47 116.36 84.41 82.41 85.75 54.08 

1996 123.88 110.00 115.49 72.04 93.23 87.77 82.00 

Source: BCS (1993-96)


Table 10.1.2 Characteristics of Precipitation Sample of EANET (Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia) 

(June 1999-August 1999, range of weighted average across sites) 

Country 

P H nss-SO 4 (µmol/L) Ca 2+ (µmol/L) 

Remote Rural Urban Remote Rural Urban Remote Rural Urban 

China 5.0-6.7 3.9-6.9 4.3-6.2 17-115 81-99 15-146 6-148 31-111 3-162 

Indonesia 

_ 

4.3 

_ 

_ 

38 

_ 

_ 

7.3 

_ 

Japan 4.7-5.3 4.5 4.9 1.4-8.8 13 5.2 0.5-5.1 7.4 0.4 

Korea 5.4 5.2 

_ 

_ 

3.5 

_ 

3.9 4.4 

_ 

Malaysia 5.0 

_ 

4.3 5.0 

_ 

23 3.0 

_ 

4.5 

Mongolia 5.6 

_ 

6.0 12 

_ 

16 17 

_ 

25 

Philippines 

_ 

3.6 5.0 

_ 

9.8 12 

_ 

2.7 3.4 

Russia 5.1 

_ 

_ 

5.3 

_ _ 

3.5 

_ 

_ 

Thailand 3.8 5.1 5.5 1.6 21 17 1.7 13 13 

Vietnam 

_ 

5.6 6.3 

_ 

5.3 5.3 

_ 

8.2 21 

Source: Otoshi (2002)

Climate 177 

10.2 Global Climate Change 

Table 10.2.1 Factors Causing Sea Level Change and their Vertical Effects 

Causes of Sea Level Change 

Range of 

Effect 

Vertical 

Effect 

Meteorological and oceanographic fluctuations 

Atmospheric Pressure 

Winds (storm surges) 

Evaporation and precipitation 

Ocean Surface topography (Changes in water density and currents) 

EL Nino/southern oscillation 

Seasonal variations 

Seasonal water balance between oceans 

Seasonal variations in slope of water surface 

River runoff/floods 

Seasonal water density changes (temperature and salinity) 

Change in volume of ocean water 

Up to 5 m 

Up to 1 m 

Up to 0.6 m 

1 m 

0.2 m 

Melting or accumulation of continental ice Eustatic 10 mm/year 

Steric expansion of water volume due to increase in SST 

Release of Water from earth's interior 

Release or accumulation of continental hydrologic reservoirs 

Eustatic 

Eustatic 

Eustatic 

Uplift or subsidence of earth's surface (isostasy) 

Thermal-isostasy (temperature/density changes in earth's interior) 

Glacio-isostasy (loading or unloading of ice) 

Hydro-isostasy (loading or unloading of water) 

Volcano-isostasy (magmatic extrusions) 

Sediment-isostasy (deposition and erosion of sediments) 

Local 

Local 

Local 

Local 

Local 

Tectonic uplift/subsidence 

Vertical and horizontal motions of crust (in response to fault motions) Local 1-3 mm/year 

Sediment compaction 

Sediment compression into denser matrix 

Loss of interstitial fluids (withdrawal of oil or groundwater) 

Earthquake-induced vibration 

Local 

Local 

Local 

Source : Camfield and Morang (1996)


Table 10.2.2 Plausible Changes in Area-averaged Surface Air Temperature as a Result of Future Increases in 

Greenhouse Gases 

2020s 2050s 2080s 

Regions 

Temperature Change (°C) Temperature Change (°C) Temperature Change (°C) 

Annual Winter Summer Annual Winter Summer Annual Winter Summer 

Asia 1.58 1.71 1.45 3.14 3.43 2.87 4.61 5.07 4.23 

(1.36) (1.52) (1.23) (2.49) (2.77) (2.23) (3.78) (4.05) (3.49) 

South Asia 1.36 1.62 1.13 2.69 3.25 2.19 3.84 4.52 3.20 

(1.06) (1.19) (0.97) (1.92) (2.08) (1.81) (2.98) (3.25) (2.67) 

