Silvopastures: a Pantry and Pharmacy for Man and Beast

Nov. 2011 ©Jerry Brunetti 

Silvopastures: a Pantry and Pharmacy 

for Man and Beast 

Silvopasturing Conference NY

Phytochemistry of Plant Constituents 

• Amino Acids 

• Carbohydrates 

• Lipids 

• Polyphenols 

• Terpenes 

• Sterols 

• Alkaloids 

Over 80,000 

Isolated Plant Compounds

Plant Primary Compounds 

• Energy: Sugars, Cellulose, Hemi-cellulose, Fats 

(PUFA’s, Mono, EFA’s, Saturated), Starch, Fructans, 

Glucans, etc. 

• Protein: 50,000 Different Kinds (22 Amino Acids) 

• Minerals: Macro (Ca, Na, Cl, P, K, Mg, S); Micro (B, 

Cr, Se, I, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Cu, Mo, Vn, Si) 

• Vitamins: (A, D, E & K), B-Complex and Ascorbate

Plant Secondary Metabolites 

•Terpenes: (Carotenoids, Essential Oils) 25,000 

- Protect Chlorophyll from U.V. 

- Pest Resistance 

•Phenolics: (e.g. Tannins, Lignin) 8,000 

-Builds Organic Matter 

-Protection from Environmental Extremes including Flavonoids 

•Alkaloids: 8,000 

-Pest Resistance 

-Germination Rates, 

-Drought Tolerance

Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense 

• Grazing Animals (tannins, 

essential oils, alkaloids) 

• Ultra Violet Radiation 

• Bacteria, Fungi, Virus 

• Defense Against Competing 

Plants (walnuts) 

• Vulnerable Fruits & Younger 

Tissue are higher in PSM’s

Plant Secondary Metabolites as Attractants 

Color to Attract 

Pollinators 

Perfume to Attract 

Pollinators 

Molecular Signals to 

Promote Colonization 

by Mycorrhizae and 

Rhizobia

Pollinators 

• Hundreds of Thousands! 

– Bats, mosquitoes, mice, ants, opossums, bees, monkeys, 

beetles, flies, lizards, birds, butterflies, flying foxes 

–

Anti-Pest Exudates 

Root Volatiles 

• Attract enemies of root feeding pests 

Eg: Sesquiterpene B-caryophyllene 

attracts nematode 

(Hetero rhabditis megadis) 

attacks beetle larvae 

(diabrotica virgifera) 

Atmospheric Volatiles 

• Atmospheric volatiles warn neighbors gene expression 

• Produce repellents, intoxicants against enemies 

• Attract seed dispersers and pollinators

UNIVERSTIY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 

FORESTRY RESEARCH

Maple Leaf 

Poplar Leaf 

Rapid Changes in Tree Leaf Chemistry Induced 

by Damage: Evidence for Communication 

Between Plants 

Ian Baldwin; Jack Schultz: Science, July 15, 1983, Vol. 221 pp 

277-279

Elephant Feeding on Mopane Trees (Colophospermum mopane)

Giraffes Feeding on 

Acacias

Herbivores Consume Bulk as 3-7 Plants/Meal 

Herbivores “Nibble” on 50-100 Plants per Day

Resource Rich Environments 

• Organic Matter, 

Nutrients, Water, 

Sunlight 

• Promote Plants with 

High Levels of 

Primary 

Compounds and 

Moderate Levels of 

Secondary 

Compounds 

• Positively Influence 

the Flavor, Color, 

Quality, of Meat & 

Milk

Resource Poor Environments 

(Naturally Occurring) 

• Lower Levels 

of Primary 

Compounds 

• High Levels 

of Secondary 

Compounds 

– Deter 

Feeding by 

Herbivores

Resource Poor Environments 

(Man-Made) 

• Lower Levels of some/all 

Primary Compounds 

• Low Levels of Secondary 

Compounds 

• Negative Influence of 

Flavor, Color, Quality of 

Meat & Milk

•Attract Highly Specialized Herbivores 

•Herbivores Attract Generalist Predators 

• Predators Feed on Pests 

•Hedgerows Create More Bio-Mass (a.k.a Dry Matter) For 

Every Level of Livestock (microbial to ruminant)

