Quranic Arabic Program â Level 5: Advanced Arabic - Description ...

Quranic Arabic 

Program 

Level 5: Advanced Arabic 

Muhammad Mubashir Nazir 

At the end of this level, you’ll be able to appreciate the fine rhetorical 

concepts in the Arabic language. You’ll be able to understand the 

Islamic literature in Arabic without consulting a dictionary frequently. 

www.mubashirnazir.org 

This book is the beta version of this program. Quality review is in progress. Certain spelling, grammar or 

language mistakes are possible in this book.

Table of Contents 

Introduction 

Lesson 1A: Attributes of a Good Communication 

Lesson 1B: Surat-ul-Furqan to Surat-ul-Qasas 

Lesson 2A: Parables 

Lesson 2B: Surat-ul-A’kaboot to Surat-ul-Ahzaab 

Lesson 3A: Types of Parables 

Lesson 3B: A Selection of Hadith 

Lesson 4A: Allegory 

Lesson 4B: Khutubaat-ul-Arab 

Lesson 5A: Literal & Figurative Meanings 

Lesson 5B: Types of Deceived People 

Lesson 7B: An Introduction to Islamic Economics - Part I 

Lesson 8A: Real & Figurative Use of Interrogative Words 

Lesson 8B: An Introduction to Islamic Economics - Part II 

Lesson 9A: Wish, Hope & Call 

Lesson 9B: Travels of Ibn Batuta 

Description 

Lesson 6A: Special Types of Metaphorical Meanings 

Lesson 6B: Applying the Procedure of Evaluation of Hadith Authenticity 

Lesson 7A: Descriptive & Non-Descriptive Styles 

Lesson 10A: Description & Omission 

Lesson 10B: Human Being in the Muslim Philosophy 

Page 

4 

7 

13 

35 

38 

56 

60 

79 

82 

104 

113 

135 

143 

163 

170 

192 

201 

223 

229 

254 

259 

Quranic Arabic Program 2 

Level 05

Table of Contents 

Description 

Lesson 11A: Sequence of Words 

Lesson 11B: Political Views of Ibn Khaldun 

Lesson 12A: Use of Proper & Common Nouns 

Lesson 12B: Views of Muslim Philosophers on Ethics 

Lesson 13A: Use of Specifications in a Sentence 

Lesson 13B: An Introduction to Quranic Studies 

Lesson 14A: Limiting Something 

Lesson 14B: The Seven Odes – Part I 

Lesson 15A: Amount of Words to Describe Meanings 

Lesson 15B: The Seven Odes – Part II 

Lesson 16A: Use of Communication for a Different Purposes 

Lesson 16B: Styles of Expression in the Quran 

Lesson 17A: Turning the Direction of Communication 

Lesson 17B: Surat-ul-Saba to Surat-ul-Zumur 

Lesson 18A: I’lm-ul-Badee’ 

Lesson 18B: Surat-ul-Mu’min to Surat-ul-Hujuraat 

What’s Next? 

Bibliography 

Page 

280 

284 

305 

315 

335 

340 

361 

365 

384 

391 

411 

415 

439 

441 

464 

469 

499 

500 



Introduction 

Dear Reader: 

Assalam o alaikum! 

Thanks for selecting “Quranic Arabic Program” to learn the Arabic Language. We will take you through a 

series of lessons. At the end, you will be able to understand the Arabic Language Insha Allah. This program 

contains an easy approach to learn the Arabic Language. This program covers the language of Islamic 

Literature but it is name the “Quranic Arabic Program” because the Quran resides at the central position in 

this program. 

People learn Arabic Language due to two reasons: To understand the Quran, the Hadith and classic Arabic 

Literature; or to speak and write in the modern Arabic to communicate with Arabs. This course is targeted 

towards the former objective. Although people with the second objectives can also get benefit of this 

program. 

Due to its systematic nature, Arabic is one of the easiest languages of the world. It has well-defined rules 

and a developed language structure. If you are familiar with these rules, you can learn this language in a few 

weeks. 

To understand the Quran and the Hadith, it is essential to learn the Arabic Language used in the Quran, the 

Hadith and the Islamic literature. We will focus on its linguistics, philology and figurative speech. 

Study Methodology 

Study Methodology is very simple. Study one lesson daily. Solve all the exercises provided under “Test 

Yourself”. Do not read the answers before attempting the questions. Once you solve the exercises, compare 

your answers with the answers provided to you. In a few weeks, you will find that your Arabic Language 

skills are improving. 

The Boxes 

Following boxes are provided to you for your ready reference. They contain very important information for 

you. 

Build Your Personality 

Objective of our course is not only 

teaching the Quranic Arabic. We are 

also concerned about transforming our 

personalities according to Quranic 

teachings. This box will provide you the 

tips for Personality Development. 

Rule of the Day 

Grammar and language rules will be 

provided in this box. 

Do you know? 

Facts about the Arabs, their Language, 

Islamic literature and history will be 

provided in this box. 

Face the Challenge! 

This box will challenge you which will help 

you in developing your language skills 

Worth Reading 

Links to good articles will be provided in 

this box. 



Introduction 

The Program is organized as follows: 

• Level 0: The objective of this level is to enable you to read the Arabic script. 

• Level 1: The objective of this level is to enable you to understand the religious Arabic used in the 

routine life. 

• Level 2: This level is designed to improve your language skills. You learn basic grammar and enhance 

your vocabulary. After completing this level, you become able to understand 30-40% of the Islamic 

literature in Arabic by using a dictionary. 

• Level 3: This level enhances your skills further. You read advanced concepts of grammar. Your 

vocabulary becomes vast. After completing this level, you become able to understand 75-80% of the 

Islamic literature in Arabic by using a dictionary. 

• Level 4: You complete your studies of Arabic Grammar at this level. At completion of this level, you 

become able to read 100% of the Islamic literature in Arabic by using a dictionary. 

• Level 5: This is the last level of this program. You study the advanced concepts of “Arabic Eloquence” 

at this level. At the end of this level, you become able to appreciate the fine rhetorical concepts in the 

Arabic language. It enables you to understand the Islamic literature in Arabic without consulting a 

dictionary frequently. 

Level 1 – 5 are also divided into two streams. “A” series deal with the rules of Arabic Grammar & 

Eloquence. Enough exercises are provided to you to learn the Grammar & Eloquence rules. 

The objective of “B” Series is to build your vocabulary. Passages from the Quran, the Hadith and selected 

writings of Arab scholars are provided to you. You have to learn the words and styles and then translate the 

passages into English. You need not to cram these words. The lessons and the exercises are designed in a 

way that you will automatically learn the grammar rules, words and Arabic styles. At this level, we shall not 

provide you the answers for the B Series. 

This program is not designed to teach you day-to-day conversation in the Arabic language. This program is 

also not designed to teach you how to write in Arabic language. But this program will help you in achieving 

these two objectives. You need an Arabic speaking environment as well as a teacher to achieve these two 

objectives. Nevertheless, the program is basically designed to teach you comprehension in the Arabic 

language. 

Ask Your Questions 

If you are facing difficulty in any lesson, feel free to ask your questions. Send an email at 

mubashirnazir100@gmail.com. Feel free to share your views and valuable comments. Scholars of Arabic 

language are strongly requested to please identify any mistakes in this book. Any constructive criticism will 

be highly welcomed. 

Important Note 

This book is the beta version of this program. Quality review is in progress. 

Certain spelling, grammar or language mistakes are possible in this book. 



Introduction 

Set-up Your Resources 

Enable the Arabic Language in your computer. Follow these steps: 

For Windows Vista Users 

• Open "Regional and Language Options" from Control Panel 

• Press “Keyboards and Languages” tab. 

• Press “Change keyboards…” button 

• Press “Add” button 

• Select “Input Language: “Arabic“ 

For Windows XP Users 


• Choose Language tab. 

• Check the "Install files for Complex Script and right-to-left languages (Including Thai)". 

• Press Apply to proceed 

• Press Details button. 

• Press Add button. 

• Select the “Arabic (Saudi Arabia)” in Input Language drop down list. 

• Select the default “Arabic (102)” keyboard. 

• Press “OK” and then “Apply”. 

The system may ask you to provide Windows CD during this process. 

Warning: If you are using an unlicensed version of Windows, it may corrupt. 

Download the following resources from this link to continue this program: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/Courses/Arabic/Level01/AR000-01-Contents-E.htm 

• The Holy Quran 

• Arabic Font 

• A Dictionary: Download the Sakhr Arabic-English Dictionary and install it in your computer. After 

that, do the following steps: 


• In Regional Options change the standard format to Arabic (Saudi Arabia), and the location to be 

Saudi Arabia 

• Press the 'Advanced' card (The third card up) and then change the language to Arabic (Saudi 

Arabia), then ok and restart your computer. 

• Check that Sakhr Dictionary is working. 

• Go back to the Regional Settings and change the settings to your normal settings. 




Dear Reader! 

Congratulations! Now you have completed the rules 

of Arabic Grammar. You are able to read any Arabic 

book with the help of a dictionary. With the 

expansion of your vocabulary, your dependence on 

dictionary will decrease. 


Take care of your parents. They have taken 

care of you, when you were not able to do 

anything. 

From this lesson, we are going to start the discussion about Advanced Arabic. In the classical language in 

which the Quran was revealed, was considered extremely important. The Arabs used to 

conduct prose and poetry competitions in their festivals. Their Orators used to deliver sermons and their 

poets used to read their poems. The winner was awarded in a way that his master-piece was hanged with the 

wall of the Holy Ka’aba. These orators and poets enjoyed the highest status in their society. 

At that time, the Quran was revealed. All Arabs whether they believed or not that it is the book of God, 

agreed on the point that the language of the Quran is at the highest level of , and that level is 

not achievable for any human being. At that time, the Almighty Allah challenged the opponents of Quran to 

produce a language master-piece equivalent to the language of Quran with their combined effort. 

 

 

(2:23 ) . 

If you are in doubt what We have revealed on Our servant (Muhammad), bring a chapter like it and call all 

of your helpers (for it ), if you are true. 

Despite of their communication skills, they failed to produce something like the Quran. Even the strongest 

opponents of Islam and Prophet Muhammad admired the language of the Quran. Walid 

Bin Mughira, who was one of the major opponents of Islam, said to his friend Abu Jahl, “No person knows 

war-poetry, biographical-poetry, intuitional-poetry and general poetry better than me, but by God, nothing is 

comparable to this Quran. The sweetness and beauty of this communication is excellent.” 

In these lessons, we shall learn the communication standards of the Classical Arabic. 

Do you know? 

Scholars differ on the definition of the term “Literature ”. Some include every 

written item in it. Some of them use it to describe that piece of communication which 

causes a change in mind, and emotions of its audience. An effective piece of 

communication must be clear, complete, concise, cohesive, concrete, correct and 

creating a nice impression. It should contain unique way of description, intellectual 

depth, fantastic imagination, and attractive presentation. This is called “effectiveness”. 

The effectiveness of a good piece of communication is similar to that of a masterpiece 

of music, painting, poetry or some other art. 




Fasahah 

Literal meaning of is “to become clear”. The is the communication that is clear in 

meanings. The words used in that communication should be formed by the grammar rules, their meaning 

should be easily understandable by the people of that language. The words are used in a style that is widely 

used by the language experts. 

In evaluating the of a communication in a particular language, literary taste of its native people is 

very important. It is the sense that distinguishes between the good and the bad language. For example, to 

describe the rainy clouds, Arabs use different words i.e. etc. First two words are easy to 

speak. They produce good acoustic effect on the ears of the listener. On the contrary, the word is 

difficult to speak and it also creates a sense of ugliness while listening. 

Language experts have describe the following attributes of a communication: 

• The communication should not be formed against the grammar rules unless the native people use that 

style against the grammar rule as an exception. 

• The communication should not include any ugly word which is difficult to speak and creates a bad 

impression on the listener. 

• The communication should not include a combination of words that is difficult to speak or listen. For 

example, try to read briskly the following verse of an Arab poet about the war: 

: 

(The grave of war is in the desert: Going near to the grave of war is not a grave itself.) 

It is very difficult to read this verse briskly. Therefore, it is not a communication. 

• The words must be arranged in a proper sequence. If the arrangement is not proper, it may result in 

unclear meaning. For example “If this hat does not fit your head, it should be made smaller.” In this 

sentence, it is not clear which should be made smaller i.e. head or hat? The correct sequence is “The hat 

should be made smaller, if it does not fit your head.” 

• Proper words should be used which clearly describe the intended meanings. The words must be wellknown 

and they must be used by the language experts i.e. writers and poets. 

• The communication must be free of unnecessary repetition and use of too many words. 

Balaghat 

is the appropriateness of a communication to its audience. The is the communication that is 

and appropriate words and sentences are used with respect to audient in order to produce desired 

results. For example, if the objective of an advertisement is to invoke its audience to buy a product and 

people got bored by looking at the advertisement, it will not be a communication. 

is an art that refines the aesthetic sense of a student. After learning it, the student is able to differentiate 

between an appropriate or an inappropriate communication. 




Balaghat (continued) 

is like painting. As an artist uses an excellent combination of colors to affect different physical and 

intellectual senses of his audience, the communicator uses an excellent combination of words and 

sentences to affect the physical and intellectual faculties of his audience. 

A good communicator organizes his views in form of appropriate words, sentences and styles and present it 

in a way that directly affect the listening, aesthetic, logical and emotional faculties of the audience in a 

positive way. A word, phrase or sentence may produce excellent effects at one place but may be extremely 

unsuitable at another place. For example, a piece of excellent comedy poetry may produce a great laughter at 

a matrimonial ceremony but it will be extremely unsuitable for a funeral ceremony. 

A communicator should consider the use of words, phrases and sentences appropriate to the intellectual 

level of audience, their emotions and personal trends, place, topic under discussion etc. The is not 

limited to the words or their meanings. It encompasses all the aspects of communication i.e. words, 

meanings, styles, audience, place, spot etc. 

I’lm-ul-Balaghah 

The is developed to describe the rules by which words are derived from a set of source letters. 

The is developed to describe the rules by which appropriate case is assigned to 

words. Similarly, there are three disciplines developed to describe the rules about . Their 

detail is as follows: 

• : It is the set of rules by learning which a person can protect himself / herself against 

the mistakes in describing some meaning. 

• : It is the set of rules by learning which a person can make his / her communication 

clear. 

• : It is the set of rules by learning which a person can communicate in a beautiful way. 


Describe ten attributes of . 

Rule of the Day: 

When a pointing noun is used with a proverb, it gives the meaning of “they 

are ones who”. For example (they are ones who are 

successful). 




Style 

(plural ) stands for the style in which something is described. It means the “style of 

expression” to achieve the specific objective of that communication. It includes a lot of this e.g. selection & 

sequence of words & sentences, expression of fine feelings etc. We’ll study them in the next chapters. There 

are three types of : 

• (Intellectual Style) 

• (Literary Style) 

• (Persuasive Style) 

Intellectual Style 

This is the plain style that targets to the intellect of the audience. In this style, fantastic imagination which is 

normally used by the poets is not used. Knowledge and intellectual arguments are clearly described. The 

major characteristic of this style is “clarity” of the communication. The power of communication is the 

clarity of language and presentation of arguments. The language is simple and does not require any 

commentary of explanation. Easy words are used and there is no confusion about the meaning of a word. 

Most of the text books are examples of this style. 

Literary Style 

This is the style of poets and some prose-writers. Its major attribute is fantasy and imagination. Wonderful 

ideas are presented, points which are difficult to understand are described in an absurd way, physical objects 

and deeply-rooted thoughts are discussed in an allegorical way. 

The poets do not look at the things like scientists. For example, a scientist considers a “rose” as a flower that 

is used in pollination to produce further plants of roses. On the contrary, a poet considers it as a symbol of 

“love”. A scientist considers the “moon” a planet on the sky moving around the earth. A poet considers it a 

symbol of “beauty”. A scientist considers the “fire” as something which burns. A poet may use this word to 

describe the human feelings of rage, hatred and jealousy. 

Persuasive Style 

It is the combination of above two styles used by the public-speakers. They use the power of words, 

meanings, arguments, logic, emotions to persuade their audience to do something. The main attribute of this 

style is its effectiveness. If a communication really motivates its audience to act accordingly, it is successful 

otherwise not. The effectiveness of that communication depends on the position of the speaker, his way of 

delivering the speech, his appearance, his style of presenting arguments, his use of voice and non-verbal 

methods to convey his message. 

The distinguishing feature of this style is the use of persuasive words, use of proverbs and different words 

persuading for the same objective. Different expressions e.g. descriptions, interrogations, exclamations and 

even silence (like a silence for a moment during the speech) are used to motivate for the same objective. 




Test Yourself 

1. Describe the distinguishing features of : 

2. Translate the following passages and identify the type of of each one. 

 

 

: ... 

 

. . 

 

 

. 

 

 

. 

. 

 

. . 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

: 

 

 




 

 

 

 

. 

 

 

 

. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. 

. 

. 

 

 

 

. 

. 

. 

. . : 

. : 

 

. 



ۚ 


Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall continue our study of the Holy Quran. 

The Surahs mentioned in the Lesson 1B & 2B are structured 

in a way that they give a complete message. It is your 

assignment to discover the structure of this part of the Quran. 

 


A successful person is one who can 

lay a firm foundation with the bricks 

that others throw at him or her. 

 

. 1 

. 

 

. 

. ۖ 

. 2 

 

3 . ۚ 

. ۙ 

. 

. 

ۖ . 

. . 

. . 

(1) The in indicates the love and affection of Almighty Allah for His Prophet . The chiefs of 

pagans were torturing the Prophet mentally. These verses indicate the concern of Almighty for His Prophet. The 

objective is to relieve the Prophet’s heart. (2) Use of means “he asked to write”. The question was raised 

because the pagans knew that the Prophet does not know reading or writing. (3) This question expresses ridicule of 

the pagans. 

Death, destruction Roaring Fake 

 



ۚ 


. ۚ 

. ۚ 

 

. 

. ۚ 

ۗ 

1 

 

. ۗ 

2 

 

. ۗ 

. 3 

. . 

ۚ . 

. 4 . 

. ۗ . 

. 

. ۗ 

. . 5 ۖ 

. 6 

(1) It is an indirect communication to the pagans. The communication is directed towards the Prophet but actually 

the question of the pagans is answered. 

(2) If a directive / request is described in a descriptive way, it indicates that the speaker is motivating people to do 

so. If a is added to it, it creates more emphasis. 

(3) This word has two meanings: Big cover and veil or “I seek refuge”. Here it is used in the second meaning. 

(4) Cutting hands with teeth is an expression for regret. 

(5) means reading with special arrangement. It may be self-reading or reading in front of people. 

(6) The word after indicates that the word is in meaning of which means “pulling & dragging”. 

Deserted, target of foolish task Dust Worthless 

 



ۚ 


. 

ۖ . 1 

. . 

ۚ . 1 ۖ 

. 

. 

. ۚ 

ۖ ۚ 

2 

. 

3 

. . 

. ۚ 

. 4 . 

. . 

 

. ۗ . 5 

. ۗ 

. . 

(1) Use of with the verb indicates the intensity. (2) The objective of these comments on the pagans is to express 

God’s sympathy for the Prophet. (3) Here the word for indicates that each person of the audience is 

targeted individually. (4) The sentences .... 

are directed towards the Prophet 

. It is common in all languages that some special point which is not part of the original communication is placed 

in between the communication. People are asked to ponder into the signs of God. Suddenly, an important instruction 

is given to the Prophet and then the original communication is resumed. Such important point is called . 

(5) Here it is in the meaning of cover and veil. 

Marriage Relation (in-law 

Extermination, destruction Destruction, ruin 

relation) 



ۚ 

ۚ 


. ۚ 

. ۚ 

() . 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

. ۖ 

. 

 

. 

 

. . 1 

. ۗ 1 

. 

. 2 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

. ۖ . 

(1) These two sentences provide a comparison. 

(2) It is not a prayer to get leadership. It is a prayer for the right guidance of one’s family and followers. 

He does not care They are not stingy Atrocious, seizing 




 

 

. . . 

. 

. . 

. ۖ 

. 

 

 

. ۚ 

 

. 

. 

. . . 

. 

. 1 

. ۖ 

ۖ 

 

(1) The Israelites were enslaved by the Pharaoh. Once an Egyptian was beating an Israelite. Prophet Moses 

stopped him to do so. He attacked on him. By defending himself, Moses jabbed him with his fist which hit him 

unintentionally at a sensitive place and he died. That incident became the reason of his migration. Here, he is 

indicating that incident. (2) A sentence is omitted here due to its perceptibility. “After receiving instructions of his 

Lord, he went to the Pharaoh with his brother Aaron.” Then he demanded the manumission of Israelites from 

slavery. (3) This word is also used to describe “one in search of something”. Here it is used in this meaning. 

2 

. 

 

. 

. 3 

. . 

You enslaved 

 

. ۖ 

It is eloquent 

 

 

 

One who frets himself to death 

 




. ۖ 

(1) Amputation was a common practice for the Pharaoh. He also used to punish by crucifying. 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

 

. 

. 

. . . 

ۚ 

 

. 

. 

ۖ 

1 

. 



ۖ 


. 

(1) The objective of this question is not to seek information. It is asked to depict the humility of idols. 

(2) The communication was directed towards people. Suddenly its direction has changed from people to Allah. This 

way of communication is very effective if the audience has a slight willingness. (3) This is a . 

No problem! We don’t 

Mountain Those who make angry 

 

They were toppled one over 

each other 

 

At the time of sunrise 

 

. ۖ 

care 

Group 

 

. . 

. . . . 

. . 

ۖ . . 

. 

. . . . 

. . ۖ 

. 1 . 

. 

. 

. . . 

2 

. . . 

. . 

. . 

. . . 3 

. . . 

. . 

 



ۖ 

ۖ 


. . . 

. . . . 

. . ۖ 

. . . 

. . ۖ . 

 

 

. 

. 

 

 

 

. 

. . 

. 

 

. 

. . 

. . 

. . 

. ۖ . 

. . . . 1 

. . . 

. 

ۖ 

ۗ 

 

. 

. . 

. . 

1. A’aad nation is famous for their construction. They used to build towers at different places without any use to 

demonstrate their artistic power. Their archeological sties in Oman & Yemen reside such towers. 




1200BC 

900BC 

 

 

2000BC 

1500BC 

5000BC 

2000BC 

 

10000BC 

 

 

Site of ‘Aad, Zofaar, Oman 

(Thanks to www.55a.net) 

300BC 

 

6000BC 

 

Positions of the nations mentioned in the Quran 

Noah’s Mountain, Turkey 

(Thanks to www.panoramio.com) 

Temple of the Sun, Sheba, Marib, Yemen 

(Thanks to www.eltwhed.com) 

The Site of Shu’aib’s Nation, Al-Bid’, Saudi Arabia 

The Carved Homes of Thamud, Madain Saleh, Al-’Ula, Saudi Arabia 




. . 

. ۖ . 

1 

. . . 

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. 

. 

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. ۖ ۗ . 

. 

. . . 

2 . ۖ . 

. ۚ 

. 

. 

. 

ۖ . . . 

. . ۖ . 

. . . 

3 . ۖ . 

. . 

. . 

(1) Thamud are famous for their homes carved into rocks. They are still available near U’la, Saudi Arabia. 

(2) The nation of the Prophet Lot is famous for their homosexuality. 

(3) The nation of Prophet Shu’aib is famous for their dishonesty in business deals. 

Generations Those who lag behind Juicy 

 




. . 

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. ۚ . 

. . ۖ 

. . . 

. . 

. . . 

. 

. 

. . 

. . . 

. . 

. . 

. . . 

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. . 

. . 

ۗ 

. 

Worth Reading! What is Jealousy and what is its impact on human personality? Read 

more: http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0012-Jealousy.htm 

They wander aimlessly Those who go astray Separated 



ۚ 


(1) Double pronoun indicates emphasis. (2) It means eye-opening. (3) Words are . It means “They 

refused unjustly with arrogance while their hearts believed”. (4) It is clear that the army of Prophet Solomon 

was composed of human, jinn and animals. He was watching their parade. (5) means “smiling”. It 

may be as a ridicule to another but means “He smiled in a joyful manner”. 

They’re kept in control & 

discipline 

An ant 

 

 

 

You warm yourself I felt 

 

It twisted like a 

snake 

 

 

. . . ۚ 

. . 1 

. 

. 

. 

. 

ۚ ۚ . 

. . 

ۚ ۖ 

. 2 . 

. 3 

. ۖ 

ۖ ۖ 

. 4 . 

 

 

5 

. 

. 

Lighted torch 

 




. 1 

2 

. 

. . 

 

3 

 

. 

. . 

 

” . 4 

“. 5 . 

. 

. 

. . ۖ 

. 6 

. 

7 . 

. ۖ 

ۚ 

. ۖ ۖ 

(1) Use of birds for delivering message was common at ancient times. (2) This is a beautiful example of rhyme 

without forced affectation. Sheba was a country consisting of modern Yemen & Southern Saudi Arabia while the 

Prophet Solomon used to govern at Palestine. The nations surrounding him subdued to him. (3) It is a 

i.e. from ... . (4) Unnecessary details of the story are omitted here to avoid boredom 

and focus on the lesson. (5) The word “Muslim” is used in its literal sense i.e. obedient, subservient. (6) This 

question is to express disapproval. (7) stands for very strong, powerful and sly person. 

Don’t be arrogant 

Do you want to help me 

A hoopoe 

against me 



ۖ 


1 . 

. ۚ ۖ 

ۖ . ۖ 

ۗ ۚ 

2 

. 

. 

. ۖ 

. ۖ ۚ 

. 

. . 

. ۗ 3 . 

. 

4 

. ۚ 

ۖ . . 

. 

(1) As mentioned above, it is the Quranic style to omit unnecessary details to keep focus on the lesson of the story. 

(2) It is style in the classic Arabic to not describe anything which the audience can understand clearly. Otherwise the 

audience may consider it a ridicule to their level of intelligence. Therefore, the lesson is left for the audience. When 

the Queen of Sheba saw the abundance of wealth and the progress of sciences and arts with the Prophet Solomon 

along with his devotion to God, she was impressed so much that she left worshipping the sun and 

believed in One God. The incident is also described in the Bible, the Book of Kings. The lesson of all the stories 

mentioned in this Surah is described at the end. (3) “” indicates the proximity of Thamud’s homes to the Arabs. 

(4) The question is asked to describe 

disapproval and hatred for homosexuality. 

Group, family, tribe 

We’ll attack definitely at night 

 

 

Adorned by 

Glasses 

We consider you a 

sign of bad luck 

 

 

 

Make it confused 

for her 

Palace 

Pool of water 

 

 

 



ۚ 


1 

ۗ 

 

 

2 

. ۚ ۗ 

ۗ 

2 

. ۚ 

ۚ ۗ 

. 

ۗ 

2 

. 

ۚ ۗ 

. 

 

. ۚ 

. ۖ ۚ 

 

. . 

. 

 

. . 

. . 

(1) This small question “Whether Allah is better or their false gods?” is related to each question starting from . 

This verse is the connection between the verses before and after it. (2) Change of direction of communication depicts 

condemnation of pagans and expresses regret on their condition. 

It came near to you (a 

It became confused (it 

 

Enjoyment, happiness 

thing coming after other) mixed) 



ۖ 

ۖ 

ۖ 


. 

ۖ . ۚ . 

. 1 . 

. ۖ 

. 2 

. 

. . 

. ۚ 3 

. ۚ 

ۚ ۚ 

. . 

. 

 

. 

. ۚ . 

(1) The source letters mean “to listen”. When they are used in , they mean “to make hear”. 

(2) In Ahadith, it is mentioned that Allah will make a final arrangement of warning the people before the end of the 

world. A special creature will speak like humans to warn the people. Some people consider the technological 

developments of information technology as . 

(3) It is a common style of expression in Arabic to omit comparable words. Here, the full sentence is: 

. The words and are omitted due to their perceptibility. One of 

these words is related to “night” and other is related to the “day”. 

Worth Reading! Developing trust is very important. How and why? Read 

more: http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0012-Trust.htm 

Submitted, humiliated Something walking, an animal They speak 



ۚ 


 

 

. . . 

 

. 

1 . 

. 

ۖ ۖ 2 

ۗ . 

ۖ 3 . 

. 

. ۖ 

. ۖ 

. 

. 

. ۚ 4 

ۖ 

ۖ ۖ 

. ۚ . 

. 

(1) He was a close fellow of the Pharaoh who was specifically interested in persecuting the Israelites. (2) Here the 

word is not used as a term. It is in its literal sense i.e. We generated an idea in her mind. (3) As mentioned in 

Surat-ut-Tahreem that the wife of the Pharaoh was a believer woman. “Comforting eyes” is a metaphor for a state of 

being relaxed and happy. (4) The age of physical and intellectual maturity. 

So he picked him 

He jabbed His group 

(used for a lost child) 




ۚ 

. 

. ۖ 

 

. ۖ . 

. 

ۖ 

1 

ۖ 

. ۖ 

2 . 

. ۖ ۚ 

. ۖ 

ۖ ۖ 

ۖ . ۚ 

. ۖ 

 

. 

(1) This phrase is used to ask some important matter i.e. What is your matter? What is your trouble? (2) The Quran 

indicates the modesty of these women. Details of such modesty are described in Surat-ul-Noor. 

Worth Reading: What is glamour and what is its impact on human personality? 

Read more: http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0011-Glamor.htm 

Shepherds, plural of They consult each other He expects (a danger) 

Firebrand 

 

Both of them drive 

away 

 

He cried for help 

 



ۖ 

ۖ 


 

ۚ ۖ . 

. ۖ 

. ۚ ۖ 

. 

1 . ۖ 

. ۚ 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

. ۖ 

. ۖ . 

 

. 2 . 

ۚ 

. 

. 

(1) It is a proverb for providing support: “I’ll strengthen your arm by your brother”. (2) From description, the 

communication has been suddenly directed towards the Prophet . It is called . 

 

Present As a helper 

Beach, edge 

 

Those who are made ugly 

 

 

Area, place, spot 

 



ۚ 

ۚ 

ۚ 


 

ۚ . 

. ۖ 

. 

ۚ 

. . 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

 

. 

ۖ ۖ 

1 

 

ۚ . 

. 

ۚ ۚ 

. 

 

. ۖ ۖ ۚ 

ۚ 

(1) They became arrogant due to their economy i.e. abundance of wealth. 

It became arrogant It is attracted towards We are snatched away 



ۖ 


. 1 

ۗ . 2 

. . ۚ 

. ۖ 

ۖ 

 

ۖ 

 

 

3 ۖ 

. 

 

. 

ۖ 4 

. ۖ 

ۖ ۖ ۖ 

ۚ 5 . 

. ۚ 

(1) means that “they became so confused that they were unable to speak”. 

(2) When the word is used for some act of God, it is in the meaning of a promise. 

(3) Word is used while describing the night but the word is used while describing the day. At night, a 

person cannot see but he/she can listen. At day time, everyone can see clearly. Selection of these words is 

meaningful. 

(4) In Bible, his name is “Korah” (Numbers Chapter 16). He was a close relative of Prophet Moses 

who revolted against him. His story is told to depict the character of the close relatives of Prophet Muhammad 

. The closest of them was his uncle Abu Lahab whose character was similar to that of Korah. 

(5) It is the mentality of arrogant people. When Allah blesses them with something, they consider it a result of their 

own effort and ignore the Almighty. Such attitude is also common today. 

