2004-5 - York Archaeological Trust

YORK 

ARCHAEOLOGICAL 

TRUST 

33rd Annual Report 

2004–2005

Excavation at the rear of 62–68 Low Petergate, York, 

Summer 2004 

The Trust’s Mission 

York Archaeological Trust, recognising the exceptional importance of 

York’s historic environment, will provide and promote archaeology 

of the highest possible standards in York, its region and beyond. 

By excellence in archaeological discovery, research, conservation, 

curation, academic dissemination and through training, education 

and widely accessible public presentation, the Trust, an educational 

charity, will maximise the public benefits of archaeology. 

Published by York Archaeological Trust 

© York Archaeological Trust 2005 

A Company Limited by Guarantee without share capital 

registered in England Number 1430801 

Registered Charity No. 509060 

ISBN 1 874454 35 3 

Printed by Sessions of York

York Archaeological Trust 

2004–2005 

33rd Annual Report 

Contents 

Chairman’s Report 2 

The Trust’s Year 2004–2005 3 

Archaeological Activities 4 

Excavations 5 

Archaeological Research and Development 9 

1 

Research and Analysis 

Artefact Research 10 

Finds in Focus: The Work of Curatorial Services 11 

Conservation Laboratory & Archaeological Wood Centre 13 

Portable Antiquities 15 

Archaeology and the Public 

Publications 16 

Computing 18 

Resources 18 

JORVIK 19 

The ARC 21 

Community Archaeology 22 

Education and Training 22 

Finance, Management and Administration 23 

Appendices 

Archaeological Interventions 28 

Staff Publications and Achievements 32 

Ordinary Members of the Trust 34 

Organisational Structure 34 

Specialist advisors, students and volunteers 35 

Acknowledgements 36

2 

Peter Vaughan, Chairman of the Trust 

Report for 2004–5 

It gives me great pleasure to present my 

fourth review, covering the Trust’s activities 

for the twelve months ending 31 March 

2005. 

The year has been exciting, challenging 

and successful: exciting because of the 

award of a £750,000 grant from the 

Millennium Commission to redevelop 

the existing ARC visitor attraction into 

an up-to-date archaeological experience; 

challenging because we continue to operate 

in the highly competitive visitor attraction 

and commercial archaeology markets; and 

successful in that we achieved a financial 

surplus of £280,500, increased our cash 

holding to £288,000, welcomed to JORVIK 

our 14 millionth visitor and undertook a 

diverse range of archaeological projects. 

The financial success was the result of 

visitor numbers at JORVIK improving on 

last year by 2%, with 436,000 people enjoying 

the unique combination of education and 

entertainment that JORVIK provides. Costs 

were also reduced. 

As an educational charity serving 

the general public, the Trust continued 

to explore and introduce new ways of 

helping people to understand more about 

archaeology and the past. Throughout the 

year 2004–5, JORVIK continued its strategy 

of improving the visitor experience by 

focusing on staff interaction with visitors 

through the introduction of regular hourly 

talks in the Unearthed Gallery. These talks 

complemented those already presented 

in the Artefacts and Fearsome Craftsmen 

Galleries. In addition, JORVIK committed 

itself to improving the resources for 

educational visits. One of the major events 

that took place this year was the celebration 

of the 14 millionth visitor to JORVIK, in 

February 2005. 

The ARC, which has seen declining 

numbers in recent years, will be completely 

transformed to re-open in March 2006 as 

DIG, a hands-on archaeological experience. 

The £1 million project has been part-funded 

by a £750,000 grant from the Millennium 

Commission. 

T h e w o r k o f i d e n t i f y i n g n e w 

opportunities continues and a particular 

success during the year was the participation 

in a graduate training scheme funded by the 

Learning and Skills Council. This scheme 

enabled over 20 graduates to gain work 

experience and training with the Trust, 

designed to help them with their long-term 

career progression. 

In December, June Hargreaves and 

Roger McMeeking stepped down from 

the Board of Trustees, and Lord Rupert 

Redesdale and Cllr. Charles Hall joined 

the Board. I thank June and Roger for their 

valuable contribution and wish them well 

for the future. Equally, I look forward to 

the added value that I am sure our new 

colleagues will bring. 

There is no doubt that the Trust has loyal 

and dedicated members of staff, all of whom 

have contributed to the success achieved in 

this year. I look forward to working with 

them to continue to develop the Trust so that 

it is able to meet the challenges of a rapidly 

changing world. The year ahead will be a 

very full one, with the DIG project to be 

completed by an already fully employed 

staff. However I am confident that, as in 

the past, this challenge will be met, as will 

others that arise.

John Walker, Chief Executive 

The Trust’s Year 2004–2005 

The year again saw changes to the 

environment in which the Trust operates. 

It was a period dominated by discussions 

about the possible effect of new charity and 

archaeological legislation. The full impact 

of these initiatives is still to be seen but in 

looking ahead we can expect new legislation 

to unify the current approaches to the 

preservation of buildings and archaeological 

sites. We will also see demands for charities 

to be more explicit about their aims. Members 

of the Trust staff, through their presence on 

various national committees, have played 

their part in trying to shape the future in a 

way that will deliver the maximum public 

benefit from archaeology. 

YAT is unique amongst independent field 

archaeology bodies in not only excavating 

but also having its own laboratories, three 

registered museums that are local and 

international attractions, and a strong 

commitment to research and education. 

Such a broad remit presents real financial 

challenges and it is with some pleasure 

that I report that this year income has 

increased whilst costs have been reduced. 

This year also saw the start of a £1,250,000 

grant-aided investment programme, 

of which £750,000 was awarded by the 

Millennium Commission, for redeveloping 

the Archaeological Resource Centre and the 

Artefact Gallery in JORVIK. 

In pursuance of our aims as a charity, 

we continue to carry out research, preserve 

remains, disseminate results and educate 

the public. The work recorded in this report 

shows how fully these aims are being met. 

We have conducted over 50 field projects, 

dealt with the storage of over half a million 

objects, published a wide range of books 

and reports, and had nearly half a million 

visitors. Our work is not restricted to York 

but extends into Yorkshire and far beyond. 

These results have only been possible 

through the hard work and dedication of 

the staff, volunteers and trainees of the Trust. 

Their commitment and enthusiasm in often 

trying times has been remarkable. 

In meeting the aims we have developed 

a wide range of new approaches and 

products. To reach out to the metal-detecting 

community and help preserve their finds 

Trust conservation staff wrote the text of a 

popular conservation booklet, 30,000 copies 

of which are to be distributed. Trust staff also 

produced Treasures of York, aiming to bring 

to public attention academic insights into 

some of the remarkable objects excavated 

in York by YAT. It is with gratitude that I 

record that His Royal Highness the Prince 

of Wales contributed a Foreword to this 

successful volume. 

Last year I mentioned the rising interest 

in Community Archaeology and this year 

saw the appointment of a Community 

Archaeologist housed within the Trust. 

The Greater York Community Archaeology 

Project is a model of collaboration between 

community groups, societies, the City 

Council and YAT, made possible by 

Heritage Lottery funding. The year also 

saw an increasing number of local trainees 

and placements working within the Trust, 

which can provide a wealth of opportunities 

for the unemployed or disadvantaged. 

By the time this report reaches members 

DIG will be nearing completion. The old 

ARC attracted great praise and support 

for the way it demonstrated archaeological 

techniques. DIG should build on this by 

combining the previous experience of 

artefact work with something of the reality 

of digging to provide another major new 

educational product. 

Although the financial position has 

improved, the Trust still relies heavily 

upon income from visitors and projects 

funded by developers. As we have seen 

in the past, visitor numbers can fluctuate 

widely due to circumstances beyond our 

control. The demand for development 

work also fluctuates depending on the state 

of the economy and the property market. 

We remain committed to developing new 

and different sources of income. We will 

continue this search not simply to provide 

greater stability but to develop the Trust to 

ensure that it fulfils all its aims in York and 

beyond. 

3

Archaeological Activities 

4 

In 2004–5 the Trust’s archaeological skills 

have been used to assist a great variety of 

projects across the British Isles. Its artefact 

experts — conservators, curators and 

researchers — have helped colleagues with 

projects from the Orkneys to Kent. Its cuttingedge 

archaeological computing expertise 

has been harnessed to help universitybased 

projects including the excavation 

of the deserted Roman town at Silchester 

and the international effort to record sites 

in Albania. Closer to home, the Trust has 

invested significant resources in assessing, 

recording and re-ordering its own holdings 

of material excavated from the City of York 

and its surrounds over the last three decades. 

The final result, next year, should be a better 

understood and more accessible collection. 

Understanding and access have been 

keywords this year (as ever), whether in 

helping the metal-detecting community 

to preserve and record their harvest of the 

country’s heritage, in guaranteeing the 

accuracy of major public displays at JORVIK, 

or in assisting with plans for DIG, a new 

educational exhibition in York. 

Underpinning all this is the excavation 

of new sites and the recovery and research 

of new data, mainly in York and Yorkshire. 

Outstanding discoveries of national 

significance this year have included a bizarre 

Roman cemetery with many decapitated 

individuals in York; an Early Anglo-Saxon 

logboat and track-way at Welham Bridge in 

the East Riding of Yorkshire; the excavation 

and recording of one of Yorkshire’s most 

important Anglo-Saxon churches, at 

Skipwith; the discovery and excavation 

of a hitherto unknown medieval moated 

manor house, also at Welham Bridge; and 

the excavation of the ironworks in York run 

by Queen Victoria’s iron founder. 

With training the next generation of 

archaeologists and heritage experts high 

on the agenda, the Trust concluded its fouryear-long 

training dig ‘Archaeology Live’ 

by uncovering internationally significant 

remains of the Roman fortress defences 

in York. And with aspirations to bring 

archaeology to an even wider general 

audience, the Trust was delighted to be 

chosen as the body to manage the Greater 

York Community Archaeology Programme 

over the next five years. Our Conservation 

Laboratory continued to provide training 

opportunities for conservators at the start 

of their careers, and parties of students from 

several universities visited our offices and 

attractions to gauge for themselves the many 

facets of an archaeological career. 

New research projects continue to be 

formulated. Dr Whyman has started to 

consider a follow-up to the very successful 

first phase of work on the archaeology of 

the Vale of York. He has also turned his 

mind to a project investigating the changes 

between major eras in York’s development, 

provisionally entitled ‘Urban Transitions’. 

Meanwhile, there are exciting developments 

in the collaborative bid with York Minster 

and the Centre for Medieval Studies at the 

University of York to shed light on York 

Minster’s architectural evolution from the 

late 12th century. English Heritage has 

agreed to fund further work here, including 

the interrogation of the excavation archive 

from work in 1967–73; we are optimistic that 

this will lead to important new discoveries. 

Publication of a number of further 

reports in The Archaeology of York series 

is moving closer. The late Professor Philip 

Stell’s work on Probate Inventories of the York 

Diocese 1350–1500 went to the indexer at 

the end of the year. The next volume in the 

series on Pictorial Sources for York, written 

by Barbara Wilson and Frances Mee, and 

dealing with the city walls and defences, 

also looks set for publication in 2005. Further 

additions have also been made to our series 

of web-based publications, available freely 

at www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk. 

Some projects mentioned in last year’s 

report have not yet come to fruition. Among 

these the largest is certainly the excavations 

that are an integral part of the proposed 

scheme to redevelop the Hungate area. 

The scheme may now come to fruition next 

year. Next year, too, we hope to embark upon 

the final reporting of our earlier work at 

Whithorn, on behalf of The Whithorn Trust; 

and there are also signs that more research 

on the important sequence of medieval 

occupation revealed in our Doncaster 

Gyratory excavations may now be possible. 

In short, there seems to be no lessening in 

the prospects for gains in archaeological 

knowledge of York, Yorkshire and beyond 

in the coming year.

Excavations 

St Helen’s Church, Skipwith, North 

Yorkshire 

A team led by Toby Kendall undertook a 

six-month programme of excavations in and 

around the tower of St Helen’s in advance of 

consolidation required to mitigate the effects 

of mining the last seam of the Selby coalfield, 

which runs beneath the church. In addition, 

the structure of the tower, inside and out, 

was recorded while it was scaffolded for 

refurbishment work. The tower of St Helen’s 

is one of Yorkshire’s most important Anglo- 

Saxon monuments and the opportunity for a 

thorough examination proved of the greatest 

interest. 