British Hedgerows 

2,000 years of Biodiversity 

• 600 plant species 

• 1500 insect species 

• 65 bird species 

• 20 mammal species 

Micro-Climate: Transpiration by Day Dew at night 

Position Hedgerows on Higher Ground 

-fertility moves down hill 

Australian Hedgerows: 50-100 meters wide

The Original Permaculturalist

Average Composition of Nuts & Other Foods 

KIND OF 

FOOD 

REFUSE 

% 

WATER 

% 

PROTEIN 

% FAT % 

CARBOHYDRATES 

SUGARS, 

STARCH, 

ETC. % 

CRUDE 

FIBER % ASH % 

FUEL 

VALUE/ # 

Calories 

Acorn, fresh 17.80 34.7 4.4 4.7 50.4 4.2 1.6 1265 

Almond 47.00 4.9 21.4 54.4 13.8 3.0 2.5 2895 

Beechnut 69.90 6.6 21.8 49.9 18.0 3.7 2740 

Brazil Nut 49.35 4.7 17.4 65.0 5.7 3.9 3.3 3120 

Butternut 86.40 4.5 27.9 61.2 3.4 3.0 3370 

Chestnut, 

fresh 15.70 43.4 6.4 6.0 41.3 1.5 1.4 1140 

Chestnut, dry 23.40 6.1 10.7 7.8 70.1 2.9 2.4 1840 

Chestnut 

Flour …… 7.8 4.6 3.4 80.5 3.4 1780 

Filbert 52.08 5.4 16.5 64.0 11.7 2.4 3100 

Hazelnut Meal …… 2.7 11.7 65.6 17.8 2.2 3185 

Hickory Nut 62.20 3.7 15.4 67.4 11.4 2.1 3345 

Other foods 

for 

Comparison 

…… 

Beans Dried …… 12.6 22.5 1.8 55.2 4.4 3.5 1650 

Potatoes 20.00 78.3 2.2 0.1 18.0 0.4 1.0 385 

Apples 25.00 84.6 0.4 0.5 13.0 1.2 0.3 290

Copper Content in mg/kg Dry Matter in Leaves & Grass 

Sycamore Maple 

7.7 

(Nitrogen accumulator) 

Field Maple 11.2 

Birch 12.2 

Oak 12.0 

Alder (Nitrogen accumulator) 13.6 

Elder 12.0 

Ash 18.2 

Smooth Oat Grass 3.6 

Cocksfoot 6.7 

Crushed Barley 2.7

Gemmotherapy 

• Detoxification 

• Drainage

Biological Activity of Bee Propolis in Health & Disease 

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 

Volume 7, 2006, 22-31 

• Anti-Bacterial 

• Anti-Viral 

• Anti-Fungal 

• Anti-Inflammatory 

• Anti-Parasitical 

• Anti-Tumor 

• Anti-Ulcer 

• Liver Protective 

• Brain Protective 

• Heart Protective 

• Immuno-Stimulant 

More than 300 compounds! 

Dependent Upon Geography and Time of Year

Osage Orange 

Persimmon 

Kentucky Coffee Tree 

Filbert 

Common Paw Paw

Choke Cherry 

Sand Cherry 

Nanking Cherry 

Buffalo Berry

Plum 

Apricot 

Apple 

Pear

Cornelius 

Dogwood 

Currants 

Viburnum 

Elderberry

Persimmon 

Grapes 

Raspberries 

Thornless 

Blackberries

Riparian Buffers

Silvo Pasturing

Oak Savannah

Environmental Stress Factors 

1. Average Minimum Air Temp. (Wind Chill?) 

2. Average Maximum Air Temp. 

3. Radiant Heat Load (Infra-red?) 

4. Hours Above 89°F/29.5°C (Humidity?)

Temperature Thresholds 

• At 72°F Milk Production Begins to Drop Slowly 

• At 80°F Milk Production Begins to Drop Suddenly 

Holsteins & Jerseys will seek shade at 84°F/27°C 

• Each Hot (>85°F/27°C) and Muggy (humidity>45%) 

Day Reduced Summer Long Steer Gains By 1 lb. 

