Foraging and pollination behavior of Apis mellifera adansonii Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Glycine max L. (Fabaceae) flowers at Maroua

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Fohouo <strong>and</strong> Dounia, 2014 was registered as described by Douka <strong>and</strong> Tchuenguem (2013). Evaluation <strong>of</strong> the impact <strong>of</strong> <strong>Apis</strong> <strong>mellifera</strong> <strong>adansonii</strong> <strong>and</strong> other insects on Glycine max yields This evaluation was based on the impact <strong>of</strong> visiting flowers on <strong>pollination</strong>, the impact <strong>of</strong> <strong>pollination</strong> on fructification <strong>of</strong> G. max, <strong>and</strong> the comparison <strong>of</strong> yields [fruiting rate, mean number <strong>of</strong> seeds per pod <strong>and</strong> percentage <strong>of</strong> normal (well developed) seeds] <strong>of</strong> seeds (well developed) was then calculated for each treatment 3. Data analysis Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, student’s t-test for the comparison <strong>of</strong> means <strong>of</strong> the two samples, correlation coefficient (r) for the study <strong>of</strong> the association between two variables, chi-square (χ2) for the comparison <strong>of</strong> two percentages using SPSS statistical s<strong>of</strong>tware <strong>and</strong> Micros<strong>of</strong>t Excel. treatments 1 <strong>and</strong> 2. The fruiting rate due to the activity <strong>of</strong> insects (Fr i ) was calculated as follows by Tchuenguem et al., (2004): Fr i = {[(Fr 1 – Fr 2 ) / Fr 1 ] × 100} Where Fr 1 <strong>and</strong> Fr 2 are the fruiting rate in treatments 1 <strong>and</strong> 2. The fruiting rate (Fr) is: Fr = [(F 2 /F 1 ) × 100] Where F 2 is the number <strong>of</strong> pods formed <strong>and</strong> F 1 the number <strong>of</strong> flowers initially set. At maturity, pods were harvested from each treatment. The mean number <strong>of</strong> seeds per pod <strong>and</strong> the percentage <strong>of</strong> normal seeds were then calculated for each treatment. RESULTS Reproduction system <strong>of</strong> Glycine max According to table 2 : the allogamy rate was 6.59% <strong>and</strong> 5.38% respectively in 2010 <strong>and</strong> 2011 <strong>and</strong> autogamy rate was 93.41% <strong>and</strong> 94.62% respectively in 2010 <strong>and</strong> 2011. Glycine max (used in our experiments) has a mixed reproduction system autogamous - allogamous, with the predominance <strong>of</strong> autogamy. Frequency <strong>of</strong> A. m. <strong>adansonii</strong> in the floral entom<strong>of</strong>auna <strong>of</strong> Glycine max Among the 532 <strong>and</strong> 422 visits <strong>of</strong> 24 <strong>and</strong> 24 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> the <strong>pollination</strong> efficiency <strong>of</strong> insect species counted on G. max flower in 2010 <strong>and</strong> <strong>Apis</strong> <strong>mellifera</strong> <strong>adansonii</strong> on Glycine max In 2010, along with the development <strong>of</strong> treatment 1 <strong>and</strong> 2, 11 plants belonging to four subplots 2011, respectively, A. m. <strong>adansonii</strong> was the most r epr esen t ed insect with 132 visits (24.81 %) <strong>and</strong> 91 visits (21.56 %), in 2010 <strong>and</strong> 2011, respectively. The <strong>and</strong> carrying 47 flowers were protected using gauze mesh difference between these two percentages is not (treatment 3). In 2011 the same experience was repeated but on 16 plants carrying 51 flowers. Between 7 <strong>and</strong> 9am, <strong>of</strong> each observation date, the evaluation or the efficiency <strong>pollination</strong> <strong>of</strong> A. m. <strong>adansonii</strong> on G. max was realized as according <strong>of</strong> Douka <strong>and</strong> Tchuenguem (2013). The impact (Fr x ) <strong>of</strong> A. m. <strong>adansonii</strong> to fruiting rate was calculated as follows by Tchuenguem et al., (2004) the formula: Fr x = {[(Fr 3 – Fr 2 ) / Fr 3 ] x 100} Where Fr 3 <strong>and</strong> Fr 2 are the fruiting rates in treatment significant (χ2 = 1.39‚ df = 1‚ p > 0.05) (Table 1). In 2010, the highest mean number <strong>of</strong> A. m. <strong>adansonii</strong> simultaneously in activity was one per flower (n = 50; s = 0) <strong>and</strong> 2.88 per 1000 flowers (n = 60; s = 3.53; maxi = 19). In 2011, the corresponding figures were one per flower (n = 50; s = 0) <strong>and</strong> 1.97 per 1000 flowers (n = 60; s = 2.59; maxi = 12). The difference between the mean number <strong>of</strong> foragers per 1000 flowers in 2010 <strong>and</strong> 2011 was highly significant (t = 9.19; df = 118, p < 0.001). 3 (protected flowers visited exclusively by Activity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Apis</strong> <strong>mellifera</strong> <strong>adansonii</strong> on Glycine max A. m. <strong>adansonii</strong>) <strong>and</strong> treatment 2 (protected flowers). The number <strong>of</strong> seeds per pod, the percentage <strong>of</strong> normal Floral reward harvested During each <strong>of</strong> the two flowering periods, A. m. 1212 Journal <strong>of</strong> Research in Biology (2014) 4(1): 1209-1219