The excavations showed that the 

present tower is not the earliest building on 

the site, but has been built, in part, on top 

of another stone structure which, like the 

standing tower, re-used blocks of millstone 

grit originally from a Roman building. This 

early building was presumably a church, 

and there was evidence in the form of a 

cobble foundation that it extended west 

of the standing tower. This early structure 

was associated with burials dated by 

radiocarbon to the 9th century. The lower 

part of the present tower was probably 

built in the 10th century, although no more 

accurate date was established during the 

excavations. It is thought to have been the 

nave when originally constructed, but was 

subsequently heightened to form the tower 

as seen today. At the same time a chancel 

was added to the east. 

Within the tower there was clear evidence 

for a lapse of time between the construction 

of the early building and the initial erection 

of the standing tower. This 200mm build 

up of deposits may indicate that the earlier 

building had been abandoned for some time. 

Above these deposits were floors associated 

with the tower. In the late medieval period 

they were cut into by a large bell-casting 

pit and by three lead-casting pits probably 

used to make roofing material. A remarkable 

find was a medieval alabaster monument 

depicting the life of the Virgin; this had been 

smashed, probably by Puritan iconoclasts of 

the 17th century. 

Outside the tower numerous burials 

were excavated dating from the Anglo- 

Saxon period onwards. Unusually, many of 

the post-medieval burials were on a north– 

south alignment rather than east–west as is 

usual for Christians. A deposit of smashed 

medieval window glass may be further 

evidence for the activities of Puritans. 

Driffield Terrace, York 

Five months of excavation, under the 

supervision of Bryan Antoni and Mark 

Johnson, took place in The Mount Roman 

cemetery on a site adjacent to the main 

Roman approach road to York from the 

south-west. 

A group of graves containing 56 

skeletons was revealed, of which 49 were 

adult males aged 20–45 years. The other 

seven graves contained the burials of 

children or juveniles. In addition there 

were twelve cremation graves. Of particular 

interest was the discovery that 30 of the 49 

adults had been decapitated and, as each 

body was laid in the ground, the detached 

Excavating one of the 

burials at The Mount 

accompanied by a number 

of pottery vessels 

5

first early 19th-century iron foundry to be 

excavated on any scale in Britain, making it 

of particular interest as surprisingly little is 

known about iron founding in this period. 

After serving as an apprentice Walker 

had assumed sole control of the works in 

1837. At first his commissions were local; in 

1839, for example, he made railings and gas 

lamps for York Minster’s precinct that still 

survive today. In 1845–6 the foundry made 

the gates for Kew Gardens in London and, as 

a result, in 1847 Walker was appointed iron 

founder to Queen Victoria. In 1850 Walker 

received his most famous commission: the 

gates and railings of the British Museum. 

6 

Detail of the iron 

shackles on one of the 

burials 

skull had been placed by the corpse’s feet 

or under its knees. Detailed examination of 

the skeletons suggests that at least some of 

the individuals had been executed with an 

axe or similar instrument. A particularly 

remarkable grave contained two skeletons, 

one on top of the other. Both had been 

decapitated, but the lower skeleton also had 

two heavy iron rings, or shackles, around 

its ankles. Together, even in their corroded 

state, the rings weigh 3.5kg. They had 

clearly been attached while the man was 

still alive and must have served as some 

form of punishment. 

Amongst the more conventional, nondecapitated 

burials at the site, two contained 

pottery vessels. These vessels and other 

pottery from the site indicate that the burials 

as a group date to the late 2nd–early 3rd 

centuries and quite possibly to the reign of 

the Emperor Septimius Severus. Severus is 

closely associated with York as he used the 

legionary fortress as a base for campaigning 

in the north of Britain in the years 208–11, 

an enterprise that came to an end with his 

death in the city. It is possible that the men 

found at Driffield Terrace were members 

of the Severan army who had fallen foul 

of military discipline or of the change in 

regime at the emperor’s death. 

Dixon’s Yard, Walmgate 

In the winter months of 2004–5 an important 

part of York’s industrial heritage, the iron 

foundry owned by John Walker (1801–53), 

was excavated by a team supervised by 

Javier Naranjo Santana. This was the 

Excavations at John Walker's Iron Foundry, Dixon's 

Yard, Walmgate 

The excavations confirmed the plan of 

the foundry buildings shown in outline on 

the first edition of the Ordnance Survey 

map of 1852. They also revealed numerous 

details of the individual rooms and the 

processes involved in casting and forging 

iron. At the centre of the complex a large pit 

used as a furnace was found, above which 

there would have stood a chimney. Other 

discoveries included a large brick-lined pit 

that had probably housed a water pump, 

and several brick-lined channels used for 

supplying water to the foundry. There 

was also evidence for the location of two 

grinding wheels on which iron tools were 

sharpened. 

Large numbers of objects were recovered 

from the site including ceramic crucibles 

used to hold molten metal. Amongst

A hammer head with part of its wooden shaft 

surviving 

numerous tools there were punches for 

shaping and piercing metal, files, pincers 

and tongs. Examples of foundry products 

included parts of kitchen ranges and 

incomplete railings. Large quantities of slag, 

casting sand and other debris will, when 

analysed, provide information on details of 

the founding process. Aspects of the daily 

lives of the workers on the site were revealed 

by glass beer bottles and clay pipes. 

The foundry on the Dixon’s Yard site was 

sold in 1856 for £1000, and the Walker firm’s 

work continued at the Victoria Foundry, also 

in Walmgate, on a site now occupied by the 

Evening Press. 

the wall line, as can be best seen at the west 

corner where the Multangular Tower stands. 

The stone defences were backed by a very 

substantial reconstructed rampart. The 2004 

excavations showed that it was 14m wide 

and had originally sloped up to the wallwalk 

on the fortress wall, a height of c.5m. 

Another important aspect of the 2004 

season was an investigation of the history 

of the Multangular Tower itself. Excavations 

showed that the front of the tower was 

built on levelling deposits over 1m thick 

probably incorporating remains of the late 

1st-century rampart. There was clearly a 

danger that these deposits would be unable 

to support the weight of the tower, and so 

the foundations rested on timber piles. In reexcavating 

a trench dug in the 1920s it was 

possible to extract three piles, with a view 

to obtaining tree-ring dates. Disappointingly 

the wood proved not to be oak but alder, 

which is unsuitable for dating. 

Foundations of the rear part of the 

Multangular Tower were not built on 

piles and this omission may have cost the 

Romans dear as there were clearly problems 

of subsidence in antiquity. Attempts at 

consolidation with mortared rubble failed, 

and the rear half of the tower was apparently 

dismantled to foundation level. In its place 

the rampart was continued uninterrupted 

around the west corner of the fortress. 

Deposits in this addition contained large 

quantities of elaborately painted wall plaster 

7 

St Leonard’s Hospital, York 

The training excavation at St Leonard’s 

Hospital, York, which began in 2001, was 

completed in 2004. The project was once 

again supervised by Kurt Hunter-Mann, 

assisted this year by Mark Johnson. 

One of the highlights of the work in 

2004 was the excavation of a cross-section 

through the Roman fortress rampart. As in 

2002, traces of the first rampart, of the late 

1st century, composed of turf and clay, were 

found. Behind it there was a large pit that 

may have been dug to provide material for 

the rampart. The pit was filled with ashy 

deposits probably from cleaning out ovens, 

which were often situated on the edge of 

ramparts, away from the fortress buildings, 

to reduce the risk of fire. 

In the late 2nd century or early 3rd century 

the fortress defences were strengthened by 

the addition of a stone curtain wall with 

stone towers. On the south-west side of 

the fortress these towers projected from 

St Leonard’s Trench 6 

looking SE: 

Roman foundations 

and modern trench

8 

St Leonard's Trench 3 

looking south: rampart 

slope and pit in SE 

section 

Wattle trackway and 

fragments of logboat 

uncovered at Welham 

Bridge 

that had probably decorated the interior of 

the tower. 

Although the front of the Multangular 

Tower remained standing, access to the 

walkway at the top of the rampart via the 

tower was perhaps no longer possible. 

This may explain a timber structure c.8m 

wide of which remains in the form of deep 

foundation trenches cut into the rampart 

were found immediately to the south-east 

of the tower. 

The Roman fortress rampart was 

reduced in height in medieval times in order 

to accommodate St Leonard’s Hospital. 

However, there was activity on the site in the 

Anglo-Scandinavian period in the form of a 

large cesspit cut into the rampart. In addition 

it was shown that an 11th-century timber 

building stood at the foot of the rampart 

which may have belonged to the Hospital 

of St Peter (later St Leonard). 

Although the St Leonard’s Project has 

been enormously valuable in terms of 

research, it has also been a great success in 

terms of involving the public in archaeology. 

Over four years nearly 800 trainees were 

introduced to archaeological excavation 

and many archaeology students used the 

dig to acquire their fieldwork training. 

Many people returned each year, and some 

eventually joined the site team as placement 

helpers. Hundreds of children took part in 

activities either in school groups or as 

individuals. The excavation attracted almost 

65,000 visitors, who toured the site with the 

aid of guides and a range of information 

panels. 

Welham Bridge, Spaldington, 

East Riding of Yorkshire 

Construction of a new bridge over the River 

Foulness on the A614 at Welham Bridge, 

between Holme-on-Spalding-Moor and 

Howden, presented YAT with an opportunity 

for investigation of what was already known 

to be an important archaeological landscape. 

Previous work has shown that the Foulness 

was once part of a much more extensive river 

system associated with the estuarine inlet 

from the Humber known as Walling Fen. 

Sand ridges between the river channels 

were ideal for settlement from the Bronze 

Age onwards. 

On the north side of the river a watching 

brief undertaken by Gareth Dean recovered 

a well-preserved section of log-boat. It was 

made from the hollowed out trunk of an oak 

tree and had been fitted with ribs secured 

by wooden pegs or trenails. Hitherto the 

earliest known example of this type of 

boat from Europe was 9th-century but the 

Welham Bridge boat is dated by radiocarbon 

to the 5th–7th centuries. 

The boat was found adjacent to a trackway 

made from tightly woven wattle work 

secured to the underlying peat by stakes 

driven through it. The surviving section of 

the track-way was 1.5m wide and about 3m 

in length, and had led down to the river. The 

radiocarbon date for the track-way showed 

that it was broadly contemporary with the 

log-boat. 

Adjacent to the river a number of 

wooden posts and stakes were found 

which may have formed a jetty. They are 

dated by radiocarbon to the 13th century 

and are therefore broadly contemporary

with a hitherto unknown moated manor 

site excavated, under Gareth Dean’s 

supervision, on the south bank of the 

Foulness. Within the moat, which was 4–5m 

wide, was a complex of timber buildings, the 

earliest probably occupied in the 12th–13th 

century, although there was evidence for 

earlier activity on the site. The moated site 

was probably abandoned in the 16th century, 

but activity associated with drainage or field 

boundaries was found, taking the story of 

the site up to the present day 

These important discoveries owe much 

to the assistance of Andy Whaley, the site 

manager for Mowlem plc at Welham Bridge, 

and Mick Walmsley, the site foreman. 

Thanks to a nomination from the Trust, 

they received the Tarmac Finders Award at 

the British Archaeological Awards ceremony 

held in Belfast in October 2004. 

Andy Whaley and Mick Walmsley of Mowlem plc 

with YAT's Gareth Dean and Patrick Ottaway at the 

British Archaeological Awards 

9 

Drawing of the Welham Bridge logboat 

by Steve Allen 

Archaeological Research and Development 

2004–5 has witnessed changes to the 

Archaeological Research and Development 

team. 

Dr Mark Whyman returned to post full-time 

from July 2004, following his involvement 

in the Yorkshire Archaeological Research 

Framework based at the University of 

York; Keith Challis resigned in October 

2004 to take up a post at the University of 

Birmingham. 

The end of the year saw the full-colour 

booklet Archaeology and Landscape in the Vale 

of York about to go to press. This presents 

the results of the English Heritage (ALSF)- 

funded project ‘Alluvial Archaeology in the 

Vale of York’, completed in 2004, in a popular 

format. A project design for a second stage 

of this project, intended to augment and 

refine the GIS resource that it created, has 

been submitted to English Heritage. 

In January 2005 English Heritage 

commissioned and funded a large-scale 

assessment of the stratigraphic archive 

from the medieval phases of excavations 

beneath York Minster carried out in the 

late 1960s and early 1970s. This work is 

now underway, in close association with 

research into the architecture and form of 

the 11th- and 12th-century cathedrals, which 

is being carried out within the Centre for 

Medieval Studies at the University of York. 

The archaeological work will, for the first 

time, allow the written and drawn records 

from the Minster excavations to be accessed 

and investigated within a computing 

environment, an important component of 

this being a digital survey of the ground 

plan of the Minster commissioned from Field 

Archaeology Specialists Ltd of York.

Research and Analysis 

Artefact Research 

10 

The Trust’s artefact research team has 

strayed far and wide both chronologically 

and geographically in the past year. 