Those who become arrogant 

They carry it Eternal, forever 

due to happiness / wealth 




ۖ 1 

. 

. 2 

. 

. ۖ ۖ 

3 

 

. ۚ 

. ۖ 

ۚ 

. ۖ . 

. ۖ ۖ 

. ۚ ۚ ۘ 

(1) Korah came with his slaves and servants to demonstrate his wealth. Similar examples are common in our leaders. 

(2) The pronoun is directed towards the admonition and wisdom. 

(3) Words are omitted here due their perceptibility. 

Worth Reading 

Allah has demonstrated the accountability of the 

Hereafter in the world. Why & How? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PN/R0002- 

Evidence.htm 

We caused him to be 

Definitely taking you to Hey! It is like that 

 

swallowed by the earth 




Dear Reader! 

In all languages, parables are used to describe 

abstract ideas. The parable is comparison of 

something with another thing based on some 

common ground. 


Take care of your spouse. All relatives will 

leave you but your spouse will spend his / 

her life till death. 

For example, (You are like the sun in the light). Here the person is compared with the 

sun. The reason may be that his face is shining or he may be spreading the light of knowledge. Similarly in 

(He is like the lion in bravery), the person is compared with a lion due to his bravery. 

There are four components of a . 

• : The person or thing that is compared with something else. In above examples, are the . 

Sometimes, the is not expressed in words because it is understood. For example, if it is asked 

(How is Ali?), the answer will be (Like the lion in bravery). Since the answerer 

knows that Ali is under discussion, so it is not required to mention his name. 

• : The person or thing with whom is compared. In above examples, are the 

. 

• : The common attribute due to which is being compared to . In above examples, 

are the . If the common attribute is obvious, it is usually not described in words. 

It is understood in the sentence. For example, (Zaid is like a lion). The common attribute is 

obvious, so it is not described. 

• : The word used to describe a comparison. In English, we use the word “like” for it. In above 

examples, is the . is also used for this purpose. It is also deleted sometimes. 

It is important to describe a principle at this point. In modern languages, each and every concept or thing is 

described in words. If something is not described in words, the language lacks clarity and it is not considered 

a communication. 

At the time of revelation of the Quran, the principle was reverse. Describing obvious things in words was 

considered a weakness in communication. If someone was describing obvious things in words, he was 

supposed to be considering his audience unintelligent. Due to this reason, describing obvious things in words 

was considered an embarrassing situation for the audience. As a result, the communication used to become 

ineffective. 

In the classical language of the Quran, we find at a lot of places that obvious things not described in words 

but they are implied in the text. You’ve seen various examples in the last lesson. 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran and identify the four parts of 

example. Read the context of these verses, if something is not clear. 

Analysis 

as provided in the 

 

The hypocrites who are discussed in the 

context. 

The one who burnt fire 

A hypocrite’s deeds are fruitless like the one 

who burnt fire and then the light of the fire is 

lost. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. 

(2:17) . 

 

 

. 

(2:171) 

 

 

(5:32) . 

. 

(7:171) 




Analysis 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(22:32) . 

 

 

 

(24:35) . 

. 

(37:49) . 

Worth Reading 

What is the significance of Character in building a nation? Read more: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0001-Character.htm 


If the word after a pointing noun has , it is the of that pointing noun e.g. 

(this book). If it does not have an , then it is the while pointing 

noun is its . 



ۖ 

ۚ 

ۖ 


Dear Reader! 





 


You cannot dream yourself into a 

character; you must hammer and 

forge yourself one. 

 

ۖ . 

ۚ . 

. ۚ 

. 

. 

ۚ ۖ 

. . 

 

. ۚ 

. 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

Face the Challenge! Identify the central theme of each Surah in this lesson. Ponder deeply to identify the 

relation of each verse with that central theme. Relate the central theme of each Surah in Lesson 1B & 2B 

with each other. 

Typhoon, cyclone, flood He’ll definitely test He strived hard 




. ۖ 

ۚ 

ۖ . ۖ 

. 

. ۚ 1 

. ۚ ۚ 

ۖ . ۖ 

. 

. 

ۚ 

ۖ . 

ۘ . 

. ۖ 

. ۖ 

. 

ۖ 

. . 

. ۖ 

. ۖ ۚ 

(1) It is a long from ... . Between the words of Prophet Abraham , 

Allah has added His comments. This is called . This term is used for the added words of a speaker while 

describing words of someone else. 



ۖ 

ۖ 


ۖ 

2 

1 

. 

. . 

3 

3 . . 

. ۖ 

. ۖ 

 

. ۚ 

ۖ 

. ۚ . ۖ 

ۚ . ۖ 

. 

. ۗ ۗ 

ۖ 

ۚ . 

. ۚ ۖ 

. ۖ 

. ۚ 

(1) If the word comes between and a verb after it, it gives the sense of a reason. It means: “Lot felt bad and 

tired because our messengers came to him”. His feeling was due to the reason that the angels were in form of 

attractive young boys. Prophet Lot worried that homosexuals will force him to handover these boys to 

them. If he does not allow them to enter his home, they may become victim of the homosexuals. (2) It means that 

“he became tired due to it”. (3) Relative verbs are omitted due to its perceptibility. 

He doubts Wind throwing stones Earthquake 



ۖ 

ۚ 


. ۖ 

. ۚ 

ۗ ۖ 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

1 

 

. 

. . ۚ 

. ۚ 

ۖ 

. ۚ 

. ۚ ۚ 

. ۚ ۚ 

. 

. ۖ 

. ۚ 

ۚ 

. ۚ 

 

(1) The content of these verses indicate that they were revealed during the last years of the Prophet’s 

stay at Makkah. The Muslims were prepared to migrate to another land and strive hard in Allah’s way. The last verse 

is a clear indication that Allah is going to provide them a shelter at a new land. 

We’ll definitely, surely 

They should enjoy benefit 

Sudden 

 

settle them 



ۗ 


 

 

ۗ . 2 . 1 . 

. ۖ ۚ . ۚ 

. ۖ 

. 

ۗ 

. 

ۚ 

. ۖ 

. 

. . 

. . 

. 

. . 

. 

(1) As mentioned before, confirm events of future are described in the past tense. (2) Nearest land i.e. Syria & 

Palestine. (3) Word is used for a number 3 to 9. 

Do you know? 

In start of seventh century, there was a great chain of wars between the two super powers of that time i.e. 

Roman & Persian Empires. At the time of revelation of this Surah, Persian forces invaded Rome and 

captured the most part of present-day Turkey, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. The Pagans of Makkah 

ridiculed the Muslims that our pagan brothers i.e. Magus have defeated your brothers i.e. the Christians 

who are the People of Book. This Surah was revealed to comfort the Muslims with a prophecy that the 

Romans will soon dominate the Persian empire. Within a few years, the Roman Emperor Hercules 

gathered his armies and defeated the Persians. 

He became extremely 

They inhabited it They exploited 

despaired 



ۚ 

ۖ 


. ۚ 

 

. 

ۚ 

. 

. ۚ 

. ۚ 

 

 

ۚ 

. 

. ۚ 

 

. ۖ 

. ۚ 

 

ۖ . ۚ 

. ۖ 

ۚ ۚ ۚ 1 

. . 

. ۖ 

2 

. ۚ . 

ۖ 3 

. ۚ . 

(1) The communication is directed towards the Prophet as the representative of the Muslims. (2) It is 

the depicting their condition. (3) The question indicate the wrath and reproach of Allah. 



ۚ 

ۚ 


ۖ ۚ 

ۖ 1 . 

. 

ۖ 

. 

. 

. ۚ 

. ۖ 

. ۖ 

. 

 

. 

. ۖ 

ۖ 

. . 

ۖ ۚ 

. . 

(1) This is a comparison between Interest & Zakat. 

So that it increases (as 

Raindrops He moves 

 

 

They are asked to repent 

 

Fragments, pieces 

 

interest on loans) 

There is no chance of 

aversion 

 



ۚ 

ۚ 

ۖ 


. 

. ۖ 

 

. ۖ 

. 

. 

. 

ۚ 

. . 

. ۖ 


If the word is added to any verb in present tense, it makes in past 

continuous tense. For example (he eats), will become 

(he used to eat). 

Worth Reading! 

What are the Quranic teachings about defamation? Read more: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0006-Defamation.htm 


Masculine numbers are used with feminine nouns while feminine 

numbers are used with masculine nouns. 




 

(1) The word is also used for preferring something. 

 

. . . 

. ۖ . 

. ۚ 1 

. ۖ 

ۚ ۖ . 

. 

ۖ 

. ۚ 

. ۚ 

ۖ ۚ 

. ۖ . 

 

ۖ . 

. ۚ ۖ 

 

. ۚ 

ۖ . ۖ 

ۚ . 

. 



ۗ 


 

. 

. ۚ 

. ۗ 

. ۚ ۚ 

. 1 

. ۚ ۚ 

. ۚ 

. ۗ 

. ۗ 

 

. 

. 

ۚ 

. 

. ۚ 

2 

 

3 

. ۖ ۚ 

ۖ ۖ 

. ۚ 

(1) This depicts the picture of dragging with power. (2) Some words are omitted due to their perceptibility. They are 

shown in the red color in the translation. Full translation will be: “When We rescue them towards the land, some of 

them are on the right track but majority of them deny. Nobody denies our signs except every disloyal and thankful 

person.” (3) Double has created enormous emphasis. It means: “The father will not be able to do anything for 

his child and definitely, surely the child will also not be able to do anything for his father.” 




 

(1) The word is also used for “ignoring something”. 

 

ۚ . . 

. 

. ۚ ۖ 

. 

. 

. ۖ 

. ۚ ۖ . 

. ۚ 

. 

. 

1 

. 

. ۖ 

. 

. () 

. 

Worth Reading 

What is the relationship between the revelation and the intellect? Read more: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0007-Revelation.htm 

They lowered (due to 

regret and disgrace) 

 

He was assigned to carry 

off your souls 

 

Extract 

 




. ۚ 

ۖ . 

. 

ۚ . 

. 

. ۖ 1 

. ۖ 

. 

ۖ ۚ 

 

ۖ 

 

. 

. . 

(1) It is a i.e. . It is an indirect reproach for the unbelievers. 


If both the have an or both are without it, it is a . If 

the is only on the , then it is a . 

Barren 

 

Doubt 

 



ۖ 

ۚ 


 

(1) This Surah was revealed at the time when joined armies of different tribes attacked on Madina to ruin it. The 

Prophet and his companions defended the city by digging a trench around it. 

(2) It is a metaphor for describing intense fear & anxiety. In English, it is said: “He had his hearth in his mouth when 

he saw his son climbing on a wall.”. In situation of extreme fear and anxiety, there is a feeling similar to it. 

(3) means the part of body which should be covered. They’ve used this word as a metaphor that our homes are 

at risk. We need to protect them. It was used as an excuse to flee from the battlefield. 

1 

 

. ۗ 

. ۚ . ۚ 

ۚ ۚ 

. ۖ ۚ 

ۚ ۚ 

. ۚ 

ۗ 

ۚ 

. 

ۖ 

. ۚ . 

 

. 

. 2 

. . 

ۚ 

. ۖ 3 



ۚ 

ۖ 


. 

. ۚ 

. 

. ۚ 1 

. 

ۖ ۖ 

ۚ 2 

. 

ۖ 

. ۖ 

. 

ۚ 

ۖ . 

. ۖ 

ۚ . ۚ 

. ۚ 

. 

. ۚ 

(1) A phrase is omitted. Full sentence is: “Who can protect you from Allah, if He wants to do something bad from 

you and who can stop His mercy if He wants to be Merciful for you.” (2) It is a metaphor to depict excessive use of 

sharp tongues by the hypocrites to express their loyalty. It means “Their tongues are as sharp as iron”. 

Its dimensions, sides (of 

Villagers, Bedouin Extremely miser 

 

the city 

His oath 

Their fortresses 

 

 

They talk to you slyly 

Iron 

 

 

They hesitated 

Those who create 

problems 

 

 




 

. . 

ۚ 1 

. . 

ۚ 

ۖ 

2 

. 

. ۚ 

. ۚ 

 

 

 

. 

ۗ 

. 

(1) These are special instructions given to the wives of the Prophet . (2) Usually queens adorn 

themselves with a display of finery to express their pride and arrogance. The wives of the Prophet are forbidden to 

do so. The character required from them is mentioned in these verses. 

Do you know? 

The wives of the Prophet are given a special status in these verses that they are “the 

mothers of all the believers”. They have to live a simple (not luxurious) life like the Prophet and it will 

not be allowed for them to marry anyone after the Prophet’s death. They will be rewarded double in the 

Hereafter for their service. If they do something wrong, their punishment will also be double. If they do 

not want to get into this special trial, they are given an option to get divorce from the Prophet with a lot of 

wealth. In such case, they will be ordinary women i.e. not the mothers of the believers. They’ll have all 

rights/obligations like ordinary people. The Prophet presented this option to his wives but all of them 

opted for taking the responsibility of being “Mothers of Believers”. They accepted to live a simple life 

with him and refused to get divorce from him. This indicates the moral strength of their character. The 

harshness in the language is directed towards the hypocrites who were trying to make a scandal. 

Display of finery as queens do I leave you (divorce you) I give you wealth 



ۚ 

ۖ 


 

1 

 

2 

 

ۚ 

. 

ۚ ۖ 

ۗ . 3 

ۗ 4 . 

. 

. . 

. ۚ 

. 

. . 

. 

. ۚ 

 

. ۖ 

(1) Zain Ibn Haritha . (2) It means: “When Zaid finished his relation with her” i.e. he divorced her. (3) This 

verse indicates Allah’s practice that He makes His Prophets an example for others. So the Prophet 

should not worry. (4) This verse is the clear proof that Prophet Muhammad is the last Prophet of God. 

He is compared with a “seal”. He is the seal of the Prophets. Prophethood ends at him. 

Do you know? 

In Arabia, it was a common practice to adopt a child and give him rights similar to one other’s children. 

As a result of that, the rights of their real children were disturbed. Allah abolished this tradition. In order 

to establish an example, He instructed His Prophet to marry the divorced wife of Zaid Ibn Haritha 

who was the adopted son of the Prophet. Now a Muslim can adopt a child but he/she should not disturb 

the rights of his/her real children. 

Their teasing 

 

Their adopted sons 

 

Relation, need 

 



ۚ 


1 

 

ۗ 

ۗ 

. 

ۚ ۖ 

ۚ ۚ 

2 . 

. ۗ 

 

 

3 

ۚ ۖ 

ۚ ۚ 

. ۚ 

. 

 

. ۚ ۗ 

. ۚ 

 

(1) Slave women. (2) After that incident, it was made unlawful for the Prophet to marry any other woman. 

(3) The Muslims are instructed how should they deal with their mothers i.e. the Prophet’s wives. 

Do you know? 

The slave women were declared half-wives of their master. They had their own rights & obligations. On 

the birth of first child, they were given manumission. For details, see my book on slavery at: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/ER/Slavery/L0018-00-Slavery.htm . 

They bless 

 

You separate from you 

 

You keep 

 



ۗ 

ۖ 


. 

. 

ۚ 1 

. 

. 2 ۖ . 

. ۖ 

. ۚ ۖ 

. ۖ . 

. 

. . 

. ۚ 3 

ۗ . 

. 

4 

. 

. ۗ 

(1) The hypocrites teased the Muslims in many way. One of their way of teasing was to attack on the chastity of the 

Muslim women and spread rumors about them. They instigated some scandals and even raped a few women. The 

family of the Prophet was their specific target. They are strongly reproached in these verses. (2) Using of 

as well as the depict the intensity in killing. It means “They will be killed severely in an exemplary 

way.” According to Ahadith, such punishment was implemented on various criminals who attacked the Muslim 

women physically or those who instigated scandals. (3) The Bible is full of incidents how the Israelites teased 

Prophet Moses . The Muslims are instructed avoid such behavior with their Prophet. 

(4) This covenant is mentioned at the beginning of this Surah. Allah presented this “trust” (i.e. freedom of choosing 

right or wrong path) to the heavens, earth and mountains but they refused to get this freedom. Therefore, they will 

not be rewarded / punished. The man took this responsibility with his/her own freewill. Therefore, he/she will be 

rewarded with eternal enjoyment or punished at the Hellfire purely on their actual performance. 

They live in your 

We’ll definitely arouse 

Those who instigate a 

 

 

 

neighborhood you against 

scandal 




Dear Reader! 

In last lesson, you have studied the . In this 

lesson, we shall discuss different types of it. This 

classification is based on the deletion of a 

component of . 


Allah is taking care of us by providing us air, 

water and a lot of blessings.. We should 

always be thankful for His blessings. 

You already know that various components of are deleted because the audience already know it. As a 

result of that, five types of emerge: 

• : It is the in which the is clearly described. For example: 

(The parable of His light is like a lamp). Here the word is provided which is the . 

• : It is the in which the is deleted. The reason for deletion is that the speaker 

wants to emphasize that the is exactly like the . For example: (You 

are a start in light and height). Here the word is deleted which is the . The speaker is 

emphasizing that “you are not like a star”, but “you are exactly a start.” 

• : It is the in which the is clearly described. For example: 

(He is like the lion in bravery). Here the reason “bravery” is clearly described. 

• : It is the in which the is deleted because it very obvious. For example: 

(The sun is like a coin). Here the reason for comparing the sun with a coin is not provided. It 

is obvious that when a new yellow coin is made, it looks like the shining sun. 

• : It is the in which the both are deleted to create an extreme 

emphasis that both items compared to each other are extremely similar. For example: (Islam 

is our life). Here Islam is compared with life. Since Islam is the guidance and without proper guidance, 

life is nothing. The reason and the word for comparison are deleted to create an extreme emphasis that our 

life is nothing without Islam. 

Objectives of a are as follows: 

• Description of an attribute of e.g. bravery, generosity, cowardice, misery etc. 

• Description of the intensity of that attribute of e.g. too much brave or too much coward 

• To praise or defame the e.g. praising him / her by describing a positive attribute or defaming him / 

her by describing a negative attribute. 


What is the difference between ? Give one example of 

other than those mentioned in the this lesson. 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran and identify the type of as provided in the example. 

Read the context of these verses, if something is not clear. 

Type 

 

 

 

(62:5 ) 

 

(2:261 ) 

 

(2:264 ) 

 

(3:59 ) . 

 

(3:117 ) . 

 

(7:176 ) . 

 

(29:41 ) . 

 

 

(57:20 ) . 


If a comes before , both of them are merged. For 

example will be , similar will be . 




Type 

 

. 

(59:14-15 ) . 

 

(2:101 ) . 

(5:32 ) . 

. 

(6:125 ) 

(7:188 ) . 

 

(8:6 ) . 

 

) . 

(10:27 

(27:10 ) . 

(27:42 ) . 

 

(31:7 ) . 

. . 

(37:64-65 ) 

. 

(41:34 ) 




Type 

 

(52:24 ) . 

(54:7 ) . 

. 

(54:19-20 ) . 

. 

(55:56-58 ) . . 

. 

(61:4 ) 

(63:4 ) . 

 

(49:12 ) . 

77:32- ) . . 

(33 

 

(74:50 ) . 

 

: 

 


Passive voice is usually used when an expressing person does not want to 

mention the name of the subject due to some reason. 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study an inspiring 

collection of the Hadith of the Prophet 

. 


A strong positive mental attitude will create more 

miracles than any wonder drug. 

 

” : 

“. 

” : 

“. 

” : 

“. 

” : : 

“. 

: ” : 

 

“. 

” : 

“. 

” : 

“. 

“. ” : 

Night Be moderate and right He becomes an extremist 




” : : 

. . 

. . : 

: . 

( ) “. . 

. : 

: . “. ” : “! ” : . 

” : . “. ” : “! ” 

“. ” : “! 

” : “. ” : “ ” : 

: “! ” : . “. 

“ ” : “. ” 

“. ” : “. ” : 

” : 

“. 

” : 

” : . 

: . ” : “. ” : “ 

: 

“. 

. ” : : 

“. . . 

After rain 

 

 

Removing 

 

Sitting behind 

 




” ! ” : 

“. 

” : “ ” : : 

” : “ ” : “. ” : “. 

“. ” : “ ” : “. 

” : 

“. . . . 

” : “. ” : 

. . . ” : “ ! 

“. . . . 

” : 

” : . ” : “. 

“. . 

. ” : 

“. 

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." . 

” : : 

“. 

Cheeks 

Tearing collars (while 

groaning) 

 

 

The day of war 

False accusation 

 

 

Wife with whom sex 

is allowed 

Turning away 

 

 




” 

” 

: : 

: “.” : “ ” : “. 1 

“. 

” : 

: ” : “. 

“. ” 

. : 

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. . . 

“. . 

. . 

“! ! ! ” : “. ” : 

“. 

. . 

) . . 

( 

(1) It means that the Satan insinuates the heart of a believer only with fake questions. A believer should not be 

worried about such insinuations. 

How elegant he is!!! 

! 

Firebrand 

 

It intensifies 

 

By force 

 

It rolled 

 

Speckle 

 

How strong he is!!! 

! 

Blister, dot 

 




 

“. ” : 

! ” : : 

” : “ 

“. 

” : : 

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“. 

: ” : : 

“. 

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“. 

Herbs & grass 

 

Boredom 

 

That I bore you 

 

Convex, bulging 

 

It was appointed 

 

I preach you on fixed 

days 

 




! ” : 

” : . “. 

“. ! 

: ” : : 

 

 

1 

“. 

” : : 

” : “. 

: “” : “. 

2 

“.” 

3 : 

( ) “. ” : 

“. ” 

: 

” : : 

. . 

“. . 

(1) In order to abolish slavery, the Prophet instructed to marry the slave women after manumitting them. (2) Taking 

care of children and teaching them is a great deed. Mothers will be rewarded for that. (3) A person who has a lot of 

juices in his sexual organs other than semen. A’li avoided asking about it himself because he was the sonin-law 

of the Prophet . Taking a bath is not mandatory if such juices come out of one’s organs. He has 

to perform ablution only. 




” : : . 

ۖ 

ۗ ۗ 

: .[7 : ] “. ۗ 

“. ” : 

. : 

. . . 

“. ” : 

. : . 

. . . . 

. . : . 

: . 

. ” 

. 

( ) “. 


The second source letter ( ) may carry either a fathah, or a kasrah or a dhamma. It all depends 

on how the native people speak. will always be with a fathah, will always be with a kasrah 

and will always be with a dhamma. Same is the case with other words. It is mentioned in the 

dictionary that the will carry which vowel. 

Silver (coins) 

 

It was seen 

 

Wool 

 

Bundle, packet 

 

They delayed 

 




 

” : 

“. : : 

” : 

“. 

” : “. ” 

“. ” : “ 

: 

! ” : . 

“.” : “ 

“. ” : “ ” : 

“. ” : “ ” : 

!” : “ ” : 

“. 

“. ” : “. ! ” : 

“. ” : “ : 

” : “ : 

“. 

You bite, you chew 

 

Remain separate 

 

Moving backward 

 




” : : 

( ) “. 

. ” : 

. . . 

. . 

. 

. ! ” : 

. . . 

." 

” : 

“. : 

! ” : : 

“. . 

” : 

“. . 

( ) 

Worth Reading 

What is ostentation and how it ruins the good deeds of a religious person? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0002-Ostentation.htm 

Shield 

 

Their life, their blood 

 

It was shown to me 

 

Hammered 

 

He imprisons 

 

He makes lawful 

 




” : : 

“. 

: : 

” : “. ” 

“. 

: 

” : 

 

“. 

: 

. 

 

 

 

 

 

: 

 

 

” : 

- : - 

 

“. 

Transient things of world 

 

His hopes 

 

Whip, lash 

 

It bites / afflicts him 

 

Small lines 

 

Sensitive for you 

 




: 

1 

: 

. 

” 

: 

“. 

: 

! ” : : “. ” : 

 

“. 

” : : 

” : ” : : “.” : “ 

“. 

” : : 

 

 

“. 

: 

” : 

 

“. 

He asks for forgiveness 

 

Cock whose sound is loud at 

early morning 

 

They ruined 

 




: 

“. ” : . 

1 ” : 

“. 2 

” : : 

” : “ ” : “. 

“. 

” : : 

3 ” : 

“. 

” 

” : : 

“. 

” : 

“. 

(1) Tongue. (2) Sexual Organs. This is a way to express in figurative way. 

It invaded him 

Your laces (of shoes) 

 

 

They escaped at night 

Slowly 

: : 

“. 

Do you know? 

It was a common practice in Arabia that when a person saw a danger, he used to tear his clothes and 

become naked to demonstrate his seriousness. Then he used to climb on a hill and warn his tribe about the 

potential danger. He was called or “a naked herald”. The Prophet also adopted the 

same method to warn his nation about the danger of the Hell except that he did not tear his cloths. 

 

 

It swelled 

Escape!!! 

 

 




. 

. ” : : 

. 

. 

“. 

” : : 

” : “ ” : “. 

“. 

” : 

.( 

. .“” : 

“. ” : . 

“. ” : 

” : 

: “. ” : “. 

” 

. . 

“. 

” : : 

“. 

He did something to show 

others 

 

He made it hear 

 

He decided 

 




: 

“ ! ” : “. ” : 

” : 

“. 

” : : 

: “. ” : “. 

 

” : . 

. 

“. . 

“. ” 

: 

: 

” : : 

 

“. 

“. ” : : 

” : : 

” : “. 

“. 

Presenting oneself 

He is argued/investigated 

 

 

So he should release 

himself 

It will be placed upon 

 

 

He lost consciousness 

He wake up 

 

 




: : 

: “ ” : 

: ” : “.” 

“. 

: : 

” : “ ” : “. ” : “ ” : 

“. ” : “. 

: “ ” : 

“. 

” : 

“. 

” : : 

“. ” : 

 

” : . : “. 

“. 

: 

“. ” : . 

: : 

. . 

He turned away 

 

Pasture after flood 

Wrapped Yellow 

 

 

They are burned like 

hot iron 

Hot like lava 

 

 




: : 

” : “. ” : 

“. 

. ” : “. ” : 

“. ” . “. ” : 

“. ” . “. ” : 

“. ” . “. ” : 

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” : 

“. . 

 

” : “. 

“. 

” : : 

“. ” : . 

” : “. ! ” : 

” : “. ! ” : “. 

: “. ” : “. 

“. ” : “. ” 

“. ” : 

Molar teeth 

 

Crawling 

 

We seek intercession 

 




” : : 

“. 

: 

” : 

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( ) “. 

. . : : 

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“. 

” : 1 : 

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“. 

” : 

“. ” : “. 

” : : : 

“. . 

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. . . . 

.” : “ ! ” : 

“. 

Mill (around whose a 

donkey/bull revolves) 

 

He will pull his 

intestine 

 

Mugs 

 




. : 

” : . . . 

“. ” : “ 

“.” : “ ” : . . 

: “.” : . ) 

“. ” : “. ” : “.” 

” : “ ” : 

“ ” : . . “. 

“. ” : . “.” : 

“. ” : “ ” : 

“.” : “ ” : . : 

. . 

. . . : 

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. . 

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” : “. ” : “ 

“. 

” : . . : 

“. 

Ancestors 

 

Bald 

 

Leprous, having Hansen’s 

decease 

 




. ” : 

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! . . . ” : “ 

. . ” : “. 

“. 

“. ” : 

” : . 

“. ! 

. “. !” : 

: ” : 

“. . 

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“. 

” : : 

” : . . 

. . ! 

( ) “. 

Worth Reading 

How creativity can be improved? Think outside the box. Read more: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0013-Pineye.htm 

Yesterday 

 

Those who commit 

sins openly 

 

Forgiven 

 




Dear Reader! 

In last lesson, you have studied the different types of 

. In this lesson, we shall discuss a special type 

of which is called an allegory or a . 


Our troubles are a test of patience for us. 

Be patient! Allah shall reward for our 

patience. 

In all languages, one situation is compared to another situation. Each situation has certain components. Each 

component of a situation has a similarity to a component of the other situation. When overall situation is 

compared to the other situation, both are easily comparable to each. Read at the following example: 

(62:5 ). 

Parable of those who were given the responsibility of Torah, then they did not fulfill the obligation, is like 

the example of that donkey that carries books. 

In this parable, the is the group of Israelites. They were made responsible by the Almighty Allah to 

fulfill the responsibilities mentioned in Torah. Instead of carrying out their responsibilities, they ignored 

them but claimed themselves to be God’s favorite people as the “People of Book”. The in this verse 

is a donkey that is carrying the load of books. It is not concerned with the knowledge and wisdom available 

in these books, but it is considering itself doing a great job by simply carrying these books. 

The comparison is based on the similarity. One situation is that of a person claiming a higher position by 

holding a book but he even does not know the wisdom inside the book. Other situation is that of a donkey 

carrying books and considering itself doing a great job. Both situations are similar. Unfortunately, this 

parable is equally applicable to present-day Muslims who have kept the Book of God as a good omen. They 

have nothing to do with understanding and practicing this Book. 

In this case, a situation is compared with another situation. Such comparison is a , but it is a special 

form of it. It is called a whose plural is . The difference between an ordinary and a is 

that in an ordinary , a thing or person is compared to other whereas in , a situation is compared 

with another as a whole. Most of Quranic parables are . 


Some verbs require an object. For example (Zaid wrote a letter). 

This sentence is not complete without the object . Such verbs are called 

. On the other hand, there are certain verbs which do not require an object. 

For example (Zaid came). This sentence is complete without an object. 

Such verbs are called . 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran and discuss the reason for comparison between two 

situations as in the example. Read the context of these verses, if something is not clear. 

Analysis 

 

Spending in Allah’s way is compared with a 

seed producing a plant having 100 ears and 

each ear has 100 grains. So a single grain has 

produced 10,000 grains. Similarly spending in 

Allah’s way will produce exponential results 

in the Hereafter. 

 

) 

(2:261 

 

 

(2:264 ) 

 

(3:117 ) . 

 

 

 

(57:20 ) . 

 

 

. 

 

. 

(18:45-46 ) 


What is the difference between . Explain with an example of each. 




Analysis 

 

 

 

. 

 

 

 

(24:39-40 ) . 

 

 

. 

(2:265 ) 

 

(8:6 ) . 

 

(2:101 ) . 

 

(70:43 ) . 

Worth Reading 

How to get rid of Frustration? The author has analyzed the 

reasons of frustration and provided solutions to get rid of it. The 

writing is in Urdu. http://www.mubashirnazir.org/ER/L0002-00- 

Frustration.htm 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study some sermons of Pre-Islamic 

& Islamic Era. It is very important to study this genre 

because it is nearest to the genre of Quranic Surahs. 


To avoid criticism, do nothing, say 

nothing, be nothing. 

( ) 

 

( ) 

 

! . : 

! . . 

! . 

. . 

 

. ! : 

 

. : 

. 

. 

. 

. 

Do you know? Ancient kings used to specify grazing land for the 

cattle owned by the Government. Nobody was allowed to enter 

his cattle into that protected area. This is called in Arabic. 

He will definitely be 

One responsible for 

Front 

 

 

shocked 

collecting fodder for cattle 




( ) 

 

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Provisions 

 

He crossed the limits 

 

Period in which no Prophet was said 

(between Jesus & Muhammad) 

 




 

! : 

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. . 2 

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(1) During the battle of Ohad, the Muslims suffered a lot. After the battle, the Prophet comforted them 

by this prophecy which proved true within next five years. The Makkah was conquered in 8H. 