(0.45 Kg) 

(Southern Plains Exp. Range, Woodward, OK)

Hydraulic Lift & Redistribution 

“Hydraulic Lift: Consequences of Water Efflux from the Roots of Plants” 

Martin Caldwell, Todd Dawson, James Richards

Hydraulic Lift & Redistribution 

9-18 Gallons per 

tree, per Night 

Water Harvested @ 

6’(+) below & “Banked” 

for Following Day 

“Hydraulic Lift: Consequences of Water Efflux from the Roots of Plants” 

Martin Caldwell, Todd Dawson, James Richards

Flax Row

Flax Gel

Poplar Row

Poplar Sprout

Fuijoa Row

Fuijoa Flowering

ALFALFA Dandelion Lamb's Qtr Chicory Comfrey Plantain Leaf Burdock Cleavers Dock 

Protein 20.97% 25.00% 31.70% 19.5 23.7 19.6 25.7 29.0 11.7 32.7 

Digestable Protein 14.7 18.5 14.7 20.4 23.5 7.3 26.9 

Soluble Protein 4.7 2.7 2.9 4.3 3.9 1.2 1.6 

Protein Solubility 50.07% 24.40% 18.10% 24.2 11.4 15.0 16.8 13.4 9.9 4.9 

Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio 11:1 10:1 12:1 8:1 14:1 6:1 4:1 5:1 7:1 15:1 

Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 19.20% 15.00% 32.8 29.8 34.1 22.6 25.1 40.6 19.5 

Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.61% 30.00% 21.90% 46.8 42.2 45.8 34.4 36.5 49.1 44.7 

Relative Feed Value 136.20% 229.00% 329.00% 126 145 127 193 177 108 153 

TDN (est.) Total Digestible Nutients 63.89% 80.90% 85.60% 63.5 66.8 64.4 74.5 71.8 57.1 77.8 

ME (mcal/lb) 1.33 1.41 1.04 1.10 1.06 1.22 1.18 0.94 1.28 

Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 69.9 74.3 54.0 57.0 54.7 64 61.6 48 67.1 

NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.85 0.9 0.65 0.69 0.66 0.77 0.75 0.58 0.81 

NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.895 0.959 0.648 0.697 0.661 0.806 0.768 0.551 0.853 

NE/Gain (mcal/lb) 0.6 0.655 0.383 0.426 0.394 0.523 0.490 0.295 0.564 

Calcium 1.58% 1.04% 1.10% 0.89 2.73 1.84 4.38 2.10 1.3 0.83 

Phosphorous 0.37% 0.33% 0.39% 0.31 0.20 0.26 0.41 0.34 0.39 0.37 

Potassium 2.05% 4.46% 7.66% 3.59 3.94 2.97 3.01 3.28 2.46 3.53 

Magnesium 0.46% 0.26% 0.55% 0.26 0.39 0.17 0.39 0.43 0.25 0.64 

Sodium 759ppm 0.04 0.04 0.011 0.005 0.028 0.014 0.020 

Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.41% 0.43% 0.37 0.27 0.53 0.94 0.90 0.26 0.35 

ppm Iron 171 657 91 195 176 83 349 149 70 111 

ppm Copper 15 15 8 14 29 12 11 26 13 13 

ppm Zinc 30 34 46 43 46 44 40 32 127 38 

ppm Manganese 23 35 138 36 192 30 36 47 66 36 

ppm Boron 50 30 44 28 42 29 67 32 15 31 

Nettle 

Curly

Day Lily Day Lily Echinacea Wild Grape Wild Rasp Willow Hazlenut Mulberry Chinese 

ALFALFA Leaf Blossom Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Chstnt Lf 

