and clones - Catie

PLANTATION PERFORMANCE OF TEAK CLONES AND
SEEDS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOILS AT 5.2 YEARS OF
AGE IN TANGARÁ DE LA SERRA, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
Eng. Luit Smit, Director of Operations, Tectona Agroflorestal
Dr. Luis Ugalde A., International Forestry Advisor (INFOA)
Eng. Alexsandro P. da Silva, Assistant Technician, Tectona Agroflorestal
Eng. Evaldo Oestreich Filho, Assistant Technician, Tectona Agroflorestal

- When and where clones are a commercial alternative ?
- A clone is not synonymous of superiority until it is
demonstrated.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Clones in Costa Rica planted at 5 years of age (left), the
trees are well shaped and have good thickness (right) with
DBH from 18-20 cm and total height of 14-15 meters in
Ecodirecta, San Carlos, Costa Rica (2500 – 3000 mm/year).
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Left: 4 block progeny trial, consisting of 28 families and one control plant
originally at a spacing of 3x3 meters. Engineer, P. Gamboa, shows the best trials at
8 years of age with an average of 335 trees/ha, trees reach DBH = 19 to 23 cm and
Total Height = 16 to 18 m., 10 - 12 m3/ha/year, at the Santa Marta Site, Hojancha
Canton Agricultural Center (CACH- GENFORES) in Guanacaste, Costa Rica (1600 to
2200 mm/year and a 5 to 6 month dry season).
Right: Engineer, T. Morales, shows for reference, Clones and seeds from seed
orchard trials at five years of age with a DBH range from 14 to 16 cm, and 8 - 10
m3/ha/year, at the Pueblo Viejo site, Nicoya, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (2232
mm/year).
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

37 cm
Trail of 59 clones at 11 years of age in medium quality soils with
surface rocks present (left); Engineer M.Espinoza shows one of the
best clones with very good shape and little branching (right). The
best clone from Tanzanian provenance, reached 11 years of age with
DBH ranging from 33 to 37 cm and total height from 22 to 24 meters,
established by the Precious Woods company at the Santa Cecilia site,
Liberia, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (2600 to 2800 mm/year).
Superiority in DBH = 11,3% and in commercial volume per tree = 37%.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Engineer. F. Kottman shows a polyclonal commercial plantation at a
high growth site with an original spacing of 3x4 meters at 6 years,
the best clones reach a Max. DBH from 20 to 24 cm and Total Height
from 15 to 17 meters, at the Panamerican Woods company in Puerto
Carrillo, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (elevation from 30 to 200 m.a.s.l.,
1800 to 2000 mm/year and a 5 to 6 months dry season).
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Most of the clonal material being reproduced in Brazil
originates from the Salomon Islands (Goh, D. and O.
Monteuuis, 2009), through the YSG Biotech laboratory-
CIRAD in Sabah, Malaysia.
Teak materials originating from the Solomon Island were
first introduced in 1989 in the form of seeds.
Information on the accurate origin is however lacking
although it was presumably introduced to the Solomon
Island from Tenasserim (Myanmar) via Papua New
Guinea (Goh et.al., 2006).
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Drs. O. Monteuuis and D. Goh show the few remaining ortets from
Solomon Islands seed after 17 years at an LFC demo plot, Malaysia
from which the commercial clones TG1 to TG8 originated, (Source:
V. Naudet). At 14 year of age DBH=47 cm and heights of more
than 30 m.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Teak clone production experiences in Brazil
Some companies have worked on the production
and commercialization of teak clones in Brazil:
• Floresteca
• Proteca
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Plant production at the Bioteca laboratory located at
Várzea Grande-MT (left) and the Floresteca teak plant
rooting nursery (right) located in the West Rosario zone,
Mato Grosso, Brazil, (Source: F. Takizawa).
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Teak micropropagation in the laboratory, (Source:
PROTECA, 2011).
These clones have been distributed and planted in
different countries and climatic and soil conditions.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Initial performance of teak clones grown in association
with Brachiaria grasses under a silvopasture system with
good initial growth, well shaped vigorous trees (left), seed
grown trees at 15 months show significantly lower growth
and less vigor (right) at Fazenda Bacaeri Florestal, Alta
Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil (1800-2000 annual rainfall).
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Initial performance of 15 month old Teak clones grown in
association with Brachiaria grass and beef cattle under a
silvopasture system with good initial growth and vigor at
Fazenda Bacaeri Florestal (A. Pazos), Alta Floresta site,
Mato Grosso, Brazil
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Seeds
Clones
Initial growth of teak with more variability (left) and clones
(right) with homogenous growth, both using fertirrigation
at 15 months in Santa Genoveva, Campeche, Mexico (900
mm/year).
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Clones
Seeds
Clones
High initial growth of teak clones at 14 months (left),
Engineer A. Zarate demonstrates tree homogeneity (right)
in Santa Genoveva, Chiapas, Mexico (2500 mm/year)
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Seeds
Clones
Measurements of several clones plantations located in
Cáceres and Barra do Bugres – Floresteca, MT, Brasil.
• 30% of the production plants are from Floresteca and
are reproduced in a mini-clonal teak garden.
F.Takizawa, Floresteca, 2011