South-East 1.05 1.12 1.01 2.15 2.28 2.01 3.03 3.23 2.82 

Asia (0.96) (0.94) (0.96) (1.72) (1.73) (1.61) (2.49) (2.51) (2.34) 

Source : IPCC (2001) 

Note 

: Numbers in parenthesis are area-averaged changes when direct effects of sulphate aerosols are included 

Table 10.2.3 Potential Land Loss and Population Exposed in Bangladesh for Selected Magnitudes of Sea-level Rise 

Sea Level Rise Potential Land Loss Population Exposed 

(cm) km 2 % million % 

45 15,688 10.9 5.5 5.0 

100 29,846 20.7 14.8 13.5 

Source: IPCC (2001) 

Table 10.2.4 Plausible Changes in Precipitation Over Asia and its Sub-regions as a Result of Future Increases in 

Greenhouse Gases 

2020s 2050s 2080s 

Regions Precipitation Change (%) Precipitation Change (%) Precipitation Change (%) 

Annual Winter Summer Annual Winter Summer Annual Winter Summer 

Asia 3.6 5.6 2.4 7.1 10.9 4.1 11.3 18.0 5.5 

(2.3) (4.3) (1.8) (2.9) (6.5) (1.5) (7.0) (12.1) (3.5) 

South Asia 2.9 2.7 2.5 6.8 -2.1 6.6 11.0 5.3 7.9 

(1.0) (-10.1) (2.8) (-2.4) (-14.8) (0.1) (-0.1) (-11.2) (2.5) 

South-East 2.4 1.4 2.1 4.6 3.5 3.4 8.5 7.3 6.1 

Asia (1.7) (3.3) (1.2) (1.0) (2.9) (2.6) (5.1) (5.9) (4.9) 

Note 

: Numbers in parenthesis are area-averaged changes when direct effects of sulphate aerosols are included 

Source : IPCC (2001)

Climate 179 

Table 10.2.5 Changes in Temperature, Precipitation and Evaporation 

Year 

Average Temperature Average Precipitation Changes in 

Temperature Increase 1 Precipitation Increase 2 Evaporation 3 

W M Ave W M Ave W M Ave W M Ave W M Ave 

°C °C mm/month mm/month 

Base 

1990 

19.9 28.7 25.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 12 418 179 0 0 0 0.6 14.6 83.7 

2030 21.4 29.4 27.0 1.3 0.7 1.3 18 465 189 +6 47 10 0.9 15.8 83.9 

2075 22.0 30.4 28.3 2.1 1.7 2.6 00 530 207 -12 112 28 Inf 135 87.9 

Source : Huq et. at. (1999) 

Notes 

: (1) W stands for witner, M stands for monsoon, Ave stands for average, and Inf stands for infinity. 

(2) Estimated values obtained by correlating model output data with the observed data. 

(3) Estimated based on model output data regarding rate of temperature change. 

(4) Estimated using Langs Index and expressed in terms of Aridity Index. 

Table 10.2.6 The Fluctuations of Values of Climatic Parameters Considered by Huq et. al. (1999) with Respect to their 

Values under Base-year (1990) Situation 

Parameter 

2030 2075 

Winter Monsoon Winter Monsoon 

Temperature (°C) 2 0.65 3 1.5 

Evaporation (%) 10 2 16 5 

Precipitation (%) -3 11 -37 28 

Discharge (%) -5 20 -67 51 

Watershed development (%) 6 100 

Sea level rise (cm) 30 70 

Source: Huq et. al. (1999) 