Geographically, we have reached the 

extremes of the British Isles. Work has 

included material from as far afield as 

Westray in the Orkney Islands, with our 

research looking at finds from a multiperiod 

site at Quoygrew that is being 

excavated by the University of York on 

behalf of Historic Scotland; from Kent, 

with the final publication report on Anglo- 

Saxon pottery from Buckland produced for 

Canterbury Archaeological Trust, funded 

by English Heritage; from Laugharne 

Castle in south Wales, with analysis and 

publication reports of medieval and postmedieval 

artefacts completed for Cadw; and 

to Brandon, Suffolk, from where we have 

examined over 500 iron artefacts, mainly of 

mid-Saxon date. 

In addition to these major pieces of 

work for external clients, we have covered 

a wide chronological span of research for the 

Trust’s fieldwork team in our own region. 

Research on the finds from two Neolithic 

and Roman sites on the outskirts of York 

(at Monks Cross and at Heslington) has 

been undertaken. Reports on the former 

were completed with assistance from 

our network of external specialists, and 

are now available on the Trust’s website 

(www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk). Research on 

the outstanding Roman material from the 

former Starting Gate pub on the Tadcaster 

Road has begun, as has analysis on post- 

Roman material from the centre of town, 

at the former Henley’s Garage site and at 

Low Petergate. Rural sites to the south of the 

city at Skipwith and Welham Bridge have 

produced both ecclesiastical and secular 

medieval assemblages which help us to 

understand the use of York’s hinterland. 

Closer to the centre, and closer to the present 

day, the Victorian foundry excavated at 

Dixon’s Yard off Walmgate has produced a 

wealth of artefactual and structural evidence 

for this famous early iron foundry. All these 

sites will go on to publication stage in the 

next year. 

Finally, plans to transform St Saviour’s 

church from the Archaeological Resource 

Centre (ARC) into DIG has triggered a 

review of the archaeological material which 

is stored at the ARC. This material includes 

most of the artefacts (‘small finds’) recovered 

by the Trust during more than 32 years of 

excavation, artefacts that illustrate over 2,000 

years of development at one of the nation’s 

most important cities. The challenging task 

of re-assessing these artefacts, updating 

their records, and digitising their images 

has begun. When completed this work has 

the ultimate (ambitious) goal of making 

this nationally important collection of 

archaeological material accessible over 

the web as a resource for school children, 

scholars, community archaeology groups 

and the general public. 

Nicky Rogers working at the ARC on a review of the 

finds as they are boxed up prior to their removal

Curatorial Department 

Archaeology has human endeavour 

at its very core and ancient artefacts link 

us to the aspirations, discoveries and 

daily life of countless past generations. 

Handling objects from the past has the 

power to inspire and stimulate enquiry. It 

is the work of the curatorial department to 

underpin and empower discovery, learning 

and enjoyment by facilitating access to 

artefacts for both academic research and for 

popular engagement. At the same time we 

must keep this rich resource safe for future 

generations. 

Touching the Past 

Re-invention and development are 

essential if we are to inspire each new 

generation. The curatorial team has been 

fully engaged in the transformation from 

ARC to DIG, both with content development 

and with the very practical matter of packing 

and moving safely one of Britain’s largest 

archaeological collections to create room for 

the new attraction. A mammoth project was 

launched over the winter months washing 

and processing, sorting and selecting 

environmental samples from centuries 

of York’s back yards, and recording and 

sampling tons of archaeological building 

materials. The move is also allowing a largescale 

collection review which has revealed 

many a forgotten gem, some of which will 

feature in the new exhibition. 

The excitement of hands-on discovery 

remains key to DIG and to much else 

besides. Handling sessions were popular 

events at the Trust’s St Leonard’s training 

dig and, in August, Christine McDonnell 

took Viking-Age artefacts to a Viking 

weekend at Burnsall, West Yorkshire; in 

return, many of the village’s youngsters 

visited JORVIK and the ARC. 

The Science of Death 

This year, it seems, was the year of 

the human skeleton. The science-based 

‘Unearthed’ exhibition continues to fascinate 

visitors at JORVIK, whilst the manner of 

death of decapitated males excavated on 

The Mount posed fascinating questions 

about their geographical origin and 

status, and about ritual and punishment 

in Roman York. These questions have 

been enthusiastically taken up by the BBC 

Katie Tucker and Rachel Cubitt lay out skeletons from 

The Mount for BBC filming 

History Channel with which the department 

has worked closely. Osteological detective 

work also revealed much about the burials 

excavated at St Helen’s Church, Skipwith, 

and will continue with a project to assess and 

pack burials excavated during the 1967–73 

archaeological work at York Minster. This 

study will tell us much about the life and 

death of relatively high-status individuals 

buried in and around the Minster, and will 

complement research on two opposed socioeconomic 

groups buried at St Helen-on-the- 

Walls and at Fishergate. These projects will 

ensure that the work of the Trust continues 

to attract popular and scholarly interest from 

across the globe. 

The appliance of science – the work of 

our scientific friends 

Close association with colleagues from 

UK universities and institutions worldwide 

allows the Trust to benefit from up-to-theminute 

study and scientific development. 

Silk, woollen and linen textiles from 

York (rare archaeological survivors) 

were of major importance in testing the 

potential of low-energy X-radiography 

for the study and conservation of ancient, 

historic and contemporary fabrics. This 

collaborative work by Sonia O’Connor, 

Fellow in Conservation at the University of 

Bradford, and Margaret Brookes, University 

of Southampton, produced high-definition 

evidence for manufacturing techniques, 

wear patterns and weaving faults not 

otherwise visible. The results have attracted 

international interest and will be published 

in 2006. Finds from York also feature 

prominently in a work on the history and 

11

combs than those in contemporaneous rural 

settlements. 

12 

The Curatorial team 

technology of turned wooden vessels 

shortly to be published by Robin Wood 

and the Worshipful Company of Turners of 

London. Steven Ashby’s doctoral analysis of 

antler comb-making shows York to be less 

sophisticated than Scandinavia or Scotland 

in this regard, with fewer high-quality 

combs. However, it does suggest that urban 

inhabitants liked and could afford better 

The Fishergate human collection 

continues to be the focus of much scholarly 

interest. Julie Bukowski’s study into the 

biomechanics and paleopathology of 

handwriting earned her a distinction from 

the University of Durham. Rebecca Storm’s 

doctoral analysis into fluctuating asymmetry 

as an indicator of health and social status 

is showing that Victorian populations 

were more stressed than medieval ones 

and that the higher the social status the 

more symmetrical people were likely to 

be. Ongoing work also includes doctoral 

study at Cambridge by Krish Seetah, a 

trained butcher, into Romano-British and 

medieval butchery techniques. York is 

an ideal sample for Krish because of the 

wealth of the excavated material, faunal 

and artefactual, and the extensive analysis 

already undertaken by the Trust and its 

associates. 

Conservation Laboratory and 

Archaeological Wood Centre 

The conservation department was kept 

extremely active during the year with an 

eclectic mix of internal YAT projects and 

material coming in from external clients. 

Leesa Vere-Stevens, an assistant conservator 

in post since 2000, resigned during the year 

after extended maternity leave but, as in 

previous years, we were fortunate in the 

students and volunteers who worked with 

us and whose considerable contributions 

in helping us achieve our various targets 

should not go unmentioned. 

During the year the department 

was involved with 69 separate external 

contracts for 40 different external clients, 

several of whom, such as Humber Field 

Archaeology, now send work to us on a 

regular basis. However, the primary role 

of the department has, again, been the 

provision of conservation services to YAT’s 

various fieldwork, research and publication 

projects, and monitoring the condition of the 

JORVIK displays. Staff were also involved 

with more public activities, including tours 

and talks for the students on the Archaeology 

Conservation student Karl Knauer lifts Roman 

painted plaster on the St Leonard's excavation 

Live! training excavation at St Leonard’s, 

demonstrations and training within the 

laboratory for groups and individual student 

placements, external teaching and public 

lecturing, contributions to conferences, and 

participating in various open days and other 

public events.

The research focus over this period has 

shifted from the ‘pure research’ of recent 

years to ‘applied research’ through a twelvemonth 

contract with the Portable Antiquities 

Scheme. This project aims to develop and 

deliver conservation resources, advice and 

training to the Scheme’s Finds Liaison 

Officers nationwide, and to provide basic 

advice to metal-detector users. A booklet, 

‘Conservation Advice Notes’, was published 

on behalf of the PAS, and is also accessible 

via the internet on www.finds.org.uk/ 

conservation. 

Two YAT fieldwork projects in particular 

involved the on-site presence of conservators. 

Amongst a number of unusual and exciting 

discoveries on the St Leonard’s training dig 

was a deposit of fallen Roman painted wall 

plaster, presumably from a building in the 

vicinity of the west corner tower of the Roman 

fortress, the Multangular Tower, if not from 

rooms within the tower itself. This deposit 

contained several large pieces of plaster that 

required special lifting techniques to recover 

them safely. Conservation staff and students 

were involved with this exercise, as well as 

the cleaning and consolidation of the several 

hundreds of fragments of plaster back in the 

laboratory afterwards. Later in the season, 

the discovery of mutilated Roman burials 

at Driffield Terrace, York, necessitated 

conservation assistance on several occasion 

to ‘lift’ the remains of footwear from several 

of the burials, where the pattern made by 

the iron hobnails was the only part of the 

boots to survive. These ‘lifts’ were X-rayed to 

record permanently the nail patterns; a pair 

of heavy wrought iron ‘shackles’ was also 

retrieved from one of these rather macabre 

burials. 

The discovery of fragments of early 

16th-century painted devotional alabaster 

panels from excavations within the tower 

of St Helen’s Church, Skipwith, also tested 

Placement student Mags Felter cleaning one of the 

leg shackles found on a burial in The Mount Roman 

cemetery 

the skills of the conservation team. With 

the consistency of damp sugar-cubes, 

these important examples of high medieval 

art required extremely careful handling, 

cleaning and consolidation of their paint 

layers before they could be properly studied 

and before the biblical scenes which they 

depicted could be identified. 

Of the external contracts to pass through 

the general laboratory, the recently excavated 

development site (MAP Archaeological 

Consultancy) at Spurriergate, York, was 

perhaps the largest. Mostly coming from 

deeply stratified waterlogged deposits, 

the variety and condition of the finds were 

very reminiscent of the fine collections from 

YAT’s own excavations at Coppergate, 

only a stone’s throw away. Further afield, 

several small groups of waterlogged jet 

and shale from Brading Roman Villa and 

other excavations in the Isle of Wight 

were conserved for Kevin Trott Associates. 

Amongst other clients, the museums at 

Sheffield and Wakefield commissioned the 

department to conserve a selection of objects 

from their archaeological collections for new 

displays paid for by the Heritage Lottery 

Fund. The Yorkshire Museum afforded us 

the rare treat of examining and reporting 

on the condition of the beautiful gilded 

and bejewelled 8th-century Ormside Bowl, 

13 

Painted alabaster fragments from St Helen's Church, 

Skipwith

14 

X-radiograph of the Ormside Bowl 

before it went out on loan for display. Our 

involvement with Community Archaeology 

found us making X-ray plates of hundreds 

of iron and other metal objects found during 

the exhaustive metal-detecting efforts in and 

around the village of Fulford for the Fulford 

Battlefield Trust. This was an interesting 

exercise, but produced little that might date 

to the period of the battle in 1066. 

Fields in the Trent valley for the Leicestershire 

Museums Service. These timbers have been 

treated in sugar solution for many years 

and have reached a critical stage in their 

treatment – not least because of heavy 

biological contamination of the treatment 

tanks, including clouds of wasps in summer! 

Also at a critical stage is the Poole Museum’s 

Iron-Age logboat, also being treated in 

sucrose, and we have been advising on 

the completion of this long-term project, 

with the timbers due to come out of their 

treatment tank in May 2006. The Centre’s 

big freeze-drier unit was kept busy during 

the year. The final batch of timbers from the 

London Roman amphitheatre excavations, 

including the main entrance threshold 

beams, were lifted from their treatment tank 

and transferred to the freeze-drier. These and 

the other amphitheatre timbers conserved in 

York are now on display in the new London 

Guildhall Art Gallery. 

In the Archaeological Wood Centre, 

our wood technologist was kept busy 

examining and recording groups of timbers 

from excavations as geographically diverse 

at Elgin and Perth in the north, to Stansted 

and Heathrow Terminal 5 in the south. 

Several new conservation contracts were 

won, the largest being a selection of 30 large 

ship’s timbers found during the dredging of 

Dublin Bay for a pipeline. Also on the marine 

front, a further large group of artefacts from 

the Alderney Elizabethan shipwreck was 

received for conservation. The radiography 

of some amorphous lumps of concretion 

produced surprising results in the form of 

clusters of the lethal ‘bar shot’ and two very 

fine decorated powder flasks. 