(2) Slaves were exempted from certain religious directives due to their workload. 

Protected area (of grazing land) 

 

Frustration 

 

Being energetic 

 




. : 

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( ) 

 

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“. 

“. ” : 

( ) 

( ) 

 

 

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“. 

Redness 

 

Forced, compelled 

 

His group 

 

Don’t harden 

 

Don’t be tired 

 

Branches of date-palm 

trees 

 




( ) 

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( ) 

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( ) 

 

 

 

. ! 

 

. 

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Calamity, epidemic We accompany Shari’ah, Divine Law 

It is fixed for them 

 

Youth, young age 

 




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( ) 

 

. : 

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! 

: . 

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. : ! 

. : 

 

” : 

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“. 

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Serving, 

They yelled Productive & flowing 

 

It encircled 

Crown 

 

 

Victorious & abundant 

Continuous & productive 

 

 

housekeeping 

Camels 

Happy & joyful 

 

 




 

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: 

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( ) 

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! 

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. ! 

! . 

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: . 

. . 

(1) The Prophet started implementing his directives about interest and retaliation from his family to make it an 

example for others. (2) There were certain responsibilities given to different families of Quraish. The Prophet 

abolished these ranks except housekeeping of Ka’aba & providing water to the pilgrims. 

Do you know? Islamic worships are conducted according to the moon calendar which revolves around 

the seasons. In order to fix the calendar into seasons, Quraish added a 13th month in every three years. 

The objective was to fix the pilgrimage immediately after the harvest season to get more and more funds. 

This is called Nasi’. Islam forbade it. 




. ! 

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(1) It means that women have no responsibility more than that. 

(2) It is a big issue. If a married woman commits adultery and gives birth to a child. It will become a dispute that the 

child belongs to which father. According to these words, if it is not possible to associate a child with a specific 

father, he will belong to the husband of that woman and the adulterer will be punished. 

: 

Fornicator, adulterer 

 

Bed (owner of the bed 

i.e. husband) 

 

Under protection 

 




( ) 

 

. : 

! : 

: 

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“. . 

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: . 

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” : . “. 

“. ” : “. 

Rule of the Day! Sometimes, the word is comes after a direction of space or time and before a 

verb. It converts that verb into its . For example, (after its arrival), 

(after being offended) etc. This is called . 

Acquit me 

Passage of time 

 

 

So he should take 

revenge 

Respect 

 

 

Not feeling well, sick 

He tied 

 

 

Embarrassment 

 

Grudge 

 

Coming down (death) 

 




 

: 

 

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. . 

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“. 

: . 

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: . 

. . ! 

. 

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! . 

. . 

Sadness 

 

You did good to us 

 

Enshrouded 

 

Serious sickness 

 

We’d definitely depleted 

 

Perfection 

 




 

: 

: ! ! 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

. 

 

 

: 

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. . 

. 

. 

Cheating 

 

They shaved 

 

Don’t keep a grudge 

 

Don’t go far away 

Don’t be heedless 

 

 

Headbands 

Beat them 

 

 

Don’t cut dead bodies 

(of enemies) 

Don’t hollow out 

 

 

He went to see off 

 

Churches, monasteries 

 




 

. 

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! ! : 1 

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(1) Sa’ad Ibn Abi Waqas was a great companion of the Prophet . He was a maternal uncle of 

the Prophet. Caliph U’mar appointed him the Commander-In-Chief of the army attacking Iraq. 

They are given higher 

rank over others 

My exhortation 

 

 

Additional, nonobligatory 

God-fearing 

 

 

One who leaves behind 

Testator 

 

 




: 

 

 

: 

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. 

 

. 

(1) It was 18H of a great drought. The sand looked like ash due to heat and waterlessness, so it was names . 

1 

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. . ! 

” : : . 

“. 

. . 

. 

. 

“. . 

He became thin & weak 

 

Crashed, smashed 

 

Ash 

 

Collector of taxes 

 

Lost 

 

Don’t neglect 

 

Extra 

 

He became humble 

 

Lost (sheep) 

 




 

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Do you know? Ahl-uz-Zimma are the Non-Muslims living in a Muslim country. It is the responsibility of 

Muslims to protect them and maintain their freedom of religion. They are exempt from defense service by 

paying a tax called . Their rights are similar to Muslims. If a person violates their right, the Prophet 

will put a lawsuit against him on the Day of Judgment. They are called . 

Favoritism, biasness 

You committed 

I instigated 

 

 

 

Your weight 

Reproach, rebuke 

Selfishness, egoism 

 

 

 

Their protection (of 

borders) 

Don’t give preference 

Removal 

 

 

 




 

. 

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. 

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3 

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. : 

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. : . 

. . 

(1) It means that don’t send them in military campaigns for a long period of time and don’t harm their families. 

(2) It is the base principle of Islamic Economics that the wealth should not revolve only in rich people. Instead of 

dividing land among people, Caliph U’mar kept the lands of Iraq & Syria in Government’s ownership in 

order to spend that money on public benefits. (3) People who attacked on Caliph U’thman to kill him. 

. 1 

 

. 

Sending them away in 

enemy’s land 

 

Disparaged, belittled 

 

Majority 

 




. ” : 

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“. 

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“.” : “ ! : . 

“ ” : “.” : “ 

” : 

: 

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“. “. 

“. 

 

! ” 

: 

Attaching to it 

 

Stop bloodshed! 

 

Cursers, those who curse 

 




1 

: 

 

: 

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. 

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1 

2 

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(1) The great conqueror of Syria and some part of Iraq. (2) He was commander of another part of army which 

conquered Egypt. When Hercules sent various well-prepared armies, he advised to gather all the Muslim armies in 

Syria. On his advise, Caliph Abu Bakr sent Khalid from Iraq to Syria. 

It was outweighed against him 

 

One who obtains 

 

Power 

 

They hid themselves 

 

He blesses it 

 

Ability, power 

 




. 

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“. 

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They became ready 

 

Being lazy 

 

In front of him 

 

We decide the matter 

 

He submitted 

 

Supporting each other 

 




 

 

 

: 

: 

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. . . . 

. . . 

: . . . 

 

 

 

 

. . .. 

.. .. 

. . . . .. 

. . . .. 

 

 

 

 

. 

(1) He was the seventh grandfather of the Holy Prophet . His period is estimated to be around 350CE. 

If this sermon is correctly associated to him, it indicates that the people of Quraish were at the right path of 

Abrahamic faith during his age. They used to perform the Friday Prayer and bear the news about the Prophet were 

available to them. 

1 

! 

: 

Returning 

 

Both of them return 

 

They comprehended 

 

Supporter 

 

He returned 

 

Quiet 

 

Disappointment 

 

Abundant 

 

Time of earning 

 

Under veil/cover 

 

Bitter 

 




1 

 

. 

: . 

! 

. 

. ! 

. . 

. ! . 

! 

. 

 

. 

2 

 

. 3 

. 

: . 

(1) He was the grand-grandfather of the Prophet and the chief of Quraish. He lived around 464 – 

550CE. At his time, Quraish were suffering with great economic difficulties. He urged them to start trading between 

Yemen & Syria which resulted in their affluence. 

(2) He was the grandfather of the Prophet and the chief of Quraish. His period is from 497 – 578CE. 

(3) He was a Himyarite king of Yemen who fought against Abyssinians to recover his country. His period is 516 – 

574CE. 

Helping them 

It is not taken illegally 

He congratulates 

 

 

 

Unkempt 

Being dusty 

Building 

 

 

 

Visitor 

From the side of 

Neighbor 

 

 

 




. ! 

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: 

 

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. 

(1) He was the uncle of the Prophet who raised him after death of his parents. He died in 620CE. 

Our burden 

 

Farthest from curse 

 

Unbeatable 

 

Greedy for wealth 

 

Its spring 

 

High, great 

 

For which, Hajj is 

performed 

In intelligence 

 

 

It generates fruit, it 

enriches 

They are guided 

 

 

High, lofty 

Its base 

 

 

Taking loan 

 

They resort to 

 

Its base 

 

Being recovered 

Dowry, amount payable 

by a groom to his bride 

 

 

He does not become 

obscure 

The most delighted 

 

 

It became long and 

high 

Mine 

 

 




 

(1) He was one of the great orators of Arabia. He was the Bishop of Najran, a town in Southern Arab. His teachings 

are full of the thoughts of Monotheism and Hereafter. He was on the true path of Prophet Jesus . 

Prophet Muhammad attended some of his sermons before his prophethood and praised him. He died 

around 600CE. 

1 

: 

! 

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. 

. . 

. . .. 

 

 

 

. . .. 

 

. .. . .. 

. . .. 

: 

 

 

 

 

. . .. 

 

Do you know? 

U’kkaz was a temporary market and festival near Taif held immediately after Hajj. It is situated 

near the Taif Airport in Saudi Arabia. Its site still hosts a festival & market. 

Places of water 

 

It is full 

 

Dark 

 

Occurring 

 

Firmly fixed 

 

Quiet 

 

Past, previous 

 

Spread 

 

They shine 

 




Dear Reader! 

In previous lessons, we have studied the . We 

have learnt that persons, things and situations are 

compared with other ones on similar grounds. 


Out all actions are being recorded. Be 

careful. 

A word is normally used in the meaning for which the word is created. It is called or the literal 

meanings. In all languages, a word can also be used in some meanings other than it literal meanings. It is 

called . For example (Zaid is a lion). Definitely, a man cannot be a lion. Here the speaker has 

described Zaid as a lion due to his bravery. The word (lion) is not used in its literal meanings. It is used 

in its figurative meanings which is called . See the following examples: 

(39:7 ) 

. 

He creates you in different phases in the wombs of your mothers in three-fold darkness. 

(14:1 ) 

. 

(O Muhammad!) This book, We have revealed to you so that you bring people out of the darkness and guide 

them towards the light i.e. towards the way of The Most Powerful, The Praiseworthy with the permission of 

your Lord. 

(6:97 ) 

. 

He is the One Who has made stars, so that you can find your way in the darkness of land and sea. 

In the first verse, the word (darkness) is used in its literal meaning. There is a real darkness in 

mothers’ wombs. 

In the second verse, the objective of revealing the Quran to the Prophet is described as “to 

bring people out of darkness and guide them towards the light”. Here the words, (darkness & 

light) are not used in their literal meaning. The darkness discussed in this verse is not the real darkness. The 

moral filth and deviation from the right path is described as “the darkness”. Similarly the guidance towards 

the right path is described as “the light”. The reason of using these words for the “deviation & guidance” is 

the similarity between darkness and deviation and that between light and guidance. 

In the third verse, the word (darkness) is used in both literal and figurative meanings. The darkness of 

land and sea while traveling may be real. It may also be figurative e.g. the risk of being deviated from the 

road due to lack of knowledge. So the “lack of knowledge” is described as “darkness”. 

Rule of the Day: The word is used to limit something within the parameters defined after it. 

The word is used to describe a hypothetical condition. Part of the sentence after it is called 

(condition) while the other part is called (reply of the condition). 




The components of are five. The detail is as follows: 

• : The word used in figurative or non-literal meaning. For example, the word in second 

and third verse. 

• : The non-literal meaning. For example, the word is used to describe ‘deviation’ or 

‘lack of knowledge’. 

• : There must be valid reason for using the word in in its figural meaning . There is a 

great similarity between a person wandering in a real darkness and one wandering on a path deviated 

from morality. So the speaker can use this word for figurative meaning. 

• : It is the relationship between and . Usually this relationship becomes the 

reason for using that word in figurative meaning. The relationship of darkness and deviation is described. 

• : There should be a something e.g. another word or phrase in the same sentence which indicates that 

the word is not used in its literal meaning. It may be either described in words or something hidden. For 

example, in second verse, the phrase (towards the way of The Most Powerful, The 

Praiseworthy) indicates that (darkness & light) are not used in their literal meanings. This 

phrase is the of this verse. Another hidden is that it is not the responsibility of a prophet to bring 

people out of physical darkness and arrange physical lightening for them. Obviously, the Prophet is 

responsible to bring people out of intellectual and moral darkness and guide them towards the light of the 

morally right path. 

In order to understand a word in its figurative meaning, there are two conditions: 

• There must be a valid reason and a , for taking a word in its figurative meaning. 

• There must be examples available in the Arabic literature of the time when the Quran was revealed for 

use of that word in its non-literal meaning. It is essential to see whether Arabs at the time of revelation of 

Quran used to use that word in its metaphorical meaning or not. The Quran was revealed in their 

language. If they were not using the metaphorical meaning of a word in their standard language, it is not 

possible that the Quran has used that word in its non-literal meaning because the Quran is the benchmark 

for their language. 

Do you know? 

In past, various sects have misused the concept of to make their desired amendments in the meaning 

of Quran. They claimed without a reasonable base that the entire Quran is allegorical and its words are 

used in metaphorical meanings. For example, Bataniyyah – a famous sect of middle ages – misused this 

concept by associating those meanings to certain religious terms which had never been used by the 

Arabs. (prayer) means visiting their religious leader, (fasting) means abstaining from the acts 

forbidden by their religious leader, (pilgrimage) means attending the annual gathering of their sect, 

(mandatory charity) means paying a portion to their wealth to their religious leader etc. 




A word can be used in its figurative meanings due to difference reasons. For example: 

• Two items have a cause-effect relationship. An item is the reason for other. So the word used for one can 

also be used for the other. For example, (He brought down the sustenance for you 

from the sky). Here the word (sustenance) is used for the ‘rain’ because it is the cause for the real 

sustenance that is agricultural produce. 

• An item is the part of other. So the word used for the part can also be used to describe the whole entity 

and sometimes the whole entity is used to describe a part. For example, 

(Whoever kills a Muslim by mistake, he should manumit the neck of a Muslim slave). Here the word 

(neck) is used for the ‘entire personality’ of a slave because it is an important part of his body. Similarly, 

in (They put their fingers in their ears). Here the word (fingers) is used for 

the ‘fingertips’ because it is a part of finger. 

• An item is an unbreakable relation to another item. The words used for one of them can be used for the 

other. For example (The light rose). Here the word (light) is used for the ‘sun’ because 

both of them have an integral relationship. 

• The word to describe an instrument to do something can also be used for that task. For example, 

(We made them praiseworthy). Here the word (tongue) is used for the ‘praiseworthy’ 

because the tongue is used to praise someone. 

• A general word is used to describe a specific thing and a specific word is used to describe as a specific 

thing. For example 

(Those to whom people said, 

 

“Definitely, people have gathered against you. So be afraid of them”). Here the word (human 

beings) is not used to describe the entire humanity. Here, specific people are under discussion who 

gathered and who said this statement. Due to not understanding this principle, some Quranic instructions 

related to a specific incident are generalized or vice versa. 

• Words used to describe a past or future situation are also used to describe the present situation of the same 

person. For example 

(Give the orphan children their wealth when they 

.. 

reach at maturity age). Here the word (orphan children) is used for the grown-up men or women. 

The literal meaning of this word are specific to orphan children but it is used for the grown-up men or 

women who were orphans during their childhood. 

• Sometimes, words used for the are also used for the , and vice versa. Similarly, words used for 

both are also used as , and vice versa. For example (The hidden veil). 

Here the word (hidden) is used for the ‘hiding’. The correct translation is ‘the hiding veil’. 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran and analyze the components of as given in the example. 

Read the context of these verses, if something is not clear. 

Darkness, light 

Analysis 

Deviation from the right path, guidance 

 

A deviated person wanders like one who wanders in 

darkness. A person on morally correct path is like the 

one who finds his way in the light. 

Literal meaning does not make any sense. The 

or Satan try to deviate the people. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(2:257) 

 

(5:15) 

 

(5:44) 


If a is added before a and its last letter is silent or its are 

deleted, then it is . If it carries a fathah, then it is and the meaning 

of “so that” are added. 




Analysis 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(7:4) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(10:98) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(27:34) 

 


If the word is added before a , it gives the 

sense of expressing a wish. For example means “he 

understood” while means “I wish he would have 

understood.” 




Analysis 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(2:16) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(2:53) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(2:10) 


If the word is added before a , it makes its converts 

it into with negative meaning and adds the sense of ‘not 

yet’. For example means “he understands / will understand” 

while means “He has not yet understood.” 




Analysis 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(4:43) 

 

 

 

(5:90) 

 

 

 

 

 

(6:145) 

 


If the word is added before a , it makes the 

sentence doubtful. For example means “he ate” while 

means “He may have eaten”. 




Analysis 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(9:125) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(49:10) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(4:176) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(5:75) 




Analysis 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(6:92) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(13:39) 

 

 

 

(2:7) 

Worth Reading 

Suspicion is the major reason for our disputes. How to avoid the suspicion? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0007-Suspicion.htm 


By default, all nouns are in their case. If a noun has an before 

it, it will have only a single fathah, kasrah or dhammah at its end. 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study an interesting writing of 

famous scholar Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali (d. 505H/1111CE). 

He was a great psychologist. This writing contains the 

religious aspect of psychology. Its contents are valid today. 


Creativity is a type of learning process 

where the teacher and pupil are 

located in the same individual. 

(505 : 

) 

 

 

 

: 

: 

 

 

. 

 

. 

: 

. 

. 

. 

. 

(1) 

(2) 

Outer organs of body (not 

Type, class (not in 

They penetrated deep 

 

the brain) meaning of sect) 

They were deceived 

Discovery 

 

 

They ignored 

Review, investigation 

 

 

Deceived 

It established 

 

 




 

. 

. 

.“ ” : 

” : . 

. “. 

. 

. 

 

 

 

. 

” : “. ” : 

“. ” : “. 

“. ” : . 

. . 

. . 

. . . 

. 

. 

He purifies, makes clean 

Itch, skin infection 

Paste 

Hidden 

 

 

 

 

Ostentation, display of 

good deeds 

Leadership 

Contemporaries, peer 

Vegetable 

 

 

 

 

He gave a medical 

treatment 

How it is possible 

Viral Infection 

It protects him 

 

 

 

 




 

. 

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. 

 

. . : 

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. . : . 

. 

. : . 

. 

: . 

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. 

Untidiness, slovenliness Ideas, thinking Self-importance, pride 

He seeks love 

 

He forced 

He was reproached 

 

 

Those who abstain 

Common people 

 

 




: 

: : . 

. : . : . 

: : . 

 

. . . 

 

. 

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. . 

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. 


What is ? Identify its five components. Identify three examples of is this lesson. 

Wrapping (to 

It is complicated & obscure Clear, obvious 

 

He did not realize 

Herbs, parasites for plants 

 

 

Corners 

Hidden things 

 

 

deceive) 

Getting rid of it 

Source 

 

 




 

. 

: . . 

. 

 

. 

. 

: : 

.( :) 

. . 

. . 1 

. . 

. 

. : 

: . . 

. 

. 2 

” : . 

“. 

(1) All of them are different areas of Jurisprudence. They are the law of: menstruation, blood money, legal claims, 

oath to not cohabitate with one’s spouse, and oaths to get acquittal from legal charge if a person charges his/her 

spouse for adultery. See details in the book of Islamic Jurisprudence. 

(2) A person who performs legal religious services but does not develop fear and love of God in his heart is like a 

person participates in a pilgrimage but limit himself to selling goods instead of performing the pilgrimage. 

So that it feels Near to, superintendent Disputes 




 

. 

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. . 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

. . 

. : : 

. 

. . 

. 

 

. . 

 

. . 

” : . 

“. 

They were not inclined Dominating in a debate Introducing 

Debate on a disputed 

issue 

 

He did not scrutinizes 

 

Showing pride over 

others 

 




 

: . 

. 

. . 

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. 

 

 

1 . . 

. . 

. . 

. . 

. . . 

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. 

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. 

. 

(1) This style of exception has double negation which gives a positive meaning. The meaning of these sentences will 

be: “If they were sincere, then they were able to search for the fine details of sincerity. They were only able to stop 

and ponder into the weaknesses of personality if they had avoided them.” 

Those who are 

They become deeply 

Those who avoid 

 

doubtful/hesitant to accept knowledgeable 




 

 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. . 

. . 

 

. 

 

 

. 

. . 

. . 

Do you know? You can conceive the situation mentioned by the author if you’ve visited the 

congregations of the orators. In such sermons, the speakers try to instigate the emotions of their audience. 

They fabricate sentences in rhymed style in an artificial manner. They frequently use poetry even with 

vulgar poems. They try to describe points which are far away from logic and wisdom to fire the emotions 

of audience up. People start sobbing, weeping and screaming during the sermon. Some people even start 

vibrating and dancing in an unconscious manner due to their fired up emotions. The author is indicating 

that sort of preaching congregations. 

Fabricating a rhymed 

Demonstrating emotions 

by vibrating or dancing 

Cries, weeping 

 

 

 

Making things strange or 

odd 

Flying, (metaphor for 

issuing or fabricating) 

Fine points 

 

 

 

They deviated from 

Preachers, pastors 

Affectation 

 

 

 




 

 

: . 

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. : 

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. 

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: . : . 

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. . 

. 

Child He pays attention Understanding 

Cradle 

 

Continuation 

 

He wrote wrong by 

mistake 

 




 

. . 

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. . . 

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. . 

 

. 

: 

. 

 

. 

. 

. . 

. 1 

. 

. 2 

. 

(1) The author has indicated the problem of people who focus too much on the rituals of worship and ignore the 

practical matters of life. They continue to perform “Wudu” due to their dissatisfaction but they ignore the big 

directives of Shari’ah about earning by lawful meanings. They are very careful about non-obligatory things but 

ignore the obligatory matters. Similar situation is mentioned by the Prophet Jesus in his famous 

Sermon of Mount. 

(2) Islamic teachings are very relaxed and Islam does not like being doubtful for minor things. Caliph U’mar 

performed Wudu from a jar of Christians when he visited Jerusalem. 




 

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. : . 

 

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. . 

They recite intensely 

 

He becomes elegant, he 

displays style 

 

They are not shaken 

 




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“ . ” : 

. . . 

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. 

. ” : . 

: . : 

. 

He became harsh & violent 

 

Talking aimlessly 

 

He enjoys 

 

More pious 

 

Preferred (but not 

obligatory) 

 

He fasted everyday 

 




 

. . 

: . . . 

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. 

. . 

. . : 

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. . 

. 

. 1 . 

. . 

. 

. 

(1) It is practice of ascetic people that they prefer loneliness and spend their entire time in worshipping Allah. The 

Prophet forbade that and directed to give full rights of one’s family. Such people also ignore other 

important directives of Islam. 

It contented He gives 

They do not watch 

He put pressure 

 

It became ascetic (left 

worldly desires) 

 

Two walls (Makkah 

& Madina) 

 




. . 

: . 

. . . 1 

: . 

. 

 

. 

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” : . 

“. 

: . 

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. . . 

2 

. 

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. 

(1) It is a false believe spread widely among Sufi circles that there are certain people who are the pegs of the earth. 

The earth will be destroyed if such pegs are removed. 

(2) Religious obligations have two categories: Those which are obligatory on each person e.g. prayer, fasting etc. 

They are called . There are some obligations which are the responsibility of Muslims as a community. If 

some of them discharge them, it is discharged from all of them e.g. funeral prayer etc. They are called . If 

a person focus on but ignore the , he is deceived by the Satan. 

Pegs Bags 

Scale, balance to measure 




: 

 

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: . 

. : 

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. : 

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. : : 

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. : 

Road, street Bribery 

Monasteries 

Path 

 

Good reputation 

 

Cisterns, reservoirs 

 




: 

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. : 

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“. 

 

. 

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: . : 

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. 

He is near to Captured (in trouble) Decoration 

Juice of lemon with water 

(good for yellow fever) 

Yellow fever 

 

 

He comforts 

It seized 

 

 

They relied on 

Desert & sand 

 

 




 

. . 

 

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. . 

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. . 

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! . . 

: 

! ! ! ! 

. . . 

. . 

. . 

. . 

. . 

Learning lesson Nullifying (destroying) Biting him (by snake) 

He breathes (to show 

impact of fear) 

 

It blazes 

 

Starving 

 




 

: 

!! 

 

. . 

 

 

1 

 

 

. . 

 

2 

 

. . 

3 

. . . 

. . 

 

: . . . 

. . . 

(1) means listening Sufi music. The music is so inspiring that people start dancing devotedly. 

(2) means refraining from food, drinks, sex and fasting continuously. means practicing Sufi rituals. 

means meditation. Sufis practice these things to purify their souls. Majority of such practices are invented by 

the Sufis. They have nothing to do with Islam because Islam forbids Monasticism. 

(3) Sufism is centered towards Monasticism or leaving the worldly desires. Ghazali himself was a Sufi. He is 

describing the situation of such Monks upon who were so captured by the worldly desires that they used to compete 

with each other on minor things like a tiny spot on a date or internal membrane of a date. 

Sufi, related to 

They compete Yelling, screaming 

 

Loaf of bread 

Money 

Carelessness 

 

 

 

They did not tire 

Meditation 

They rush to 

 

 

 

Sufism 

Dress 

Bowing down 

Taking a deep sigh 

 

 

 




 

. 

. . 

. . 

. . 

1 

. . . 

. . 

. . 

. . 

 

 

. . . 2 

. . 

(1) Since the kings used to take taxes from people unjustly, therefore, pious scholars and Sufis avoided taking 

money from a king. (2) The meaning of these terms is: is getting an insight into something by dream or 

daydream. is observing the divine reality. is crossing the checkpoints in the spiritual 

journey. is direct observation of the divine reality. is reaching and merging into God. 

Do you know? The objective of Sufism is to observe the reality of God and the universe by the internal 

eyes. They have assumed certain points for the person who is in the journey of discovery of God. They 

perform a lot of hard spiritual exercises for that. Islam forbade such practices. But the Muslims Sufis 

adopted such practices from Christian, Zoroastrian and Hindu Mysticism. According to the Quran, 

nobody can observe God in this world. 

Ghazali also describes that there are certain Sufis who do not know anything about the spiritual journey 

but they look with disdain at religious scholars and consider them i.e. behind the veil from the 

divine reality. 

Thieves Parchment Silk 

 

Their scandals 

 

Apron, napkin 

 

A special type of 

silk, very expensive 

 




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: . : . 

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. 

 

. . 

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. . 

. . 

. . 

 

1 

. 

. . 

(1) It was a widespread false belief in Sufis that arranging resources for something e.g. taking provisions during 

travel is against trust in Allah. Ghazali is refuting such view. Islam asks to do your effort and then trust in Allah. 

Fool, stupid Disdain, condemn Peasant, farmer 

Passionately in love 

 

Enslaved laborers 

 

Weaver 

 




. ( ) 

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Describe the difference between . 

Identify two examples of each in this lesson. 

He plasters Worldly desires Risks, problems 




 

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: . 

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. . . 

 

. . . 

. . 

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. . . 

. . . 

. . . 

. 

Worth Reading 

What is ostentation and what is its impact on the personality of a 

person? What will be the impact of ostentation on the Deeds Account of 

a person in the real life i.e. Hereafter? Read in English. 


Obstacles 

 

Profession, vocation 

 

Travel, entering 

 




Dear Reader! 

In previous lessons, we have studied the . 

We have learnt how the words are used in different 

meanings in Arabic. Some additional forms of such 

use are as follows: 

 


Analyzing things in a one-sided way is 

biasness. Islam requires us to be unbiased 

even with our enemies. 

is a special type of in which , a word is used in replacement of other. We borrow a word 

or phrase to use it in another meaning. The condition is that a similarity must exist between the literal and 

metaphorical meanings. For example (A lion came at the school). Here the word (lion) 

is an for a brave man. The correct translation will be, “A brave man came at the school.” 

The word ‘lion’ is borrowed to describe a ‘brave man’ due to perceived bravery of a lion. The similarity may 

not be the real one. It may be perceived by the native people. In this example, the lion is considered brave by 

the native people whereas it is not brave as per modern zoological research. Based on their perception, the 

native people started using this word to describe their brave people. Similarly, the moon is used in different 

languages as an for ‘beauty’. Therefore, an my be correct from the linguistic perspective but 

may be wrong in the reality. 

The above mentioned rule is applicable to all languages. In all languages, we use the sentence, “The sun 

rises.” It is against the scientific reality that the sun does not rise. It is a region of the earth which comes in 

front of the sun. Therefore, we should always understand the Quranic by its linguistic use. It is a 

wrong approach to interpret the Quranic by applying scientific research on it. Another wrong 

approach is to deny the concept of , and start interpreting each word in its literal meaning. In above 

mentioned example, a person with such approach will think a real lion came to the school. 

Sometimes, an becomes so common in use that people ignore the literal meaning of a word. For 

example (a careful person) is used to describe “a God-fearing person” because he / she is careful about 

the behavior required by God. It is rarely used in its literal meaning. Similarly the word (one who 

disconnects) is used to describe “a sinner” because he / she disconnects the relationship with God. It is also 

rarely used in its literal meaning. 

Difference of and 

The is different from . In , both items under comparison are described in clear words. For 

example (Zaid is like a lion) is a . On the contrary (Zaid is a lion) is an . 

is considered more powerful than the , because it results in making a picture in the mind of the 

audience. 




 

is similar to in which , a word is used in replacement of other. We borrow a word or 

phrase to use it in another meaning. The difference between an and is that in , the word or 

phrase can be interpreted in its both literal and non-literal meanings whereas in , the literal meanings 

are not applicable. For example: Khansa 

her brother. A verse of that poem is: 

pillars are high and in winter, he has huge quantities of ash.) 

 

was a famous poet of Madina. She wrote a poem about 

: (His sword-case is long, his 

The phrase (His sword-case is long) is true in its literal meaning. In non-literal meanings, it 

stands for his bravery. He had a long stature and a long sword. The phrase (his pillars are high) is 

also true in its literal sense that the pillars of his house might be high. In figurative meanings, it stands for 

his respect in his tribe. The phrase (he has huge quantities of ash) is also true in its literal sense. In 

figural meanings, it stands for his generosity and helping poor. He used to arrange huge quantities of food 

for poor people. The food was cooked by burning wood which resulted in huge quantities of ash in his 

compound. So the phrase became a for the generosity. 

 

is a special type of in which , a person says something which he / she does not want to say in 

clear words. Usually it is to express an opposition or protest in the way of . The objective is to criticize 

the opponent in a ridiculous way. 

For example, in the verse: 

(Verily those who deny Allah’s signs, kill the prophets in an unjust manner and kill 

those who demand for justice, so give them the good news of a painful punishment.) 

Here the word (give them the good news) is a . Actually it is bad news but called good news to 

criticize the offenders in a ridiculous way. 


What is in case of figurative speech? Give one example. 


How to get rid of poverty? Is there any shortcut available? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0004-Poverty.htm 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran and analyze the components of as given in the 


Give them good news 

Give them the bad news 

Analysis 

 

The news of punishment cannot be good news. It is 

definitely bad news. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(3:21) 

 

 

(2:102) 

 

(4:1) 


In , you will find that the is following its in case, gender, 

number and specification. On the contrary, in , the will 

always be in case. 




Analysis 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(2:228) 

 

 

(43:17) . 

 

 

 

(17:24) 

 

 

(20:22) 




Analysis 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(2:187) 

 

 

 

(7:26) 

 

 

 

(2:187) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(2:189) 




Analysis 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. 

