A Four Pillars Approach to Methamphetamine - Drug Policy Alliance

Endnotes
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94 Volkow, Nora. “Availability and Effectiveness of Programs to Treat
Methamphetamine Abuse.” Statement from the Director of the
National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health,
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Testimony before
the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human
Resources, Committee on Government Reform, United States House
of Representatives. 28 Jun. 2006.
95 Join Together. “Vancouver Mayor Touts Drug Maintenance
Programs,” 23 Jan. 2007 Join Together, 30 May 2008
.
96 Human Rights Watch. “Injecting Reason: Human Rights and HIV
Prevention for Injection Drug Users-California: A Case Study.”
New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 15.2(G), Sep. 2003: 22.
97 Davis, Corey S., and Scott Burris, Julie Kraut-Becher, Kevin G.
Lynch, David Metzger. “Effects of an Intensive Street-Level Police
Intervention on Syringe Exchange Program Use in Philadelphia, Pa.”
American Journal of Public Health 95, 2 Feb. 2005: 233-236.
98 Tobin, Karin E., and Melissa A. Davey, Carl A. Latkin. “Calling
emergency medical services during drug overdose: an examination
of individual, social and setting correlates.” Addiction 100.3,
Mar. 2005: 397.
99 In 2006, Drug Policy Alliance New Mexico wrote
and backed a “911 Good Samaritan” bill, which Gov. Richardson
signed into law in April 2007, the first such law in the country. This
unique law will save thousands of lives by protecting people from
arrest when they call 911 in response to a drug overdose. The
chance of surviving an overdose, like that of surviving a heart
attack, depends greatly on how fast one receives medical assistance.
No one thinks twice about calling 911 when they witness a heart
attack, but people who witness an overdose often hesitate to call lest
they be arrested on drug law violations or other charges.
100 Boyum, David, and Peter Reuter. An Analytic Assessment of U.S.
Drug Policy. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute Press,
2005: 95.
101 Cretzmeyer, et al, “Treatment of methamphetamine abuse: research
findings and clinical directions.” Journal of Substance Abuse
Treatment 24, 2003: 267-277.
102 Semple, Shirley J., and Thomas L. Patterson, Igor Grant. “The context
of sexual risk behavior among heterosexual methamphetamine
users.” Addictive Behaviors 29, 2004: 807-810.
103 The seven reports are: National Commission on AIDS. The Twin
Epidemics of Substance Abuse and HIV. Washington, D.C.: National
Commission on AIDS, 1991; United States. General Accounting
Office. Needle Exchange Programs: Research Suggests Promise as an
AIDS Prevention Strategy. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1993; Lurie, P.,
and A.L. Reingold, et al. The Public Health Impact of Needle
Exchange Programs in the United States and Abroad. San Francisco,
CA: University of California Press, 1993; Satcher MD, David. Letter
to Jo Ivey Bouffard: The Clinton Administration’s Internal Reviews
of Research on Needle Exchange Programs. Atlanta, GA: Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 10 Dec. 1993; Normand, J., and D.
Vlahov, L. Moses (eds.). Preventing HIV Transmission: The Role of
Sterile Needles and Bleach. Washington, D.C.: National Academy
Press, National Research Council and National Institute of
Medicine, 1995: 224-226, 248-250; United States. Office of
Technology Assessment of the U.S. Congress. The Effectiveness of
AIDS Prevention Efforts. Springfield, VA: National Technology
Information Service, 1995; National Institutes of Health Consensus
Panel. Interventions to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors. Kensington,
MD: National Institutes of Health Consensus Program Information
Center, Feb. 1997. Also see: Paone, D., and D.C. Des Jarlais, R.
Gangloff, J. Milliken, S.R. Friedman. “Syringe Exchange: HIV prevention,
key findings, and future directions.” International Journal of
the Addictions 30, 1995: 1647-1683; Watters, J.K., and M.J. Estilo,
G.L. Clark, J. Lorvick. “Syringe and Needle Exchange as HIV/AIDS
Prevention for Injection Drug Users.” Journal of the American
Medical Association 271, 1994: 15-120.
104 United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 2004 Vol. 16, 2005: 20 (Table 10).
105 United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Drug-Associated HIV Transmission Continues in the United States.
Washington, D.C.: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
May 2002.
106 United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Viral Hepatitis and Injection Drug User. Washington, D.C.:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Sep. 2002.
107 Li-Tzy ScD, Wu, and Daniel J. Pilowsky MD, Wendee M. Wechsberg
PhD, William E. Schlenger PhD. “Injection Drug Use Among
Stimulant Users in a National Sample.” American Journal of Drug
and Alcohol Abuse 30. 1, 2004: 61-83.
108 Ross, Timberly. “Study: Meth addicts in rural areas face more health
problems.” Associated Press. 25 Apr. 2007.
109 Ibid. A recent Nebraska-funded study found that rural addicts
began using meth at a younger age, were more likely to use the
drug intravenously and to be dependent on alcohol or cigarettes.
They also exhibited more signs of psychosis than urban addicts,
45 percent vs. 29 percent, according to the study.
110 Schackman, B. “The Lifetime Cost of Current Human
Immunodeficiency Virus Care in the United States.” Medical Care
44, Nov. 2006: 990-997.
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