Protein 20.97% 20.6 23.4 15.7 22.1 15.2 19.8 14.1 26.2 21.8 

Digestable Protein 15.7 18.3 11.1 17.1 10.6 14.9 9.6 20.9 16.7 

Soluble Protein 5.4 14.8 1.8 1.2 0.4 1.5 0.7 3.6 14.7 

Protein Solubility 50.07% 26.4 63.0 11.4 5.6 2.8 7.5 4.9 13.7 67.7 

Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio 11:1 19:1 20:1 12:1 14:1 16:1 7:1 14:1 17:1 11:1 

Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 28.2 17.0 20 19.5 22.6 24.9 20.2 21.5 41.2 

Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.01% 35.7 23.5 29.3 34.6 43.1 37.6 42.3 34.2 70.9 

Relative Feed Value 136.20% 175 299 233 198 154 172 161 197 75 

TDN (est.) 63.89% 70.9 83.4 77.3 77.8 74.5 72 77.1 75.7 54.6 

ME (mcal/lb) 1.16 1.37 1.27 1.28 1.22 1.18 1.27 1.24 0.9 

Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 60.7 72.2 66.6 67.1 64 61.8 66.4 65.1 45.7 

NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.74 0.87 0.81 0.81 0.77 0.75 0.8 0.79 0.55 

NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.756 0.929 0.845 0.853 0.806 0.771 0.842 0.823 0.513 

NE Gain (mcal/lb) 0.479 0.629 0.557 0.564 0.523 0.493 0.555 0.538 0.259 

Calcium 1.58% 0.81 0.39 2.57 1.91 0.85 1.45 1.44 3.09 1.37 

Phosphorous 0.37% 0.25 0.43 0.25 0.32 0.16 0.23 0.12 0.26 0.2 

Potassium 2.05% 2.24 2.17 2.22 0.95 1.6 1.71 0.75 1.85 0.84 

Magnesium 0.46% 0.20 0.17 0.88 0.25 0.29 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.37 

Sodium 759ppm 0.025 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.011 0.04 0.016 0.015 

Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.15 0.44 0.16 0.24 0.31 

ppm Iron 171 203 86 131 502 100 117 118 154 120 

ppm Copper 15 10 22 21 16 18 13 19 12 15 

ppm Zinc 30 25 66 32 32 35 105 27 36 61 

ppm Manganese 23 54 40 132 89 210 101 373 63 160 

ppm Boron 50 49 16 66 31 23 34 28 36 72

• 

• 

• 

•

Mulberry 

ALFALFA Leaf 

Protein 20.97% 26.2 

Digestable Protein 20.9 

Soluble Protein 3.6 

Protein Solubility 50.07% 13.7 

Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio 11:1 17:1 

Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 21.5 

Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.01% 34.2 

Relative Feed Value 136.20% 197 

TDN (est.) 63.89% 75.7 

ME (mcal/lb) 1.24 

Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 65.1 

NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.79 

NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.823 

NE Gain (mcal/lb) 0.538 

Calcium 1.58% 3.09 

Phosphorous 0.37% 0.26 

Potassium 2.05% 1.85 

Magnesium 0.46% 0.34 

Sodium 759ppm 0.016 

Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.24 

ppm Iron 171 154 

ppm Copper 15 12 

ppm Zinc 30 36 

ppm Manganese 23 63 

ppm Boron 50 36

Persimmons 

•Great companion fruit to Mulberry 

-Drops fruit from August- January 

•Grows in all soils 

•Fruit = 35% solids (apple = 13%) 

•Fruit = 32% sugars (apple = 10%) 

•Fruit rich in proteolytic enzymes (papain, bromelain), 

potassium, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, betacarotene

• 

•

Honey Locust Pasture 

(Gladitsia triacanthos) 

Alabama Ag Experiment Station 

Auburn, Alabama 1942-1945 

• 48 trees per acre @ 60 lbs pods/tree = 

3,000 lbs pods/acre 

– Equivalent to 50 bu. Corn or 100 bu. Oats 

– Pod sugar content @ 29-39% (sugar beets) 