One of the London Roman Amphitheatre 

timbers being hoisted out of its treatment tank 

Amongst the consultancies undertaken 

was a conservation assessment of 

the important 16th-century 

‘Cattewater’ wrought iron 

guns, now in Plymouth 

Museum, and the 

preparation of a 

‘conservation 

plan’ for the 

Roman bridge 

t i m b e r s f r o m 

H e m m i n g t o n 

Finally, the conservation department 

was commissioned by the City of York 

Council to make a pair of archer’s wooden 

shutters to replace those in poor condition on 

the crenellations of St Mary’s Abbey precinct 

walls, just opposite the end of Galmanhoe 

Lane. Our long-term volunteer Ken Foxwell 

undertook the work, using hand-finished 

oak board and hand-forged iron nails.

Portable Antiquities Scheme 

‘Objects teach far more than words in books’ 

— the view of Estelle Morris, Minister for 

the Arts, when announcing secured funding 

until April 2008 for the Government’s 

flagship scheme for recording artefacts found 

by the public. Partners York Archaeological 

Trust, York Museums Trust, and Hull and 

East Riding Museum Service continue to 

run the voluntary scheme in North and 

East Yorkshire. 

The Portable Antiquities team has run 

identification days and artefact handling 

sessions throughout the year. These included 

monthly finds surgeries in York and Hull, 

and public activities associated with the 

JorvikViking Festival in February, Easter 

and the two summer Roman festivals. 

Practical workshops have focused on 

audiences as diverse as Key Stage Two 

school children and mature GCSE and A 

Level students. Lectures on the Scheme 

and the Treasure Act have been delivered 

to post-graduate students at the University 

of York’s Archaeological Department, 

to representatives of Leicestershire’s 

Community Archaeology Groups, and to the 

Forest of Galtres Society and the parishioners 

of Easingwold, North Yorkshire. University 

of York students continue to help voluntarily 

with the scheme. 

In September 2004 Simon Holmes, 

together with the finder and University 

of York archaeology students, conducted a 

week-long resistivity survey at the location 

of the Driffield Iron Age stater hoard. This 

revealed part of a previously unknown 

‘ladder settlement’ and comprised two 

small ‘rectangular’ enclosures, containing 

two or more buildings, on opposite sides 

of a drove-way. 

Amongst finds reported 

this year were two extremely 

rare and beautiful early Roman 

discoveries from near Tadcaster 

(finder Andrew Harper). The first 

was a copper alloy ‘arm-purse’ 

used by individual soldiers 

to carry their pay; two other 

examples are known from 

Britain. The second was a 

very ornate Italian copper alloy 

oil lamp in the form of a head of 

a cherub or young child. Both these 

objects were manufactured in the 1st 

century AD and are without question 

exceptional finds for the UK. Another 

very rare discovery was a denarius 

of Gallienus (AD 260–68) found near 

Wetwang (finder Geoff Bambrook), one 

of only 15 denarii out of 20,000 coins of 

Gallienus found in hoards. A very strange 

find from Doncaster, a three-penny piece of 

Elizabeth I, was reported by Paul Butterley. 

This 1564 issue coin (left) still bears traces of 

the arms of England, its original inscription 

and date but has been re-struck by a maker 

of modern replicas to produce a sword-type 

penny from the second reign (952–4) of Eric 

Bloodaxe of York! 

15

Archaeology and the Public 

Publications 

16 

Following the publication of an unusually 

high number of fascicules in 2003–4, this 

year was much quieter in this respect, 

although a number of smaller publication 

projects came to fruition or were initiated. 

New Publications 

Bedern Hall and the Vicars Choral of York 

Minster by Richard Hall 

A full-colour popular booklet 

dealing with the Vicars Choral of York 

Minster and the Trust’s excavations of 

the Bedern was published with the 

support of the Bedern Hall Company. 

It is hoped that this may be the first in a series 

of popular publications exploring some of 

the lesser-known aspects of York’s history. 

October 2004 saw the publication of 

Treasures of York, a new publishing venture 

for York Archaeological Trust involving 

partnership with Landmark Publishing Ltd. 

Published in full colour, Treasures of York 

presents some 150 of the most interesting 

finds excavated by the Trust since it began 

work in 1972. Artefacts featured range in 

date from prehistoric to Victorian, and many 

have never been on public display. The book, 

which drew heavily on the work of Trust 

excavators, conservators, researchers and 

curators, was written and compiled by three 

Trust staff, Christine Kyriacou, Frances Mee 

and Nicola Rogers, with new photography 

by Mike Andrews and illustrations by Lesley 

Collett. 

The fourth of YAT’s Archaeology of York 

Web Series was published towards the 

end of March 2004. AYW4: A Roman Camp 

and Prehistoric Site at Monks Cross, York by 

Mark Johnson et al. details the results of 

excavations at Monks Cross, Huntington 

South Moor, on the north-eastern side of 

the City of York. The excavations uncovered 

two-thirds of a Roman temporary camp that 

was discovered by aerial photographers 

from English Heritage in 2002. The camp 

proved to date from the early–mid 2nd 

century, and was deliberately slighted after 

a short period of use. Although laid out to 

a high standard of surveying precision, the 

actual construction of the camp was carried 

out with considerably less attention to detail. 

An unexpected aspect of the excavation 

resulted from the discovery of a number 

of prehistoric features dating from the 

Neolithic to the Iron Age. These included a 

pit alignment boundary, parts of a possible 

enclosure and a number of pits, together 

with a fine assemblage of flint artefacts. 

Other work 

The YAT and ARC websites were 

redesigned in 2004 to share a common 

overall style with the JORVIK website, 

which was itself renewed in 2003. Dayto-day 

maintenance of all the websites is 

now undertaken by the Trust’s Graphics 

Officer. 

Two issues of the Trust’s magazine 

Yorkshire Archaeology Today were published 

during the year: issues 6 and 7 included 

articles on excavations at Low Petergate, 

York, Skipwith Church, Welham Bridge 

and Sherburn in Elmet. 

External work 

In August 2004 Frances Mee, the Trust’s 

Editor, took voluntary redundancy after 13 

years service; the Trust continues to utilise 

her expertise on a consultancy basis. The 

skills of Lesley Collett, Graphics Officer, have 

been in demand by a number of external 

clients. Among these contracts was the 

illustration of a number of wooden artefacts 

from the medieval and post-medieval mill 

site at The Oracle, Reading, excavated by 

Oxford Archaeology, including what is said

particularly remarkable as they were dated 

to the Mesolithic period; worked timbers of 

this date are extremely rare finds. 

Another project worked on during the 

year was the production of a handbook 

for Nottinghamshire County Council, 

Our Historic Environment. Eliza Gore, now 

Greater York Community Archaeologist, 

supplied the text while Lesley Collett 

produced cartoons to illustrate various 

aspects of the historic environment. 

17 

A number of on-site information posters for the Trust’s 

excavations were also produced by the Graphics 

Office over the course of the year. 

to be the only medieval millwheel trundle 

excavated in north-west Europe, and part 

of a trip wheel. 

Lesley also undertook the illustration of 

a large number of timbers and other wooden 

artefacts excavated from sites at Goldcliff 

and Redwick in Gwent by Professor Martin 

Bell of Reading University. These timbers 

represent the remains of several prehistoric 

structures discovered in the intertidal zone 

of the Severn Estuary, dating from a period of 

lower sea levels. The Goldcliff timbers were 

Mesolithic worked 

wooden artefact from 

Goldcliff, Gwent 

The Publication Department also took 

on the production of a full-colour booklet 

written by YAT Conservation staff for the 

Portable Antiquities Scheme; some 30,000 

copies of the Conservation Advice Notes 

booklet were produced and distributed 

nationally. 

In Preparation 

Considerable progress was made this year 

on the third in the Trust’s popular and highly 

acclaimed series on the pictorial evidence 

for the medieval buildings of York by 

Barbara Wilson and Frances Mee. Entitled 

The City Walls and Castles of York, this will be 

published in time for Christmas 2005. 

Work commenced on the production 

of a full-colour booklet summarising 

the work of the Vale of York Alluviation 

Project (funded by English Heritage from 

the Aggregates Levy Sustainability 

Fund). This booklet, Archaeology and 

Landscape in the Vale of York, looks at 

the development of the landscape 

and human activity in this area from 

the last glaciation to the present day. 

The vast majority of the outstanding 

pottery illustration work for the forthcoming 

Medieval Pottery fascicule was completed, 

and pre-existing drawings were prepared 

for modern digital publication methods. It 

is hoped to complete the accompanying text 

during next year.

18 

Computing 

At the beginning of the year, Michael 

Rains delivered a technical paper at the 

32nd annual Computer Applications in 

Archaeology (CAA) conference at Prato 

in Italy. 

The close involvement of Michael 

Rains with the Silchester project at 

Reading University has continued. Work 

was completed on the second major web 

publication to emerge from the project. 

This is now published as Silchester Roman 

Town. The Insula IX ‘Town Life’ Project: 

The Late Roman Archaeology at http:// 

www.silchester.reading.ac.uk/later. In late 

2004, the project was awarded a major grant 

by the Joint Information Systems Committee 

as part of their Developing Virtual Research 

Environments programme. This twoyear 

project will develop a framework 

for a virtual research environment for 

archaeology using the Silchester project 

as an exemplar. Building on the existing 

Integrated Archaeological Database (IADB), 

the project aims to improve information flow 

throughout all aspects of the excavation 

and post-excavation work at Silchester by, 

for example, the innovative use of handheld 

computers operating in a wireless 

network for direct on-site data capture, 

and the development of facilities to allow 

specialists to join virtual online seminars in 

which particular research questions can be 

addressed. 

Work has also continued with the Butrint 

Project at the University of East Anglia, 

including the development of tools and the 

methodology for digitisation into the IADB 

of the rich documentary archive of over 100 

years of archaeology at Butrint. 

Towards the end of the year, the IADB 

was adopted for use on a joint Southampton 

University and University College London 

excavation project in Romania beginning in 

July 2005. 

In February 2005, Michael Rains visited 

Orkney to complete the hand-over of the 

Orkney Sites and Monuments Record 

database, which in future is to be housed 

within the University of the Highlands and 

Islands Millennium Institute facilities at 

Kirkwall. 

On the home front, Jon Brownridge has 

continued to cope splendidly with an everincreasing 

workload in connection with the 

general IT infrastructure throughout YAT. 

In particular, he has been closely involved 

with upgrading facilities at JORVIK and 

the development of a new online shopping 

facility. 

At the end of the year, Michael 

Rains presented a paper on the future 

of archaeological grey literature to the 

33rd annual CAA conference at Tomar in 

Portugal. 

Resources 

Archive, Photographic Archive and Library 

Excavation records continued to be 

deposited, microfiched and recorded on the 

Trust’s Archive Gazetteer, available online 

at http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk. and 

via the Archaeology Data Service (http:// 

ads.ahds.ac.uk). Placement students helped 

with routine tasks as usual. The archive and 

library remained useful resources for Trust 

and JORVIK staff and others, particularly 

during the production of the Trust’s 

new book, Treasures of York, published in 

October 2004. Sales of fascicules and other 

YAT publications, sold via the library, were 

steady. 

The photographic archive continued 

to grow, with most images now in digital 

format. Work on scanning older material 

into digital form has started. Projects 

undertaken this year include photographing 

material for JORVIK’s web-based catalogue. 

New images have been added to the Trust’s 

on-line Picture Library (http://www.yorkar 

chaeology.co.uk/piclib/photos.php). Digital 

images are now routinely sent to publishers 

and researchers abroad (particularly USA 

and Australia) as well as to those in the UK. 

Many Picture Library images have also been 

supplied to JORVIK and York Archaeological 

Trust staff over the past year.

JORVIK 

Throughout the year 2004–5, JORVIK 

continued its strategy of improving the 

visitor experience by focusing on: staff 

interaction with visitors; the content of the 

galleries; a wider programme of initiatives; 

and the expansion of the offer to educational 

groups. 

It aimed to consolidate the successes of 

the previous year in terms of diversifying 

the visitor base, increasing the numbers of 

visitors from educational establishments 

and improving the levels of interest in 

archaeology and the Trust’s wider activities. 

With this in mind we re-examined marketing 

activities, which had remained largely 

unchanged for a number of years. As a 

result several new marketing initiatives were 

pursued with the aim of increasing visitor 

numbers. Subsequently JORVIK halted the 

decline in visitor numbers experienced 

since relaunching in 2001–2, with numbers 

increasing by 2% on the previous year, 

giving in a total of 436,528 visitors. 