10.3 Natural Disaster 

Table 10.3.1 Chronology of Major Cyclonic Storms and Tidal Surges in Bangladesh 

Year of Month and Date Affected 

Occurrence of Occurrence Area 

Nature of the Phenomenon 

Approximate Loss/Damage 

1797 May-June Chittagong Most severe Every hut levelled and 2 vessels 

sunk in Chittagong port 

1822 May Barisal Most severe 40,000 people killed and 100,000 

cattle lost 

1876 October Meghna Most severe storm wave (10-45 feet) A great number of people killed and 

estuary 

enormous property lost by tidal bore 

1897 October Chittagong Hurricane reached maximum 14,000 people were killed and another 

intensity with series of storm waves 18,000 died in subsequent epidemics 

1960 Oct. 9-10 Eastern Severe cyclonic storm 125 miles per 3,000 people reported killed 

Meghna hour, maximum storm wave 10 feet 

1960 Oct. 30-31 Chittagong Severe cyclonic storm 130 miles per 70% buildings in Hatiya blown off, 2 large 

hour, maximum storm wave 20 feet ocean liners capsized in Karnaphuly river 

and 8149 people killed 

[Contd.]


Table 10.3.1 

Year of Month and Date Affected 

Occurrence of Occurrence Area 

Source : MES (1999) 

Nature of the Phenomenon 

1963 May 28-29 Chittagong- Severe cyclonic storm with storm 11,520 people killed 

Cox's Bazar wave 8 - 12 feet in Chittagong. 

Maximum speed 125 miles per hour 

and in Cox's Bazar 102. 

Approximate Loss/Damage 

1965 May 11-12 Barisal Most severe cyclonic storm, Total loss of lives 19,270 

maximum speed 100 miles per hour, 

with storm wave 12 feet 

1965 December Cox's Bazar Severe cyclonic storm with storm 40,000 salt beds in Cox's Bazar inundated. 

14-15 wave 8-10 feet. Maximum speed 130 873 people killed. 

miles per hour 

1970 November Meghna Most severe cyclonic storm Damage to crops and property. About 

12-13 estuary accompanied with storm surge 10-33 three lakh lives lost. 

ft Reported speed 138 miles per hour 

1985 May 24-25 Chittagong- Severe cyclonic storm of 154 kms/hr Lives lost: 11,069 

Noakhali and surge of 14 ft. Houses damaged: 94,379 

coast Livestock lost: 135,033 

1988 Nov. 19 Khulna Severe cyclonic storm with core wind People killed: 5,708 

coast near speed 160 kms per hour, storm surge Deer killed: 15,000 

Raimangal 14.5 feet at Mongla port Royal Bengal: 9 

Cattle: 65,000 

Crops damaged: Tk. 9,410 Ml. 

1991 April 29 Chittagong- Cyclonic storm hits at 120 mph. People killed 150,000, cattle heads lost 

Cox's Bazar Tidal bore 70,000, crops damaged Tk. 42,000 crores. 

Table 10.3.2 Seismic Zones in Bangladesh and their Earthquake Potential 

Zones 

Operational Basis Max. Credible Magnitude Depth of Focus 

Magnitude (Richter) (Richter) (km) 

Asam-Meghalaya fault zone 8.0 8.7 0 - 70 

Tripura fault zone 7.0 8.0 0 - 70 

Sub-Dauki fault zone 7.3 7.5 0 - 70 

Bogra fault zone 7.0 7.5 0 - 70 

Source : Ali and Chowdhury (1992) 

Table 10.3.3 Major Earthquake Affecting Bangladesh 

Date Name Magnitude 

Epicentre distance 

From Dhaka (km) 

10 Jan, 1869 Kachar earthquake 7.5 250 

14 Jul, 1885 Bengal earthquake 7.0 170 

12 Jun, 1897 Great Indian earthquake 8.7 230 

8 Jul, 1918 Srimangal earthquake 7.6 150 

2 Jul, 1930 Dhubri earthquake 7.1 250 

15 Jan, 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake 8.3 510 

15 Aug, 1950 Assam earthquake 8.5 780 

Source : Chowdhury and Rahman (2001)

Climate 181 

Table 10.3.4 Main Areas of Environmental Concern and their Major Problems 

Sl. No. Area Major Problems 

1 Mahananda Basin Frequently flooded, also subject to droughts. 

2 West-central Barind Being desiccate through improper land-use. Low water-table and poor soils 

affect crop, agriculture. 