130,00
Total volume per hectare (m3/ha)
Clone & Seeds
110,00
90,00
40 m3 (33%)
Volume (m3/ha)
70,00
50,00
30,00
10,00
-10,00 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9
Clone
Age in years
Semente
F.Takizawa, Floresteca, 2011

Seeds
Clones
Note the highly significant difference between the seed
plantation with local provenance from Cáceres Florestal
(left), and the clone plantation at 3.5 years of age in the
same soil type in Matto Grosso, Brazil.
Highly significant differences can be noted between the production from
the seed plantation with very little growth (7.1 m 3 /ha/year) compared to
the clone plantation with a growth of 18 m 3 /ha/year – representing 61%
more growth by the clone in volume.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Clones
Soil ripping
Strong growth and homogeneity of teak clones are shown
by engineer, P. Pompermayer of Ecoflorestal (left) on a site
with a soil profile having an organic layer 30 cm thick
(right) in Matto Grosso, Brazil (1800 mm/year).
Low growth rate of 7.1 m 3 /ha/year compared to a growth rate
of 17.5 m 3 /ha/year for the plantation established on better soil,
representing a 59% difference in volume at 3.5 years of age.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

PLANTATION PERFORMANCE OF TEAK CLONES AND SEEDS IN
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOILS AT 5.2 YEARS OF AGE IN TANGARÁ DE LA
SERRA, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
• Altitude of 400 meters above sea level
• Rainfall ranges from 1,700 to 2,000 m m/year and a fourmonth
dry season
• The average monthly temperature is 24 o C and varies from
21 o C to 35 o C
• Three clones and one seed source was analyzed
• The clones came originally from the Solomon Islands (vía
Myanmar) and were reproduced in Brazil through tissue
culture in the PROTECA laboratory
• The local seed source comes from Cáceres, Brasil,
originating from Trinidad and Tobago.

PLANTATION PERFORMANCE OF TEAK CLONES AND SEEDS IN
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOILS AT 5.2 YEARS OF AGE IN TANGARÁ DE LA
SERRA, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
• The experiment includes four repetitions, twice in clayey
soils and twice in sandy soils.
• The information was processed using the MiraSilv-2011
software and the statistical analysis used the Systat
program.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Characteristics of the clayey soils and sandy soils.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Clones
Seeds
Comparison of best growth clone tree plantation (left)
with best growth seed tree plantation (right) at 15
months of age at Pao de Aho, in Tangará de la Serra,
Mato Grosso, Brazil.

A Benchmark on Site Index for teak Clones Vrs. Seeds
Clones
Seeds
Source: Software MiraSilv-2011
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

A Benchmark for teak Clones Vrs. Seeds on dif. Soils types
Seeds on sandy soils
Source: Software MiraSilv-2011
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Teak Clones Vrs. Seeds at 5.2 years old
Source: Software MiraSilv-2011
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Characteristics of the clayey soils and sandy soils.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