(2:101) 

 

 

(6:122) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(36:37) 

 

 

(36:52) 




Analysis 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(33:72) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(54:13) 

 

 

 

(10:3) 

 

 

 

(32:16) 




Analysis 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(4:36) 

 

 

 

 

 

(29:62) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(29:63) 

 

Rule of the Day! In order to express sickness, the words 

are used e.g. (I’m suffering with a pain), (you’re 

suffering with cough) etc. 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study the language used in 

evaluation of Hadith & its narrators. We’ll study excerpts 

from the famous book of 

(d. 1999CE). We’ve selected those Ahadith in this lesson 

which are commonly described in people but they are 

actually either unauthentic or fake . 

1 - 13 

. . 

: (4163) “ ” 2 . 

 

. : 

 

3 

 

: ( 1 / 259 ) “ ” 

: :“” . 4 : 

: . 

. 5 : “” 

 


: 

When one door of happiness closes, 

another opens; but often we look so 

long at the closed door that we do 

not see the one which has been 

opened for us. 

: 

. 

(1) It seems that zealous people of Syria fabricated this Hadith to show their priority over the people of Iraq during 

their historical conflict. (2) Tabarani (d. 360H) is a famous Hadith expert. He wrote a great collection of Hadith 

called . (3) Ibn Taimiyah (d. 728H) is a famous scholar of Syria. 

(4) is a Hadith which is narrated by saying the word . This is a general word which does not specify that the 

narrator is taken the Hadith directly from the next narrator or there is a missing link between the two narrators. (5) 

means hiding the name of an unreliable narrator by using general words like . means leveling the chain 

by omitting unreliable narrators in a way that it is difficult to find. These techniques are used to make a chain of 

narrators acceptable. If a person is famous for , the Ahadith described by him by using the word are not 

accepted because it seems that he is trying to hide the names of certain narrators. (6) means that the link is 

broken at a specific person. 

. 6 




. (498 / 3) 

: (63 / 4) “ ” 

. 

 

 

: 

1 

“. ” – 17 

: (96 / 4) 2 

. 

. 

“ ” 

. : 3 : 

“” “” 4 : 

( 185 / 6 ) 5 “” . 

. . 

6 

“. ” – 36 

. ( 7 ) . 

. 

. 

(1) This Hadith seems to be fabricated to instigate people to avoid sins. (2) A famous Mohadith, d. 430H. (3) He is a 

famous fabricator of Ahadith. (4) Related to the tribe Mazina. (5) A book of Abu Na’eem. 

(6) This Hadith may have been fabricated to fire up emotions of nationalism. Albani has rejected association of this 

Hadith to the Prophet on logical grounds. Patriotism is something natural and common between 

Muslims & Non-Muslims, so it is not possible to associate it with faith. 

Instinctive Fake, fabricated Raised to the Prophet 

He criticized him and declared him unreliable. 

 

Not raised to the Prophet 

 




Do you know? 

The Procedure of Evaluating the Hadith Authenticity 

When a scholar hears or reads a Hadith, he should evaluate its authenticity. The steps are as follows: 

Review the meaning of the Hadith. If it is apparently contradictory to the Quran, other authentic 

Ahadith or common sense, it is unacceptable. If it does not contradict with them, further investigation 

will be required. In such case, follow the next steps. 

Check whether someone else has conducted a research on that Hadith. If some research is available, it 

will be easy to determine the authenticity of that Hadith. 

If nobody has conducted research on that Hadith, then search yourself the Hadith in all books of 

Hadith and gather all the chains of narrators. 

 

 

Prepare a list of narrators involved in narrating that Hadith. 

Review the biography of each narrator and check the opinion of the experts of about each 

narrators. If a narrator in any chain of narrators is unreliable, that chain will be declared 

“Unacceptable.” If all chains of narrators have one or more unreliable narrators, the Hadith will be 

declared unauthentic. If all narrators of a particular chain are reliable, the Hadith will be acceptable 

provided that it does not contradict with the Quran, other authentic Ahadith and common sense. 

Most Muhaddisin follow all these steps except the first one. They leave that step for the Jurists. 

Do you know? 

Reasons for Fabricating Fake Ahadith 

Fabricating a Hadith and associating it wrongly to the Prophet is a great sin. 

Unfortunately, a large number of people committed this sin due to various motives. Most common of 

them were as follows: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Some people had a bee on the their bonnet to propagate the views of their sect. In order to support the 

point of view of their sect, many people fabricated Ahadith. 

In order to include views contradictory to Islamic teachings in Islam, some people fabricated Ahadith. 

Some Reformists were zealous about instigating people to do good deeds e.g. recitation of the Quran, 

performing prayer etc. Since the Hadith of Prophet was an easy tool to affect the masses, they 

fabricated Ahadith. 

Some people loved certain personalities in the companions of the Prophet . They 

fabricated Ahadith to demonstrate their high rank. 

Some people were biased against certain personalities. They fabricated Ahadith to bite their heads off. 

Some people associated several words of wisdom to the Prophet in order to make them popular. 

Some people used fabricated Ahadith in marketing their products. 

Some people fabricated Ahadith to fire up emotions in favor of / against a group, community or 

nation. 




: ” – 24 

“... 

 

“. 

” ( 21 / 3 ) ( 262 - 261 / 1 ) . 

(83 ) ( 3 / 93 / 9 ) “ 

. 

. : . 

: : (393) “” 

. 1 

. : 

.... 2 :“” 

 

3 

. 

4 : “” 

. : . 

: : . 

. : . 

(1) means that an expert declared a narrator “unreliable” but did not describe the reasons for his 

unreliability. 

(2) means that the expert considers that narrator “truthful but unreliable due to committing mistakes”. It 

indicates that the narrator did not use to fabricate Ahadith but he used to commit mistakes. It indicates that he is 

better than those who used to fabricate Ahadith. 

(3) Ibn Habban (d. 354H) is a Mohaddith who wrote a book on Hadith and tried to include only authentic Ahadith in 

his book. It is called . 

(4) Muhammad Ibn Saib Al-Kalabi (d. 146H) is a famous fabricator of Ahadith who used to fabricate Ahadith for 

political reasons. 

Joyful or 

He declared reliable 

My passage 

dissatisfied 




: “. ! ” : ” – 25 

! ” : “ ! ” 

. : 

! ” : “. 

1 

“. . 

(2/323/2) 3 ( 615 / 2 ) “” 2 . 

“ ” 4 

: (488 / 5) 

. 

. ” : 

. 

” : 5 

: “ 5 ” : . 

: “ ” . 

. 

: : 

. . . 

(207) “ ” .... 

. : 

(1) This Hadith was fabricated to exalt the Prophet . Allah’s Apostle does not need such fabricated 

words. He is already exalted by Allah in the Quran. (2) Hakim (d. 405H) is a Mohaddith who wrote his book “Al- 

Mustadrak” to supplement Bukhari & Muslim. He was lenient in determining people ‘reliable’ or ‘unreliable’. (3) 

Ibn A’sakar (d. 571H) is also a Mohaddith. (4) Baihiqi (d. 458H) is a famous Mohaddith. (5) Zahbi (d. 748H) is a 

famous critical analyzer and exegete of Hadith. 

He fabricates about 

 

Accused, blamed 

 

It is not attached 

 




” – 32 

1 

“. 

3 

“ ” 2 . 

: 4 . “ ” 

. : 5 : “” 

: 

. 

: 

” : “. ” 

“. 

: 

 

 

: 

. 

 

: 

! 

(1) This Hadith was fabricated to spread monasticism in the Muslims which is strictly forbidden in Islam. This 

Hadith is not acceptable because it is contradictory to the Quran & other authentic Ahadith. (2) Jalal-ud-Din Al- 

Sayouti (d. 849H) was a famous exegete of the Quran and the Hadith. (3) Dailami (d. 558H) was also a famous 

Mohaddith. (4) He was also a Mohaddith & Rijaal expert. (5) Ibn Mu’een (d. 325H) was a famous expert of 

evaluation of reliability of Rijaal. 

Related to mysticism or 

sufism 

 

He chased (criticized) 

To spread 

 

 

He slandered 

He strengthened 

 

 




1 

“. ” – 47 

2/126/1) “” (2/203/3) “ ” . 

) “” “” (“ : ” 

.(2/54) 

“ ” (246 / 5) (279 

 

: : “. ” : 

: ... : 

: 

“” : : “” 

: . 

“. ” : 

. : 

” (2/126/1) “” : 

” :“ 

 

. : “ 

: 

: (2/4) “” 

. . 

. . : 

(1) Visiting Prophet’s grave is a nice thing but some people fabricated this Hadith to urge people to 

visit the Prophet’s grave as they did to motivate them for other good deeds. 

Biography (based on what the 

reliability of a narrator is 

determined 

 

He is alone in 

narrating this Hadith 

(nobody else reports it 

 

A Hadith with a different 

chain which supports 

another Hadith 

 




“. ” - 49 

” 1/84/1) “” (199 ) “” 1 . 

(2/228) “” .(“ 

 

“. ” : 

. : 3 “” 2 “” : : 

.“” 

 

: . : 

. ” : . 

 

“” : (60/3) 

. “” 

“” (418/4) “ ” 

” : (234/2) “” 

“. 

! 

(1) Tabarani wrote three collections of Hadith: . (2) is an encyclopedia of 

Hadith narrators written by Al-Zahbi (d. 748H). (3) is another encyclopedia of narrators written by Ibn 

Hajar A’sqalani (d. 852H). He has improved the presentation of . 


What is the difference between ? 

Give one example of each. 

He described 

He is not accused for 

A weak narrator but he is better than 

 

 

 

weakness fabrication of Hadith 

because he doesn’t fabricate 




1 

“. ” – 56 

: : . 

: 

. : (1 / 312 ) . 

. 

. ” : 3 “.” : 2 : 

“... : “. ” : “. 

” : . (255/2) “” 4 

...“. 

” : : 

“ ” “. 

.“” (30/2) “ ” (2/55/1) 

: “ ” ... “” : 

“. ” “ ” 

:(204/2) “ ” 5 “” . 

“. ” 

(1) It is obvious that this Hadith was fabricated by some Chauvinist who wanted to humiliate women. (2) Bukhari is 

not only a compiler of Hadith, he is also an expert in . He wrote a book in this discipline named 

. (3) Abu Hatim (d. 277H) is a great expert of . (4) Ibn Jauzi (d. 597H) is a famous critical appraiser 

of Hadith. (5) Ibn Iraq (d. 963H) was an expert of Hadith & . 

A Hadith supporting other 

One who fabricates 

An unaccepted Hadith (due to 

 

 

 

Hadith Hadith a lot 

reasons other than fabrication) 




 

1 

“. ” – 57 

. 

. 

“. ” :“ ” 

. 

: . 

.... 

2 

“. ” – 58 

(82/6) “” (91/2) “ ” . 

: 

“. ” : . 

” : 

“. 

: : 

“. ” : “.” : 

“” 

.“” 

: “” 

.(2/199/10) “” 

(1) This is a widely spread Hadith but it is not described in any collection of Hadith. There is no chain of narrators 

for it. So it is baseless. (2) It seems that this Hadith was fabricated by the people to exalt the rank of the Companions 

of the Prophet . In contrast, some other people fabricated another Hadith with the same words but 

included the words “My family” instead of “My companions”. 

Truthful narrator (but not very 

Nonsense 

Proof is not established by it 

strong in describing Hadith) 




: (28/1) “” 

! 1 

. 

: . 

. . 

“. ” – 62 

. 

: 

 

 

: - 

. 

” : (2/158 ) : 

.“” “. ! 

” . : 

(201 ) “ ” (419/2) “ 

.“” (144 ) “ ” 

(1) It is a common practice of Sufis to base their views on their dreams. They claim that they receive direct guidance 

from God in their dreams or daydreams. On the other side, they also admit that Prophethood has been ended on 

Prophet Muhammad . In such way, they include their personal views in the religion. Islam is based on 

the hard evidence from the Quran or the Sunnah. Nothing can be added to or deleted from Islam based on a dream or 

daydream of a Non-Prophet. 

Deriving result from an 

argument 

 

Detested 

 

Revelation in a dream or day 

dream etc. 

 




” – 203 

1 

“. 

“” (2/193/2) “” . 

(2/70/16) (292 - 291/3) 

. 

“” (1 / 6) (2/115) 

.(218 / 2) “” (137 136 / 4) 

“. : 

: . 

“. ” : 

: (303 / 1) “” : 

. : . 

“ ” : ” : (283 / 1) “” 

“. 

” : : 

” : “. 

“. 

. 

. 

: . 

(1) Prayer and greeting for the Prophet is a great virtue. Unfortunately, some people invented Ahadith 

to promote this virtue. We don’t need such fake reports. We must pray for the Prophet based on the Quran and 

Authentic Ahadith. 




“” ” 

“. 

: 

: : (463 / 342 ) “ 1 ” 

“. 

... . 

:(379 / 6) “” 2 

“ ” : : 

.(190 ) “ ” (116 ) 

 

3 

.“... 

” : 

” :( 241 / 27) ( ) 

 

“. 

(1) People of Isphahan, a city of Iran. (2) Hafiz Ibn Hajar A’sqalani. 

(3) It means that he is alone in reporting this Hadith. Since a Hadith is reported by just one person and he is also 

unreliable and famous as a liar, therefore, the Hadith will not be accepted. 

Rule of the Day: You already know that there are certain nouns who do not change 

their . They are called . These nouns are assumed to carry 

according to their situation. For example, in the sentences the 

word is in three different conditions respectively but its are 

not changed practically. Its are assumed. This concept is called and the 

are called . 




 

” 207 

1 

“. 

. 

: (348 / 2) “ ” 

: . 

” 

“” “ 

.“ ” 

 

(17 / 1) “” 

: 

 

” “. 

2 

“.” ( 28 / 2) “ 

(1) This Hadith is widespread in people that the Hajj on Friday is equal to 70 pilgrimages. It is a baseless Hadith 

which is not available in any authentic collection even with a weak chain of narrators. 

(2) Since paper was an expensive item in the middle ages, therefore, the scholars used to write commentary on a 

book on the border of a page. Therefore, this word became a synonym to the commentary. 

Rule of the Day! 

In Arabic, there is a unique concept which is called the . It means that a plural 

noun is made further plural at a second stage. For example e.g. (a way or method) 

is a singular. Its plural is , while its plural of the plurals is . In some words, it 

may be made plural onto several stages. The last plural is called . It 

usually comes at the weight of . 

Border, edge, 

commentary 

 

Kind, type 

 

Approach, method 

 




1 

“. ” – 226 

“” ( - 41 2 ) “” . 

(466) “” (251 / 11) 

(1 / 356) 

. 

: (423 / 1) “” 

“. ” : . 

“. ” : : : 

: . 

. 

” : (272 / 2) “” 

” (2 / 283 / 4) 

 

. 

. : 

” :(352 / 1 / 2) “ ” 

 

. ( 244 / 9 ) “ ” 

(1) Probably, this Hadith was fabricated to increase the demand for “Agate”, a precious stone. There are some 

people, who believe in fortunate and unfortunate effects of stones. They have tried to include such lousy and 

polytheistic views in Islam by fabricating such Ahadith. 




“” 

“ ” :(336 / 3) 

. . 

 

. “” 

. 

 

: (37 ) “” “” 

. 

: 

 

... . 1 

. : 

. “. ” : 

(1) See the box below. 

Do you know? 

If a Hadith is reported by different chains of narrators and each chain of narrator has a narrator 

having some problem like bad memory etc., the Hadith will become acceptable because it is 

reported by different chains of narrators. It is unlikely that all of them will forget about the 

same Hadith. But if all of them are accused for fabricating Hadith, it can never become 

acceptable due to merely different chains of narrators. For example, a Hadith has two chains 

of narrators: A – B – C, and D – E – F. Suppose the narrators B & E have memory problems. 

The Hadith will be acceptable because it is unlikely that both of them will forget the same 

Hadith. On the other side, if B & E both are accused for fabricating Hadith, it can never be 

acceptable unless it is reported by a third chain of reliable narrators. 

The person whose 

biography is described 

 

Declaring someone 

reliable 

 

Declaring someone 

unreliable 

 




” – 235 

 

1 

“. 

: (44 / 2) “” . 

 

. 

: (191 ) “ ” 

: “” 

: “” 

.(1 / 358) (35 / 2) 

“ ” : 

. ! 

. 

(1) This Hadith was fabricated to spread the monastic views in Muslims which is forbidden in Islam. 

: 

. : 

“. ” : 

“” : 

. “” 

“” : 

509 292 

. 

Showing, coming Strange (Hadith) Unauthentic Ahadith, plural of 




“. ” – 248 

/ 4) “ ” (9 / 3) “ ” . 

. :(162 

” – 274 

“. 

: (276 / 6) . 

. : . 

/ 1) (414 / 4) “ ” : 

: . 1 :(318 

(103/8) 

. : 

! : ” – 280 

 

2 

“. : 

(615 - 614 / 2) “” . 

 

. ” : .“ ” : : 

: 

“. ” : “. ” : “” 

. “” 

(1) “Theft in Hadith” means that a person listens a Hadith from other and then starts describing it without 

mentioning the name of the original narrator. (2) This Hadith was probably fabricated in order to show the high rank 

of the Prophet over Jesus Christ in Christian-Muslims debates. The Prophet Muhammad 

strictly forbade such comparisons among prophets. 




” – 294 

2 

“. 

 

1 

“. ” – 289 

( 178) “” . 

“” (1 / 116) “” (674 ) “ ” 

“” (1 / 38 / 20) 

. . 

: 

. 

: ” : : “ ” .... 

: . : . : 

. : . 

. : “” . 

: (131 / 8) . 

. 

“” “” : 

. 

(1) A lot of Ahadith were fabricated to instigate people to recite the Quran. 

(2) This Hadith seems to be fabricated by someone who was inspired by the concepts either Jews or Hindus. It is 

scientifically wrong. Israelite traditions contain such views. Some narrators took such illogical things from them and 

presented them as words of the Prophet . Ancient Hindus also had such views. 

Upper part of back 

 

Fish 

 

Unknown 

 

Air 

 

Its both edges 

 

Rock 

 




“. 

[ ] 

” – 295 

(187 / 6) (1 / 113 / 3) “ ” . 1 

(2 1 / 35 / 2 / 1) “” (1 62 12 ) 

. 

. : . 

“. ” : 

:(239 / 1) “” : 

“ ” “ ” 

” : 

“. 

: . 

“. ” : . 

. 

. . 

(1) Munkar is a Hadith whose narrators commit a lot of mistakes. It is a special type of weak Hadith. Usually the 

Ahadith in which a big reward for a small deed or a big punishment for a small sin is described, are weak. 

Worth Reading 

In the Land of the Quran & the Bible. At travel story to the sites 

related to God’s prophets. The writing is in Urdu. 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/ER/L0014-00-Safarnama.htm 

Worth Reading 

How to overcome obstacles on your way to success? Read more: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0010-Block.htm 




Dear Reader! 

In previous lessons, we have studied the . 

Now we shall start the . 

 


Backbiting is described in the Quran as 

eating flesh of a dead brother. 

: It is the descriptive style. When something is described, it is called the . A may be right or 

wrong. For example (Zaid is standing). In reality, Zaid may be standing or sitting. So the may 

be true or false. 

: It is the persuasive or interrogative style. When someone is asked to do something or something is 

asked, it is called the . The cannot be true or false. For example 

(Establish the prayer and pay the Zakat.) 

 

A may be a or a . The basic objective of is to inform the audience about a 

noun or a task. For example, (The praise is for Allah Who is the Lord of entire 

universe) is a . Similarly, (Moses said) is a . 

Sometimes, the objective of is not to provide the information. It has some other objectives. For 

example: 

• To tell the audience that the speaker also knows that information. In this case, the audience may already 

know that information. 

• To seek help from or invoke mercy of the audience. For example, Prophet Moses said, 

(O Lord! Whatever good you send down me, I am a in desperate need of 

it). Here, the Prophet Moses is asking for mercy from God by just describing his position. 

• To express one’s weakness. For example, Prophet Zakariya said, 

(O Lord! Surely, my bones have weakened and the hair of my head glistens with grey). 

• To express one’s grief, regret, happiness, or other emotions. For example, the mother of Marry 

had vowed to dedicate her child to serve the Mosque of Jerusalem. She gave birth to a girl who was not 

able to serve the Mosque. At that time, she said to describe her grief, (O Lord! I have 

gave birth to a girl). In the verse, (The right came and the wrong vanished), 

happiness is described. 

• To scold or reproach someone. For example, to scold the offender Israelites, Allah said, 

(Shame and poverty were brought upon them. ) 




A can be described in an assertive way. As you have already studied in previous lessons that the 

assertion is developed by adding a few words to the sentence. For example, (Zaid is standing) is a 

plain sentence without any emphasis. (Surely, Zaid is standing) is assertive. (Surely, 

definitely, Zaid is standing) is more assertive and (By God, surely, definitely, Zaid is 

standing) is extremely assertive. 

Similarly, in case of , there are different levels of emphasis. For example, (He will help) is a 

plain sentence without any emphasis. (He will definitely help) is assertive and (Surely, He will 

definitely help) is extremely assertive. 

The level of emphasis must be according to the situation of the audience. If the audience is already believe 

or tend to believe that , there is no need to put a word emphasizing it. If they do not believe, then a 

reasonable emphasis will be required. Over- or under-assertion adversely affect the of the 

communication. 

The words used to emphasize include the following: 

• : They are used to create emphasis in a . 

• : They are used to draw attention of the audience. They make the sentence assertive. For 

example etc. 

• : They are used to swear in order to make the sentence assertive. For example etc. If the 

speaker swears other than God, it usually means presenting that thing as evidence. 

• : Repeating a sentence also makes it assertive. For example etc. 

• : They are placed before and after . For example etc. 

• : It is placed before . For example (definitely, Allah has listened) etc. 

Rule of the Day: 

For , the letters are the same but are different. If the word belongs to 

etc. The are often omitted in Arabic books. For 

example, may be ( ) () ( ) . Its meaning will be 

different in all three cases. It will be “He is generous”, “He gives honor” and “He 

gives honor” respectively. Frequently consult the dictionary to know the meaning of 

the same word used in different chapters. 




 

An is non-descriptive language. It may be a prescription to do so or an interrogation to ask 

something. The prescription is used for various objectives. For example: 

• : To instruct the audience to do something. For example, (Help!), (Open!), (Prostrate!) 

etc. Sometimes, the of a verb is also used to instruct e.g. (Come towards the 

success), (Run towards the piety) etc. 

• :To instruct the audience to avoid something. For example, (Don’t help!), (Don’t 

open!), (Don’t prostrate!) etc. 

• : To seek something or a request to avoid something from God. For example, (Don’t assess 

us!), (Forgive us!), (Pardon us!) etc. 

• : Request to do or avoid something. For example, (Please give me the book), 

(Please help me), (Please help me) etc. 

• : Guidance or consultation to do or avoid something. For example, 

(When you lend for a fixed period, write it) etc. The tone and the position of recipient will 

determine whether it is an instruction, prayer, request or consultation. 

• : To threaten or scold someone. For example, (Do whatever you want!!!!) etc. The 

context and the tone will determine that it is a threat or a warning for the audience. 

• : To demonstrate the weakness of the audience. For example, 

(Bring a chapter like this Quran and call all your helpers!!!!) etc. The context and the tone will 

determine the objective of communication. 

• : To demonstrate disrespect for the audience. When Israelites demanded Prophet Moses for 

vegetables, they were said: (Go in a city to find what you have asked!!!!) etc. 

• : To allow something. For example, (Eat and drink). 

• : To remind the blessings. For example, (Eat and drink from the sustenance 

provided by Allah). 

• : To compare two things. For example, (Be steadfast or don’t 

steadfast, it is equal for you). 

• : To wish something possible or impossible. For example, : ! (O 

night! Be longer, O sleep! Disappear, O morning! Stop and don’t appear). The objective of issuing such 

instructions to the night or morning is to express the emotional situation. In all above cases, the context 

and the tone will determine the objective of communication. While translating the Quran, some people try 

to consider every thing as instructions and commit mistakes in understanding the meaning properly. 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran and describe the type and purpose of each sentence as given in 

the example. Read the context of these verses, if something is not clear. 

Analysis 

Objective 

Type 

 

 

is a descriptive sentence. The 

is used to put 

emphasis in the sentence. The 

sentence starting from is 

, The question is asked to 

forbid the audience to debate 

unnecessarily. 

 

 

 

 

 

(3:66) 

 

(3:119) 

 

 

(47:38) 

. . 

. 

(1:1-4) 

. 

 

(1:5-7) 

 

(2:5) 

 

(2:6) 

 

(2:10) 




Analysis 

Objective 

Type 

 

 

 

(2:23) 

 

(2:44) 

 

 

. 

 

(2:49-50) 

 

 

 

 

 

(2:61) 

 

(2:78) 

 

 

 

(2:79) 

Worth Reading 

The Treasure’s Map. Search for the real treasure. 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE01-0005-Treasure.htm 




Analysis 

Objective 

Type 

 

 

 

 

(2:90) 

 

 

(2:94) 

 

(2:95) 

 

 

(2:112) 

 

 

(2:121) 

 

 

(2:146) 

 

 

(2:168) 

 

(2:179) 




Analysis 

Objective 

Type 

 

 

. 

 

(2:200-201) 

 

 

(2:211) 

 

 

(2:223) 

 

(2:258) 

 

(2:263) 

 

(3:20) 

 

 

(3:23) 

 

 

(3:64) 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study the basics of Islamic 

Economics. This is taken from a book 

of . 


The life of the creative man is lead, directed 

and controlled by boredom. Avoiding boredom 

is one of our most important purposes. 

 

 

 

. 

. 

 

 

 

. 

 

. 

 

: 

. 

Essence, core They predict Road signs 

 

Studies 

Premise, problem, matter 

 

 

West (Europe & 

America) 

Resources 

Scarcity 

 

 

 

Civilization 

Capitalism 

Socialism 

 

 

 




 

” : 1 ... 

 

 

“..... 

 

 

 

 

. 

 

 

 

 

. 

2 

. 

 

 

 

. 

(1) Adam Smith (1723 – 1790CE) is the considered the founder of Economics. (2) Meaning of this paragraph is that 

during initial decades of 20 th century, Economics followed politics. 

Distinguishing feature Production 

Concentration 

Military camp 

 

Industrial 

 

Welfare 

 




 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

: 

 

. 

 

. 

Contradictory 

Specific environment 

It mixes 

Relative 

 

It does not pay 

Application of school 

Spread 

 

 

 

 

attention 

Separation 

Caravan 

Fields, plural of 

Establishment 

 

 

 

 

 

of thought 

Model 

Both of them struggle 

It takes a direction 

Material (opposite to 

spiritual) 

 

 

 

 




 

: 

... 

 

. 

 

. 

: 

: : 

 

: . 

.[29 :] “. ” 

.[275 :] “. ” 

[32 :] “. ” 

“. 

.[7 :] “. ” 

: ” 

: 

: 

: 

: 

: 

. . .. 

: : 

 

.... 

 

 

.... 

Government revenue Budget Group 

 




 

. 

 

. 

: 

: 

. 

. 

: 

 

. 

. 

. 

“ ” . 

. “” “” “” 

“” (“” 

” “ ” “” 

“ ” “ 

.... “” 

 

: 

Accountability Embezzlement Restraint, deterrent 

It sat 

Colonial rule 

 

 

Hoarding, making 

monopolies 

A new issue occurred 

 

 

Dishonesty in business 

deals 

Fraud, deceit 

 

 




. -1 

. -2 

: 

. 

. -3 

 

. -1 

... -2 

-3 

-4 

. 

 

 

. 

Burning 

Distribution 

Evils 

Wealth 

Means of Production i.e. 

land, factories, machines, 

labor, entrepreneur skills 

etc. 


What is ? And what is its purpose? Give 

three examples. 

Rays Field, domain Separation 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lacking 

Legislation 

Profit 

Wasting, spoiling 

Abundant 

Grains 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Application, 

implementation 

Change 

Establishing law 

System 

It resulted in 

Widening 

 

 

 

 

 

 




 

. -1 

. 

-2 

. -3 

. -4 

 

. -1 

. -2 

 

. 

 

 

... 

19,000,000 

2,000,000 

. 5,000,000 

4,000,000 

Project Ownership 

Economic depression 

A live being, human 

being 

Punishments, tortures 

Calamity, disaster 

He was exiled 

 

 

 

 

Falling 

Level of slaves 

Factories 

Confiscation 

 

 

 

 

Unemployment 

Plunging into 

Luxury 

Clash, collision 

 

 

 

 




 

- 

 

 

. 

 

 

: . 

: -1 

 

” : . 

” : “. 

.[ ] “. 

: /2 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

Communist 

 

 

High 

 

Nuclear (war) Raw material 

Economic activity 

 

Two world wars 

 




 

 

” : 

.[168 :] “. 

 

 

. 

 

. 

 

 

” : . 

“. 

.[77 :] 

: -3 

” : 

” : [4 :] “. 

” : [5 : ] “. 

“. 

Utilization Destruction, devastation Preparation 

 

Control, supervision 

Conscience, self-reproach 

 

 

Competition, rivalry 

Understanding 

 

 

Selfishness 

Monopolization 

 

 




- 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

 

 

1 

. 

. 

(1) The author wrote this book at the time of Soviet Union. Communism resulted in collapse of Soviet Union. After 

that, the two torch-bearers of Communism i.e. Russia & China adopted Capitalism. 

Worth Reading 

Arnold Schwarzeneger is one of successful person in the world. He also had to face a 

big problem. What was that? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE04-0003-Schwarzeneger.htm 

Fall down Laziness He cancelled 

Quantitative & qualitative 

 

Soviet 

 

Frustration 

 




 

 

 

. 

 

: . 

1 

 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

 

: 

: 

. 

 

 

. 

. 

(1) The Prophet forbade the traders to approach the villagers coming into town to sell their products. 

The objective to such traders was to buy cheap from the villagers and then earn higher profit by selling at high rate. 

Dual (i.e. public & 

private) 

 

Taking care of each 

other 

 

It is not exaggerated 

 




 

 

 

 

 

. 

 

 

 

 

. 

 

 

 

. 

 

: [17 :] “. ” : 

.[33 :] “. ” 

 

.[7 :] “. ” : 

. 

 

. 

Representative Decrease 

Declining, refusing 

Employee 

 

Being a representative 

 

Nationalization 

 




” : 

 

[38 :] “. 

” : 

 

. 

.[81-80 :] “. 

. 

. 

 

. 

[20-19 :] “. . ” : 

] “. ” : 

.[ 

. 

. 

: 

: 

. : 

” : 

“. 

Declaring unlawful Incentives, plural of Possession 

Respect 

 

Instincts, plural of 

 

Goods 

 




:] “. ” : . 

“. ” .[188 

.[38 :] 

“. ” : 

 

: -1 

. 

: -2 

 

 

. 

: -3 

. 

 

. 

: -4 

 

. 

Satisfaction Sector (of economy) Preventing 

It died 

It became non-living 

 

 

Marketing 

Shops 

 

 

Enrichment 

Sacrifice 

 

 




 

. 

: -1 

” : : -2 

] “. 

“. ” : .[ 

.[ ] “. ” : : 

: . : : -3 

 

: . 

 

. 

” : : -4 

.[ ] “. 

() . () : 

() . : () . 

 

. 

. 

” : 

() . : () .[ ] “. 