Interaction with visitors 

Although no new exhibitions were 

launched at JORVIK this year, hourly talks 

were introduced in the Unearthed Gallery 

on a range of subject matters. These talks 

were an addition to those already presented 

in the Artefacts and Fearsome Craftsmen 

Galleries. The talks were presented by the 

interactive Viking and Archaeology hosts, 

who continue to extend and update their 

knowledge of the subject matter. Minor 

changes were made to the Fearsome 

Craftsmen Gallery, including the creation 

of a dressing up area for both adults and 

children, with a themed backdrop against 

which visitors could take photographs of 

themselves in Viking costume as a souvenir 

of their visit. JORVIK continued to improve 

when judged by visitor feedback, with the 

number of people who felt that their visit 

met or exceeded their expectations rising 

to 84%. 

Gallery in an interactive and structured 

way. This would be complemented by 

audio-visual additions to the main artefact 

cases. The additions were expected to cost 

£180,000, and grants were won from the 

Millennium Commission and the Wolfson 

Foundation, which jointly committed a total 

of £134,815 towards the project. This project 

will commence in mid 2005 and should be 

completed by January 2006. 

Educational Facilities 

Throughout the year JORVIK continued 

to commit itself to improving the resources 

for educational visits. Using some of 

the funding gained from the Wellcome 

Foundation in the previous year (£10,000), 

a new outreach resource was created that 

focused on the subject matter presented in 

the Unearthed Exhibition. The resource took 

the form of a travel case containing activities 

that could be used by a member of the 

JORVIK team in a whole class situation. To 

support this initiative a part-time Outreach 

Facilitator was employed and a targeted 

leaflet was produced to market this and 

other outreach sessions to schools. Within 

the next few years JORVIK aims to extend 

the offer to groups outside the educational 

sector, including general interest groups, 

homes for the elderly, and community 

events. 

The facilities at JORVIK were further 

enhanced this year by an expanding events 

programme. A number of leaflets were 

produced on a six-monthly basis to market 

themed events. These included ‘Spring into 

Science’, looking at ‘the Science of Death’ 

and how science can be used to identify 

objects from the past; ‘Archaeology Live!’ 

which hosted events at both the York 

Comedy Festival and the York Roman 

Festival; ‘Raiding and Trading’, featuring a 

Viking encampment in Coppergate Square; 

19 

Content of Galleries 

This year it was recognised that the 

Artefacts Gallery did not deliver its content 

in a way that truly engaged visitors, and 

this view was reinforced by a number 

of recurring comments in the visitor exit 

survey. As a result a project was devised 

to introduce IT-based information into the 

The JORVIK interactives 

team 

Photo: vipsphotography.com

20 

and talks by Carenza Lewis of Channel 

4’s Time Team. The majority of the events 

were offered free of charge in an attempt to 

increase visitor participation in archaeology 

and expand the level of interest in the work 

of the Trust. 

14 millionth visitor 

One of the major events that took place 

this year was the celebration of the 14 

millionth visitor to JORVIK, which occurred 

in February 2005. The 14 millionth visitors 

to JORVIK were Rebecca and George Lees 

from Gomersal, West Yorkshire, who visited 

with their parents on 16 February. At the 

time of the presentation Mrs Lees said, ‘We 

came to JORVIK because George is excited 

about studying the Vikings at school. It was 

a lovely surprise to be JORVIK’s 14 millionth 

visitor’. George and Rebecca received goody 

bags and a family pass for JORVIK as well 

as the invitation to take part in the JORVIK 

Big Dig event. 

The Big Dig event, which took place on 24 

March, asked children from around the UK 

to create a picture of the historical character 

they would most like to meet. In total 575 

entries were received from individuals and 

schools, with entries as varied as Queen 

Elizabeth, Guy Fawkes, Cleopatra, Albert 

Einstein, and even Prince Charles and 

Camilla. Thirty-one winners, aged 3 to 11, 

were chosen, and all entries were displayed 

for a week at the ARC. The event was staged 

in Coppergate Square under the shadow 

of the Tordmonson boat around which a 

special sand pit had been constructed. All 

the winners were asked to dig in the pit to 

find an egg, each containing a prize but only 

one containing the main prize which was a 

Longships on the Ouse for the 2005 Viking Festival 

Photo: vips-photography.com 

Alice Clemens, Big Dig Competition winner 

family weekend at Legoland in Denmark. 

The final winner was Alice Clemens from 

Saffron Walden, who had created a picture 

of Amelia Earhart to gain a winner’s place 

in the competition. The event, which was 

judged to be a huge success, attracted a 

large amount of media attention as well as 

extending interest in JORVIK and the work 

of the Trust throughout the country. 

Viking Festival 

The 20th JORVIK Viking Festival, which 

took place during two weeks in February, 

attracted 22,155 people to JORVIK; this 

rerepresented a 2% increase over last year. 

Events included the regular longboat 

races on the Ouse, the battle at the Eye of 

York, and the Viking marriage ceremony 

at Clifford’s Tower, as well as new sellout 

events such as the ‘Sagas and Song 

Night’and the Scandinavian Dance event. 

The opening event saw schools from York 

presenting Viking sagas to an audience that 

included the Lord Mayor of York, the schools 

having taken part in workshops hosted in 

the classroom by a visiting saga teller. The 

Trust gratefully acknowledges the assistance 

and support of its partners in the Festival, 

including the York Tourism Bureau, the City 

of York Council, English Heritage and the 

York Museums Trust. 

During 2005 we had a number of staffing 

changes at JORVIK, particularly within 

the marketing team. These included the 

appointment of Emma Hunt as Marketing 

Manager, David Scott as Marketing Assistant 

and Dominic Burton as Sales and Corporate 

Development Executive. Both Dominic and 

David first came to JORVIK on graduate 

placement schemes. Throughout this year 

the marketing team continued to introduce 

innovative marketing programmes. These 

included the new ‘Invasions Campaign’ 

which saw JORVIK taking a team of 

Vikings into a number of city centres, 

including Newcastle, Hull, Sheffield and

Chester. These incursions created a huge 

amount of media interest, in particular that 

from local newspapers, enabling the team 

to market JORVIK and the Trust to much 

wider audience. 

The improvement in visitor numbers 

over the last year and the impact of gift 

aid resulted in the surplus from JORVIK 

increasing to £1,200,000, up from £950,000 

in 2002–3. The Explanation Division at the 

Trust continues to recognise the importance 

of creating new opportunities and making 

strategic changes to maximise participation 

in the attractions, and therefore monitors 

closely visitor reaction to all its activities. 

This year again saw an increase in visitor 

satisfaction levels, with 92% of visitors 

stating that they would recommend JORVIK 

to their friends and family; there was also 

a 9% increase in numbers of people who 

judged their visit as being good or very 

good value for money. 

The Archaeological Resource Centre 

(ARC) 

The ARC continued to meet the needs of 

school groups from around the region 

by providing a hands-on archaeological 

experience. This year 26,500 visitors 

came, approximately 75% of whom were 

school visitors. Many of these schools 

were making return visits. Feedback from 

teachers continues to be very positive, many 

commenting favourably on the accessibility 

of the attraction, as pupils become positively 

engaged with archaeology through the 

interactive activities. 

The ARC hosted a number of events this 

year. These included ‘Discover Romans’, 

an event where visitors discovered Roman 

artefacts as well as storytelling and games 

from the period, an event to celebrate the 

national ‘Big Draw’ event within Family 

Learning Week, and ‘Christmas through 

the Ages’. All these events were either 

free of charge or charged a nominal fee to 

encourage increased participation in the 

archaeological activities promoted by the 

Trust. Several popular events from the 

JORVIK Viking Festival were also held at the 

ARC, including the new ‘Bardic Adventures’ 

evening and ‘Vikings Past and Present’. 

The major staffing change at the 

ARC this year was the departure of the 

Managing Archaeologist, Ian Carlisle. The 

management of the ARC was taken on by 

Rachel Tumman, Education Development 

Manager on the Explanation Team, who 

continues to pursue a strategy to generate 

greater inclusion in the wider activities of 

the Trust, and a programme to enhance the 

educational value of its visitor facilities. 

Within the remit of enhancing the 

educational value and all-inclusiveness 

of the attractions, the Exploration Team 

began, this year, to consider a major project 

to refurbish the ARC. The starting point for 

this discussion was to consider what and 

how new audiences could be accessed, and 

what format would satisfy not only the 

needs of its visitors but also the objective of 

the Trust to bring archaeology to the widest 

possible audience. A project entitled DIG 

was developed which would retain the 

hands-on nature of the ARC but also create 

a more inclusive and exciting experience 

that would attract more diverse audiences 

and encourage greater participation in the 

subject. The scheme developed was costed 

at £1 million and funding was sought for the 

project from Millennium Commission. We 

were very pleased that a grant of £746,700 

was awarded and, following a competitive 

tendering process, the contract was awarded 

to RMA Ltd, the designers who developed 

and installed the JORVIK refit undertaken 

in 2001. 

DIG aims to extend the current theme 

of the ARC through a range of hands-on 

exhibits, and to provide a fully interactive 

three-dimensional experience. Visitors will 

have the opportunity to take part in an 

archaeological journey, which will start with 

finding objects within an ‘excavation’ and 

then explore the work of archaeologists in 

a variety of fields. The experience will offer 

visitors the chance to investigate exclusive 

hands-on activities; handle collections of real 

archaeological artefacts; enjoy holographic 

audio-visual displays; and use cuttingedge 

computer technology, all of which 

will be sited within a series of simulated 

environments such as an archaeological 

dig and a conservation laboratory. These 

concepts will be developed in conjunction 

with RMA and the Trust’s own experts in 

time for opening in March 2006. 

21

Community Archaeology 

22 

After the Trust was selected to be the host for 

the Greater York Community Archaeology 

Project funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, 

as reported in last year’s annual Report, 

the post of Community Archaeologist was 

advertised nationally. Eliza Gore, an Exeter 

single honours graduate in Archaeology 

with an MA in Field Archaeology from the 

University of York, was selected, and the 

project started at the beginning of March 

2005. Her first step was to contact all the local 

archaeology and history groups and parish 

councils to let them know that the project 

had begun. By the end of March a network 

of contacts had been established, the project 

website had been set up, equipment for the 

Community Resource had been ordered, 

information leaflets had been prepared, 

a project logo had been designed and a 

programme of training workshops had been 

drafted. By the time of the Annual General 

Meeting there will have been discussions 

with Timeline York Plus, the umbrella body 

that brings these local groups together, and 

a round of training workshops should have 

begun. The project website will contain upto-date 

news — see http://www.yorkarch 

aeology.co.uk/community.htm. 

Education and Training 

Dr Andrew Jones, Education Officer at York 

Archaeological Trust, has been continuing 

his investigations into the fascinating, 

rich, historical landscape of Blansby Park, 

which is located north-east of Pickering, in 

the North York Moors National Park. The 

archaeology of Blansby Park was further 

explored over a series of weekends in the 

autumn of 2004. 

This was an active and inclusive project 

for people of all ages and abilities. The 

weekends were an opportunity for families 

and archaeology enthusiasts to get stuck 

in and do some real archaeology. The York 

and District Metal-Detecting Club and staff 

from York Archaeological Trust provided 

expertise and guidance, and worked 

alongside members of Helmsley and District 

Archaeological and Historical Society, and 

Scarborough Archaeological and Historical 

Society. The Jorvik Explorers Club, York 

Young Archaeologists’ Club and pupils from 

Selby College were also invited to take part 

in the fun days out, which ended with a 

barbeque and bonfire in November. 

This fieldwork revealed some interesting 

finds, including Roman coins, flints, buckles 

and brooches. More recently, a review 

of the aerial photography of the region 

has revealed interesting features in the 

landscape that have yet to be investigated 

and recorded. 

Geophysical 

survey and 

test-pitting at 

Blansby Park

Finance, Management and Administration 

The Trust operates two visitor attractions, 

JORVIK and the ARC (the Explanation 

Division), as well as undertaking 

archaeological research and other 

archaeological work (the Exploration 

Division). During the year net incoming 

resources across both divisions increased to 

£280,500 compared with £69,300 in 2003–4. 

This good performance was principally the 

result of increased visitor numbers and 

the benefit of Gift Aid on admissions at 

JORVIK. 

Explanation Division 

During 2004–5 income amounted to 

£3,475,000 (£3,255,000 in 2003–4). Resources 

expended amounted to £2,085,100, a 

reduction of £87,700 compared with 2003–4 

(£2,172,800). 