DBH Vrs. Age in Year at 5,2 years of Age
DBH vs. Age
TECTONA AGROFORESTAL (TA), Site: 003, PAU D'ALHO
25
Clones Max DBH: 20 - 22 cm
20
DBH in centimeters
15
10
5
L:55, E:00054, T:TECTSEM01, R:1
(TECTGR)
L:55, E:00054, T:TECCLON68, R:1
(TECTGR)
L:55, E:00054, T:TECCLON62, R:1
(TECTGR)
L:55, E:00054, T:TECCLON61, R:1
(TECTGR)
L:55, E:00054, T:TECTSEM0, R:1
(TECTGR)
Seeds Max DBH: 12 - 14 cm
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Age in years
Source: Software MiraSilv-2011
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Volume m3/ha Vrs. Age in Year at 5,2 years of Age
32 m3/ha/year
15 m3/ha/year
Source: Software MiraSilv-2011
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Cumulative Volume m3/ha Vrs. Age at 5,2 years of Age
Cumulative volume per Ha vs. Age
TECTONA AGROFORESTAL (TA), Site: 003, PAU D'ALH
250
Volume in cube meters
200
150
100
50
38 m3/ha/year
15 m3/ha/year
L:55, E:00054, T:TECTSEM01, R:1
(TECTGR)
L:55, E:00054, T:TECCLON68, R:1
(TECTGR)
L:55, E:00054, T:TECCLON62, R:1
(TECTGR)
L:55, E:00054, T:TECCLON61, R:1
(TECTGR)
L:55, E:00054, T:TECTSEM0, R:1
(TECTGR)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Age in years
Source: Software MiraSilv-2011
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Note that at the Netolandia site at an age of 5.2 years, the
minimum average growth rate for the 3 clones obtained at
the site in sandy texture and presence of acidity (repetition
# 2) at an average 102.8 m3/ha and MAI of 19.9
m3/ha/year, was significantly superior to the seed
plantation at the other sandy site (repetition 3) that had a
volume of 39.1 m3/ha and an MAI of 7.6 m3/ha/year,
which represents 62% more volume in m3/ha for the
clones.
These clones were also superior to the average seed
plantation at the other two sites with very clayey texture
with an average of 85m3/ha and an MAI of 16.4
m/ha/year.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Clones
Seeds
Comparison of clone plantation (left) with seed plantation
(right) in teak at 3.5 years of age at Tangará de la Serra,
Mato Grosso, Brazil.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Comparison of clone plantation (left), with seed
plantation (right) in teak at 5.2 years of age at Tangará
de la Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

The clones have a longer (vertical) canopy structure with
fewer large branches, shorter verticils between branches, a
more cylindrical tree shape, and more homogenous trunks.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

Observe at 3.5 years of age:
• more cylindrical boles in teak trees produced from
clones
• with thin branches and angles closer to 90 degrees
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

TEAK CLONES AND SEEDS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOILS AT 5.2 YEARS
OF AGE IN TANGARÁ DE LA SERRA, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
• Main conclusions:
• There was not much difference found between the three
clones tested in very clayey soils
• The three clones, however, were extremely superior with
highly significant differences (p-value of 0.05) in comparison
to the seed plantation
• At this age, the clones grow well in both clayey soils and
sandy soils
• Some highly significant differences were found, however,
with better growth in soils with textures ranging from
clayey to very clayey

Note the good clone root system growth of up to 60 cm deep
on heavy soil texture, at 3.5 years of age.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

• Main conclusions (Cont):
• The tree density ranged from 606 trees/ha for the
original spacing of 3 x 4 meters and 718 trees/ha
for the original spacing of 3 x 3 meters.
• The clones developed with an average diameter
(DBH) of 20.7 centimeters, total height of 16.7
meters.
• total volume of 167.5 m3/ha, and a mean annual
increment (MAI) of 32.4 m3/ha/year.
• This level of growth at this age in comparison with
other teak clones and improved genetic material
results in different countries is among the highest
growth worldwide.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

L. Uglade. Oct.2011
34 year old seed 4 year old clone 4 year old seed

• Main conclusions (Cont):
• The authors recommend continuing to evaluate these
trials and expand the clone tests to other tropical zones
in different soil types and with more clones.
• It would have an impact and be transcendent on
opening up new possibilities and alternatives for being
able to use land for teak plantations where using
material coming from seeds is currently ruled out or
found to be inappropriate for teak plantations.
L. Uglade. Oct.2011

laugalde@gmail.com
lugalde@catie.ac.cr
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