– Protein at 13% 

• 2.5 tons of hay/acre as understory crop

• 

• 

•

ALFALFA Burdock 

Protein 20.97% 29.0 








TDN (est.) Total Digestible Nutients 63.89% 71.8 





NE/Gain (mcal/lb) 0.490 

Calcium 1.58% 2.10 










ppm Boron 50 32 

Alfalfa 

Versus 

Burdock

•Tonifying Properties 

•Diuretic 

•Expectorant 

•Restorative 

Properties for the 

Liver, 

and 

Kidneys

Nettle 

ALFALFA Leaf 

Protein 20.97% 25.7 








TDN (est.) Total Digestible Nutients 63.89% 74.5 


Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 64 




Calcium 1.58% 4.38 










ppm Boron 50 67

•Cleanses the Blood 

•Excellent Diuretic 

•Tonifying 

Properties 

•Enhances Hepatic 

Function

ALFALFA Dandelion 

Protein 20.97% 25.00% 

Digestable Protein 

Soluble Protein 

Protein Solubility 50.07% 24.40% 


Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 19.20% 

Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.61% 30.00% 

Relative Feed Value 136.20% 229.00% 

TDN (est.) Total Digestible Nutients 63.89% 80.90% 






Calcium 1.58% 1.04% 

Phosphorous 0.37% 0.33% 

Potassium 2.05% 4.46% 

Magnesium 0.46% 0.26% 

Sodium 759ppm 

Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.41% 





ppm Boron 50 30

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

•

Willow 

ALFALFA Leaf 

Protein 20.97% 19.8 








TDN (est.) 63.89% 72 





NE Gain (mcal/lb) 0.493 

Calcium 1.58% 1.45 










ppm Boron 50 34

Kiwi Willow Analysis 

Dry Basis As Recd Dry Basis As Recd 

% MOISTURE 21.7 

% DRY MATTER 78.3 

% PROTEIN 20.8 16.3 

% AVAILABLE PROTEIN 20.8 16.3 

% DIGESTIBLE PROTEIN 15.8 12.4 

% ACID DETERGENT 

FIBER 32.9 25.7 

% NEUTRAL DET. FIBER 40.4 31.7 

RFV 146 

%TDN 63.5 49.8 

ME (MCAL/LB) 1.043 0.817 

EST. NET ENERGY 

(T/CWT) 53.9 42.3 

NE/LACT (MCAL/LB) 0.653 0.512 

NE/MAINT (MCAL/LB) 0.648 0.508 

NE/GAIN (MCAL/LB) 0.383 0.300 

%NDFD 48 Hr, % NDF 39.2 30.7 

% CALCIUM 1.42 1.11 

% PHOSPHORUS 0.41 0.32 

% POTASSIUM 1.53 1.20 

% MAGNESIUM 0.16 0.13 

IRON PPM 151 119 

COPPER PPM 11 9 

ZINC PPM 49 38 

MANGANESE PPM 29 23 

% FAT 3.1 2.5 

% ASH 7.4 5.8 

% SUGAR 10.8 8.4 

RFQ 142 

% TDN- Univ. Wis. UW 62.3 48.8 

NE/LACT (MCAL/LB) UW 0.639 0.501 

MILK LBS./TON OF DM 2,839 

% IVTD 74.2 58.2 

NSCa 28.2 22.1 

4,500 Cuttings/Ha 1,800 Cuttings/ Acre 43,000 SF/AC ÷ 1800 = (1) per 25 square feet 

1.5 meter pollard height 6 tons edible dry matter/acre

Mean faecal egg counts (FEC) as eggs/g of faeces for 

undrenched lambs on the three forage treatments. 

One of three rotations in Browse block 

2400 trees/acre

Liveweight gain (LWG; g/day) and final dag score (units).