JORVIK has been highly successful in 

ensuring delivery of the Trust’s educational 

objective and during 2004–5 the 14 millionth 

visitor passed through the door. In addition 

it provides a significant income stream to 

allow the continuation of archaeological 

research. During the year a total of 436,000 

people visited JORVIK, an increase of 2% 

over the previous year. When combined with 

a full year’s gift aid income on admissions, 

total income generated was £3,371,000, an 

increase of 7% on 2003–4 (£3,142,900). 

The ARC saw a reduction in numbers 

to 26,500. Tight control of costs, however, 

enabled a £9,000 contribution to overheads 

of to be achieved. 

Exploration Division 

Income for the year was £840,700, 

compared with £957,000 in 2003–4, a 12% 

reduction which reflects a slow down in 

archaeological contract work and reduced 

grant income from English Heritage. 

Resources expended declined to £1,559,700 

(£1,643,000 in 2003–4) as a result of reduced 

activity. 

Donations 

Income from donations totalled £11,606. 

Financing 

During the year, repayments amounting to 

£547,500 were made in respect of the loan 

provided by the National Westminster Bank 

to finance the JORVIK redevelopment. The 

loan outstanding at the end of the year stood 

at £1,491,924. Cash at bank increased from 

£88,000 to £288,000. 

Operations 

People 

The work of identifying new opportunities 

continues and a particular success during 

the year was the Trust’s participation in a 

graduate training scheme funded by the 

Learning and Skills Council. This scheme 

enabled over 20 graduates to gain work 

experience and training with the Trust, 

designed to help them with their long-term 

career progression. 

In December, June Hargreaves and 

Roger McMeeking stepped down from the 

Board of Trustees. Lord Rupert Redesdale, 

who speaks on archaeology in the House 

of Lords, and Cllr Charles Hall joined the 

Board. 

Prospects 

Work continues to identify new opportunities 

and to ensure that the educational objective 

of the Trust is met. The attraction of visitors 

to JORVIK is an important component of 

this and its development continues. Visitor 

satisfaction surveys continue to indicate 

that customers are very happy with what is 

provided at JORVIK. Nevertheless, there is 

always room to improve so modifications to 

the artefact gallery will be made in 2005 and 

staff training will continue. 

The ARC, which has seen declining 

numbers in recent years, will be completely 

transformed in 2005 and re-open in March 

2006 as DIG, a hands-on archaeological 

experience. The £1 million project has 

been funded by a £750,000 grant from the 

Millennium Commission, with the balance 

of funding the subject of an ongoing 

programme in 2005. 

The slow down in archaeology-related 

income looks set to continue into 2005–6, 

although prospects for the medium term 

look encouraging. 

Rationalisation of premises has made 

significant progress and work on identifying 

suitable premises will be completed over 

the next twelve months, allowing a move 

during 2006. 

Reserves 

The Board of Trustees believes that 

the charity should hold financial reserves 

23

24 

because: 

1) It has no endowment funding and is 

almost entirely dependent upon the surplus 

generated by JORVIK, which varies from 

year to year according to the level of visitor 

numbers. 

2) It is also dependent upon income 

from JORVIK to meet repayments on the 

loan taken out to redevelop the centre over 

a ten-year period from April 2001. 

The Trustees believe that the target level 

of free reserves, that is unrestricted reserves 

not invested in fixed assets or restricted 

funds, should be £300,000. The Trustees 

recognise that whilst the loan from National 

Westminster Bank remains outstanding this 

target cannot be achieved and have in the 

interim set the target at free cash at the end 

of each year of £300,000. 

Risk Management 

During the year the Trustees have 

continued to minimise the risks to the charity. 

The systems put into place three years ago 

have been improved by the formation 

of a Risk Committee comprising four 

Trustees. The remit of the Risk Committee 

is to review in detail the risks and growth 

potential presented by new opportunities 

identified from time to time and to make 

recommendations to the Board of Trustees. 

The Committee met on five occasions 

during 2004–5 to consider the details of the 

scheme to redevelop the ARC. The Audit 

Committee met on three occasions to review 

the financial results and ensure appropriate 

control measures were in place. 

Summarised Financial Statements 

Income and Expenditure for the year ended 31 March 2005 

2005 2004 

Incoming resources 

Donations 11,606 5,099 

Activities in furtherance of the charity’s objects: 

Grants from English Heritage 127,695 183,077 

Contracts for excavations and 

attractions 4,170,694 4,026,629 

Investment income: interest received 17,492 10,188 

_______ ________ 

Total incoming resources £4,327,487 £4,224,993 

======= ======== 

Charitable Expenditure 

Activities in furtherance of the charity’s objects: 3,892,564 4,028,381 

Management and administration 154,383 127,337 

________ ________ 

Total resources expended £4,046,947 £4,155,718 

________ ________ 

Net incoming/(outgoing) resources for the year 280,540 69,275 

Balances brought forward 1,801,924 1,732,649 

________ ________ 

Balances carried forward £2,082,464 £1,801,924 

======== ======== 

The Charity has no recognised gains or losses other than the results for the year 

as stated above. 

All of the activities of the Charity are classed as continuing. This information 

is provided to give an overview of the Trust's financial position.


Balance Sheet as at 31 March 2004 


FIXED ASSETS 3,237,874 3,730,912 

CURRENT ASSETS 

Stocks 135,956 94,361 

Debtors 385,789 434,042 

Cash at bank and in hand 288,115 87,635 

_______ _______ 

809,860 616,038 

CREDITORS: AMOUNTS FALLING 

DUE WITHIN ONE YEAR (960,846) (1,053,102) 

_______ ______ 

NET CURRENT LIABILITIES (150,987) (437,064) 

_______ _______ 

25 

TOTAL ASSETS LESS CURRENT 

LIABILITIES 3,086,888 3,293,848 

CREDITORS: AMOUNTS FALLING 

DUE AFTER MORE THAN ONE 

YEAR (1,004,424) (1,491,924) 

_______ _______ 

NET ASSETS £2,082,464 £1,801,924 

======= ======= 

RESERVES 

Restricted funds 12,179 15,128 

Unrestricted funds 1,743,406 1,468,972 

Designated Funds 326,879 317,824 

_______ _______ 

TOTAL FUNDS £2,082,464 £1,801,924 

======= ====== 

These consolidated financial statements were approved by the Board of Trustees 

on the 15 August 2005.


Consolidated Cash Flow Statement for the year ended 31 March 2005 


Net cash inflow from operating activities 769,454 552,309 

Returns on investments and 

servicing of finance 

Interest received 17,492 10,188 

_______ ________ 

Net cash inflow from returns on investments 

and servicing of finance 17,492 10,188 

26 

Capital expenditure 

Payments to acquire tangible fixed assets (39,466) (48,692) 

Receipts from sale of fixed assets 500 — 

_______ ________ 

Net cash outflow from capital expenditure (38,966) (48,682) 

Cash inflow before financing 747,980 513,815 

Financing 

Net outflow from bank loans (547,500) (607,500) 

_______ ________ 

Increase /(Decrease)in cash 200,480 (93,685) 

====== ====== 

Reconciliation of operating profit to 

net cash inflow from operating activities 2005 2004 

Operating profit 280,540 69,275 

Income from investments (17,492) (10,188) 

Depreciation 532,004 529,994 

Increase in stocks (41,595) (732) 

Decrease/(Increase) in debtors 48,253 (89,862) 

(Decrease)/ Increase in creditors (32,256) 53,822 

_______ ________ 

Net cash inflow from operating activities 769,454 552,309 

====== ======

York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research Limited 

Year ended 31st March 2005 

Proforma of the Independent Auditors' Report for the Annual Report 

Independent Auditors' Statement to the Trustees of York Archaeological Trust for 

Excavation and Research 

We have examined the summarised financial statements of York Archaeological Trust 

for Excavation and Research Limited set out on pages 24–26. 

Respective responsibilities of trustees and auditors 

The trustees are responsible for preparing the summarised financial statements in 

accordance with the recommendations of the charities SORP. 

Our responsibility is to report to you our opinion on the consistency of the summarised 

financial statements with the full financial statements and Trustees' Annual Report. We also 

read the other informationcontained in the Annual Report and consider the implications for 

our report if we become aware of any apparent misstatements or material inconsistencies 

with the summarised financial statements. 

27 

Basis of opinion 

We conducted our work in accordance with Bulletin 1999/6 "The auditors' statement 

on the summary financial statement" issued by the Auditing Practices Board for use in the 

United Kingdom. 

Opinion 

In our opinion the summarised financial statements are consistent with the full financial 

statements and the Trustees' Annual Report of York Archaeological Trust for Excavation 

and Research Limited for the year ended 31st March 2005. 

BARRON & BARRON 

Chartered Accountants 

and Registered Auditor 

Bathurst House 

88 Micklegate 

York 

YO1 6LQ 

15 August 2005

Appendix 1 

Archaeological Interventions and Associated Reports 

The codes at the beginning of each site are museum accession numbers. YORAT is York 

Archaeological Trust, YORYM is the Yorkshire Museum, YORMA is York Merchant 

Adventurers’ Hall, YM is York Minster, HARGM is Harrogate Museum, BACBM is Bowes 

Museum, Barnard Castle, WHITM is Whitby Museum and ERYMS is East Riding of Yorkshire 

Museum. 

28 

Sites within and close to the medieval walled city 

1 YORYM: 2001.10746: St Leonard’s Hospital, Museum Street, York, Training Excavation Interim 

Report (for 2003) 2003/55 by K. Hunter-Mann, SE 6003 5206 

2 YM: 2004.1: St William’s College, College Street, York, Watching Brief 2005/1 by G. Dean, SE 6046 

5218 

3 YORAT: 2003.6: 35 Stonegate, Watching Brief 2004/12 by I. Mason, SE 6027 5205 

4 YORYM: 2002.421: 62–68 Low Petergate, York, Building Recording 2004/35 by G. Geddes and I. 

Mason, SE 6039 5204 

5 YORYM: 1999.252: City Walls, Chainage 2400-2500, York, Watching Brief 2004/27 by R. Marwood, 

SE 6070 5210 

6 Lendal Tower, Lendal Hill, York, Sample augering 2004/72 by K. Hunter-Mann, SE 5999 5195 

7 YORYM: 2004.355: Land adjacent to St Saviour’s Church, Hungate, York, Evaluation 2004/68 by 

D.T. Evans, SE 6062 5188 

8 YORYM: 2003.287: Former Woolpack House, The Stonebow, York, Watching Brief and Excavation 

2005/2 by G. Dean and D. Evans, SE 6069 5192

9 YORYM: 1999.1065: Foss Islands Retail Park, Foss Islands Road, York, Watching Brief 2005/3 by J. 

Smith and M. Johnson, SE 6108 5197 

10 YORYM: 2004.7: Cable trench, North Street to The Stonebow, York, Watching Brief 2004/36 by G. 

Dean, SE 6005 5181 

11 YORMA: 2002.1: Merchant Adventurers’ Hall, Fossgate, York, Watching Brief 2004/63 by K. Hunter- 

Mann, SE 6052 5171 

12 YORYM: 2004.150: Foss Bridge House, 1–5 Walmgate, York, Watching Brief 2004/49 by R. Marwood, 

SE 6058 5165 

13 YORYM: 2003.295: Former Bus Depot, Navigation Road, York, Watching Brief and Evaluation 2004/41 

by G. Dean, SE 6090 5164 

14 YORYM: 2002.450: Former Foss Islands Service Station, Foss Islands Road, York, Watching Brief 

2005/7 by G. Dean and D. Evans, SE 6106 5173 

15 YORYM: 2004.144: Footbridge, Platform 11, Railway Station, York, Watching Brief 2004/38 by G. 

Dean, SE 5952 5172 

16 YORYM: 2004.149: City Walls, Chainage 822-906 (railway arches), York, Watching Brief 2005/6 by 

I. Mason, SE 5968 5164 

17 YORAT: 2004.26: Sewer repair, Cumberland Street, York, Watching Brief 2005/8 by B. Reeves, SE 

6029 5156 

18 YORYM: 2004.147: Water main repair, Walmgate Bar, York, Watching Brief 2004/33 by G. Dean, SE 

6108 5141 

19 YORYM: 2002.469: City walls, Chainage 352-400 and Sadler Tower, York, Watching Brief 2004/28 

by R. Marwood, SE 6001 5129 

20 YORAT: 2004.25: Cable trench, Lower Priory Street/Victor Street, York, Watching Brief 2005/4 by 

K. Hunter-Mann, SE 6004 5131 

21 YORAT: 2004.24: Cable trench, Blue Bridge Lane, Fishergate, York, Watching Brief by K. Hunter- 

Mann, SE 6073 5099 

29

Sites within the City of York area (map on previous page) 

22 YORYM: 2004.351: Annamine Nurseries, Jockey Lane, Huntington, York, Evaluation 2004/51 (interim 

report) and 2004/56 by G. Dean, SE 6194 5493 

23 YORYM: 2002.451: Land off Metcalfe Lane, Osbaldwick, York: Community Participation SE 6285 

5220 

24 YORYM: 2004.502: Land adjacent to 7 Front Street, Acomb, York, Watching Brief by K. Hunter- 

Mann, SE 5754 5141 

25 YORYM: 2003.290: The Mount School, Dalton Terrace, York, Excavation 2004/65 by M. Johnson, 

SE 5927 5103 

26 YORYM: 2003.252: Tedder Road, Acomb, York, Watching Brief 2005/5 by I. Mason, SE 568 502 

27 YORYM: 2005.505: Terry’s site, Bishopthorpe Road, York, Desk-top Study 2004/66 by I. Mason, SE 

598 497 

30 

Sites in Yorkshire and beyond 

28 BACBM: 2004.353: Land off Station Road, West Auckland, Co. Durham, Evaluation, Excavation and 

Watching Brief 2004/43 (interim report) by B. Antoni and 2004/54 by P. Ottaway, B. Antoni and J. 