. : 1 

(1) In order to encourage agriculture on empty lands, the Prophet said that whoever will start farming 

on an empty land, it will become his property. It is now not applicable because all empty land is owned by the 

government. If the government allows, then it is OK. 

Making a boundary with 

stones 

 

Watercourse, canal 

 

Gardens, public parks 

 




-5 

: -6 

. 

-7 

. 

: -8 

. 

: -9 

. : 

.[ ] 

 

. 

: -10 

[72 :] “. ” : 

. 

. 

: -11 

: -12 

 

. 

The author has described the situations in which a person can become a private owner of something. You can add 

more lawful examples to that. Some of them have become irrelevant after industrial revolution. 

Reciting Quran for 

At that time 

Profession, vocation 

medical treatment 

Finding a lost item whose 

owner is unknown 

He will pay as guarantee 

 

 

Giving a piece of land 

Mountain passes 

 

 

Collecting firewood 

Possession 

 

 




“. ” : . : -13 

[11 :] 

” 

: 

. 

: -14 

. : -15 

.[4 :] “. 

. 

: -16 

: -17 

. 

 

 

 

. 

1 

 

2 

. 

(1) If a person is mad or fool enough that someone will take his money by cheating him, the government should 

appoint a trustee for him to take care of his money. 

(2) If a land is jointly owned by two or more persons and one of them wants to sell his share, he should offer it first 

to his partners. If they are not willing to buy his share at the market price, then he can sell it to anyone else. This 

right is called preemptive right. 

Mad Obtaining 

Contribution, donation 

Preemptive right 

 

Restricting 

Fool 

 

 

Granting 

Harming 

 

 




 

 

. 

 

: . 

(1 

” : 

1 

“. : 

. 

2 

 

. 2 

: (2 

 

. 

5 4 

3 

. 6 

. 7 

(1) According to this Hadith, the Muslims are encouraged to share water, pasture, fire and other low value items 

with others, if they need them. (2) Names of areas. (3) Tax taken from Non-Muslims to grant them exemption from 

military service. (4) Tax on production e.g. excise duty. (5) 1/5 of war booties is payable to the government. 

Remaining 4/5 is divided among the soldiers. (6) Government should invest in businesses to earn profit. This profit 

should be spent on public welfare. (7) After the conquest of Iraq, the soldiers demanded to have a share in the 

agricultural land which was previously owned by the Iranian government. Caliph U’mar refused and 

convinced them to leave that land in the custody of government. The income of such land was spent on welfare 

projects. 

Fortification for defense of a 

Strengthening, giving 

Utilities, services 

 

city benefit 

Investments 

 

Pasture 

 

Taking benefit 

 




: (3 

 

. . 

 

. 

 

: -1 

. 

: -2 

 

. 

. 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 


Identify ten situations in which a question is asked in figurative sense. 

Disabled 

 

Hospitals 

 

Extent, range 

 

Orphans 

Prisoners 

 

 

Babies whose parents 

are unknown 

Disabled 

 

 

Financing 

Libraries 

 

 




” : 

 

 

“. 

 

 

. 

: -3 

: ” : . 

.[ ] “.” : “. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

() 

 

. 

Bitumen, hydrocarbons 

 

Salt 

 

It was owned 

 

Sulfur 

Conrundum 

 

 

The process of Qiyas 

is applied 

Petroleum 

 

 

Widows 

Planning 

 

 




: -4 

 

. 

: -5 

 

 

. 

: -6 

. 

 

. 

: -7 

. 

. 

: -8 

 

. 

: -9 

 

. 

Those who bear loss Burden 

Mines 

Ore, mineral 

 

Encouraging 

 

He deposited 

 




: -10 

 

 

. 

: -11 

. 

 

 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

. 

 

Worth Reading 

Islamic Threat – Myth or Reality. An introduction to the book of John L. 

Esposito. A detailed analysis about the world Islamic movements by an 

American professor who studies Islam and Muslim Movements in an 

unbiased manner. The writing is in Urdu. 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/ER/L0012-00-Islamic Threat.htm 

1/10 (tax on imports) Coins (making coins) Airlines 




Dear Reader! 

You have previously studied different for asking 

questions. There are also used in figurative sense. We’ll 

study that in this lesson. 


Suspicion is your enemy. Try to 

defeat it. 

Various words are used to make a sentence interrogative. The detail is as follows: 

• : It is used to get some information. For example, (Did Zaid travel or Ali?). The 

answer will be the name of that person who traveled. It is also used to confirm something. For example 

(O Abraham! Did you do this with our gods?) If the question is asked to 

confirm something, the answer will be ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 

• : It is used to confirm only. For example, (Is the blind and the seeing 

alike?). The answer of this question will be either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. is not used to get some information. 

It is only for the confirmation purposes. The sentence will be wrong. 

• : It is used to get the explanation of something. It is equivalent to the English word “What”. For 

example, (What is that disaster?). is also used to negate a sentence. The context determines 

whether it is interrogative or negative. 

• : It is used to determine a specific person. It is equivalent to the English word “Who or whoever”. For 

example, (Surely, Allah will bring out who are in the graves). is used only 

for Allah or His intellectual creatures i.e. humans, angels and giants. It is not used for animals, plants and 

non-living matter. is also used to determine a specific thing. For example, 

(These used to learn from both of them by which they caused separation between a 

person and his wife.) 

• : It is used to determine the time of a specific event in past or future. It is equivalent to the English 

word “When”. For example, (When this promise will be fulfilled). 

• : It is used to determine the time of a specific horrible event in future only. It is equivalent to the 

English word “When”. For example, (They ask: When will be the Day of 

Judgment?). The difference between and is that is used to specify any event in past or future 

whereas is used to specify a horrible event in future. 




• : It is used to ask the details. It is equivalent to the English word “How”. For example, 

(How was the end of deniers?). 

• : It is used to determine the place. It is equivalent to the English word “Where”. For example, 

(Today, where is the place to flee?). 

• : It is used to determine the number. It is equivalent to the English word “How many or how much”. 

For example, (How many clear signs We have provided them?). 

• : It is used for various meanings. It is equivalent to the English word “From where”. For example, 

(From where I’ll have a child?). It is also used for the meaning of “How”. For example, 

(How Allah will make it alive after its death?). It is also used in the 

meaning of “Whatever or whenever”. For example (Come in your tilth in whatever 

way you want). 

• : It is used to select something. It is equivalent to the English word “Which”. For example, 

(Which one of these two parties is on the right?). 


What is the difference between ? Identify three examples of each 

in this lesson. 


In order to express that “I think…”, you say . It requires two 

. For example, (I think you are a doctor), 

(Surely, I consider you as a victim of magic), 

(I consider that the Judgment will be implemented) 

etc. You’ve to adjust the pronouns accordingly. 




Use of Interrogation Words in Figurative Meaning 

Sometimes, a question is asked in figurative meaning. For example: 

• : To describe equality of two options. For example, (It is equal 

whether you warn them or not). Here the is used in its figurative meaning. 

• : To describe negative meanings. For example, (Is the reward of 

generosity is any thing other than generosity?). It means that the reward of generosity is nothing except 

another generosity. 

• : To deny something. For example, (Do you know more than Allah?). 

(Do you call someone other than Allah?). Both of these questions are asked to deny that. 

• : To instruct or forbid something. For example, (Will you abstain?) The 

question is asked to instruct the readers of the Quran to abstain from intoxicants and gambling. 

(Do you fear them? Allah is more deserving that you fear Him). This question is 

asked by the Quran to forbid the audience i.e. Muslims from the fearing the unbelievers. 

• : To create desire. For example, (Do I inform you 

about a trade that will pardon you from a painful punishment?). The objective of asking this question is to 

create a desire in the audience to think about that trade. 

• : To express the respect or power for someone. For example, 

(Who can intercede in Allah’s court except His permission?). The objective of asking this question is to 

demonstrate the respect of those who will intercede in God’s court with His permission. 

• : To express the disrespect or weakness of someone. For example, 

(If Allah leaves you, then who can help you after that?). The objective of asking this 

question is to describe the weak position of a helper besides Allah. 

• : To express the amazement. For example, (What 

happened to you that you don’t eat on what Allah’s name is prescribed?). The objective of asking this 

question is to express the amazement with an ultimate objective to instruct the audience to eat the 

slaughtered animals on which Allah’s name is prescribed. 

• : To warn. For example, 

. 

(Where are you going? It is 

the reminder of all worlds). The objective of asking this question is to warn people about their attitude. 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran and describe the objective of each sentence as given in the 


Analysis 

Jews are warned by the Almighty who considered 

themselves to be the favorite people of God. They 

thought that they will not be punished except a few 

days. Allah is asking them whether they have a real 

agreement with Allah or they are just saying it 

without any basis. 

Type 

 

 

 

 

 

(2:80) 

 

(2:108) 

 

 

 

 

(2:133) 

 

 

(2:140) 

 

 

 

 

(2:214) 




Analysis 

Type 

 

 

(2:140) 

 

 

 

(5:116) 

 

(21:62) 

 

 

(25:17) 

. 

. 

(56:57-59) 

. 

(79:27-28) 

 

 

(2:210) 

Worth Reading 

What is the problem of a modern man? Who deserve the Paradise? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE01-0003-Deserving.htm 




Analysis 

Type 

 

 

 

(2:246) 

 

 

(3:154) 

 

 

(5:59) 

 

 

(5:112) 

 

 

(6:47) 

 

 

(6:148) 

 

 

(7:147) 




Analysis 

Type 

 

 

 

(7:59) 

 

 

 

 

(9:38) 

 

(12:11) 

 

(15:32) 

 

 

(2:214) 

 

(7:187) 

 

(10:48) 

 

(16:21) 

Worth Reading 

Suspicion kills a person. How? http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02- 

0007-Suspicion.htm 




Analysis 

Type 

 

 

 

 

(2:85) 

 

(2:232) 

 

 

(2:260) 

 

(3:6) 

 

 

 

(3:86) 

 

 

(3:101) 


If a verb is already in its 

, its also indicates the huge amount 

or intensity of a verb. For example, (The criminal killed a man) will 

be (The criminal killed a large number of people of the town) or 

(The criminal killed a man brutally), (I cut the rope) , 

(I cut the rope completely), (He broke the pen), (He 

broke the pen with full power) etc. 




Analysis 

Type 

 

 

(2:148) 

 

 

(6:22) 

 

 

 

(6:19) 

 

 

(19:73) 

 

(2:249) 

 

 

(6:6) 

 

 

(18:19) 

Worth Reading 

What is backbiting? What is its impact on a society? Read in detail: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0003-Backbiting.htm 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall continue our study of 

Islamic Economics. This is taken from a book 

of . 


Peace is not the absence of war; it is a 

virtue; a state of mind; a disposition for 

benevolence; confidence; and justice. 

 

 

: 

 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 1 

(1) The author has indicated towards an arrangement in communist countries. The government takes full control of 

food items and then distributes it through ration cards. 

Goods 

 

Marxist (related to Karl Marx, 

the founder of Communism) 

 

He engages in 

 




 

 

 

: . : : 

 

. 

: : 

. 

 

. 

 

 

. 

” : [188 :] “. ” : 

“. . . 

[276 ] “. ” : [3-1 ] 

” : “. ” : 

: “. 

“. ” 

: 

: 

. 

Poverty, lack of resources Taking advantage of Taking by force 

 




: 

. 

. 

: 

: 

: 

 

 

 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

: 

. 

 

. 

“. ” : 

. 

Borrower Lender 

Deposited, kept 

Laziness, idleness 

 

He deducted 

 

Magnification, increase 

 




: 

 

: 

” : 

: 

“. 

: 

” : 

” : [27 :] “. 

.[58 :] “. 

“. ” : 

.[67 :] 

: 

“. ” : 

.[34 :] 

: : 

 

. 

 

 

 

 

 




. 

 

: 

-1 

. 

. -2 

. -3 

. -4 

. -5 

. -6 

: : -7 

 

. 

. 

. -8 

: -9 

 

 

. 

Measurement 

Seeking company He executes/exercises 

instruments 

Prices, plural of 

Pharmacists, chemists 

 

 

Development 

Enjoyments 

 

 

Control 

He observed 

 

 




 

: 

 

 

. 

“ ” 

.“ ” 

 

. 

. : 

 

“” . 

“. ” : 

.[103 ] 

 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

Taking care of each 

Fragments Old age 

 

It will take in full 

Taxes, plural of 

 

 

Sufficiency 

Edge 

 

 

other 

Level 

Suitable 

 

 




 

. 

 

. 

 

 

. 

 

: 

: - 

 

. 

. 

: - 

. 

. . 

. 

Effects Assets 

Payment 

 

Consumables 

It is subsidized 

Current assets 

Expansion 

 

 

 

 

Home 

Tools 

Prepared 

Residence 

 

 

 

 

Loans, plural of 

He obtains 

Growth (of money by 

investing it) 

Cash 

(1) 

 

 

 

 




: - 

 

. 

. 

. 1 

. 

 

. 

 

 

. 

(1) This is a concept of Modern Macro Economics. When income of a person increases, his level of consumption 

and saving also increases. It is called “Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)” and “Marginal Propensity to Save 

(MPS)” in terminology of Economics. But the tendency for saving increases at a speed greater than the tendency of 

consumption. See the following table for example: 

Income 

$ 

1000 

2000 

3000 

Consumption 

$ 

1000 

1800 

2500 

Saving 

$ 

0 

200 

500 

MPC (Change in Consumption/Change in 

Income) 

100% 

80% (1800 – 1000) / (2000 – 1000 ) 

70% (2500 – 1800) / (3000 – 2000) 

MPS (Change in 

Saving/Change in Income) 

20% (200/1000) 

30% (300/1000) 

In above example, you can see that with an increase in level of income, consumption increases but its propensity 

decreases. On the other side, saving increases along with its propensity. If this person grows rich, all (or major part) 

of his income will go to saving which will result in concentration of wealth in a few hands. It will result in poverty 

and unemployment in the society. Zakat redistribute this wealth. It is taken from rich and paid back to poor. When 

poor will receive this amount, they will rush to the market to satisfy their needs because their MPC will be high. 

When they’ll spend this money, it will generate more demand. Factories will produce more and level of employment 

will increase. 

0% 

It will be circulated 

 

Saving 

 

Marginal propensity 

 

Industry 

 

Distribution of 

income 

 

Consumption 

 




 

. : 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

. 

: 

. 

(2) 

 

. ... 

. 

. 

 

. . 

. 

 

. 

Avoidable 

Hatred, grudge 

Difference in classes of 

 

society 

Capital 

 

Earning livelihood 




 

. 

” : 

.[ ] “. 

. 

” : . 

[15 :] “. 

. 

. 

. . 

 

-1 

. 

” : -2 

. [30 ] “. 

.[1 :] “. ” 

: 

: -3 

: -4 

. . 

: 

. . 

Administrative 

 

Trade, commerce 

 

Ambition, desire 

 

Organization 

 

By hand, physical (labor) 

 

Industry 

 




 

” : : -1 

 

“. ” : “. 

: -2 

. . 

. 

” : 

 

“. 

 

” : : -1 

” : [15 :] “. 

[ ] “. 

“. ” : 

) ) : 

.[ ] “. 

” : : -2 

 

” : [ ]“. 

[ ]“. 

. .. -3 

Piece Begging Incentives 

 




: -4 

 

. 

 

. -5 

. 

: 

 

 

: -6 

 

-7 

. 

-8 

-9 

-10 

 

: - 

. : : : - 

. : 

: - 

. 

 

: 

-1 

 

-2 

-3 

-4 

: -5 

. 

Income of a 

Real estate Awareness, perception 

prostitute 

Payment made to a 

soothsayer 

 

Capture 

 

In kind (other than cash) 

 




. -5 

. -6 

-7 

. 

-8 

 

. 

 

: 

. -1 

-2 

 

. 

. -3 

-4 

. 

: 

. -1 

. -2 

-3 

 

. 

 

 

” : : -1 

“. 

.[261 :] 

Increasing prices Cost Middlemen & brokers 




: -2 

. : 

 

 

 

 

. 

- 

 

. 

- 

. 

. - 

. -3 

 

. -1 

. -2 

. -3 

. -4 

 

: 

: - 

-1 

-2 

-3 

-4 

. 

-5 

: -6 

. 

: 

. 

Catastrophes, disasters 

 

Famine 

 

A cat 

 




. 

: 

. 

 

The right of canceling an open agreement is given to a party in these cases: (1) One party breaches a term of 

agreement. (2) A party cancels the agreement before finalizing it. (3) The agreement is conditional. If such 

conditions are not met, the agreement will become void. (4) The agreement is about sale of a product and the buyer 

is given the right to cancel the agreement after he looks at the product, if it does not meet the quality standards 

mentioned in the agreement. 

: 

: 

: - 1 

. 

. 

: - 2 

 

.... 

” : - 3 

[] “. 

. : “ ” : 

.4 

3 2 1 

- 4 

. 

” : 

” : “. 

 

[282 :] “. 

Right to cancel an agreement Putting an offer Contracts, agreements 




- 5 

. 

: - 6 

. 

 

. 

“. ” : 

: 

- 

” : . 

.[9 :] “. 

- 

. 

. 

- 

. - 

. - 7 

: - 8 

” : 

: “. 

” : 

.[ ] “. 

Quantities 

 

Trickery, deception 

 

Traps, plural of 

 




 

” : 

[ ] “. 

 

 

(1) Generally the Muslim Scholars do not allow commercial insurance but they allow co-operative insurance. 

-4 

. 

-5 

. 

. -6 

. -7 

: 

. 

: 

: . 

 

 

. : 

: 

-1 

. 

-2 

 

. 

. -3 

: 1 

: 

: 

-1 

. 

Paying in advance but 

Silent partnership Softness 

 

Insurance 

 

Roughness 

 

delivery of goods is deferred 

Thickness 

 




. -2 

. -3 

. -4 

. -5 

. -6 

: 

: 

: 

. -1 

. -2 

-3 

. 

. : 

.[283 :] “. ” : 

 

 

: 

. 

. 

: 

: - 

. 

: - 

.. . - 

: 1 - 

. 

(1) Its example is selling a bond on discount. A company issues a bond having a repayable value of $100. The bond 

will be repaid by the company after one year. The company receives only $90 for it. Remaining $10 is interest which 

is not allowed in Islam. 

Shareholders, policy 

Trust 

Gambling 

holders 




 

. 

 

. 

. -1 

 

. 

“. ” : 

-2 

” : . 

“. 

“! ” : “ ” : 

“. ” : 

-3 

. 

-4 

“. ” : 

-5 

. 

Giving deficient 

Consumer 

Play, cheating 

measure 

Wrong, unjust 

Prevention 

 

 

Raising prices by appointing 

fake buyers in the market 

Stack, pile 

 

 

Competition 

Producer 

 

 




 

 

-1 

: -2 

. 

: -3 

 

 

: 

– 

– 

– 

– 

 

: : 

[24 ] “. ” : 

 

 

 

. 

Freedom, manumission Industrial Institutions Indicators 

Poverty, lack of food 

 

Dominance 

 

Drop 

 




: : 

 

 

. 

 

. 

: : 

. 

 

. 

. 

 

%28 

. 

%1 

. 

 

. 

Oceans Increasing 

Human resources 

Ton 

Reports 

The line of Equator 

 

 

 

Opportunities 

He hunts 

Proteins 

 

 

 

Employment 

Environment 

Institutions, 

organizations 

 

 

 




 

. 

! 

 

: 

: – 

. -1 

. -2 

 

. -3 

-4 

. 

-5 

 

. 

: - 

 

. 

. - 

Looting, plundering Opium 

Wheat 

 

Exhausting, depleting 

Generations 

Integration, 

coordination 

 

 

 

Smoking, tobacco 

Embezzlement 

 

 

Corn 

Alcohol 

Sugarcane 

 

 

 




Dear Reader! 

You have seen how questions are used in metaphorical meaning. 

Same is the case for the words and sentences used to describe wish, 

hope or call. In Arabic, the word (wish) is used to usually 

describe the possible or impossible wishes. If it is likely to satisfy 

that wish, it is called (hope). 


Quran requires us to be 

careful about other’s 

privacy. 

The word used to describe a wish is one i.e. but some other words are also used in figurative sense to 

describe a wish. They are following: 

• : It is used to describe a wish. It is usually used with before and a pronoun after it. For example, 

(Ah! I wish I had been with them). 

• : Originally, it is used to ask a question. It is also used to describe a wish. For example, 

(Ah! We wish we had some intercessors who intercede for us). 

• : Originally, it is used to describe a condition. But it is also used to describe a wish. For example, 

(I wish they used to know). 

• : Originally, it is used to describe a possible wish or hope. Exceptionally it is also used to describe an 

impossible wish. For example, 

(When a group of them asked them, “Why do you admonish people whom Allah 

will destroy or punish them sternly?” The replied, “To be able to offer an excuse before your Lord and we 

wished they fear God”). Here those Jews are under discussion who violated the Law of Sabbath. Some of 

their pious people used to forbid them to do so. When they were asked why you admonish these violators 

while it is confirm that they will not leave their practice. They replied that with the word . 

The words used to describe the hope are two: 

• : It is mainly used to describe a possible wish or hope. Exceptionally it is also used to describe an 

impossible wish. For example, 

you become thankful). 

 

(We forgave you with a hope that 

• : It is mainly used to describe a possible wish or hope. Exceptionally it is also used to describe an 

impossible wish. For example, (We hope that Allah will forgive them.) When it is 

used for Allah, there is a hidden promise in it. 

To call people, several words are used. They include : Two of these words 

are used to call a person who is near to the speaker. Rest of the words are used to call someone away. Its 

reverse is also used in certain cases. The detail is as follows: 




• If the mind of the speaker is captured by the image of the audience and the audience is physically away 

from the speaker, the words are used to demonstrate that although the audience is away but its 

image has captured the mind of the speaker. For example, : 

(O the residents of Na’man Valley! Believe me that you live in my heart). In this verse, the 

poet has called the residents of Na’man Valley to demonstrate that their love has captured his mind. 

• On the contrary, the speaker can call a person nearby by using the words specified for calling someone 

away. It has various objectives which include: 

• If the audience are not actively listening while they are physically present in front of the speaker, 

they are called with a word specified for calling someone away to draw their attention. For 

example, Prophet Saleh said to his nation (O my nation! 

Worship Allah.) 

• The objective of this style is to demonstrate the humility of the speaker i.e. the position of 

audience is so high that the speaker cannot be nearer to him. For example ! (O Allah!) 

• This style is also used for the exactly opposite objective that the position of the speaker is so high 

that he / she does not want to bring the inferior audience nearer to him / her. For example, in 

response of Prophet Saleh’s call to his nation, they replied in a arrogant manner and said, 

(They said, “O Saleh! Bring the punishment what you 

have promised us, if you are one from the prophets.”) 

Like the interrogative words, the words used to call are also used in figurative meanings as follows: 

• : To motivate the audience. For example, (O brave!). Here the objective of calling the 

brave person is not merely calling him. The real objective is to motivate him to demonstrate his bravery. 

• : To scold the audience. For example, (O offender!). Here the objective of calling the 

offender is not merely calling him. The real objective is to scold him. 

• : To express astonishment and stress. For example, (O good news! This 

boy!). When the travelers found Prophet Joseph in the well, they expressed their 

astonishment in these words. 

• : To express grief or pain. For example, (Ah! We wish to 

receive what was given to Qaroon). Here the objective of calling is to express their desire. 

• : To express the love and affection. For example, (O my nation!). Here the 

objective of calling the nation is to express one’s relation with his nation. 

• : To recall the memories of past or to remind something. For example, (Alas O 

Joseph!). Here the objective of calling is to express grief and recall Joseph. 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran and describe the type and objective of each sentence as 

given in the example. Read the context of these verses, if something is not clear. 

Analysis 

The love, sincerity and affection of Prophet 

Moses for his people i.e. 

Israelites is apparent from . 

Type 

 

 

 

(2:54) 

 

 

(2:132) 

 

(2:179) 

 

(28:79) 

(25:28) 

 

 

 

(3:154) 

. 

(79:17-18) 

 

(28:9) 

Worth Reading 

Which attitude is better: Putting justification or admitting one’s fault? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0001-Accepting.htm 




Analysis 

Type 

 

 

 

(2:54) 

(27:46) 

 

 

 

(49:11) 

(2:221) 

 

 

(5:31) 

(43:3) 

 

 

(59:21) 

 

(6:27) 


Sometimes, the Past Tense is used as a prayer, not as a description. For example 

(May Allah be pleased with him), (Peace and 

blessings be upon him), (May Allah forgive him), (May Allah 

not break your mouth i.e. you may speak in this way forever), (May 

Allah not show you any undesirable thing) etc. 




Analysis 

Type 

 

 

 

(6:31) 

 

(33:63) 

 

 

(7:31) 

 

(65:1) 

 

(60:7) 

 

 

(7:59) 

 

 

(7:88) 


Describe different types of ? Give one example of 

each. 




Analysis 

Type 

 

 

(12:19) 

 

 

(2:102) 

 

(47:22) 

 

(12:39) 

 

(2:216) 

(9:81) 

 

 

(12:84) 

 

(18:49) 


The phrase is used to give the sense of “I request to” e.g. 

(I request you to take), (I request you to eat) etc. 

Worth Reading 

What is the difference between traditional mentality and creative thinking? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0013-Pineye.htm 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study excerpts from the famous 

travelogue of Ibn Batuta. He was a Moroccan who traveled 

around the world during 1325 – 1353CE / 725 – 754H. His 

destinations include the Middle East, the Central Asia, 

India, China, and Eastern and Central Africa. The length of 

his travels is estimated to be above 120,000 km. 


My life is an indivisible whole, and all 

my attitudes run into one another; and 

they all have their rise in my insatiable 

love for mankind. 

 

 

(1) It is Tangiers, a city in Morocco, situated at the narrowest point of Mediterranean. 

: 

1 “” 

(725) 

 

. 

. 

. 

... “” 

... 

. 

“” . 

. . 

. . 

. .. .. . 

My age Nests My birthplace 

Time of oppressive heat 

 

Fatigue 

 

Hidden in the middle of 

chest 

 




.... 2 “” ... 1 “” 

 

. . 

. 

. 3 

(1) Tunis. A small country in North Africa. (2) Algiers, the second largest country of Africa. (3) A royal dynasty 

who ruled over certain African countries. 

The Travels of Ibn Batuta vs. the Travels of Marco Polo 

Thanks to www.wwnorton.com 




... . “” 

” : . 

. ” : “. 

“. 

. . . 

.“” 

. 

. 

. . 

.... 

... “” 

. 

. 

.... 


Sometimes, words from and seems similar to each other. For example 

(She/You stone at someone) is from , while (he translated) is 

from . Sometimes, even the are the same. In such cases, see the 

translation of both and select the one which fits into the context. Frequently 

consult the dictionary to know the meaning of similar word used in different 

chapters of . 

Sociability 

 

Kindness 

 

I give you as a loan 

 

They became friendly 

with me 

 

Hajj dress produced 

at Ba’albak, Lebanon 

 

Tent 

 




. . 

... 

. 

. 

.... 

.... 

. “” . 1 “” 

.... . 

.“” 

2 

... 

3 “” 

... 

... 

 

5 

“” 4 “” “” 

. . “” 

. 6 

 

. . . 

. 

.... 

(1) Tripoli, the capital of Modern Libya. (2) It indicates how easy it was to marry. (3) Alexandria, the second largest 

city of modern Egypt. (4) Calicut, a city in Southern India. (5) Arabs describe all Central Asians as “Turks”. (6) This 

lighthouse was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Constructed around 250BC and demolished in 1320s. 

Square 

Length of hands (from 

palm to elbow) 

 

 

I arranged the feast after 

marriage 

Sea port 

 

 

Gesture, appearance 

I consummated 

marriage with her 

 

 




 

.... . 

1 

.... 

 

... . 

. 2 

. 

: 

. 

. . 

. . . 3 

. 

. . . 

. 

... . 

 

. 

. . . 

. 

(1) Present-day Cairo. (2) It is a historical mosque built by A’mr Ibn A’as who conquered Egypt. (3) 

Zawiyah or Khaniqah was a religious monastery for education. It indicates the level of public services. 

Gravy Hospital Marble pillars 

Single, unmarried 

 

Its revenue 

 

Monastery, 

religious institution 

 




. 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

1 . 

 

.... 

. 2 

 

. . 

... ... 

. 5 4 3 : 

8 “” 7 “ ” 6 : 

9 

. . . 

11 “” “” 10 

“ ” . 

. 

(1) It indicates the hospitality of the Muslims of the Middle Ages. Any student belonging to any country was 

welcomed in all educational institutions. No visa or permission was required to cross the borders. (2) Nile, which is 

considered the largest river of the world. (3) Euphrates & Tigris. Both of them are in Iraq. (4) Syr Darya. (5) Oxus 

river. They are in Central Asia. (6) Indus River of Pakistan. (7) Punjab, fiver rivers which are tributaries of the 

mighty Indus. (8) Ganges, the famous river of India. (9) Yamuna, another river of India. (10) Volga river. The 

biggest river of Russia. (11) Hoang Ho river, a river of China. 

Two banks (of a river) Vessel, container Cane, walking stick 




. : 

1 “” .... 

. 2 

 

.... 

.... 

“” 

. 

3 “ ” 

. 

.. 

... . 

. 

. 4 . 

. . 

5 

.... . 

: 

... 

(1) Memphis, ancient capital of Pharaohs. (2) Fustat, a city founded by A’mr Ibn Al-A’as at the place of modern 

Cairo. (3) Hebron, Palestine. (4) Bethlehem, a town in Palestine. (5) Jerusalem. 

Bright & elegant Carved, graved Ages, long periods of time 

High 

 

Pyramid 

 

Hard 

 




.“” ... 

 

 

.... 

. 

... 

: 

... 

 

. 

. 

. . 

. 

... . 1 

... 2 

 

. 

. 

. 

. . 

 

. 

. 

. 

(1) It indicates the level of sectarianism at that time that each group had separated their prayers. (2) It was the 

greatest plague in the known history of humankind which spread from the Middle East to Africa to Europe. 




. 1 

. 

. . 

. 

2 

 

. . 

 

. 

.... .( ) 

: 

... 

... 

. 3 

 

... 

 

. 

... 

(1) This is a depiction of the welfare activities which were common in all cities of Islam. Ibn Batuta describes here a 

story of a slave who broke a Chinese utensil of his master. He brought that to a trust who paid him enough money to 

buy a new one in order to protect him from wrath of his master. (2) It is the traffic system of that time. (3) This site 

is still available. It is around 350km from Tabuk and 350km from Madina near Al-U’la town. 

Paying ransom for 

Doors Lane, street 

 

 

Rotten 

 

Name of the valley of 

Thamud 

 

(prisoners or slaves) 

Pavement 

 




... 

. 

 

. . 

 

 

. 

: 

 

. 

. . 

... 

. 

 

 

. 

... 

 

 

... 

Fixed shutter 

 

His two bedfellows 

 

Desiring to 

 

Vault 

 

A nail of silver 

 

Area 

 




. 

.... 

. 

... 

. 

. 

“” . . 

.... . . 

 

. 

.... 

. 

... 

.... 

 

. .... . 

.... . 

. . . 

.... . 

Edge of door Fountain 

Slope 

 

Wonderful 

 

Place of appointment 

 

He eradicated 

 




 

. . 

 

. . 

 

. . 

. 

. . 

... 