3 Middle Karatoa floodplain Affected by drying-up of Karatoa river. Double-cropping of HYV rice has led 

to severe Sulphur and Zinc deficiencies. 

4 Brahmaputra-Jamuna Entire stretch affected by Brahmaputra Right Bank embankment, which has 

floodplain 

breached 4 out of the last 5 years. The main river may be shifting westwards. 

Large floating population in the charlands. Sand-deposits after floods 

often ruin cultivable land. 

5 Chalan Beel One of the richest wetland areas of Bangladesh, now almost ruined by FCDI 

projects. 

6 Atrai-Hurasagar drainage basin Due to construction of ill-conceived embankments and regulators, drainage 

has been impeded and water-logging has become a serious problem. 

7 South west Jessore This area is climatically subject to wide variations in rainfall and temperature. 

Due to reduced flow in the Ganges in the dry season, salinity has increased 

and freshwater flow has decreased. 

8 Northern Khulna Large-scale shrimp farming has increased salinity and created farmer conflicts 

and reduced rice production. 

9 Khulna City and Mongla town Problem area due to industrial pollution, oil spills from ships, and urban 

congestion. 

10 Sunderbans Increased salinity, increasing amounts of ship oil, industrial chemicals etc. has 

led to the top-dying of several species of trees. There has also been over cutting 

of the forest for industrial use. 

11 Patuakhali-Bhola-Noakhali Char Water-logging, salinity, and diluvian. 

areas 

12 Garo Hills Piedmount Erosion, flash floods and loss of tree cover has led to decreasing agricultural 

productivity 

13 Tangail Silting of rivers and increase in sudden flooding. 

14 Madhupur Tract Deforestation and improper use of sloping land has led to topsoil erosion. 

15 Sitalakhya River Industrial plants at Ghorashal, Palash and Demra discharge toxic chemicals 

into this river causing loss of fisheries and creation of hazard for public health. 

16 Dhaka City Industrial pollution; urban expansion destroying class-1 agricultural land and 

some of the best horticultural land in the country. 

17 Haor basin Reduction in fish spawning areas. 

18 South Sylhet Affected by deforestation, flash floods, and soil erosion. 

19 Lalmai Range Deforestation, erosion, and soil removal. 

20 Lower Meghna Affected by floods, erosion, stagnant productivity, loss of fisheries, and 

population pressure. 

21 Central Noakhali Water-logging in the wet season due to impeded drainage, lack of irrigation 

supply in dry season due to salinity of the groundwater. Decreasing 

agricultural productivity, increasing population. 

22 Sandwip Thickly populated island are being eroded rapidly. New land formations not 

consolidated. Frequently affected by cyclone surges. 

23 Sitakunda range Affected by deforestation, erosion, loss of productivity by losing major source 

of thatching grass and therefore urgently requires Land-use Planning. 

24 Chittagong City and Port Industrial pollution, oil spills, cutting down of hills leading to increasing erosion 

and consequently silting of rivers. 

[Contd.]


Table 10.3.4 

Sl. No. Area Major Problems 

25 Chandraghona Industrial units discharge large quantities of chemicals into Karnafuli river, 

destroying fisheries and posing threat to public health. 

26 Hill Tracts Slash and burn cultivation (Jhoom) and improper use of hill slopes by 

immigrants has greatly increased erosion and flooding of valleys, with 

consequent loss of productivity. Serious decline in tree-cover has also occurred. 

27 Chakaria Sunderbans A forest area totally destroyed for use as shrimp farms. Now yields are declining 

and soils are becoming highly acidic. 

28 Chittagong Coast-Kutubdia Severe bank erosion, loss of land, and increase in salinity. 

island 

29 Cox's Bazar Tropical moist forests with unique bio-diversity being destroyed through clearfelling 

and planting operations, unchecked encroachment and illicit cutting of 

trees. 

30 Jinjira island and reef Coral reef being destroyed through over-exploitation of corals and molluscs. 

31 Muhuri basin Flood control, drainage and irrigation project has increased rice production. 

Surface water pollution through use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. 

Source : Hoq and Lechne (1995)

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