Smith, NZ 183 267 

29 WHITM: 2004/4: Land at New Quay Road, Whitby, North Yorkshire, Watching Brief and Excavation 

2004/74 by K. Hunter-Mann, NZ 8988 1094 

30 Whitby Abbey Brewhouse, Abbey House, Whitby, North Yorkshire, Building Survey by R. Finlayson, 

NZ 9017 1111 

31 YORYM: 2004.146: St Gregory’s Church, North End, Bedale, North Yorkshire, Watching Brief 

2004/42 by G. Dean, SE 2655 8845 

32 YORAT: 2003.13: Tanfield Bridge, West Tanfield, North Yorkshire, Watching Brief 2004/69 by I. 

Mason, SE 269 787 

33 YORAT: 2005.1: Fountains Abbey, Ripon, North Yorkshire, English Heritage Building Recording 2005 

by J. McComish, SE 2768 6903 

34 YORAT: 2002.11: Flood Alleviation Scheme, Ripon, North Yorkshire, Site Investigations 2004/64 by 

J. Smith, SE 314 711

35 HARGM: 10214: Land to the rear of Market Place (The Arcade), Ripon, North Yorkshire, Excavation 

and Watching Brief 2004/45 by R. Finlayson, SE 3131 7127 

36 YORAT: 2004.16: Ripon Cathedral, Bedern Bank, Ripon, North Yorkshire, Watching Brief 2004/32 

by J. McComish, SE 314 711 

37 YORYM: 2004.15: Hall Square/Back Lane, Boroughbridge, North Yorkshire, Watching Brief 2004/70 

by I. Mason, SE 3932 6636 

38 ERYMS: 2003.73: Flood Alleviation Scheme, Stamford Bridge, North Yorkshire/East Riding of 

Yorkshire, Watching Brief 2004/57 by G. Dean, SE 713 556 

39 YORAT: 2003.7: Land off Bondgate and Gay Lane, Otley, West Yorkshire, Evaluation 2004/52 by R. 

Finlayson, SE 202 453 

40 YORYM: 2004.17: Kirk Fenton Primary School, Church Fenton, North Yorkshire, Watching Brief 

2004/59 by I. Mason, SE 514 370 

41 YORYM: 2002.448: The Spinney, Sherburn-in-Elmet, North Yorkshire, Watching Brief and Excavation 

2004/73 by B. Antoni, SE 4953 3350 

42 YORYM: 2004.352: Brook Street, Gowthorpe Junction, Selby, North Yorkshire, Watching Brief 


43 YORYM: 2004.353: The Granary, Castle Hill Lane, Drax, North Yorkshire, Watching Brief 2004/71 

by I. Mason, SE 676 260 

44 YORAT: 2004.18: Land off M62 Junction 36, Goole, East Riding of Yorkshire, Environmental Impact 

Assessment (Phase 1) 2004/30 by N. Macnab, SE 7280 2300 

45 YORAT: 2004.18: Land off M62 Junction 36, Goole, East Riding of Yorkshire, Desk-top Study 2004/31 

by N. Macnab, SE 7280 2300 

46 YORAT: 2004.18: Land off M62 Junction 36, Goole, East Riding of Yorkshire, Environmental Impact 

Assessment (Phase 2) 2004/44 by N. Macnab, SE 7280 2300 

47 YORAT: 2001.10: Humber Tidal Defences, Barmby to North Ferriby, East Riding of Yorkshire, 

Watching Brief 2004/47 by J. McComish, SE 768 233 

48 ERYMS: 2004.20: Sessions House, New Walk, Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, Building Recording 

2004/60 by M. Johnson, TA 0265 4015 

49 ERYMS: 2004.24: A1174 Woodmansey Embankment Stabilisation Works, East Riding of Yorkshire, 

Watching Brief 2004/37 by G. Dean, TA 064 367 

50 ERYMS: 2004.76: Cave Castle Hotel, Church Hill, South Cave, East Riding of Yorkshire, Evaluation 


51 YORAT: 2004.20: Ledston Hall Stables, Hall Lane, Ledston, Castleford, West Yorkshire, Watching 

Brief 2004/53 by B. Antoni and C. Briden, SE 4361 2891 

52 YORAT: 2002.1: Ings Beck Flood Alleviation Scheme, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, Watching Brief 

2004/46 by B. Antoni, SE 3187 2075 

53 Savile House, Savile Street, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, Desk-top Study 2004/58 by J. McComish, 

SK 4361 3881 

54 Victorian Prison Complex, Lincoln Castle, Lincoln, Building Recording 2004/48 by C. Briden, SK 

975 718 

55 YORAT: 2002.4: Queensgate/North Westgate redevelopment, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, 

Watching Brief 2004/34 by B. Antoni, TL190 990 

56 St Mary Hoo, Hoo Peninsula, North Kent Marshes, Kent, Desk-top Study 2004/55 by G. Dean, TQ 

800 780 (not shown on map) 

31

32 

Appendix 2: Staff Publications and 

Achievements 

John Walker is Chairman of the Standing 

Conference of Archaeological Unit Managers, a 

member of the Archaeology Training Forum, an 

Observer for the Institute of Field Archaeology, 

President of the South Trafford Archaeological 

Group, committee member of The Trent 

Valley Geoarchaeology and of the Historic 

Environment Information Resource Network, 

a member of the Historic Environment Forum, 

and archaeological consultant to a number of 

commercial firms. In addition, he is Director of 

the York Tourism Bureau, a committee member 

of First Stop York, a member of the Association 

of Chief Executives of Voluntary Organisations, 

of the Assessor Vocational Training Forum, of 

the Yorkshire Tourist Board, of the Yorkshire 

Cultural Tourism Forum and of the East Riding 

Cultural Consortium Task Group. 

In December 2004 Richard Hall completed his 

term as President of the Society for Medieval 

Archaeology by delivering his Presidential 

Address on ‘The Archaeology of Ripon’. He 

continued as a trustee and Secretary of the 

Council for British Archaeology, as Consultant 

Archaeologist to the Dean and Chapter at 

both Ripon Cathedral and York Minster, and 

served on the Council of Ripon Cathedral. 

He also continued as a member of the Project 

Council of the University of Oslo’s excavations 

at Kaupang, Norway. In addition to lecturing 

widely to audiences in Yorkshire, he presented 

a paper to the 5th Lübeck Colloquium on 

Archaeology in the Hanse Region entitled ‘Craft 

and Industry in Medieval York’. 

Mark Whyman has been involved in 

educational initiatives within and beyond the 

Trust, as course convenor of the extra-mural 

course Introduction to British Archaeology, 

delivered in conjunction with the School of 

Continuing Education, University of Leeds, 

and as course organiser and lecturer on the 

undergraduate course History and Theory of 

Archaeology in the Department of Archaeology, 

University of York. 

Kurt Hunter-Mann has been elected Treasurer 

of the Yorkshire Architectural and York 

Archaeological Society. His involvement with 

the experimental archaeology and re-enactment 

group Comitatus included filming for Time 

Team and participation in the English Heritage 

Festival of History. 

Patrick Ottaway continued as Assistant Editor of 

the Archaeological Journal. In August 2004 he was 

tutor for the tenth year for the annual European 

Studies Programme (Classical world option) run by 

the University of the South at Sewanee and Rhodes 

College, Memphis, both Tennessee, USA. 

In the Curatorial Department, Christine 

McDonnell has continued to chair the Finds 

Research Group 700–1700. She is a member of 

the Society of Museum Archaeologists and of the 

Museums Association. Katie Tucker and Simon 

Cleggett (University of Leicester Archaeological 

Services) undertook the assessment of a collection 

of human skeletal material from an Early Bronze 

Age tomb at Dhenia, at the National Museum of 

Cyprus, Nicosia in March 2005 on behalf of LaTrobe 

University, Australia. Sally Toft gained an MA in 

Archaeological Heritage Management from York 

University. Simon McGrory left to study for an 

MSc in Zooarchaeology at the University of York 

and Nisha Doshi is now studying archaeology at 

St John’s College, Cambridge. Katherine Bearcock 

and Ian Downes help run the York branch of the 

Young Archaeologists’ Club. Katherine participated 

in the Club’s Annual Conference in a joint session 

with Society of Historical Archaeologists. Ian 

Downes is studying archaeology at York University. 

Rebecca Storm is a member of the American 

Association for the advancement of Science, the 

British Association of Biological Anthropology 

and Osteology (BABAO), the Palaeopathology 

Association (PPA) and the Palaeoanthropology 

Association. 

In the Conservation Department, Jim Spriggs 

gave lectures to Pontefract Archaeological Society, 

Plymouth and District Archaeological Society, 

Leeds University ‘Certificate in Archaeology’ 

evening class and the Fulford Battlefield Society. 

He attended the WOAM/Copenhagen Conference 

at which he presented a paper and poster. He also 

participated in ‘Meet the Archaeologist’ at JORVIK, 

gave a public presentation in Coppergate Square 

during the Viking Festival events, an evening talk 

and laboratory tour to YAYAs and a presentation 

at the Society of Historical Archaeologists 

Conference, Conservation Symposium, York. 

He remains membership secretary of the York 

Consortium for Conservation and Craftsmanship; 

trustee of the York Foundation for Conservation 

and Craftsmanship; and council member of the 

Yorkshire Philosophical Society. 

Steve Allen won a bursary from the York 

Consortium for Conservation and Craftsmanship 

to attend the Wet Organic Archaeological Materials 

Conference in Copenhagen at which he presented 

a poster; participated in a Friends of YAT evening

event at the ARC and a ‘Meet the Archaeologist’ 

session at JORVIK; manned the Conservation 

stand for YCCC at Rievaulx Abbey during an 

English Heritage open day, and gave a short 

presentation at YAT’s AGM. Steve continues to 

be a Member of Council and Assessments Officer 

of the Association of Archaeological Illustrators 

and Surveyors. 

Julie Jones gave a laboratory tour to members 

of the Fulford Battlefield Society and gave a 

paper entitled ‘SWOT at YAT: No Flies on Us!’ 

to UKIC/Liverpool Conference, ‘The Project 

Culture’. Erica Paterson participated in a 

Friends of YAT evening event at the ARC, gave 

a laboratory tour to members of the Fulford 

Battlefield Society, and gave presentations to 

the Portable Antiquities Scheme Finds Liaison 

Officers, the Yorkshire Archaeological Society 

day meeting ‘Prehistoric Metals as Treasure’ 

at Sheffield University, the UKIC Archaeology 

Section Christmas meeting, YAT’s AGM, the 

Society of Historical Archaeologists Conference, 

Conservation Symposium. She is a committee 

member for the Archaeology Section of UK 

Institute of Conservation. 

Margrethe Felter attended the IFA Conference at 

Winchester, at which she ran a stall to publicise 

YAT’s services. 

Lesley Collett participated in ‘Friends of YAT’ and 

‘Roman evening’ events at the ARC and helped 

man the YAT Conservation stand for YCCC at 

Rievaulx Abbey; attended WOAM Conference 

in Copenhagen, helping to produce posters for 

conservation staff and to sell YAT fascicules; and 

assisted at Blansby Park excavation. She also 

undertook training courses in 3D-AutoCAD and 

in three-dimensional modelling and animation 

software (3D Studio Max) in January and February 

2005. She continues to serve on the Council of the 

Association of Archaeological Illustrators and 

Surveyors and attended its annual Conference 

in Coventry in September 2004. 