. 

... . 

... 

... 

 

. 

... 

 

... 

. 

. 

.... 

Reservoirs 

 

Boasting with pride 

 

Drums 

 

Pebbles 

 

Candle light 

 

Drums 

 




 

.. 

... .... 

 

. 

.... 

 

. ... 

 

. . 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

... 

 

... 

“” 

...“” 

...“” 

 

 

.... 

Torches (of fire) Druggists, perfumers Projects (irrigation) 

Musical instruments 

Songs 

 

 

Slippery marble 

Boat 

 

 

Wide 

Grocers 

 

 




... 

... 

 

. . 

. 

... 

.. .. “” 

.. .... 

. 

1 

. ... . 

 

... ... 

. : 

2 

... 

 

3 “ ” . 

...“ ” 

(1) Ibn Batuta visited Baghdad after it was destroyed by Tatars. It was also destroyed by internal conflicts of 

Muslims e.g. Sunni-Shia, Hanafi-Shafi’i etc. (2) It was difficult to arrange water for taking a bath at home because 

there were no toilets. The style of old baths was that people used to take a bath in a hall where water was supplied. 

(3) It was the biggest university of the Muslim world. 

Two bridges (over Tigris 

Followers of Shia 

Almond 

 

 

river) School of Thought 

Painted by tar 

Two pipes 

 

 

Quince 

Water-melon 

 

 

Apricot 

They dry it 

 

 




. 

1 ... 

.... 

... ... 

... 

.... 

.... 

 

... ... ... 

 

“” .. .. 

: . 

..“” 

... .... 

. 

 

. 

. “” 

. 

 

.... 

(1) When loud speakers were not invented, the method of teaching a big group of students was that certain people 

will loud voice were appointed to repeat the words of a teacher. 

Tiles & bricks King of Mongols 

Two repeaters 

Summer, heat 

 

Dug Wells 

 

Capital, main city 

 




. “” 

. 

. ... 

2 

1 

. . 

. 

.... 

. ... 3 

. 

. . . 

 

. 

“. ” : . 

. 

. . 

. 

. . 

” : . 

4 

“. ” : “. 

. 

... 

(1) Colombo, Srilanka. (2) Singapore. (3) Mogadishu, present capital of Somalia. (4) It was a common practice 

among rulers to make intelligent people and scholar their guests in order to get advantage of their knowledge. 

Young boys 

 

My guest 

 

Loaders 

 




“. ” : 

.... . 

.... 

...“ 2 ” 1 “” 

...“” 

... . 

... 

. “ 3 ” “” 

5 4 

. 6 

. . . 

. 

. . 

. . 

. . 

. . . 

. 

. . 

7 

... 

(1) A port in East Africa. (2) The region at the border of Oman and Yemen. (3) It is an island country in the Persian 

Gulf. Previously, it contained some area of mainland of Arabia. (4) April or May. (5) Persia, Iran. (6) Qatif, Eastern 

Saudi Arabia. (7) Ibn Batuta traveled from the Persian Gulf into Iraq and then reached at Turkey. 

Stagnant creek (of 

Shell 

Old 

 

Iron piece 

Leather bag 

 

 

sea) 

Tortoise 

Scissors 

 

 

They dive into 

Pearl 

 

 




. . ... 1 “” 

. . . 2 

. . 

.“ ” .... 

... . 

... 3 

. ... . 

.... 4 

5 “ ” 

. 

...“ 

6 

” 

.... 8 . 7 

. .... 

. 

: . 

. ... .“” 

. . 

. 

. . 

(1) Arzanjan & Erzurum are cities in North-Eastern Turkey. (2) Armenian (3) Bulgaria. (4) These dog-carts are even 

common today in the steppes full of ice. (5) A port on Caspian Sea. Ibn Batuta joined a royal caravan to travel along 

the Volga River. (6) Constantinople, Istanbul. (7) Queen & the crown prince. (8) Khatoon was the title of Central 

Asian respected women. The Roman King married her daughter with the Mongol king. 

Seeing off 

Bells, plural of 

 

 

Ice, snow 

Hoofs of an animal 

 

 

Utensils 

Desert, steppe 

 

 




. 2 ` : 1 

... 

. 

 

: . . 

“. ” 

 

. 

... . 

... : 

“” . . 

. ..“” .... 3 

. ... 

. 

. 

.. 4 “” 

... .... . 

... . 

.... 4 “” . : 

(1) Constantinople was the capital of Eastern Roman Empire at that time. It was conquered by the Muslims in 

1453CE around 120 years later. (2) George. (3) It is now called the “Bosphoros”. (4) They’ve still the same name. 

He became a 

Arched bridge Saddled & reined 

 

It was crossed 

Boundary wall 

 

 

Umbrella 

Sea tides 

 

 

monastic 

Churches 

He gave me robe of 

honor 

 

 




 

... 

1 “” ... “ ” 

. 

... 

. 2 “” 

. 

... 3 .. . 

. . 

2 “” . 

.... 

2 

“” 

... 

.... . 2 “” 

. . 

... 

. 

. . “” “” 4 “ ” 

 

... 5 “” 

(1) The Volga River. It comes from North Russia and ends at the Caspian Sea. (2) All of them are cities of modern 

“Uzbekistan”. (3) The River Oxus. It is the boundary between Afghanistan vs Tajikistan & Uzbekistan. (4) Panj 

Sher. (5) Both of them are in Afghanistan. 

Slopes Melting of snow It freezes 




. 1 “ ” 

 

... 

... : 2 

... . 

 

. . 

. 

. . 

 

.... . 

. 3 

. . 

. 

.... 4 . 

.... 

5 . 

... . 

(1) Sindh & Punjab are now separate provinces of Pakistan. At that time, all of them were called “Sindh” due to the 

River Indus. (2) It was ancient system of postal service by passing it from one hand to another. (3) It is now divided 

between Pakistan, Iran & Afghanistan. (4) In Mahrashtara, India. The Capital of Tughlaq Dynasty. (5) Such 

sculptures are available now in Northern Province of Pakistan. Most of them are preserved in Taxila Museum. 

Big dishes Leather bag 

Mile 

 

Chick peas 

Beans 

 

 

Bell 

Originating from 

 

 

Domes 

Ready 

 

 




... 2 “” “” ... 1 “” 

. 

... “ ” 

. 

... 

.. . 

3 

. 

.. . 

 

. 

.... 

. “” 

. 

... 

. 

. 

(1) Its is now a small town near DG Khan called “Uch”. Ibn Batuta traveled through the River Indus probably from 

present-day Attock to Uch. (2) A famous city situated in middle of Pakistan. It was the capital of Sindh at that time. 

(3) It is a tradition is Hindus that a widow burns herself along with her husband. Now this practice is abolished but it 

is still practiced in less developed areas. 

Plastered She embraced Related to Autumn 

Lead 

Courtyards 

 

 

Horns 

Brahman, the highest 

caste in Hindus 

 

 

They hasten 

It is kindled 

 

 




1 

. . 

. .... 

 

... 

 

1 

. 

. 

. 

. . 

 

.. 

.“ ” 2 “ ” 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

(1) It indicates the welfare works of the king. (2) It indicates the luxurious lifestyles of kings. After working in the 

Civil Service of the king, Ibn Batuta started his travel to China. 

Shop to sell liquors Crisis 

Inflation, high cost 




: . . 

“” “” 

1 ...“” 

... 3 2 ...“” 

 

...“ ” 

 

. 

... 

” : . 

... “. 

 

...“” 

 

. . 

. 

.... 

... . : 4 “” 

. 

.... 

. 

... . 

(1) The king of Calicut, Kerala. (2) Indonesia. (3) Bengal. (4) Adam’s peak in Sri Lanka. 

Coconut Nut 

Circle 




...“” 

....“” 

“” 

.... . 

.... 

” . 

. . . 1 “ ” 

. . 

.... 

.... 

. 

2 . 

... 3 “” ...“” 

... 

. 4 “” “” “” 

5 

... 

 

.“ ” 

. 

(1) Changez Khan. (2) It indicates that paper money was invented initially by the Chinese. (3) Kingfo. (4) It seems 

that Arabs have named different cities in Arabic for their own references. (5) After his return to Morocco, Ibn Batuta 

traveled again to Spain and South West Africa. 


What are the words used to call a person near to the speaker? If such words 

are used for a person away from the speaker, what does it mean? 

Paper Silk 

Cotton 

 




Dear Reader! 

As you already know that in classical Arabic, it was 

not considered good to describe everything in words. 

Arabs used to consider it a ridicule against the 

audience. 


Do not make a mockery of others. Quran 

forbids it. 

If a person described everything in words, he was charged for assuming his audience fool. As a principal of 

the classical Arabic, the speaker should express his / her view in justifiable words. The concepts which are 

already known to or understood by the audience should not be expressed in words. The valid reasons of 

using words to describe something are as follows: 

• To focus on something. When the communicator wants to penetrate a concept deeply in the audience 

mind, more words are used for it. For example, 

(They are on 

 

the rightly-guided path from their Lord and they are the successful ones). Here the word is 

described twice in order focus more on the people whose attributes are described in previous verses. 

• If something is not described in words, the audience may not understand it fully. For example, if a person 

Zaid is under discussion, it will be enough to say (What a good friend!). The audience will 

easily understand that this expression is about Zaid. His name is not required to be mentioned. But if, 

Zaid is not under discussion at the moment, his name must be mentioned to clarify that he is the good 

friend. The sentence will be (Zaid, what a good friend!). 

• If the speaker wants to attack on the intelligence of the audience. (S)he can explain everything in words. 

It will be a hidden attack on the audience. For example, a senior doctor may start explaining the basic 

details of human body to a less skilled junior doctor. 

• In legal matters, everything is clearly described in words so that nobody can deny. 

• To express something surprising, more words are used. For example, Zaid is already under discussion. It 

is not required to mention his name in each sentence. But if some amazing fact is described about Zaid, 

his name will be mentioned in order to express the astonishment. (Zaid fought with a lion.) 

• To respect someone, his positive attributes are described in clear words. For example, if it is asked 

(Did Zaid return?). In normal circumstances, the words may be enough. But if the speaker 

wants to express respect for Zaid, he will reply, (Yes, the pious man returned.) 

• To humiliate someone, his negative attributes are described in clear words. In above example, if the 

speaker wants to humiliate Zaid, he will reply, (Yes, the offender returned.) 




There are various reasons to delete a word: 

• If someone is already under discussion, no need to repeat his / her name every time unless there is a 

reason to mention the name. In above example, if Zaid is under discussion, there is no need to describe his 

name every time. 

• If something is well-known, it is not described in words. For example 

(O Prophet Say, “O People! I am a prophet of 

Allah towards all of you. The ownership of the heavens and the earth is for Him. There is no god except 

Him. He gives live and causes death.) Here the name of Allah is not described in words because it is well 

known that He is the owner of everything. 

• Sometimes, deletion of a name is due to respect of the person under discussion. On the contrary, a name 

can also be deleted due to hatred for the person under discussion. 

• Passive voice is also a form of deletion. In passive voice, the subject is not described clearly due to 

various reasons. The speaker may have a threat from the person under discussion. So he deletes the name 

of the subject. The person under discussion may be unknown. 

• Words are deliberately deleted to incite the audience to think about the deleted content. 

• Words are also deliberately deleted to test the IQ level of the audience. 

• Sometimes, the speaker wants to hide something from people other than the immediate audience. The 

audience understands with the help of certain indications but other people do not understand it. For 

example, in the last verses of the Quran, the personality of an enemy of Islam is described without 

mentioning his name. It is clear from some Ahadith that such person was Abu Lahab or Walid Ibn 

Mughira. 

• In certain situations, it is not possible to describe everything in words. For example, if a snake enters into 

a room where many people are sitting. It will not be acceptable to say “A snake has entered into the room, 

so be careful.” Instead of this long sentence, a single word “Snake!!!!” is enough. 

• Poets delete certain words to make their verses balanced. 


is a conjunction as well as a preposition. As a conjunction, it gives the 

meaning of “and” while as a preposition, it gives the meaning of “I swear that”. 

There is a third type of which is called . This gives the meaning 

of “while” or “in the condition of”. It describes the conditions at a specific time. 

It comes before a . For example 

(Angels called him while he was standing for prayer in a niche), 

(Whoever men or 

women do good deeds in the condition of being a believer, they will enter the 

Paradise), 

(Their taking of usury while they were 

 

forbidden to take it) etc. 

 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran. Identify the deleted words (if any) at the place of [] and 

describe the reason of deleting these words. If no word is deleted, identify the reason for describing the 

words. Read the context, if something is not clear. 

Analysis 

The verb “I start” is deleted because it is 

understood. The reciter is starting the 

recitation of the Quran. 

 

I begin 

 

[] 

. 

[] 

 

(51:28-29) 

[] 

(6:73) 

 

[] 

(12:18) 

[] 

[] 

(11:44) 

[] 

(72:10) 

Worth Reading 

A large number of people kill their wife and children by giving them slow poison. 

How? http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE04-0001-Smoking.htm 




Analysis 

 

 

. 

[] . 

.[] 

. 

(75:36-40) 

 

(16:9) [] 

[] 

(2:20) 

 

[] .[] 

(16:20-21) 

[] 

(21:37) 

 

[] 

(17:33) 

. . 

(86:1-3) [] 

Rule of the Day! The word (There is no escape) is used to 

describe the sense of “It is essential” e.g. (It is 

essential that you learn writing), (The examination 

is essential) etc. In case of nouns, the word is used after . 




Analysis 

 

 

.[] 

.[] . 

.[] 

. .[] 

. . 

. . 

. . 

. 

(81:1-14) 

. . ] 

.[ 

(95:1-5) . 

[] . 

(2:17-18) 

[. .] 

. 

. 

(93:1-5) 

[] 

(91:13) 


What are the words used to call a person away 

from the speaker? If such words are used for a 

person near to the speaker, what does it mean? 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study some excellent philosophical 

works of the ancient Muslim scholars. In selecting the 

excerpts in these lessons, we can got help from the 

. 

( ) 


The intuitive mind is a sacred gift and 

the rational mind is a faithful servant. 

 

: 

(29 ) “. . ” 

 

.(93 ) “. ” : 

 

 

 

 

. 

 

(21 20 ) “ . ” : 

(53 ) “. ” : 

...“. ” : 

: 

“. ” : 

. 

. 

Died 

 

Healthy 

 

Insight 

 




( ) 

: 

 

 

. 

 

. . 

. 

 

” : . 

(64 ) “. ” : (4 ) “. 

: . 

” 

(70 ) “. 

 

. 

 

.... 

. 

... . 

. . 

. . 

So that he observes 

He nourishes and 

procreates 

 

 

Dominance 

Related to form 

 

 

Monkey 

Erecting 

 

 




: 

. 

 

“. ” : 

 

. 

 

“. ” : 

. 

” : “. ” : 

” : “. 

. “. 

” : 

“. 

( ) 

 

. - - 

. 

. . 

Leopard 

Deceiving 

Wolf 

Rebellious 

 

 

 

 

Ox, bull 

Having excessive desire 

Harmful 

Having malice 

 

 

 

 

Negligent 

He matches 

Suitable 

Dull 

 

 

 

 




 

. . 

. 

 

 

. . 

( ) 

 

 

 

. 

 

. . 

. 

 

 

. 

Worth Reading 

What is the Quranic Strategy for Personality Development? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0005-Quranic.htm 

He becomes civilized 

 

It is removed 

 

Instinct 

 

They distribute / divide 

 

He helped 

 

It becomes equal 

 

Professions 

 

Purpose 

 

Shelter 

 




( ) 

 

. 

 

. . 

. : . 

. 

“. ” : 

” : 

: “. 

... 

. 

 

. . 

. 

. 

 

. 

: . 

 

“. ” : 

Accustomed to 

 

Plural of , occupations 

 

Grinding 

 

Bored 

 

Practice 

 

He practices it 

 




 

” : “. ” : 

“ ” : “. 

” : “. ” : 

“. 

 

. 

... 

. 

“. : . 

. . 

. 

: . : 

. . . 

 

. 

( ) 

 

: . : 

. 

. 

Sweeping, collecting 

garbage 

Provisions 

 

 

Cupping 

Tanning 

 

 

Collecting, becoming 

social 

Weaving, knitting 

 

 




. 

. 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

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. 

. . 

. 

 

: 

. 

 

. . 

. 

: 

.. 

Representative 

 

Raised horns 

 

Utensils 

 

Shield 

 

Attacking claws 

 

It is impossible 

 

It represents 

 

Hard skins 

 

Shares 

 




 

. 

. . 

 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

( ) 

 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

 

 

“. ” : 

Deterrent, check 

 

Inhabiting 

 

Killing 

 

Body, corpse 

 

Society 

 

Victim 

 




( ) 

 

: . : 

: . 

. 

: 

. 

: . : 

: . : . 

. 

: 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. : 

. 

. : . 

. . ” : 

. . . . 

“. 

He collects 

Slave girls specialized in 

signing and dancing 

 

 

Common people 

He governs 

 

 

It is harmed 

Lack 

 

 




: : . : 

” : . 

“. 

” : : 

“. 

. ” : 

. 

” : “. 

“. 

. . : 

 

: . . 

“. ” 

. : 

. . 

 

 

. 

Sociable 

 

Mischievous 

 

Chosen 

 

Bold, proud 

 

Deceiving 

 

Lack of respect 

 

Jealous like a cock 

 

Fox 

 

Enslaved 

 

Humble like a pigeon 

 

Impudent, cheeky 

 

Brutal 

 




 

. . 

. 

 

. 

. 

( ) 

: 

 

: . . 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

( ) 

: 

 

. 

Coexistence 

 

Woodworm 

 

Citron plant 

 

Placement 

 

Climbing it 

 

Lice 

 




: 

. 

. 

. : 

 

. 

. 

. : 

“. ” : 

... 

( ) 

 

. 

. : 

 

 

. 

: 

 

 

.... 

They opposed him 

 

Secrets 

 

Convened 

 

They refrain 

 

Calamities 

 

Productive, fertile 

 




: 

1 . 

. : 

 

.... 

: 

.... . 

: 

. 

. 

. 

. 

 

: .... 

 

. 

 

: . 

. 

(1) Mirzuban was the ambassador of the king of Persia who visited Caliph U’mar . He found that the Caliph 

U’mar did not have any palace and he was sleeping in the Mosque like an ordinary man. 

Poverty & difficulty 

Mutual hatred due to not 

having something 

 

 

More 

appropriate 

Wide hope 

It accompanies 

 

 

 

Incentives, plural of 

It returns to 

Infertility, lack of 

production 

 

 

 




( ) 

 

. 

. 

: 

 

. 

. 

 

. . 

: 

 

 

. . 

( ) 

 

: . : 

: . 

: . : : 

: 

. 

Goods 

Substitute 

Looking for Bill of 

Exchange 

 

 

 

Domestic animals 

Silk, silkworm 

Raising horses 

 

 

 

Tax 

Hunting 

Hunting 

 

 

 




( ) 

 

 

: 

: 

.... . 

. : 

. : 

. 

” : 

. ” : “. 

“. 

.... : 

: 

: 

. . . 

: 

: 

... . 

: 

... 

.. 

Excused 

Withholding wealth 

 

 

Happiness of 

enjoyment 

Desiring 

 

 

Being contented 

Laziness, procrastination 

 

 




. : 

. 

” : 

“. 

( ) 

 

. . 1 

 

 

. 

. . 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

. 

 

... . 

 

2 

. 

(1) The topic under discussion is education and training of skilled labor. (2) It means that something was potentially 

possible. The potential was exploited and it came into reality. 

Simple 

Complex, compound 

From potential to reality 

 

 

 

More appropriate 

It establishes firmly 

Observation 

 

 

 

Skill 

Direct 

Faculty, talent 

 

 

 




 

( ) 

. 

. 

“. ” : .... 

. 

 

. 

... 

. 

 

. 

. . 

. 

 

“ ” 

.... 

 

. 

He becomes modest 

He encircles 

He chews with sound 

 

 

 

He develops habit 

Luxury, affluence 

Nursing 

 

 

 

Innocent 

He protects 

Bad companions 

 

 

 




 

. . 

 

. . 

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. 

 

. 

. 

 

... . 

... 

 

 

 

. . 

. 

... 

 

. 

He becomes fat 

Exercise, sports 

Board & inkpot (used to 

teach writing) 

Kindness 

 

 

 

 

Shameless, insolent 

Don’t tear 

They dare 

Soft & tender 

 

 

 

 

Negligent 

One who defames others 

Insistent 

Cheater 

 

 

 

 




. 

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.. . . 

 

 

. . 

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.... . 

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. . 

. 

He yawns 

 

He waits 

 

Exchange 

 

Shamelessness 

 

He spits 

 

Meanness, lowliness 

 

He is forgiven 

 

He blows his nose 

 

Disgrace 

 




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( ) 

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. 

. . . 

It deteriorates 

Extent 

 

 

Extension, ease 

Dependent upon 

 

 

Oppressing too 

much 

Oppression 

 

 




( ) 

 

 

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Making mind present 

 

Obscure, difficult 

 

Aptitude, readiness 

 

By practice 

 

Closed 

 

Instruction (of a 

teacher) 

 




Dear Reader! 

In all languages, words or phrases are arranged in a 

sequence by applying the grammar principles. 

Where the grammar principles allow using different 

sequence of words or phrases, they are arranged to 

express certain meanings. The detail is as follows 


Prepare yourself to work for Allah’s cause 

i.e. spreading the religion to both Non- 

Muslims and Muslims. 

• A word or phrase is described in the beginning in order to raise questions in the mind of the audience. The 

audience think about it. When the answer is provided, they listen it very carefully. For example, 

! 

(The disaster! What is the disaster? And what do you know about that 

disaster?). Here the initial words raise questions in mind of the audience. The answer of these questions is 

provided in later verses about the details of that disaster i.e. the Day of Judgment. 

• A word or phrase expressing a good or bad news is described in the beginning to produce a shock in the 

audience. The details are described later on. For example, !! ! (The desire to 

compete in wealth has killed you! [You continue this competition] until you reach in graves.) The bad 

news are described earlier and then details are mentioned. Similarly in, 

. 

(O Prophet! We have provided you the countless blessings, so you should pray your Lord and sacrifice.) 

Good news are described earlier. 

• A word or phrase expressing an amazing fact is described earlier. For example, ! 

!! (For producing love in Quraish, producing their love to travel 

[securely due to their relation with Ka’aba] in summer and winter, they should worship their Lord.) Here 

the amazing fact for Quraish love for traveling for trade is described. That love was only due to the 

protection they enjoyed due to their relationship with Ka’aba. In the society where no trading caravan was 

secured from the robbers, Quraish used to travel securely in entire Arab. The robbers did not use to attack 

on them due to their relationship with the Holy Ka’aba. 

• Sometimes, a word describing something disputed in brought earlier in draw the attention to that issue. 

For example, (Have you seen that person who forbids a [God’s] slave from 

offering prayer?) In later verses, the character of the infidels is described. 

• Sometimes, different levels or steps of a process are described in a sequence. First step, then second one, 

then third one and so on. For example, in Surat-ul-Qariah the steps of Hereafter i.e. destruction, 

assessment and reward are described in a sequence. 

• Sometimes, the words or phrases are arranged in the natural sequence of occurrence. For example, 

(Neither the slumber nor the sleep can occur to Him.) 




• In a , the subject or the object is usually brought after the verb. They can be brought 

before the verb in order to emphasize on the subject. For example, (Zaid came). If the sequence is 

changed to , it will mean that “Zaid was the person who came.” 

• In a , the subject or the object is also brought before the verb to produce the sense of 

exclusivity. For example, (Only for You, we worship and only for You, we seek 

help). Here the normal sentence was (We worship You and seek help from You) but the 

object i.e. You is brought before the verb in order to develop the sense of exclusivity that we worship 

only for You and we seek help only from You. 

• Sometimes, arguments are described before the conclusion. On the contrary, sometimes, the conclusion is 

described at the beginning and then arguments are provided for it. 

• Sometimes, a general statement is described as the “headline”. Its details and exceptions are described 

later on. 

• Sometimes, the sequence of words is changed only to maintain the rhyme of a verse. For example, 

 

 

. .. 

 

. .. 

(Seize him, then put a hold around 

his neck, then take him to the hell, then fasten him with a chain seventy cubits long.) In these verses, the 

red words are the verbs producing similar sounds. Other words in these verses are brought before the verb 

in order to maintain the acoustics or the similar sounds. 


Identify five reasons to omit certain words in Arabic. 

Worth Reading 

What is the difference between Monotheism and Polytheism? Why the 

Polytheism not acceptable in front of God? How to avoid polytheism in 

our prayers? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE01-0009-Monotheism.htm 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran. Identify the reasons for and the impact produced by the 

sequence of words, phrases or verses. Read the context, if something is not clear. 

Analysis 

 

The verses are arranged in the 

chronological sequence of the events of the 

Hereafter. 1) Earth will be shaken. 2) Its 

everything will be explored. 3) It will 

display the record of people’s deeds. 4) 

People will be rewarded according to their 

deeds. 

. . 

. . 

. . 

. 

(99:1-8) 

 

. . 

(97:1-3) 

. . 

. . . 

(94:1-6) . 

. . 

(92:1-4) . . 

 

(4:49) 

(39:66) 

 

. . 

(104:1-3) 

. . 

(103:1-3) 




Analysis 

. . . 

. 

. 

(93:1-8) 

. . . 

. . 

. . . 

(91:1-10) . 

! 

(88:1-4) ! 

. ! 

. 

(83:1-4) 

. . 

(77:8-11) . . 

 

(2:105) 

(2:222) 

 

 


In English, the word “never” is used to negate something with emphasis in past or 

future. In Arabic, two words are used for this purpose. The word is used to negate 

something in future with emphasis. e.g. (I’ll never drink intoxicants). 

Whereas the word is used to negate something in past with emphasis e.g. 

(I’ve never seen him) etc. 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study the political views of 

the Ibn Khaldun. These excerpts indicate his deeprooted 

study in the area of Political Science. 


No entertainment is so cheap as reading, 

nor any pleasure so lasting. 

( ) 

 

 

 

. 

. 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. . 

... 

 

. 

 

. 

Deterioration of boundary 

It is defeated 

 

 

Marking limits 

Range 

 

 

Feeling of belongingness 

to a nation 

Towns at border 

 

 

Dying out 

 

Boldness 

 

Depletion, exhaustion 

 




.“” . 

. 1 “” 

.“” 

 

. 

 

. 

2 . 

 

. 

 

. . 

( ) 

 

. 

... 

. ... 

: ... 

 

 

. 

(1) Yazdgard, the last king of Persia. (2) The main theme of this passage is that the strength of a nation is dependent 

upon their sense of ‘belonging’ or . When people prefer their national interest as compared to their personal 

interests, the nation grows. After some time, the nation stretches itself beyond its capacity. As a result of that, the 

sense of belonging depletes. The nation becomes weak and other nations dominate it. 




1 

. 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

... 

2 

. 

. 

. 

3 

. 

(1) The word in this lesson means dominance. (2) The author is indicating towards the slave armies developed 

by the medieval kings. (3) It is not essential that this process completes in just three generations. It may be longer or 

shorter depending upon the mentality of that nation. 

Luxurious 

Sign & dress 

Military men 

Decline 

 

 

 

 

Sharing glory (joint 

thinking) 

Submission 

Boundary wall 

Their goals 

 

 

 

 

Hardship 

Luxury 

Fruitful 

Extension 

 

 

 

 




 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

 

 

. . 

. 

. . 

. 

 

. . 

 

... 

. 

He subjugates 

 

Anarchy 

 

Government, dominance 

 

He collects taxes 

 

Sense of belonging to a group 

 

Pride, self-esteem, 

disdaining others 

 




 

. 

 

... 

 

. 

 

. 

 

 

. 

 

 

 

. 

. 


Identify five situations in which a person is called with a 

but the purpose is different from just calling. 

Good horses 

 

Furniture, dress 

 

Pride, self-esteem 

 

He follows like a child 

 

Additional, extra 

 

Making a person god, 

deification 

 




 

. 

: . . 

... 

 

 

. 

 

. 

. . 

 

: “. ” : . 

“. ” 

. . 

. 

: 

... 

 

. 

. 

Suppressed 

 

Important people 

 

Decline 

 




 

. 

. 

. . 

. 

 

. . 

 

. 

 

... 

. . 

 

. 

 

. . 

 

. 

(1) In medieval kingdoms, the “Sense of Belonging” was based on tribe. Today, it is founded on political party, 

religious group, caste, province or some other base. 

Check, deterrent 

Leadership 

Rule, leadership 

 

 

 

Objection 

Damaging factor 

Oppression, injustice 

 

 

 

Cohesion of a group 

Devotion to a group 

Injustice 

1 

 

 

 




 

. 

. . 

 

1 

“. ” : 

 

. 2 . 

. 

 

. . 

 

. 

 

3 . 

... 

. 

(1) Its examples are common in the modern world. Entire Europe is becoming one by combining their . 

(2) It indicates the psychology of expansion of super powers in the modern world. 

(3) Although the Abbasid kings were Arabs but they relied on Turks i.e. Central Asians in order to strengthen their 

rule because they overthrew the Arab rule of the Umayyad Dynasty. They did not have enough from Arabs. So 

they relied on Persians and Turks. 

Enemies 

 

Leading to 

 

Groups 

 

Area under control 

 

It is equal to it 

 

Separation, disunity 

 




 

. 

 

. 

 

. . 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. . 

They reject with disdain 

Nature 

Breaker 

 

 

 

Satisfied 

They justify 

Tax 

 

 

 

Hindrance, reasons 

for decline 

Indulging (in 

luxuries) 

Overcoming 

 

 

 

They swallowed them 

 

Expectations 

 

Submitting 

 




 

. 

. . 

. 

 

” : 

“. 

“. ” : . 

 

1 

 

. 3 2 

 

4 . 

 

... 

 

 

. 

(1) Coptic. The inhabitants of Egypt. (2) A nation of present-day Jordan. (3) Jericho, a city in present-day Israel. 

(4) The area of Sinai Peninsula. 

Victim 

They did not lodge 

 

 

Defense 

They insisted 

 

 

Submission 

They became happy 

 

 




 

 

: 

. : 

 

. 

. . 

. 

 

 

 

. 

. : 

. 

. 

. . 

1 

 

. 

(1) The elite class increase their personal revenues by increasing taxes on people and take money from the 

government treasury to their personal banks. It results in decline of that nation. 

They become lazy 

 

He reprimands 

 

Ambition 

 

Intimate, companions 

 

He controls 

 

Bit (of a horse) i.e. 

cavalry 

 




 

. 

 

. 

. 

 

 

 

... 

: 

 

. 

.... 

 

. 

 

 

. 

. 

. 

Desert 

It is separated from 

 

 

Obtaining with 

violence 

Riding 

 

 

It is removed 

Tax 

 

 




 

 

. 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

 

. .“” 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. 

Preserving from 

accidents 

 

Hospitality 

 

Competition 

 

Humble attitude 

Alienation from 

 

 

Taking care of 

orphans 

Deceit 

 

 

Attributes, 

characteristics 

Errors 

 

 

Treachery, betrayal 

 

Giving 

 

Tolerance 

 




 

. 

. 

. 

 

. 

 

” : 

“. 

. . 

: 

 

1 .... 

 

. 