Salix humboltiana 

Salix matsudana 

Salix tangoio 

Salix kinayanagi 

www.hortresearch.co.nz/index/page/549 

www.hortresearch.co.nz/projects/fodder 

www.hortresearch.co.nz/wprc 

“Tree Grower” “Growing Today” 

“The Dominion Post” (Jan. & Feb. 2007)

Tannins (Phenolics) 

• Makes By-Pass Protein 

– EAA & BCAA Reproductive Efficiency 

– Reduces Rumen Ammonia (less BUN/MUN) 

– Enhances Immunity 

• Resistance Against Internal Parasites 

• Alleviates Bloat (binds to proteins in rumen) 

• Reduces Methane Production 

• Meat is lighter in color 

• Meat is higher in anti-oxidants 

• Meat is higher in Omega 3 

• Meat is lower in “gamey” flavor

Coping with Tannins 

• Large increase by Parotid Glands (Salivary) in Monogastrics of 

Proline-Rich Proteins (PRP) (Bind Tannins) 

– Binds tannins provided there’s enough energy 

(carbohydrate) to keep polypeptide chain adhesive to 

tannins 

– Humans can consume high tannin sorghum and red wine 

• Endocrine adaptation occurs in ruminants 

– Glycerol released from adipose tissue

Biodiverse Feedback Loop Systems 

• Tall Fescue: Endophyte 

(Alkaloid-Nitrogen Steroid) 

• Birdsfoot Trefoil: Condensed 

Tannins 

Binds nitrogen in Rumen 

Alfalfa: Saponins 

Binds Steroids in GI Tract 

Okunda, T. et. al. “Effects of Interaction of Tannins and Coexisting 

Substances; Formation and Solubilization of Precipitates with 

Alkaloids.” J. Pharm. Soc. Japan 102:854-858

Sheep on Rangeland 

• Prefer 

Sagebrush in 

Morning 

• Prefer Mixed 

Shrubs and 

Crested 

Wheatgrass 

Mid-Day 

• Prefer Salt 

Brush in 

Evening 

Gade & Provenza “Nutrition of sheep grazing crested 

wheatgrass versus wheat grass shrub pastures during 

winter.” J. Range Management 39:527-530

Alkaloids 

(Major Deterrent of Grazing) 

Betalain Alkaloids (Red/Purple) 

•Pokeberry (Phytolacca) 

•Beets 

Indole Alkaloids 

• Bitter in Taste (The Bitters) 

• Antidote to Excessive Tannin 

Intake 

• Synthesized in Roots 

• Common Alkaloids 

-Nicotine (Insecticide) 

-Caffeine (Slug-o-cide) 

-Morphine 

-Cocaine 

•Yohimbe 

•Cinchona: Quinone

Plant Defense & Animal Response 

Tropical Pastures 

Stylosanthes spp. Legume 

– a-pinene and sticky resin 

• Cattle tick immobilized by resin, killed by a-pinene 

“Insects and Plant Surface” by Sutherst, R.W. and Wilson, L.J. (1986) pp. 185-194

Terpenes 

• Monoterpenes 

– Anti-microbial 

– Anti-cancer 

• Essential Oils 

– Peppermint 

– Thyme 

– Oregano 

– Citrus 

• Small Volatile Molecules

Carotenes 

(Terpenes) 

•Alpha, beta, delta, gamma 

•Orange/yellow pigments 

•Dark green plants

Lycopene du Jour

Autumn Olive 

•17x Lycopene of 

Tomatoes 

•Nitrogen Fixing 

•Leaves are Fodder 

•Chelates Lead & Zinc 

•Nectar for Pollinators 

•Wildlife Food & Habitat

Who’s a Native- Who’s a Foreigner??? 

“It is unlikely that empirical studies, if undertaken, could show that 

in randomly selected ecosystems, non-native species, especially 

plants, are more important factors in extinction than are native 

species and many other contributing causes and conditions.” 

Mark Sagoff, PhD Senior Research Scholar 

Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy at the University of Maryland 

“The overall pattern almost always is that there’s some net 

increase in diversity, that seems to be because these native 

communities of species don’t completely fill all the niches. The 

exotics can fit in there.” 

Dr. James Brown, Ecologist at the University of New Mexico in “Friendly 

Invaders”

Who’s the Invasive Species???