33 

Other Staff Publications 

Clarke, A., Eckardt, H., Fulford, M., Rains, M. and Tootell, K., 2005. Silchester Roman Town. The Insula 

IX ‘Town Life’ Project: The Late Roman Archaeology (http://www.silchester.reading.ac.uk/later) 

Hall, R.A., 2004. ‘Jorvik – A Viking-Age City’ in J. Hines, A. Lane and M. Rednap (eds), Land, Sea and 

Home (Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph Series), 283–96 

Hall, R.A., 2004. ‘York’s Medieval Infrastructure’ in M. Glaser (ed.) Lübecker Kolloquium zur 

Stadtärchaologie im Hanseraum IV Die Infrastructur (Lübeck), 75–86 

Hall, R.A., 2005. ‘Archaeology at York Minster’, The Friends of York Minster 76th Annual Report 

2005, 80–85 

Hunter-Mann, K., 2004. ‘The Relationship between Standing Timber Buildings and their Foundations 

– Evidence from York’ in A. Christensen, Z. Paszowski, J.A. Spriggs, L. Verhoef (eds), Safeguarding 

Historic Waterfront Sites: Bryggen in Bergen as a Case (Culture 2000/Stiftelsen Bergen), 142–5 

Jones, J., Paterson, E., Spriggs, J.A., 2005. ‘Conservation Advice Notes’ (YAT/Portable Antiquities 

Scheme) 

Ottaway, P., 2004. Roman York (revised edition) (Stroud, Tempus) 

Ottaway, P., 2004. ‘Ribe ironwork’ in M. Bencard, A. Kann Rasmussen and H. Brinch Madsen (eds), 

Ribe Excavations 1970–76, Vol.5 (Moesgard), 103–72 

Paterson, E., 2004. Contributor in G. Speed and P. Rogers, ‘A Burial of a Viking Woman at Adwickle-Street, 

South Yorkshire’, Medieval Archaeology XLVIII, 51–90 

Spriggs, J.A., 2005. ‘More Heritage at Risk’ in Rescue News 95 (Spring 2005), 4–5 

Whyman, M., and Spriggs, J.A., 2004. ‘The World Heritage Site of Bryggen in Bergen: the York 

Workshop 2002’ in A. Christensen, Z. Paszowski, J.A. Spriggs, L. Verhoef (eds), Safeguarding 

Historic Waterfront Sites: Bryggen in Bergen as a Case (Culture 2000/Stiftelsen Bergen), 146–8

Appendix 3: Ordinary Members of the Trust 

34 

Dr P.V. Addyman CBE 

P. Baker 

M. Baldwin 

V.E. Black 

S.A.J. Bradley MA, FSA 

Professor D. Brothwell MA (Cantab) PhD 

Dr R.M. Butler FSA 

Sir R.U. Cooke DSc 

Councillor J. Coulson 

J. Crossland 

Professor J.D. Currey 

G.H. Dean, OBE FRICS 

Dr K.H.M. Dixon CBE 

Dr P.W. Dixon FSA 

Dr K. Dobney 

Professor R.B. Dobson FBA, FSA 

H. Fenwick 

Professor A. Fitter 

Professor R. Fletcher 

G.C.F. Forster 

Colonel A.E. Gaynor OBE, TD 

C. Gregory BA, MW 

J. Grenville MA, FSA 

Dr R.I.L. Guthrie 

J. Hampshire 

L. Hampson 

E. Hartley FSA 

Professor P.D.A. Harvey FSA 

E.K. Hayton 

S.E. Hebron 

D. Henson 

Professor C. Heron 

Dr D.E. Hitch 

M. Holyoak 

His Grace The Archbishop of York, The Most Rev. 

and Rt Hon. David Hope 

P. Howard 

M.G. Ingle 

Professor E.F. James MA, DPhil (Oxon), FSA 

A. Johnson 

K. Johnston 

Dr R.F.J. Jones FSA 

F. Kendall 

Dr H. Kenward 

R. Kilburn 

P.M.W. Knowles 

H. Lade 

J. Lock 

Professor P. Lock 

Dr A.G. MacGregor FSA 

Dr M. Magnusson FSA 

D. Martin 

Dr R. Martlew 

Dr S. Mays 

H. Murray 

Dr H. Mytum FSA 

J. Nursey 

Professor T.P. O’Connor FSA 

Professor D.M. Palliser FSA 

D. Phillips FSA 

Professor A.M. Pollard 

Dr K. Pretty FSA 

Professor P.A. Rahtz FSA 

Dr S. Rees Jones 

Dr J. Richards 

Professor D.W. Rollason 

Professor E. Royle 

J. Scott 

Dr J. Shannon OBE 

Dr W.J. Sheils 

C.I. Skipper CBE 

K. Starling 

Dr P. Stone 

T. Suthers 

The Rev Canon Dr J. Toy 

Dr N.J. Tringham 

M. Viner 

J. Ward 

C. West 

Dr I.N. Wood 

Appendix 4: Organisational Structure 

President 

The Rt Hon. The Lord Mayor of York 

Board of Trustees 

Chairman 

P. Vaughan DL 

Members 

M. Galloway BA 

Dr J.M. Hargreaves MBE D.Univ (York) MRTPI 

(retired 10/12/04) 

Dr M. Heyworth BA MA PhD FSA MIFA 

P.R. Hopwood FCMA FSA 

R.G. McMeeking MA (retired 10/12/04) 

R.K. Morris OBE FSA 

G.A. Wilford MBE BSc MICE CEng Honorary 

Treasurer 

The Lord Redesdale (appointed 10/12/04) 

Cllr C. Hall B.Ed C.Biol MIBiol (appointed 

10/12/04) 

Company Secretary 

P. Nicholson ACMA

General Advisory Council 

Professor T.P. O’Connor (Chairman) 

Dr R.M. Butler 

J. Coulson 

G.H. Dean OBE 

Professor R.B. Dobson 

Professor A. Fitter 

J. Hampshire 

E. Hartley 

E.K. Hayton 

D. Martin 

Professor D.M. Palliser 

D. Phillips 

Professor P.A. Rahtz 

Dr S. Rees Jones 

K. Starling 

C.G. West 

Advisory Committees 

Access 

E.K. Hayton (Chairman), Dr V. Buck, J. Fletcher, 

S. Hebron, D. Henson, Professor C. Heron, 

M. Holyoak, M. Ingle, A. Johnson, K. Johnston, 

Dr A.K.G. Jones, J. Lock, Professor P. Lock, 

S. Maltby, Dr R. Martlew, J. Porteous, 

H. Richardson, Dr P. Stone, M. Viner, J. Ward, 

Ms L. Watson (LEA representative) 

Historical 

Professor D.M. Palliser (Chairman), V.E. Black, 

Professor R.B. Dobson, G.C.F. Forster, Dr R.A. 

Hall, L. Hampson, Professor P.D.A. Harvey, 

F.P. Mee (Secretary), Dr S. Rees Jones, Professor 

D.W. Rollason, Dr J.W. Sheils, Dr N. Tringham, 

B. Wilson 

Palaeoecology 

Professor T.P. O’Connor (Chairman), P. Baker, 

M. Baldwin, Professor D. Brothwell, 

Dr K. Dobney, Dr A.K.G. Jones, H. Kenward, 

C. McDonnell, Dr S. Mays, I. Panter 

Collections 

K. Starling (Chairman), P. Howard, R. Kilburn, 

Dr A.J. Mainman, C. McDonnell, J.A. Spriggs, 

Dr D. Tweddle 

Staff Panel 

Exploration Division 

Dr R.A. Hall (Chairman), P. Nicholson, K. Hunter- 

Mann, J. Jones, C. McDonnell, E. Paterson 

Explanation Division 

P. Nicholson (Chairman), S. Maltby, P. Bruce, 

R. Carver, T. Turton 

Other Services 

Auditors: Barron and Barron 

Solicitors: Rollits 

Friends of YAT Committee 

I.H. Johnston (President), R.A. Hall (Chairman), 

S. Goater (Secretary and Treasurer), E. Logan OBE 

(Vice Chairman), K. Binks (died November 2004), 

F. Holloway, L. Gray, S. Lawson, E. Mainland, 

S. Sadler, C. West LLB 

A regularly updated list of YAT staff appears our 

website (www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk). 

Specialist advisors, students and 

volunteers 

Specialist Advisors 

Mark Ainsley, Christine Bailey, Tony Baker 

Geoffrey Bambrook, Craig Barclay, Elizabeth 

Barham, Paul Belford, Don Brothwell, Jo 

Buckberry, Paul Budd, John Carrott, Sandra 

Garside-Neville, Kate Giles, Damian Goodburn, 

James Hales, Allan Hall, Louise Hampson, Stuart 

Harrison, Andrew Howard, Deborah Jaques, 

Harry Kenward, Mary Kershaw, Philip Lankester, 

Julian Litten, Richard Marks, Terry Manby, 

Stephen Moorhouse, John Morris, Andrew 

Morrison, Catherine Mortimer, Suzanne Moss, 

Christopher Norton, Terry O’Connor, Sonia 

O’Connor, Ian Panter, Penelope Rogers, Samantha 

Sportun, Vivian Swan, Ian Tyers, Rachel Tyson, 

Alan Vince, Barbara Wilson 

Placements (Curatorial Department) 

Millie Finch (Brayton College) 

Marta Fuertes Rodrigues (Masters in European 

Cultural Management and Conservation, 

University of Salamanca, Spain) 

Amy Gramsey (MA Museum Studies, University 

of Newcastle) 

Rachel Lane (Graduate from University of 

Birmingham, graduate placement scheme) 

Emily Lanza (BA University of York/University 

of Pennsylvania, USA) 

Matilde Mortimet (Graduate Engineering 

student, Ecole Centrale de Lille, France) 

Sally Toft (Graduate from University of York, 

graduate placement scheme) 

Students (Conservation) 

Sophie Adamson (Camberwell College, 

London) 

Kim Borrowman (Durham University) 

Benjamin Dunn (Bradford University) 

Margrethe Felter (UCL) 

Marie Houghton (Bradford University) 

Karl Knauer (University of Delaware) 

35

Volunteers 

Curatorial: Heather Adams, Betty Bentley, 

Charlotte Burrill, Kate Clarke, Liddy Dalesman, 

Alan Danby, Jodie Dodgson, Nisha Doshi, Peter 

Drake, Barbara Duckett, Annie Ellis, Helen 

Giovine, Rebecca Griffin, Lynne Hitch, Ann Kirk, 

Lizzie Miller, Catherine Pemberton, Katherine 

Richmond, Adrian Tellwright, Christine Wood, 

Michael Young. 

Conservation: Dr Anthony Crawshaw, Ken 

Foxwell 

Many volunteers and student placements have 

supported the work of the ARC; it is not possible 

to list this invaluable contribution to the Trust’s 

work here. 

Acknowledgements 

36 

The work of York Archaeological Trust would not be possible without the support and 

hard work of a multitude of people and organisations. The Trust would like to record its 

thanks to all those who have supported it during 2004–5. This Annual Report is a tribute 

to their efforts. 

The Trustees, general members of the Trust and members of the advisory committees 

have contributed greatly to the work of the Trust during the year, as have all the students 

and volunteers who have worked particularly in the ARC and in the Conservation and 

Curatorial Departments. 

The Trust is most grateful to all those who have helped it financially: to English Heritage 

for its continuing support of research projects in progress; to the Heritage Lottery Fund 

for its support of the Greater York Community Archaeology Project; to the L.J. and Mary 

C. Skaggs Foundation for its continuing support of the Historic Towns Atlas project; to the 

Friends of York Archaeological Trust for their continuing generous support; to the Stell family 

for underwriting the cost of indexing their father’s great work on the Probate Inventories 

of the York Diocese; to the Millennium Commission and the Wolfson Foundation which 

awarded grants that will allow the introduction of IT-based information into the Artefacts 

Gallery at JORVIK; and again to the Millennium Commission for granting money to create 

DIG, a new hands-on archaeological experience. 

To all these individuals and institutions, and to all others who have helped in any way, we 

are very grateful.

The text of this report includes contributions from the staff responsible for the various Trust activities. 

Design and layout: Lesley Collett 

Editor: Frances Mee 

Illustrations: Lesley Collett 

Inside photographs: Michael Andrews, and members of YAT staff except where stated otherwise. 

Further copies of York Archaeological Trust’s Annual Report can be obtained from: 

York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research Ltd 

Registered Office: Cromwell House, 13 Ogleforth, York. YO1 7FG 

Telephone: 01904 663000 

Fax: 01904 663024 

This report is also available online at 

www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk 

and in large print format on request

York Archaeological Trust is a registered charity (charity number 509060) 

and a company limited by guarantee without share capital in England number 1430801

2004-5 - York Archaeological Trust

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?