Fohouo <strong>and</strong> Dounia, 2014 Figure 3. <strong>Apis</strong> <strong>mellifera</strong> <strong>adansonii</strong> collecting nectar in a flower <strong>of</strong> Glycine max <strong>adansonii</strong> was found to collect nectar intensively <strong>and</strong> exclusively (Figure 3). Relationship between visits <strong>and</strong> flowering stages Visits were most numerous when the number <strong>of</strong> open flowers was highest (Figure 4) Furthermore a positive <strong>and</strong> significant correlation was found between the number <strong>of</strong> G. max opened flowers <strong>and</strong> the number <strong>of</strong> A. m. <strong>adansonii</strong> visits in 2010, as well as 2011 (r 2010 = 0.90; df = 8; p < 0.05; r 2011 = 0.85; df = 8; p < 0.05). <strong>Apis</strong> <strong>mellifera</strong> <strong>adansonii</strong> foraged on G. max flowers throughout the blooming period, with a peak <strong>of</strong> activity situated between 10 <strong>and</strong> 11am (Figure 5). Duration <strong>of</strong> visits per flower In 2010 <strong>and</strong> 2011, the mean duration <strong>of</strong> A. m. <strong>adansonii</strong> visit is 2.50 sec (n = 132; s = 1.34; maxi = 6 sec) <strong>and</strong> 2.61 sec (n = 91; s = 1.40; maxi = 6 sec) respectively. The difference between the duration <strong>of</strong> the visit in 2010 <strong>and</strong> 2011 is higher significant (t = 22.25; df = 221, p < 0.001). For the two cumulated years‚ the mean duration <strong>of</strong> a flower visit were 2.55 sec. <strong>Foraging</strong> speed <strong>of</strong> <strong>Apis</strong> <strong>mellifera</strong> <strong>adansonii</strong> on Glycine max flowers On the pot <strong>of</strong> G. max, A. m. <strong>adansonii</strong> visited between 4 <strong>and</strong> 24 flowers/min in 2010 <strong>and</strong> between five <strong>and</strong> 25 flowers/min in 2011. The mean foraging speed was 11.65 flowers/min (n = 50; s = 5.77) in 2010 <strong>and</strong> 13.48 flowers/min (n = 50; s = 5.82) in 2011. The difference between these means is highly significant (t = - 7.95; df = 98, p < 0.001). For the two cumulated years‚ the mean foraging speed was 12.56 flowers /min. Effect <strong>of</strong> climate on foraging activity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Apis</strong> <strong>mellifera</strong> <strong>adansonii</strong> on Glycine max flowers Climatic condition seem not to influence the activity <strong>of</strong> A. m. <strong>adansonii</strong>. T he correlation was negative <strong>and</strong> not significant (r 2010 = - 0.34; df = 11; p > 0.05 <strong>and</strong> r 2011 = 0.28; df = 11; p > 0.05) between the number <strong>of</strong> A. m. <strong>adansonii</strong> visits on G. max flowers <strong>and</strong> the temperature. It was positive <strong>and</strong> not significant (r 2010 = 0.48; df = 11; p > 0.05 <strong>and</strong> r 2011 = 0.07; df = 11; p > 0.05) between the number <strong>of</strong> A. m. <strong>adansonii</strong> visits <strong>and</strong> relative humidity (Figure 6). Impact <strong>of</strong> anthophilous insects on pod formation <strong>and</strong> seed yields <strong>of</strong> Glycine max During nectar harvest on G. max, foraging insects always shook flowers <strong>and</strong> are regularly in contact Figure 4: Variation <strong>of</strong> number <strong>of</strong> flowers <strong>and</strong> number <strong>of</strong> visits <strong>of</strong> <strong>Apis</strong> <strong>mellifera</strong> <strong>adansonii</strong> on the flowers <strong>of</strong> Glycine max in 2010 <strong>and</strong> 2011. Figure 5. Variation <strong>of</strong> number <strong>of</strong> flowers <strong>and</strong> visits <strong>of</strong> <strong>Apis</strong> <strong>mellifera</strong> <strong>adansonii</strong> on the flowers <strong>of</strong> Glycine max according to daily time in 2010, 2011. Journal <strong>of</strong> Research in Biology (2014) 4(1): 1209-1219 1213
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Foraging and pollination behavior of Apis mellifera adansonii Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Glycine max L. (Fabaceae) flowers at Maroua

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