The Total Water Cost of Seawater Desalination
The Total Water Cost of Seawater Desalination
The Total Water Cost of Seawater Desalination
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<strong>The</strong> <strong>Total</strong> <strong>Water</strong> <strong>Cost</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Seawater</strong> <strong>Desalination</strong><br />
Tom Pankratz, pankratztm@gmail.com<br />
24 th WateReuse Symposium<br />
Seattle, Washington – September 2009
<strong>Total</strong> <strong>Water</strong> <strong>Cost</strong> (TWC)<br />
WateReuse <strong>Desalination</strong> Workshop — Tom Pankratz<br />
<strong>The</strong> cost calculated by dividing the sum <strong>of</strong> the<br />
amortized capital costs and annual O&M<br />
costs by the average annual water production.
WateReuse <strong>Desalination</strong> Workshop — Tom Pankratz<br />
<strong>Seawater</strong> <strong>Desalination</strong> <strong>Water</strong> <strong>Cost</strong><br />
$ per 1000 gallons
WateReuse <strong>Desalination</strong> Workshop — Tom Pankratz<br />
Technical Factors Influencing SWRO TWC<br />
Capacity<br />
Subsurface intake<br />
Intake<br />
Pretreatment<br />
Source water quality<br />
Intake type<br />
Feed water quality<br />
Capacity<br />
Surface intake<br />
Combined intake<br />
Co-located intake<br />
Conventional filtration<br />
Pump<br />
Media filtration<br />
Cartridge filtration<br />
Flocculation<br />
Sedimentation<br />
Dissolved air flotation<br />
Diatomaceous earth filter<br />
Two-stage, granular media<br />
Single-stage, granular media<br />
Vertical pressure filter<br />
Horizontal pressure filter<br />
Gravity filter<br />
RO system<br />
Energy saving<br />
Pretreatment type<br />
Membrane type<br />
Redundant capacity<br />
Configuration<br />
High pressure pump<br />
Energy (pressure) recovery device<br />
Membrane filtration<br />
Renewable energy (solar, wind, etc)<br />
Submerged MF/UF<br />
Pressure MF/UF<br />
8” diameter / 16” diameter<br />
Hollow fiber / spiral wound<br />
Number and size <strong>of</strong> individual RO trains<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> vessels per RO train<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> elements per vessel<br />
Multi stage & passes<br />
HP and/or Booster pump<br />
Permeate blending & throttling<br />
Concentrate recycle<br />
Centrifugal pump<br />
Positive displacement pump<br />
Pelton wheel<br />
Turbocharger<br />
Pressure exchanger<br />
Post-treat<br />
Permeate water<br />
Concentrate<br />
Product water quality<br />
Remineralization, pH adjustment<br />
Disinfection<br />
Boron removal<br />
Blending (hybrid)<br />
Shoreline discharge<br />
Nozzle diffuser<br />
Wastewater effluent blending<br />
Blended with cooling water
WateReuse <strong>Desalination</strong> Workshop — Tom Pankratz<br />
Unit <strong>Cost</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Water</strong> Logic Tree<br />
Annual Debt<br />
Service On<br />
Conveyance<br />
<strong>Total</strong> Capital<br />
<strong>Cost</strong> Of<br />
Conveyance<br />
X<br />
Capital<br />
Recovery<br />
Factor<br />
Annual<br />
Interest Rate<br />
Debt Service<br />
Period<br />
Annual Debt<br />
Service on<br />
Capital Items<br />
Annual Debt<br />
Service on<br />
<strong>Water</strong> Production<br />
<strong>Total</strong> Capital<br />
<strong>Cost</strong> <strong>of</strong> Concerns<br />
And Treatment<br />
X<br />
Capital<br />
Recovery<br />
Factor<br />
Annual<br />
Interest Rate<br />
Debt Service<br />
Period<br />
<strong>Total</strong><br />
Annual <strong>Cost</strong><br />
Annual<br />
Conveyance<br />
<strong>Cost</strong><br />
Power cost<br />
Maintenance<br />
<strong>Cost</strong>s<br />
<strong>Cost</strong> <strong>of</strong> Power<br />
$/m 3<br />
Annual Yield<br />
(m 3 /yr)<br />
Annual<br />
O&M <strong>Cost</strong><br />
Annual<br />
Production<br />
<strong>Cost</strong><br />
Power <strong>Cost</strong>s<br />
Chemical<br />
<strong>Cost</strong>s<br />
Consumable<br />
<strong>Cost</strong>s<br />
<strong>Cost</strong> <strong>of</strong> Power<br />
<strong>Cost</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Chemicals<br />
Replaceable<br />
Items<br />
Maximum Daily<br />
<strong>Water</strong> Production<br />
Annual Plant Utility<br />
Days Online/Year<br />
X<br />
% Daily Plant<br />
Capacity<br />
Institutional<br />
<strong>Cost</strong>s<br />
Maintenance<br />
<strong>Cost</strong>s<br />
Labor <strong>Cost</strong>s<br />
Regulatory <strong>Cost</strong>s<br />
Compliance <strong>Cost</strong>s<br />
Access Charges<br />
Other Institutional Charges<br />
$/FTE x FTE
A Tale <strong>of</strong> Two Projects<br />
WateReuse <strong>Desalination</strong> Workshop — Tom Pankratz<br />
Perth<br />
Sydney<br />
Capacity (MGD) 33 66<br />
Distance from intake (miles)
Intake <strong>Cost</strong>s Increasing<br />
WateReuse <strong>Desalination</strong> Workshop — Tom Pankratz<br />
• 33 MGD SWRO Gold Coast, Australia<br />
• SWRO facility: $557 million<br />
• Intake/outfall: $280 million<br />
• 50 MGD SWRO Carlsbad, California<br />
• SWRO facility: $300 million<br />
• Intake/outfall: $150 million (new open sea)<br />
$415 million (slant well)<br />
$438 million (horiz ‘Ranney’)<br />
$638 million (infiltraion gallery)<br />
$650 million (beach wells)
WateReuse <strong>Desalination</strong> Workshop — Tom Pankratz<br />
Product water quality impacts water cost<br />
courtesy Lisa Henthorne
WateReuse <strong>Desalination</strong> Workshop — Tom Pankratz<br />
SWRO Capital <strong>Cost</strong> Breakdown<br />
External 2%<br />
General & Prelim 3%<br />
Instrument & Controls 5%<br />
Spares 1%<br />
Commissioning 2%<br />
Process Mechanical 35%<br />
Electrical 20%<br />
Architectural 20%<br />
Civil 20%<br />
Structural 10%<br />
from <strong>Water</strong>lines:NWC Australia
WateReuse <strong>Desalination</strong> Workshop — Tom Pankratz<br />
Where is best hope <strong>of</strong> reducing SWRO TWC?<br />
WDR reader survey
<strong>Total</strong> <strong>Water</strong> <strong>Cost</strong> (TWC)<br />
WateReuse <strong>Desalination</strong> Workshop — Tom Pankratz<br />
<strong>The</strong>re is no global standard for reporting<br />
desalinated water costs and a direct<br />
comparison is <strong>of</strong>ten meaningless. <strong>The</strong><br />
scope, and technical and commercial<br />
aspects <strong>of</strong> the projects must be considered
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