(1) It is the practice of big powers to attract the best human resources to their countries. They create an ethical 

environment which attracts the best people around the world. They provide them immigration facilities. As a result 

of that, educated professional people with strong ethical values immigrate to these countries and they remain 

stronger for a longer time. Strong ethical values and knowledge are the two factors who make a nation, a super 

power in the world. 


Describe different types of Alif Laam and reasons for using it. 

Professional people 

 

Decreasing, debasing 

 

Leader 

 

Attracted towards 

them 

 

Criticism on them 

 

Adopting 

 




 

. 

. 

” : . 

“. 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

 

 

. 

Fear 

 

Weakness 

 

Cooperation 

 




 

. 

. 

. 

1 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 2 

. 

. 3 : 

 

. 

3 : 

4 

 

. . 

(1) This writing describes the reasons of rise of empires at initial stage. During the initial stage in the life cycle of an 

empire, abundance of wealth results in increased population due to excessive birth of children and immigration of 

professionals. (2) Two big tribes of Pre-Islamic Arabia. (3) Both of them were Abbasid kings. (4) This indicates how 

the kings used to spend the public money on their personal families. Abbas had three sons. In 200 years, 

their progeny grew to 30,000. 

Industrial workers 

 

Throne of the king 

 

Distant, remote 

 




 

. 

 

: . 

: 

. 

. 

. 

: 

. 

. 

. 

 

 

. 

 

. 

: 

 

 

. 

Synthesize 

Cutting noses (metaphor 

for humiliating) 

 

 

Dictatorship, 

totalitarianism 

Attacking 

 

 

Phases 

Objective 

 

 




 

 

. . 

. 

. 

. : 

 

 

. 

. : 

 

. 

 

 

 

 

. 

. 

Beautiful women 

They hate each 

other 

They fail 

Creatures 

 

 

 

 

He terrorizes 

Exactly equal (like a 

shoe is like other) 

He follows 

Friends 

 

 

 

 

Month (moon of 

1 st of each month) 

Weapons 

He competes in 

glory 

Reconciliation, 

peace 

 

 

 

 




 

: 

 

 

. 

 

... 

 

. 

 

. 

 

 

. . 

 

. . 

Do you know? In Medieval kingdoms, all the resources were considered to be owned by the king. They 

used to be transferred to the progeny of the king by inheritance. Islam presented a different political ideal. 

According to Islam, the matters of government must be run by mutual consultation of all citizens. The 

Caliphate of the Prophet was established on this principle in which every citizen had the 

right to share the government resources. In later generations, the Muslims ignored this principle and 

adopted the principal of dictatorship. As a result of that, their history is full of mutual fight. On the 

contrary, the Western nations adopted the principle of mutual consultation in form of modern democracy 

and became super powers in the world. 

Making monopoly 

Glory, pride 

 

 

They overcrowd 

They fight 

 

 

It shrinks 

It becomes worse 

 

 




 

. 

. 

 

: . 

. 

. 

: 

: 

 

. 

. 

. 

. 

: 

: 

: 

. 

: 

. . 

. 

. 

... 

. 

... 

Attack and flee (Guerilla warfare) 

 

Advancement of 

infantry 

 

Corresponding 

 




 

. .“” 

 

 

. 

 

. . 

. “” 

 

.“” .“” 

.“” 

“” 

.“” 

 

 

. 

 

 

. . 

Refuge 

 

Hardship of a battle 

 

They were gathered 

 

Cavalry 

 

Base camp 

 

They start fighting 

 




Dear Reader! 

Like English, in Arabic, proper and common nouns are 

used to express different meanings. You already know that 

any common noun can be made a proper noun by adding 

an before it. You have already studied different types of 

it at Level 4. In this lesson, we shall discuss different uses 

of it. The detail is as follows: 


Perform all your good deeds for the 

sake of Allah. The good deeds to 

demonstrate your piety to people will 

not be rewarded by Allah. 

• : The is added to a common noun to make it generalize over the entire group or community, 

but it is not essential that the sentence is applicable to each member of that group . It is called . 

For example, (If We let man taste any mercy from 

Us, then withdraw it from him, he becomes despairing, ungrateful.). The word can be used to 

describe an man or woman but the has made it generalized to include many human beings. The word 

means a group of persons including many man and woman but not necessarily all human beings. 

• : The is added to a common noun to make it generalize over the entire group or 

community. For example, (The human being is made weak). Here, the word can 

be used to describe an man or woman but the has made it generalized to include all human beings. The 

word means entire humanity including each man and woman. 

• : The is added to a common noun when a specific person is under discussion. It is called 

. It has various forms. 

• Usually that noun is described before as a common noun. For example, . 

(As We sent a prophet towards the Pharaoh, then the Pharaoh disobeyed the 

Prophet). Here, the word is used to describe an unspecific prophet but the on this word 

used later in the sentence has made it specific i.e. that Prophet (Moses ) who was sent 

to the Pharaoh. This style is also commonly used in English. First time, the article ‘a or an’ is used 

before a noun. Later on, the article ‘the’ is used before it. 

• Sometimes, the noun is not previously discussed in a sentence but it is either well-known or 

present-at-the-spot. For example (By the Promised Day!). Here the Day of Judgment 

is under discussion which is a well-known day. Or (Today I have perfected 

your religion for you). Here is added before the to describe that specific day when the 

Quran’s revelation was perfected. 




• If the is added on the in a , it will limit that to its only. For example, 

(Only He [Allah] is the forgiver and the eternally merciful). 

It is important to know the type of while translating an Arabic sentence because a mistake in 

determining the type of may lead to serious mistakes in understanding any Arabic text. 

Common Nouns 

Common nouns are used for various purposes: 

• Basically, a common noun is used to describe any unspecific person or object. For example, 

(A man came from the other part of the city). Here the word describes an unspecific 

person. 

• Sometimes, a common noun is used to describe either plenty or shortage of something. For example, 

(Plenty for sustenance for a specific period). Here the word describes plenty of resource. In 

(Is there not a single rightly-guided person among you?). Here the word 

describes that there were few people in that group who were rightly guided. 

• A common noun is also used to describe either respect or humiliation for a person. For example, 

(They said, he [this prophet] is nothing except a person). Here the word describes that 

they opponents of the Prophet ( ) 

used to consider him inferior to them. In 

(Pleasure of Allah is a great thing). Here the word describes that even a little pleasure of Allah is a 

very big thing. 

• In order to describe a group of people or things, common nouns are used. For example, 

(Allah created every type of moving-animals from water). Here the word is common noun to 

generalize the animals. 

• In negative sentences, a common noun is used to make the sense of English words “Not a single”. For 

example, (A bearer of good news or a warner never came to us.) 

• Sometimes, common nouns are used to hide the name of a specific person. For example, 

. . (Don’t follow any mean, oath-monger, mischief-making, slanderer). In these 

verses, the character of specific opponent leaders of Quraish is described in common nouns but their 

names are not mentioned because Allah does not consider that person important enough to mention his 

name etc. In human communications, it may be due to fear of that person or some other reason. 

Worth Reading 

The Report of Transparency International and a Hadith. This article is an 

eye-opening writing on the condition of Muslim Ummah. 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0004-Transparency.htm 




Test Yourself (1) 

Translate the following passages of the Quran. Identify the type of the noun mentioned in the red color. 

Explain the meanings associated to that word. Read the context, if something is not clear. 

Analysis 

Every praise is in fact for Allah. 

 

 

 

(1:1) 

 

 

(1:7) 

 

(2:2) 

(2:3) 

 

 

 

(2:19) 

 

 

(2:25) 

(2:61) 

 

 

 

(2:61) 

 

(2:65) 

 

(2:67) 




Analysis 

 

 

 

(2:74) 

 

 

 

(2:80) 

 

 

(2:87) 

 

(2:89) 

 

(2:98) 

(3:183) 

 

 

(2:204) 

 

 

 

 

(3:5) 

 

 

(3:6) 

(3:19) 

 

 

(3:62) 

 

 




Analysis 

 

(6:147) 

 

 

(3:80) 

 

 

(3:81) 

 

(6:142) 

 

 

 

(7:11) 

 

. 

 

(3:87-88) 

. 

 

 

(3:105-106) 

Rule of the Day! The word is used is used with to urge to do 

something. It is called . If it is used with , it 

expresses regret. It is called e.g. (You 

should complain to the manager?), (You should have 

complained to the manager). 

Similarly are also used for the same purpose. 




Forms of Proper Nouns 

• : It is the name of a person. The objective is to pinpoint that person. For example 

 

(We worship your God and the God of your 

fathers Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac, Who is the Only God and we are submitters to Him). Sometimes, the 

names are also mentioned to describe the respect or the disgrace of a person. 

• : The pronouns are used instead of the name of a person. We have discussed that in detail in 

previous levels. 

• : These nouns are also used to point out a thing or person. They are also used for various 

meanings: 

• To describe the reason for something. For example, 

(Verily, those who believed and did good deeds, they will be entertained in the 

gardens of paradise). Here, the word describes the reasons for entertaining the pious people in 

the Paradise. 

• To describe the respect or disgrace for someone. For example, 

(Glorious is the One in Whose hand, there is the control of everything). Here, the word 

 

describes the respect for Allah. For example, 

(What is this that can become your force to help you besides Allah?). Here, the word 

describes the disgrace for any force in front of Allah. 

• To describe the greatness or danger of something. For example, 

(The Pharaoh followed them with his army [and entered into the sea], then that which 

overwhelmed them, covered them up). Here, the word describes the overwhelming force of the 

water which covered the entire army of the Pharaoh. 

• : A noun belongs to a proper noun in described in form of a in order to 

describe the relationship of both. It has various other purposes: 

• To describe the respect of disgrace for any of both nouns. For example, (Allah’s 

law imposed on you). Here, ‘the law’ is associated with Allah in order to describe its worth. 

Another example is, (Don’t follow the foot steps of Satan). Here, the 

relationship of footsteps with the Satan describe the disgrace of the way of Satan. 

• To describe that the number of is abundant and uncountable or there is no need to count their 

number. For example, 

 

(Had the 

people of these towns believed and become careful, We had opened the doors of blessings from the 

heaven and the earth). Here, the ‘the people’ are associated with the towns because their number is 

not essential to count. 




• : The pointing nouns are used to point out a thing or person. They are also used for various 

meanings: 

• To point out something amazing. For example, Prophet Zachariah said: 

(O Marry! From where “this” has come to you?). Here, the word points out the 

amazing divine fruits. 

• To describe the respect or disgrace of a person or thing. For example (That 

is the great book, there is no doubt in it). The word carries the sense of “great”. Or 

(When this promise will be fulfilled, if you are true?). When the Prophet 

, warned them about the punishment of God, the transgressors used the word to 

ridicule that punishment. 

• Sometimes, the pointed out item is not physically present. The pointing nouns are used to pinpoint 

an item or a person in the mind of the audience. For example, 

(He is the One Who has joined two waters. This is sweet & fresh and this is bitter & 

saline.) Two waters under discussion are not physically present but they are in the mind of the 

speaker and the audience. 


In order to express amazement (or even regretful amazement), certain phrases are 

used. They are at the structure of . For example, 

(How much beautiful the garden is!!!). In the Quran, (How 

much steadfast they are on the Hellfire!!!), (How nice He observes 

and how nice He listens!!!) 


Identify 10 factors to be considered in arranging 

words properly. 

Worth Reading 

Wealth is a great blessing of God but it also creates some problems. Read more: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0008-Wealth.htm 




Test Yourself (2) 

Translate the following passages of the Quran. Identify the type of the noun. Explain the meanings 

associated to that word. Read the context, if something is not clear. 

Analysis 

 

 

describes the respect for paradise 

and its priority over the hell. 

 

(37:62) 

 

(25:1) 

 

(29:7) 

 

(28:62) 

 

(28:79) 

 

(21:36) 

 

(27:40) 

 

(28:29) 

(21:36) 

 

 

 

(28:63) 




Analysis 

 

 

 

(34:37) 

 

. 

. 

(38:13-15) 

 

(25:41) 

 

(32:6) 

 

(57:26) 

 

(6:74) 

 

 

(30:23) 

(30:30) 

 

 

 

(39:18) 




Analysis 

 

 

 

 

(3:144) 

 

 

(2:86) 

 

(2:257) 

. 

. . 

. 

(111:1-5) 

 

(47:2) 

(93:11) 

 

 

 

(4:76) 

 

(11:43) 

. 

(114:4-5) 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study some excellent 

philosophical works of the ancient Muslim scholars on 

ethics and the philosophy of ethics. 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

( ) 


The most successful people are those 

who are good at plan B. 

( ) 

 

 

: 

. 

 

- - : 

. 

 

. : 

 

- - 

 

. 

Two exceeded in weight 

 

Developed by effort 

 

Natural 

 




( ) 

 

 

. 

: . 

. : 

. 

. . 

: 

, . 

. . 

. : 

...“. : 

. 

. 

. 

 

. . 

. 

Mildness 

Practice, struggle 

Instincts 

Slow 

 

 

 

 

Refinements, 

disciplining 

Eagle, falcon 

Being desolate 

Uncontrollable 

desire 

 

 

 

 

Being without work 

It became heavy 

We experienced 

Enjoyments 

 

 

 

 




: . . 

. : 

. 

.. . 

. 

: 

: . 

. : 

. 

.. . 

. : 

. 

. . 

... 

. : 

. . 

. : 

... . 

. . . 

. 

Rare 

 

It did not complete 

 

Instinct, nature 

 




: 

. 

. ! . 

. . 

. . 

 

. 

. . 

.... . 

.“ ” .“ ” : 

. 

... 

. 

. . . 

. 

. 

” : . 

” : “. 

. “. 

“. ” : 

Excessive desire to eat 

 

Obedient, guided 

 

Recklessness 

 

Lack of desire, stagnancy 

 

Miserliness 

 

Cowardice 

 




( ) 

 

 

. 

 

 

. . 

. “. ” : 

. 

. 

. 

. . . 

” : . 

 

 

“. 

. 

. 

... 

: 

 

... . 

Clay 

 

Sexual desire 

 

Enjoyment 

 




. 

. 

. 

. 

 

. 

 

... 

 

. 

. 

... 

( ) 

 

 

. 

. . 

. 

: 

. 

... 

Uncertainty 

They become proportional 

 

 

Relations, connections 

Desiring 

 

 

Hard & diligent work 

Watch! 

 

 

 




. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

.“” . 

.“ ” 

.“” “” 

. 

.“” 

“ ” 

.“” .“” 

. : 

. 

: 

: 

. 

. : 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

. 

 

 

 

 

 




 

. 

. 

. 

. 

 

. 

. . 

. . 

. 

. . 

. 

 

. 

. .“” 

. 

 

 

 

Lavishness 

 

He confuses 

 

Reliability 

 

Being enraged 

 

Relieving others 

 

Realization 

 

Self conceit 

 

Generosity, magnanimity 

 

Cunning attitude 

 

Restlessness, anxiety 

 

Love & affection 

 

Slyness 

 

Meanness 

 

Boasting 

 

Stupidity 

 




 

. 

 

. 

. : 

. . 

. 

.... 

. 

... 

. . 

. 

. 

“ ” : 

. . 

. 

Indulgence in sensual 

pleasure 

 

Helping each other 

 

Generosity 

 

Flattery 

Malicious satisfaction on 

other’s grief 

Doubt 

 

 

 

Grace with humorous 

attitude 

Shamelessness 

Violation 

 

 

 

Forgiveness, tolerance 

Contentment, selfsatisfaction 

Devoutness, God’s fear 

 

 

 

Brazen, impudent 

 

Kindness, friendliness 

 




( ) 

 

 

: . 

! 

. 

! 

. 

! 

. 

! 

 

. 

. ! 

! . 

! . 

. . 

! ! 

. 

Bent upon 

 

Pasture 

 

Refuge 

 

She stays awake at night 

 

Beast of prey 

 

Anxious 

 

He provides 

 

Hot & cold 

 

He frequently brings 

to 

 




. ! 

! ! 

 

. 

! 

” . 

“. 

“. . ” ! 

. 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

 

. . 

 

 

. . 

Misery, ill will 

 

Arrival 

 

Followers, group 

 




( ) 

: : 

. : 

. . 

. 

: 

 

... 

 

. 

() . . 

( ) 

. : 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

. : . : : 

Effective by something 

else 

Pebbles 

 

 

Mean, despicable 

Effective itself 

 

 

Training, practice 

Dullness 

 

 




( ) 

: : 

: . : . 

. 

: . : 

. : . 

. : 

. 

: : 

: . : . 

 

. 

( ) 

 

 

. . 

. 

... . 

 

. . 

Worth Reading 

What are success secrets? http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0015-Secrets.htm 

Satisfaction, compensation 

 

Searched things 

 

Thunderbolt 

 




( ) 

. : . : 

. 

. 

. . 

. : . : : 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

. . 

” : “ ” : 

“. 

. 

. 

. 

. . 

. 

. 

: . 

: . 

. 




( ) 

. : . : 

: . . 

... 

 

: . . 

... : . 

. : 

. 

“. ” : . 

. : 

. : 

. : : : 

. : 

. 

: 

. . . 

. : 

Lightheaded 

Deviation 

 

 

He undertakes 

Foolish 

 

 

He gets medical 

advice 

The most fatigued 

 

 

Silliness 

 

He attaches 

 

He treats 

 




: 

 

. : . 

: . : 

... : . 

: . : 

 

” : 

“. 

( ) 

. 

. 

. 

.. ... 

. . 

. 

 

... 

. 

. 

Nomadism, roughness 

 

Dependent upon 

 

Obtaining 

 

They become dusty 

 

It is colored by 

 

Hardship 

 




( ) 

 

. 

. 

. 

. : 

... . 

: 

. 

. 

.. . 

 

. 

. 

. . 


Sometimes, the word is used to describe a part of something e.g. 

(Some of the people), (Some villagers 

came putting excuses), (Those are some of the news). It is 

called . 

Cupping (Medieval methods of medical treatment by cutting certain veins 

and discharging blood.) 

 

Bleeding 

 




( ) 

. 

. : 

 

. 

. 

“. ” : . 

. 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

 

. 

. . . 

. : 

. : 

Escaping 

 

Animality 

 

He accompanies 

 

Trap 

 

Attack, offensiveness 

 

Mixtures 

 

Skin 

 

Lust, sexual appetite 

 

Wildness 

 




. 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

 

... 

. ... 

 

 

. 

. 

. : 

. 

... 

. 

. . 

. 

Policy 

It is revealed 

 

 

Rapacity, wildness 

Molded 

 

 

Excessive greed for material 

wealth 

Rapacious, biting 

 

 




 

. 

 

. 

. 

. . 

. 

 

. 

 

 

. 

 

. 

 

: 

. 

Flaming up with rage 

 

Malicious 

 

Delightful 

 

Making sellable items 

impure to get more profit 

Using obscene language 

 

 

Lavishness 

Boasting 

 

 

He instigates 

Successively 

 

 




Dear Reader! 

In all languages, certain sentences are general 

without any specification whereas additional words 

are added as specifications to the condition. For 

example, in the sentence , it is described in a 


Spend half-an-hour at late night to 

strengthen your relationship with Allah. 

general sense that “Zaid came”. It is not mentioned in the sentence that how he came? What was the 

purpose? From where he came? When did he come? If it is said 

(Zaid came by riding on a horse from Makkah for education). We find the answers of all these questions. 

These specifications are called in Arabic while the sentences with specifications are called . If a 

sentence is not specified, it is called and such phenomenon is called . A sentence is described 

without any specification if the speaker does not want to specify the sentence or the specifications are not 

significant. Otherwise sentences are specified. Sentences are specified in different ways: 

. We discuss them one by one. 

State 

The nouns used for are used as . You’ve already studied that the 

objective is to describe the condition, state, place, time, reason or other attributes of the verb, the subject or 

the object. For example, (We have not created the heavens, the earth 

and whatever is between them as the player of a game). Here the word is the specification. 

Nawasikh 

They are certain verbs which adjust the meaning of a sentence and add specific meaning to it. All of them 

also gives to the . They include the following: 

• : It changes the meaning of a into the past continuous tense. For example, (Zaid is 

standing), will change to (Zaid was standing). 

• : It changes the meaning of a into a past continuous verb at day time. For example, 

will change to (Zaid stood at day time). 

• : It changes the meaning of a into the a past continuous verb at night time. For example, 

will change to (Zaid stood at night time). 

• : It changes the meaning of a into the past continuous tense at morning time. For 

example, will change to (Zaid was standing at morning). 

• : It changes the meaning of a into the past continuous tense at evening time. For example, 

will change to (Zaid was standing at evening). 

• : It changes the meaning of a into the past continuous tense at forenoon. For example, 

will change to (Zaid was standing at forenoon). 




Nawasikh also include i.e. those performed by human mind including: 

• : It changes the meaning of a to the sense of the English phrase “became about to”. 

For example, (Zaid became about to be dying). 

• : They are the verbs performed by human mind. For example, (I 

found Zaid standing). These verbs describe the speaker is sure about something. 

• : They are also performed by the human mind but include the sense of a doubt. For example, 

(I think that Zaid was standing). 

Condition 

Various words are used to describe a conditional sentence. The detail is as follows: 

• : It sets a condition in present or future. Use of this word demonstrates that the fulfilling the condition is 

not essential. For example, (Then help your [false] gods if you can). Usually, 

the matters which do not occur regularly are described with . 

• : It sets a condition in present or future. use of this word indicates that the speaker is sure about the 

condition. For example, (Those when Allah’s name is mentioned in front 

of them, their hearts tremble). While translating in English, word “when” is used instead of “if”. The 

matters which occur regularly are described with it. For example, 

(When a good fortune came to them, they said, “It is for us.” And if an evil 

befell them, they associated with Moses. If it used for past, it does not describe a condition. 

• : It sets the condition in past. For example, (If Allah had desired, He had sent 

down angels). 

Badl 

Badl is the explanation for something unclear in a sentence. It has four types. Three of them are commonly 

used in language. In English, a Badl is described by “that is” or “ I mean” or “i.e.”. 

• : A word explaining that the whole of the previous word is under discussion. For example, 

(My son i.e. Ali came). Here the word is a badl for explaining him. 

• : A word explaining that a part of previous word is under discussion. For example, 

(The army traveled i.e. its major part). Here the word is a badl for explaining it. 

• : A word describing that something from the previous word is under discussion. For example, 

(The teacher benefited me i.e. his knowledge). Here the word is a badl for 

explaining him. 

• : A word describing that the previous word was spoken as a mistake. For example, 

(The moon rose, I mean the sun). Here the word is a badl for explaining it. 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran. Identify the type of the specifications. Explain the 

result of these specifications. Read the context, if something is not clear. 

Analysis 

 

 

Specified by that describes the state 

“as a player”. 

 

 

(21:16) 

(2:25) 

 

(17:97) 

 

(17:11) 

 

(17:39) 

 

(17:42) 

 

 

 

(18:50) 

 

 

(18:54) 

(26:157) 

 




Analysis 

 

(42:5) 

 

 

(29:37) 

(2:19) 

 

 

 

(67:8) 

 

(9:117) 

 

(3:37) 

 

(4:64) 

 

 

(2:170) 

 

(9:16) 

 

. 

(41:22- 

23) 

Worth Reading 

How to overcome procrastination? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0016-Procrastination.htm 




Analysis 

 

 

 

(41:3) 

 

(72:5) 

(2:70) 

 

 

 

(2:94) 

 

(2:103) 

 

(2:118) 

 

 

(3:30) 

 

(3:119) 

 

(3:135) 

 

(3:159) 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study excerpts from the book 

. The author has 

introduced different areas of Quranic Studies in this 

book. We shall study the most important areas of that. 


We should deliver the message of Quran 

and Sunnah to Non-Muslims as their wellwishers 

not as their rivalries. 

 

() 

 

 

 

- - . 

. 

... 

. 

. 

. “. ” : 

. 

” : 

 

..“. ” : “. 

 

 

.“ ” 

 

“. ” 




 

. 

. 

: 

: . 

 

. . 

. 

: 

: . 

: . 

 

: ... 

 

. 

 

 

. 

117 : 

198 197 160 

. 211 

 

. 




. 

. 310 

. 

. . 

 

. 234 . 

. 224 

. . 276 

.“ ” 309 

. 328 

. 330 

. .“ ” 388 

. 403 . 

. 430 

660 . 450 

. 643 . 

.“ ” 751 

. 

- - 

“ ” 

“. ” 

. 

 

. 




“... ” : 

” . “ ” : 

“ ” . “ 

.“ ” : . 

. 

. 

” 597 .430 

794 “. 

.“ ” 

“. ” 824 

“. ” 911 

. 

 

.... 

. 

. : : 

: . 

 

. 

 

 

. 




 

 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

” : 

...“. ” : “. 

. 

 

. 

. 

 

 

. 

Dark 

 

Course of action 

 

It flourished 

 

It covers 

 

He supports 

 

Doubt 

 

Tissues of a living body 

 

Inclinations 

 

They rushed towards 

 

Cells of a living body 

 

Unique 

 

Long distance 

 

Suitable 

 

He invents 

 

Essence, substance 

 




 

 

. 

. 

 

 

 

 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

Buzz, whiz 

Sound 

Collapse 

Structure, entity 

Mode, model, paradigm 

 

 

 

 

 

Passing 

Trough & crest like a 

wave 

Plains 

Both of them appear 

 

 

 

 

 

Hypnotism 

Magnetic 

Recorded 

Waves 

Ether, an assumed 

substance 

 

 

 

 

 




 

” : 

 

 

“. 

” : 

“. 

 

: . : : 

. 

: 

. : 

: . 

“. ” -1 

” -2 

“. 

” : -3 

“. 

” : -4 

” “. 

“. 




” : -5 

...“. 

. : 

” : . 

..“. 

 

. 

 

. 

: 

: 

. 

. 

” : 

( ) “... 

. 

: 

 

. 

.... 

Rustling 

 

It was made ready 

 

Ringing (of a bell) 

 




 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

” : 

 

...() 

“. 

 

. . 

 

” “ ” : 

“. 

 

 

 

 

. 




 

“” 

 

. . 

 

 

. - - 

 

 

- 

.... 

: 

: 

: - 

... 

- 

 

 

 

 

 

. 

Feelings 

 

Related to universe 

 

Challenge from front 

 




.. - 

 

. 

 

. 

 

: 

. 

 

 

. . . 

 

.“ ” 

.“ ” : 

 

. . 

Worth Reading 

Why people have two faces? What is the impact of dual personality on the 

reputation? Read the details in: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0016-Twofaces.htm 




 

 

” : 

...“. , , , 

 

 

“. ” : 

. . 

. 

 

. 

: 

 

( ) .... 

. 

. 

 

... 

 

.... 

 

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- 

. 

 

. 

 

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” : . 1 

( ) “. 

 

. 

. 

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“. . 

( ) 

 

: - - : .... 

.“ ” 

(1) Since paper was not common in Arabia of that time, therefore, they used to write on different materials like flat 

branches of trees, flat stones, leaves, parchments, leather sheets, wooden plates or flat bones. There was no chance 

that some portion of the Quran is lost because a large number of people had memorized it fully while thousands of 

companions had memorized it partially. Writing the Quran was an additional measure to preserve it. 

Wooden plates, plural of 

 

Flat bones of an animal, 

plural of 

 

 

Palm leaves, plural 

of 

Parchment, plural 

of 

 

 

Flat branches of date-palm 

tree, plural of . 

Plates of stone, plural of 

 

 




-2 

. 

. 

 

. 

... 

 

... 

. 

. 

... 

-3 

 

“” “” ... 

. ” 

. 

. 

 

. . 

. 

. 

 

.... 




 

. 

. 

. . 

. . 

 

. 

 

: 

: -1 

. 

. 

: -2 

. 

-3 

. 

. . . -4 

-5 

. . 

Extremists 

 

No wonder! 

 

There is no disagreement 

 




-6 

 

 

 

. . 

“. : ” : 

. : 

: -7 

” : . 

“. 

. . 

. 

. . 

: . 

. . 

. -8 

 

. 

 

. 

-9 

. 




 

: -1 

 

. 

: -2 

. 

. 

 

: - 

. 

- 

. 

: -4 

. 

. 

: -5 

: -6 

. 

. 

: -7 

: -8 

. 

Grammatical mistake 

Beggar 

 

 

Not practicing (what 

saying) 

Mistake in reading / 

listening 

 

 

He is imitated 

Repugnant 

 

 




. 

: -9 

: -10 

. 

- : -11 

. 

. 

. 

 

: 

: -1 

 

. 

 

. 

: : 

. ” 

“. 

: 

” 

. .“. 




” : : -2 

 

- - 

“. 

 

: 

. 

- 

. 

: -3 

 

 

. 

: -4 

 

 

. 

: -5 

. 

. 

-6 

. 




-7 

. 

” : : - 

“. 

: . 

. 

. -8 

. 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

: 

. : 

Fulfilling it 

 

They became expert 

 

He felt it appropriate 

 

He went on saying 

 

He became expert 

 

Example, pattern 

 




 

.... 

. 

: -9 

 

: . 

. 

“ ” 911 

 

 

. 136 

980 

. . 

945 

“ ” 

 

.“ ” : 

Worth Reading 

Success of the Hereafter does not depend on attachment to a group. Read more: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0009-Attachment.htm 

He hunted it (shot 

it) 

 

Bringing an argument which 

is far from logic 

 

Leveling 

 




Dear Reader! 

In all languages, words are used to limit something. 

For example, “He is only a poet” or “There is no 

poet except him.” First of these styles limit the 

capabilities of a person. Other sentence limits poetry 


Be beneficial to others. Give benefit to 

others even it is small. 

to that person. In Arabic there are many styles to limit something. They include the following: 

• : It is used for exception. For example, (There is no god except Allah). It means that there is 

only and only One God Whose name is Allah. 

• : It is like using word “only” in English. For example, (This worldly life is 

only a [temporary] enjoyment). It is also described as an exception in the Quran 

(This worldly life is nothing except an illusionary enjoyment). 

• : These words clarify any doubts about the sentence before them and affirm whatever is said 

after them. For example, (You have not conferred upon me a favor 

by accepting Islam, but Allah has conferred a favor upon you). Bedouin people used to think that they 

have conferred a favor upon the Prophet. The word negates it and affirms that it is Allah’s favor upon 

you that you accepted Islam. 

• Fourth way to limit the sense is that bring the object before the verb. For example, 

(Only to You, we worship and only to You, we seek help). It means that the believers worship and seek 

help from only and only One God i.e. Allah. 

Basically, there are two reasons for limiting a person or an attribute. 

• The person or thing under discussion is the only one who possess something or is capable to do 

something. For example (There is no writer except Zaid). In this sentence, writing is 

limited to Zaid because no other writer is available at the place of discussion. This sentence is valid for a 

limited place. Sometimes, the exception is global. For example, (There is no god except Allah). 

This is a universe-wide valid statement. 

• The audience have some doubt about a person or thing. That doubt is clarified. For example, 

(Muhammad is nothing except a prophet). After battle of Ohad, rumors about the martyrdom of the 

Prophet were spread. People became astonished due to this rumor. They might have thought about some 

divine attributes of Prophet Muhammad that he should be ever-lasting as a prophet. Allah 

clarified it that “Muhammad is only a prophet” i.e. he is not an immortal god. The sentence does not 

mean that Prophet Muhammad has no other attribute except his prophethood. Only his attribute of being 

immortal is rejected here. 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran. Identify what is limited and which word is used to limit that. 

