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Highlights Day 1: 10 March 2013 19 can leverage the various specialties of its member organizations without imposing a burden on member states, while frontline officers and intelligence officers can cooperate to detect the concealment and trafficking methods used by wildlife crime syndicates. B. Key Illicitly and Illegally Traded Species Ms. Marceil Yeater, chief of the Legal Affairs and Trade Policy Unit of the CITES Secretariat, served as session chair. Terrestrial Wildlife Trade Dr. William Schaedla, regional director of TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, thanked the organizers for inviting him to speak at this symposium. He then described wildlife crime as multifaceted. Terrestrial animals, for instance, serve as pets or draft animals, or are traded as fashion commodities, medicine, ornaments, or meat. Dr. Schaedla then focused on particular species that are particularly subjected to illegal wildlife trade. First, pangolins, about eight remaining species of which are widely scattered around the old world tropics, are traded for use as traditional Asian medicine 7 and as luxury meat. About 40,000 to 60,000 specimens of pangolins are traded in Asia every year. Between 2000 and 2007, at least 30,000 pangolins were seized across East Asia and Southeast Asia, and from 2007 to 2009, around 22,200 pangolins were slaughtered and processed by a single manufacturing plant in Sabah, where large volumes of these pangolins were seized. Many of these pangolins are extirpated from their habitats in northern parts of Southeast Asia and in Africa. They are then shipped—alive, frozen whole, or just their dried scales—to East Asia and Southeast Asia, particularly to the PRC; Hong Kong, China; and Thailand. Second, slow lorises are traded as pets, meat, and medicine. These species are also part of traditional pharmacopeia, serving as tonics after childbirth and a cure for wounds and sexually transmitted diseases. The different purposes for which slow lorises are traded—whether as pets or for medicine—require different handling regimes and actors, and therefore a targeted enforcement approach. While the pet trade occurs in end markets in Japan and the US, the medicinal trade occurs within Southeast Asia and often within East Asia as well. Notably, these species are shipped either dried or manufactured into tonics. Third, tigers, approximately 3,000 specimens of which remain in the wild, can involve complex trade chains sourced from various places in addition to protected areas, which may or may not have tigers. Syndicates usually consolidate these tigers within the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, Indonesia, and ship them out in large volumes. TRAFFIC observes a number of ways to move these tigers, a number of players involved, and increased trade, as TRAFFIC speculates that certain traders are planning to establish farming facilities. Law enforcement operations have caught traders selling tiger skins, tiger wine with bones, and 7 Pangolin scales are considered indispensable in pharmacopeia.
20 Symposium on Combating Wildlife Crime bisected tigers, which TRAFFIC presumes to be worth more because consumers and those involved in the latter part of the trade chains can verify that they are actually dealing with tiger meat. Fourth, pythons are an example of species wherein legal trade happens in conjunction with illegal trade. Pythons are usually traded as meat, leather, and medicine. According to the CITES Trade Database 2000 statistics, roughly 10 million skins, 240,000 kilograms of meat, and 180,000 live pythons were traded in Southeast Asia that year. Python skin is sourced from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Viet Nam and shipped to large fashion houses in Europe, especially in Germany, Italy, and Spain, that then manufacture these skins into handbags, watchbands, and belts. Dr. Schaedla said that syndicates in Southeast Asia circumvent CITES trade restrictions moving pythons between neighborhoods and hiding them in captive breeding facilities. Fourth, tortoises and freshwater turtles are publicly sold in physical stores and through websites such as Adpost.com. A parallel meat trade in these species also occurs through complicated and transposable trade arrangements. Dr. Schaedler concluded that interdictions are often focused on the ends of the wildlife trade chains— the poaching end, visible markets, and transport modes—because these are areas where such efforts can have immediate impact. However, enforcers forget to link the components of the illegal wildlife trade chain; they should also target the middlemen, brokers, and masterminds, who are often able to recruit new players in the wildlife trade. Marine Wildlife Trade Mr. Glenn Sant, leader of the Fisheries Trade Programme of TRAFFIC, began by distinguishing the regulation of fisheries from that of terrestrial species in that (i) many acronyms used in the regulation of fisheries are confusing and (ii) identifying the state responsible for regulating trade in the high seas is difficult, if not impossible, to accomplish. Mr. Sant then discussed the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization’s International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, which enumerates the situations wherein IUU fishing occurs. Illegal fishing refers to fishing activities conducted by (i) national vessels that violate a particular state or entity’s national regulations while fishing in the waters of that state or on the high seas, where such regulations apply; (ii) foreign flagged vessels, authorized to fish in the waters of another state or entity, that violate the conditions imposed by that state or entity; (iii) foreign flagged vessels that fish in the waters of another state without being authorized to do so; or (iv) vessel members of a regional fisheries management organization (RFMO) that fish on the high seas in contravention of measures adopted by the RFMO. Unreported fishing refers to fishing activities that are not reported or are misreported to the relevant national authority or RFMO. Finally, unregulated fishing refers to fishing activities (i) within the area of an RFMO that are conducted by vessels without nationality or flying the flag of a nonmember of that RFMO and in violation of that RFMO’s conservation and management measures, or (ii) in an area without any applicable conservation or management measures, but where such activities contravene state responsibilities for conserving living marine resources under international law.
Page 1 and 2: SYMPOSIUM ON COMBATING WILDLIFE CRI
Page 3 and 4: © 2014 Asian Development Bank All
Page 5 and 6: iv Contents PLENARY SESSION 4 Wild
Page 7 and 8: vi Foreword These proceedings recor
Page 9 and 10: viii Acknowledgments From ADB, Mr.
Page 11 and 12: x Abbreviations PRC - People’s Re
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Appendix 1 Concept Note Side Event
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108 Appendix 1 Approach: The conven
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110 Appendix 2
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112 Appendix 2 3:30-5:00 p.m. B. Ke
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114 Appendix 2 10:15-10:30 a.m. Cof
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116 Appendix 2 Day 3: Tuesday, 12 M
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118 Appendix 2 ANNEX B DETAILED DES
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120 Appendix 2 Question and Answer
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122 Appendix 2 3:00-3:15 p.m. Coffe
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Appendix 3 List of Resource Persons
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126 Appendix 3 Continued from previ
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128 Appendix 4 JUDICIARY continued
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130 Appendix 4 MINISTRIES continued
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132 Appendix 4 CUSTOMS continued Na
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