Ben Mead’s Cows 

Eating Japanese 

Knotweed 

Ben Mead’s Cows 

Eating Nettle

Xanthophylls 

(Oxygenated Carotenes) 

•Lutein (kale, collards, spinach, egg yolk) 

•Capsanthin (peppers) 

•Cryptoxanthin 

•Zeaxanthin

Organic Milk’s Grass Pigments 

(Danish Institute of Agricultural Research) 

• 50% More Vitamin E 

• 75% More Beta Carotene 

• 200-300% More Lutein & Zeaxanthine

The Benefits of Carotenoids 

• Pro-Vitamin A (beta carotene): Animals cannot synthesize Vitamin A 

– Normal Development of skin, mucosa 

– Vision, Reproduction, resistance to bacterial/fungal disease 

• Endocrine Function 

– Gonadal Development/Maturation 

– Fertilization, Hatching, Growth 

• Protein Stability & Enzyme Function 

• Cell Membrane Permeability 

• Olfactory & Chemoreception 

• Oxygen Reservoirs (Oxygenation of Cells) 

• Mitochondria: Cross membrane calcium transfer 

• Anti-Oxidant: Absorb/reflect U.V. radiation and quench singlet oxygen 

• Immune Enhancement 

– N.K. Cell activity 

– Generate Wound/Healing 

– Slow Down Tumor Growth 

• Appetite Stimulation

“Antibiotic Properties of Essential Oils” 

International Journal of Food Microbiology 5 (1987) 165-180 

Plant Essential Oils Tested for Antibacterial Properties 

Almond (bitter) Caraway Fennel Melissa Rosemary 

Almond (sweet) Cardamom Geranium Mint (apple) Sage 

Angelica Celery Ginger Nutmeg St Johns Wort 

Anise Cinnamon Laurel Orange Sassafras 

Basil Citronella Lavender Orange (bitter) Spike 

Bay Clove Lemon Parsley Star Anise 

Bergamot Coriander Lime Pepper Thuja 

Calamus Dill Lovage Peppermint Thyme 

Chamomile Estragon Mandarin Pimento Valerian 

Cananga Eucalyptus Marjoram Rose Verbena

Test Bacteria (25) 

Acinetobacter calcoacetica Aeromonas hydrophila Alcaligenes faecalis 

Bacillus subtilis 

Baneckea natriegens 

Brevibacterium linens 

Brocothrix thermospacta Citrobacter freundi Clostridium sporogenes 

Enterobacter aerogenes Erwinia carotovora Escherichia coli 

Flavobacterium suaveolens Klebsiella pneumoniae Lactobacillus plantarum 

Leuconostoc cremoris Micrococcus luteus Moraxella sp 

Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella pullorum 

Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus faecalis 

Yersinia entercolitica

Test Results 

• All 50 Plant E.O’s inhibited at least (1) 

bacterium 

• 41 plant E.O.’s inhibited (5) or more 

bacterium 


bacterium 


bacterium

Essential Oil 

Number of genera 

Angelica 25 

Bay 24 

Cinnamon 23 

Clove 23 

Thyme 23 

Almond (bitter) 23 

Marjoram 22 

Pimento 22 

Geranium 21 

Lovage 20

Effect of Various Essential Oils Isolated from 

Douglas Fir Needles upon Sheep & Deer 

Rumen Microbial Activity 

Applied Microbiology, July 1967, p. 777-784

A 

Effect of 

Essential 

Oils From 

Douglas Fir 

Needles 

TIME (HOURS)

A 

Effect of 

Essential 

Oils From 

Douglas Fir 

Needles 

Time Hours

Newman Turner 

“Weed” Preferences to Supplement 

Grasses & Legumes 

Chicory 

Burnet 

Sheep’s Parsley 

Kidney Vetch 

Plantain 

Dandelion 

Fennel 

2 lbs 

4 lbs 

2 lbs 

1 lb 

1 lb 

1 lb 

½ lb

Foraging Behavior: 

Managing to Survive 

in a World of Change 

By Frederick D. Provenza

Farm as Farmacy 

“We have seen the future 

of medicine and the future 

is food.” 

Dr. Mitch Gaynor 

New York Strang Center 

for Cancer Prevention

Silvopastures: a Pantry and Pharmacy for Man and Beast

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