Read the context, if something is not clear. 

Analysis 

They do not deceive except 

themselves. It limits the impact 

of their effort to themselves. 

 

 

 

 

(2:9) 

 

(2:26) 

 

(2:45) 

 

(2:78) 

 

(3:102) 

(3:135) 

(5:99) 

 

 

 

(2:11) 

 

(2:117) 

Worth Reading 

The Sermon of Mount delivered by the Prophet Jesus . 

Its contents are applicable today. Read more: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0009-Mount.htm 




Analysis 

 

 

 

(2:173) 

 

(4:10) 

 

 

(4:171) 

 

(5:90) 

 

 

. 

 

 

(7:32-33) 

Rule of the Day! The word is used in two different meanings: (1) To ask a question about number of 

quantity, it gives the sense of “How much? How many?”. (2) To express amazement or surprise, it gives 

the sense of “Ooh!, Wow! How many!!!!”. 

For example, it is used as a question in the following: 

I remain?” He replied, “I remained for a day.”), 

 

 

 

 

(He said, “How long did 

(How many books you have?) 

It is used to express amazement in the following: (Ooh! How 

many small armies dominated the bigger ones by Allah’s permission), 

(Do they not see how many nations We destroyed before them!!!!), 

(Do they not see how many venerated couples We have grown in the earth????) 




Analysis 

 

 

 

(2:88) 

 

(2:116) 

 

(2:135) 

(2:13) 

 

 

(2:102) 

 

(2:251) 

(2:40) 

 

 

 

(17:67) 

 

(29:56) 


Sometimes, the is used to describe number of happenings. It is called 

. 

It always comes on the structure of e.g. (The book was published 

once). (We said six takbeers in the Eid prayer). There is 

another type of , which is used to describe the state of something. It is called 

. It always comes on the weight of e.g. etc. In the chapters of 

, sometimes the is used as . 



Lesson 14B: The Seven Odes – Part I 

Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study the selected verses of the 

seven famous poems called . We’ll provide 


Genius means little more than the faculty 

of perceiving in an unhabitual way. 

translation with explanation because some verses are 

difficult to understand. Due to their eloquence, they are considered the best of the Arabic poems. They 

were hanged with the wall of the Ka’aba. This is not religious literature. Even it includes vulgar content. 

Due to the eloquence of such poems help in understanding many of the Quran because the Quran 

was revealed in the language used by Arab poets and orators. High quality of a product cannot be realized 

without comparing it with poor quality products. When a person compares the Quran with the best of the 

best poems of Arabia, he/she realizes the eloquence of the Quran. Moreover, this poetry also provides a 

first-hand knowledge about the Pre-Islamic Arabia. Due to these reason, we are forced to read this poetry. 

We’ve not included extremely vulgar verses. 

 

Imr-al-Qais (500 – 540CE) is considered one of the great poets of Pre-Islamic period. His father was the 

tribal chief of Banu Asad. Instead of becoming a responsible man, he indulged himself into entertainment 

activities. He was fond of tourism, hunting trips, dance parties, liquors and poetry. Along with his 

companions, he used to enjoy music, liquors and dance parties near the ponds. He used to describe beauty 

of women especially his beloved cousin “U’naizah”. Love with women is the main theme of his poetry. 

Due to his character, he is given the title of . 

Some Arabs revolted against his father and killed him. Then Imr-al-Qais left all these enjoyments, and 

tried to gather army from friend-tribes to attack on on his enemies. His family had enmity with Mundhir, 

the king of Heerah. It was a buffer state between Arabia and Persia. Imr-al-Qais tried to get support from 

the king of Rome. He visited Constantinople. The king sent an army with him but he died near Ankara, 

Turkey. The attributes of his poetry include: 

1. He uses a lot of metaphors, allegories and figurative speech. At some places, his poetry becomes very 

complex and difficult to understand. 

2. He is expert in depicting the picture of his beloved women and horses. While discussing women, he 

becomes vulgar. 

3. His poetry is full of expressing determination and ideas. 

The story behind this poem is described by A. J. Arberry in his book “The Seven Odes” as follows: 

“Imr-al-Qais fell in love with a his cousin named U’naizah. He sought her company for a long time, but 

was no successful in his approaches. Then one day the tribe loaded up their beasts and departed from their 

encampment, the men riding ahead while the women with the servants and the baggage lagged behind. 

Observing this, Imr-al-Qais hung back also and hid in a hollow to wait for the women, among them 

U’naizah, to pass him. When they reached a pool called Dara Juljul, the women said, “Why shouldn’t we 

get down here and bathe in this pool? That would freshen us up.” So they alighted there, dismissed the 

servants, undressed themselves completely and plunged into the water. Thereupon, Imr-al-Qais stole up 

on them unawares, seized their cloths, made a heap of them and sat down on it. 



Lesson 14B: The Seven Odes - Part I 

Then he shouted, “I won’t give a single one of you girls her clothes, not though she stays in the pool all 

day, until she comes out of the water naked and takes her clothes herself.” That they refused to do, till the 

day was well advanced and they feared they would never reach the station for which they were making. 

Then at last they came out of the pool, all except U’naizah; she adjured him by Allah to throw her, her 

cloths, but he would not. So finally she too came out, while he looked at her this way and that. They 

women advanced on him crying, “You’ve certainly punished us, keeping us here your prisoners and 

starving us!” “Well,” he said, “what if I were to slaughter my camel for you, would you eat of it?” 

“Yes”, they shouted. So he drew his sword and hamstrung the beast, then he slaughtered it and stripped 

off its flesh. The servants collected a great pile of brushwood and kindled up a mighty fire, and Imr-al- 

Qais set on hacking off the choicest pieces of them and throwing them on the glowing embers. The 

women ate, and he ate with them, and drank the remainder of the wine he had with him, singing to them 

between whiles and flinging on the slaves some of the roast meat. 

When they were ready to ride on one of the women cried out, “I’ll carry his saddle-carpet.” “I’ll have his 

saddle and girth-thongs.” shouted another. In that way they divided his harnessing and provisions between 

them, while U’naizah alone was loaded with nothing at all. “Well, my noble young lady,” Imr-al-Qais said 

to her, “There’s nothing you’ll have to carry me with you. I can’t walk all the way.” During that travel, he 

expressed his love for U’naizah. He said this poem after that. The incident may not real. It might had 

occurred in the imagination of the poet. 

Each verse is discussed in three boxes. First box contains the actual verse, second one contains its 

translation and the third one contains the commentary. Now read the poem: 

 

Explanation: : It is . It may have two meaning: (1) “O my both friends! Stop!” or (2) 

Stop! Stop!.” It is also common in the Arabic literature to use to call a single person. In such case, it 

gives the sense of repetition. An example in the Quran is . Allah 

is only One but the plural word is in meaning of “Return me! Return me! Return me!”. 

: The last edge of sand. : Twisted and curved. A depiction of sand hills and mounds. 

: Two places 

 

 

Translation: Stop! Le us weep by recalling the memories of the beloved and her home, situated near the 

edge of hill, between Dukhool and Hoomal. 

 

Translation: (The home of beloved) was situated between Tudhih and Miqrat. Its signs are not erased 

because wind blows from its North and South. 

Explanation: : Two places. The was situated among these four places. : The 

signs of a ruined home e.g. bricks etc. : Opposite direction of two winds. The signs of that 

place were not erased because if the Northern winds take some sand, the opposite Southern winds bring 

that sand back and vice versa. It may be figurative meaning that the signs of her love are not erased from 

my heart because opposite feelings like winds of North & South are keeping her love alive in my heart. 

... 

. .. 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: You see droppings of white deer in its courtyard (of her home) and the land surrounding it, 

as they are grains of pepper. 

Explanation: : Dung or dropping of an animal. : White deer. Its singular if . Usually inhabits 

in desert. : Courtyard of a home. is its singular. : Land surrounding a home. Singular 

. The family of U’naizah moved to another place as they were nomads. The poet expresses his grief 

when he looks at her home. An inhabited home converted to a lonely place. Droppings of a wild animal in 

a courtyard indicate the loneliness of a home. The poet has described “white deer” because it like 

loneliness as compared to other beasts. He has also equated its droppings with the grains of black pepper. 

 

Translation: When they loaded their luggage (on animals to move) on the morning of separation, I was 

(weeping) like that person who is near the acacia trees of the tribe and flipping colocynth. 

Explanation: : The morning of separation. Separation from one’s beloved is the time of extreme 

grief. : Acacia tree. : Tribe. : One flicking colocynth with his nails to get its nut. 

The poet has described the condition of his weeping along with the metaphor of a person flicking 

colocynth because tears come out of his eyes due to its bitter fumes. 

 

: 

 

 

Translation: My companions standing at spot on their mounting animals said to me: “Don’t kill yourself 

due to grief, be patient in a nice way.” 

Explanation: : Standing. It is because it is . 

: Extreme sorrow, grief, depression. It is because it is the reason or . 

: Be patient in a nice way. In Quran, it is mentioned that when the sons of Prophet Jacob 

came to him with the shirt of Prophet Joseph and told that a wolf has killed him, he said: 

. 

. .. 

 

Translation: (I reply to my companions) My cure is in these shed tears. (Then I come out of my emotions 

and become rational and say: Yes! You are right. I should not weep because) Is there any helper near the 

extinguishing signs? 

Explanation: : Tears. : Shed, pouring out. : Extinguishing. : Helper, supporter. 

The poet refuses to stop weeping and says that the cure of his grief is in tears. When he comes out of his 

emotions and thinks in a realistic manner, he realizes that there is no benefit of weeping and moaning. 

. .. 

. .. 

 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: (O Imr-al-Qais!) Your habit was similar in case of Umm-ul-Huwairith and her neighbor 

Umm-ur-Rabaab before at Ma’sil. 

Explanation: : Habit. : A mountain, if it is read as , it is the name of a spring. 

Now, the poet relieves himself by recalling his two earlier affairs. It depicts his lousy character. 

Translation: When both of them used to stand, the musk was coming from them as the breeze scatters the 

fragrance of carnation. 

Explanation: : It spreads. : Breeze, light wind. : Fragrance. : Carnation, a 

plant. 

 

 

 

 

. . . 

 

Translation: Beware! Many days with these women were joyful, especially the day of “Daratul Juljul” 

has no similarity. 

Explanation: : Many. : There is no similarity. 

 

Translation: The tears of my eyes oozed out due to extreme love and flew down to my chest, until my 

tears wetted my case of sword. 

Explanation: : Extreme love, ardent love. It is because it is . An example of 

from the Quran is (They put their fingers in their ears 

due to fear of death from the thunderbolt). 

: It wetted. : My sword-case. Usually the sword case was tied at the lower chest. 

In order to relieve himself, the poet recalls his memories of the incident of “Daratul Juljul” when he stole 

their dresses and enjoyed with them. Since many of this days spent with them were good, so it doesn’t 

matter that a day of separate has saddened him. 

 

Translation: The day, when I slaughtered my mounting camel for the virgins. What an amazement!!! 

(The reason of that amazement) was that its saddle was loaded on the other camels. 

Explanation: : I slaughtered. In the Quran, it is mentioned . 

: The virgin girls. is its singular. : Its saddle. 

In order to relieve himself, the poet recalls his memories of the incident of “Daratul Juljul” when he stole 

their dresses and enjoyed with them. Since many of this days spent with them were good, so it doesn’t 

matter that a day of separate has saddened him. 

.. . 

... 

. .. 

 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: The virgin girls started throwing the meat and fat of camel to each other which had long 

lashes like twisted silk. 

Explanation: : They threw. : Fat. : Edges. : Silk. : Twisted. 

 

: 

. . . 

 

Translation: The day, when I entered to the howdah, the chamber of U’naizah. She said: Woe on you! 

You are going to make me walking. 

Explanation: : Howdah, a chamber on the back of a camel. The second is . Its examples are 

common in the Quran e.g. 

. 

: Woe on you! It is a style of expressing love or hatred. It depends on the tone of speaker. 

: The one who causes other to walk on foot. 

When they moved, Imr-al-Qais did not have any camel. He entered into the chamber of U’naizah. She 

said, you are going to make me walk on foot because the camel will not bear the burden to two persons. It 

will die and I’ll be without any mounting animal. 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: She was saying: “The saddle has bent towards one side due to our burden. O Imr-al-Qais! 

You’ve slaughtered my camel, go down!!!!” 

Explanation: : It bent. : The saddle. : You slaughtered my camel. It is a metaphor 

for creating problem. Confirm events of future are described in the past tense. The camel had not yet died 

but “You killed” means that it will definitely die. In the last Surahs of the Quran, the incidents of the 

Hereafter are described in past tense to depict their inevitability. 

 

: 

Translation: I said to her: Continue traveling and loosen its reins. Don’t create a distance between me and 

your abundant fruits. 

Explanation: : Loosen its reins. : Don’t create a distance for me. : Your fruits. 

: Of huge quantity or number 

The poet compares U’naizah with a tree. He asks her to keep traveling in this way and allow him to 

continue getting benefit from her company. 

. .. 




 

... 

 

Translation: I have come at night time to pregnant and suckling women. I have made them careless about 

their amulet-wearing beloved (child). 

Explanation: : Pregnant. : I came at night time. : Mothers feeding their children by 

breasts. It is used in masculine because it is well-known that only a woman can suckle at child. Using 

masculine words for females is common in Arabic. In the Quran, its example is . Heavens 

are feminine in Arabic but a masculine adjective is used for them. : I deviated, I seduced. 

: Amulets. Arabs used to hang amulets to their children in order to prevent them from an evil-eye or 

demons. Islam forbade that and asked to pray from Allah instead of such polytheistic practice. 

: beloved. The poet describes his lousy character to win his beloved. He describes his art of seduction 

that he can even seduce pregnant and feeding women. Usually such women have less desire for sex. The 

poet is so expert in the art of seduction that they ignore their beloved children due to his seduction. He is 

expressing such filthy character as a pride. If a modern shameless lover tries to do so, his beloved will tell 

the lesson. This may not be a real incident. All this may happen in the imagination of the poet. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: You are deceived by (a false belief about) me that your love is killing me and whatever you 

instruct my heart, it will do. 

Explanation: : You are deceived. 

 

 

. . . 

 

Translation: One day, at the top of a mound, she forced me by swearing an oath, which had no exception. 

Explanation: : Mound, hill. : She forced me. : She swore. 

Once, she swore in a way, that it was not possible to break that oath. There was no way to come out of this 

oath. 

 

Translation: O Fatima (real name of U’naizah)! Slow down! After this flirtation, if you have determined 

to cut the relation with me, then do it in a nice way. 

Explanation: : Slow down! Do slowly. : Flirtation. : You are determined. : Cutting 

... 


Identify five reasons for using a common noun. 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: If you consider my character bad, then pull my heart out of your heart in order to separate 

them. 

Explanation: : Habit, character. : Pull out. : It separates. 

According to some experts, here the word is used in figurative sense. It means “heart”. 

Translation: Your both eyes shed tears to shoot your arrows in the parts of my heart in order to kill it. 

Explanation: : She shed tears. : Arrow. : Parts. : Killed. 

The poet has compared the tears with the arrows which kill the heart. 

 

 

... 

 

Translation: I passed the guards and tribe in order to reach her. They had a strong desire to kill me 

secretly. 

Explanation: : I passed. : Security guards. : Group of people, nation, tribe. : 

Greedy, having strong desire. 

 

 

Translation: (I visited her) at the time when the Venus appeared on sky. Its appearance was similar to a 

necklace on which pearls are fixed at a distance from each other. 

Explanation: : Venus, a star. : It appeared. : Similar to, at the time of. : A 

necklace in which pearls are fixed at some distance with each other. The poet has compared the line of 

stars with the pearls in a necklace. 

. .. 

. .. 

 

Translation: There are many beautiful protected women living in tents (who contain themselves in tents 

and do not deal with men), it is not possible to enter into their tent but I have enjoyed playing with them 

without any hastening. 

Explanation: : Egg. : Tent, howdah. : It is desired, it is possible. : Her tent. : I 

enjoyed. : Playing. : Hastening. 

The poet has used the parable of ‘egg’ to depict the beauty of a woman. All animals protect their eggs in 

sand, nests, or other places. In Arab literature, this parable is used for the beautiful women who are pure 

and protected like eggs. This parable indicates the height of their morality and character. The same 

parable is used in the Quran for the women in the Paradise i.e. 

. 

 

. .. 

 

. 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: I came (to her at the time) when she stripped all clothes from her except the night gown. She 

was standing near the curtain. 

Explanation: : She stripped off. : Curtains. : Night gown. 

... 

 

: 

Translation: She said: “By God! There is no excuse for you. I do not think that anything can acquit you 

from this error. 

Explanation: : Vow, oath. : Excuse. : Error, sin, seduction. : You become acquitted. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: She is like that virgin whose white color is mixed with yellow. Her food is clean water on 

which nobody is allowed to used it. 

Explanation: : The first one from a category, virgin. : Mixed. : Yellow. : Clean. : 

Which is allowed. Yellowish white skin is an for beauty. It may be a parable of an egg whose 

yellow yolk is mixed with its white part. 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: I came out with her and started walking. She was wiping our footprints at our back with her 

embroidered shawl. 

Explanation: : It runs. : Our footprints. : Tail. : Shawl. : Embroidered. 

Some Arabs were expert in investigation by looking at footprints. She wiped her shawl on the footprints to 

remove them. This incident may not be real. It may be just imagination of the poet. 

 

Translation: When we crossed the courtyard of Hayyi Tribe and reached at a quite valley surrounded by 

hills who had tightly fixed sand. 

Explanation: : We crossed. : Courtyard. : We leaned / reached. : Valley. : Quiet. 

: Mounds, hills. This is also the name of a Quranic Surah . : Sand tightly fixed. 

... 




 

.. . 

 

Translation: She turns away and shows her cheek. She protects herself and looks like a wild deer of 

Wajrah having a baby. 

Explanation: : She turns away. : She shows. : Cheek. : She protects with a shield. This 

word is commonly used in the Quran. : A place. : One having a baby. 

When she turns away, her cheek appears due to turning her face. She looks like a wild deer who has a 

baby. Deer of Wajrah were beautiful. A mother deer looks in a very careful manner. 

 

 

... 

 

Translation: When her bunches of hair are raised, her cluster of hair at back of head wanders between her 

two bunches and hair of forehead. 

Explanation: : Bunch of hair bundled by a ribbon or thread. : Raising. : It wanders, it 

hides. : Cluster of hair at back of head. : Two bunches of hair. : Hair of forehead. 

It is a depiction of her excessive hair. 

 

 

 

Translation: She (sleeps) until the late morning. Pieces of musk like on her bed. She sleeps at morning 

time and does not need to tie a belt on work cloths. 

Explanation: : Pieces. : She does not tie a belt. : Additional cloths (cloths used at work). 

There are three which depict abundance of wealth. (1) She sleeps until late morning. (2) She 

does not need to work like servants who tie a belt around their work cloths. (3) She is so rich that 

expensive pieces of musk lie on her bed. 

. .. 

 

Translation: Her neck is like that of a white deer. It is not excessive. When she raises it, it is not without 

ornaments. 

Explanation: : Neck. It is also used in the Quran . : Excessive, beyond 

limit. : She raises. : Without ornaments. The neck of the beloved woman is compared with that 

of a deer but the difference is that it is neither crossing the limits nor without ornaments. 

... 

 

Translation: Her deep-black hair are adorning her back. They are huge in quantity like a branch of a datepalm 

tree full of fruit. 

Explanation: : Hair. : Back of human body. : Deep black. : Abundant. : Fruit. It is 

also used in the Quran . : A branch having fruit. 

. .. 




 

... 

 

Translation: She picks with soft (fingers) which are not hard. They are like the earthworms of Zabee or 

like the cleaning sticks of Ishil. 

Explanation: : She picks. : Soft & tender. : Hard. : Earthworms, plural of . 

: A place. : Stick for cleaning teeth, plural of . : A tree whose branches are soft. 

The poet has described two parable of her fingers. (1) Earthworms because they are soft and tender. (2) 

Soft branches of a tree. The poet should be applauded for comparison with earthworms. 

 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: Behold! Many persons came to debate with me harshly about you, they were admonishing 

and reproaching me about it but I returned them without paying a heed. 

Explanation: : One who debates a lot. In the Quran, it mentioned : 

. : One who debates a lot. : Well-wisher. One who admonishes. : Reproaching. 

: One who cares. It is an expression of his firmness in his love affair. 

. .. 

 

Translation: A decent person (having self-control) also stares at a woman similar to her with strong 

desire as she stands between an old woman and a little girl. 

Explanation: : He stares at. : With strong desire. : She stands. : Shirt of a young 

woman. : Shirt of a little girl. It is depiction of her age. She is neither too old nor too young. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: At night, she enlightens in darkness like the night fire of a God-oriented monk. 

Explanation: : She enlightens. : A lamp. : At evening. : A monk. One who leaves 

the world and spend his life in jungles. The Quran has described in monasticism of Christians: 

. : One who totally submit himself to God. It is also used in the Quran 

. Monks used to lit fire at a high place in order to guide travelers. The poet is 

describing it as a parable of the face of his beloved. 

 

Translation: Unreasonable attitude of people at young age ends (with maturity). But her love cannot be 

removed from my heart. 

Explanation: : It ends. : Blindness, unreasonable attitude. : Young age. : Her love, 

her desire. In the Quran, it is said about the Prophet , . : Ended. 

. .. 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: The night like a wave of sea loosened its curtains (of troubles) on me along with different 

kinds of grieves in order to test me. 

Explanation: : It loosens. : Curtain. : Grief, troubles. : So that it tests. It is widely 

used in the Quran . 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: Behold! O long night! Behold! Become clear and become morning. But morning is not 

better than you. 

Explanation: : Become clear. : Better. The poet addresses the night and asks it to end. Then he 

realizes that the morning will not be better than night for him because his continue to suffer from grief. 

 

... 

 

Translation: What happened you to you??? O Night! It is like that its stars are tied with a linen rope with 

the back of rocks. 

Explanation: : What happened to you?? An expression of amazement. : Rope, cord. : 

Linen. : Back. : Rock. 

 

It is difficult for the poet to pass the night. He gives a parable of the length of night as its stars are tied 

with rocks with a strong cord that they are not going to disappear. 

 

... 

 

Translation: I have put the straps of water bag (the burden) of nations on my shoulders which are ready 

to carry this burden. 

Explanation: : Water bag. : Straps. : Shoulder. : Obedient, ready. In the Quran, it is 

mentioned . : Carrying a burden. 

It is an expression of his firmness and bravery that he is willing for face any problem. 

. .. 

 

Translation: I said to it (night) at the time when it stretched its back, it brought its buttocks out and it 

stretched its chest. 

Explanation: : It stretched. : Back. : It brought out. : Buttocks. : It stretched . 

: Chest 

The poet has described the night as it is a young woman who stretches her body. 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: (I am so brave that) I pass through an empty valley which is like a hollow belly of a donkey. 

(It is so uninhabited that) the wolf howls like that person who has a big family but he has lost everything 

in a gamble. 

Explanation: : Valley. : Hollow belly. : Donkey. : Empty. : I passed through. : 

It howls. : One who looses a gamble. : Having big family. 

 

 

... 

 

Translation: (O Wolf!) Behold! Whenever one of us gets something, he loses it. Whoever will earn 

something like earning of you & me will waste it away. 

Explanation: : He loses it. : He earns. : He wastes. The word means agricultural 

produce. It is used in the Quran as earning in figurative way. 

 

The poet describes his extravagance that whatever wealth he earns, he wastes it by spending on liquor and 

prostitutes. It is a real depiction of his lavishness. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: I start my morning by traveling on a very big horse, who is very fast and whose hair are 

short and whose grip is like that of wild beasts. 

Explanation: : I go in the morning. : Their nests. : Fast-running and having small hair. 

: Grip of wild beasts. : A very big horse. After describing his passion for love and 

steadfastness, now the poets describe his adventurism. 

 

 

. .. 

: 

Translation: When it howled, I said to it: “Surely, the condition of both of us is poor provided that you 

have not yet become rich.” 

Explanation: : You become rich. The poet expresses his lack of wealth by comparing his position 

with that of the wolf and says: “I am also poor like you. If you’ve become rich at some stage of your life, 

you might be better than me.” 

 

Translation: (My horse is the one which) attacks, escapes, move forward and backward at one time. It is 

(as fast as) a big stone of a rock falling down from height along with the water of a flood. 

Explanation: : One who attacks. : One who escapes. : One who moves forward. : A big 

stone. : Falling down. : Height, actually it is but its is deleted to maintain the rhyme. 

... 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: It is a chestnut horse (having red brown hair). If a mat of wool is put on its back, it slips like 

the water of rain slipping from a slippery rock. 

Explanation: : Chestnut. : It removes, slips down. : A mat of wool. : A slippery 

stone. : Rain coming down. 

 

... 

 

Translation: Despite of its thin body, it is highly excited. When it agitates, its speed is like the heat of a 

boiler in which a liquid is boiling. 

Explanation: : Being thin. : More excited. : Speed. : It agitated. : Heat. : 

Boiling. : Boiler. The excitement of the horse is compared with that of a boiler. 

 

.. . 

 

Translation: The blood of wild animals blots its chest like the extract of henna on combed hair. 

Explanation: : Wild animals. : Juice, extract. : Henna, a natural hair dyer. : 

White hair. : Combed. The poet describes the usefulness of his horse in hunting. The horse is so 

quick that when the rider hunts an animal, it reaches near the game before its blood oozes out. The blood 

dyes the hair of the chest of the horse like henna. 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: O my friend! Do you see thunderbolt? Or should I show you its flash in the gathered clouds 

like the shine of quickly-moving hands? 

Explanation: : My friend! is omitted due to balance the verse. : Flash of thunderbolt. 

: Shine of quickly-moving hands. : Clouds. : Gathered. 

After describing his horse and hunting trip, now the poet describes rain and thunderbolt. 

 

Translation: At Taima, it (the rain) neither left a single trunk of date palm tree nor any building except 

the one constructed by stones. 

Explanation: : A town in North Arabia. : Building. : Constructed. : Stone. 

The poet describes the heavy rain of desert. It did not leave any date-palm tree and destroyed all the 

houses except the firmly fixed buildings. 

... 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: In the heavy drops of that rain, Thabeer mountain looked like the elder of people wrapped in 

a shawl. 

Explanation: : A mountain. : Big drops of rain. : Heavy rain. : Shawl. : Wrapped. 

The rain was so heavy that a mountain looked like a man enwrapped in a shawl. This word is also used in 

the Quran 

! . 

 

... 

 

Translation: At night, on distant sides (of the city, the dead bodies of) wild beasts of prey drowned (in the 

flood) looked like onions dropped in excavations. 

Explanation: : Distant sides. : Unearthed, excavations. : Onion. The rain was 

so heavy that the beasts of prey died by drowning into flood. The poet has described their dead bodies as 

onions dropped on ground. 


You’ve seen how one of the great Arab poet describes a woman, a horse and rain. Now read 

of the Quran and compare its eloquence with that of the poetry. 

This will reveal you the miracle of the Quranic Eloquence. 

Worth Reading 

How to conduct work for Islamic Da’wah? How a Da’wah strategy should be 

developed? The article is in Urdu 

language.http://www.mubashirnazir.org/ER/L0005-00-Dawat.htm 


The word is used to emphasize that all of the them did something e.g. (All of 

the angels prostrated) etc. 




Tarfah Ibn A’bd Al-Bakari (d. 552 CE) is also considered one of the great poets of Pre-Islamic period. He 

used to live in the area of Bahrain (present-day Eastern Saudi Arabia). His father died and his uncles 

seized his property. He spent his money extravagantly on liquors and women. When he became poor, he 

moved to the kingdom of Heera on the border of the Persian Empire and became a courtier of the king 

A’mr Ibn Al-Hind. He failed to achieve a big rank in the court of the king. He wrote a poem against the 

king. The king ordered to kill him due to that poem. 

The attributes of his poetry include: 

1. He is expert in depicting the picture of anything. He has expressed the picture of his camel in his 

Mu’allaqah. 

2. He has also described his philosophy is his poetry. 

 

 

 

Translation: The ruins of the home of Khaula (the assumed beloved of the poet) at the rocky area of 

Thahmad appear like the remnants of a tattoo on the skin of hand. 

. .. 

Explanation: : Ruins. : Rocky land. : Tattoo. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: (The howdah of the camels of my beloved is like) the boats of Adauliyah or the boats of Ibn 

Yamin. The sailor sails them straight or bent on one side. 

Explanation: : A type of boat. : A boat manufacturer. : Boats. : He sails. 

: Sailor. : Bent on one side. Contrary to other poets, Tarfah uses the metaphors related to sea because 

he used to live in a coastal area. He has used the metaphor of a boat for the howdah of camel. 

 

... 

 

Translation: The back of (my camel is) like the planks of a big box. It is protected from stumbling. I 

drove it on a road which was like the back of a stripped off blanket. 

Explanation: : Protected. : Box. : I drove. : Stumble. : Stripped off blanket. 

The poet compares the back of his camel with wooden planks. He also compares the road with the stripes 

of a blanket. It indicates his knowledge about the roads because the roads are complex like the stripes of a 

blanket. 

Worth Reading 

Modern testing techniques have a direct relationship with jealousy. How? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0012-Jealousy.htm 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: It (the camel) has two thighs perfectly filled with meat. They are like the two parts of an 

elegant high gate. 

Explanation: : Two thighs. : Full of meat. : High. : Elegant 

The poet compares the thighs of his camel with the two parts of a big gate. 

 

 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: (When a person rides on it, his) heart becomes excited due to fear (camel) and it thinks that 

I’ll be attacked. Although it goes on a way which has no watching post. 

Explanation: : It becomes excited due to it. : He thinks. : Attacked. : 

Watching post. The poet describes the quality of his camel that I can travel with it through a barren jungle 

where everyone becomes scary without a real fear of watching robbers. In the Quran 

and . 

 

Translation: When my nation said, “Who is young man?” (to send a brave young man on a mission). I 

think that I have been pointed out. I do not become lazy and I do not become dull. 

Explanation: : Young boy. : I have been pointed. : I become lazy. : I become dull. 

The poet, describes the ideal character of an Arab who should be available to the call of his nation for any 

national cause. 

. .. 

... 

 

Translation: Its cheek is like Syrian paper and its lip is like Yemeni leather whose production has not yet 

finished. 

Explanation: : Camel’s lip. : Leather. : Its make. : It has not yet finished. At that 

time, paper of Syria and leather of Yemen was considered the finest. 

... 

 

Translation: It (the camel) is like a Roman arch whose owner has taken the oath to watch it until it is 

plastered. 

Explanation: : Arch. : It will be watched. : It is erected. : Plaster. The poet has 

compared the protection of his camel with that of a Roman arch under construction. It seems that Roman 

construction was famous at his time. 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: I am not the one who hides in hills due to fear. But (I am the one) who supports when the 

nation ask for help. 

Explanation: : Dissolver, one who hides. : Hill, mound. : He asks for help. 

 

 

 

... 

 

Translation: It continued until entire family started avoiding me. I became alone like a camel which has a 

skin decease. 

Explanation: : They avoided me. : A camel having a skin decease. It is kept separate from 

other camels to protect other camels from infection. 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: My drinking of wine, my enjoyment (of parties), my selling and spending my earned and 

inherited wealth continued. 

Explanation: : My original. : My inherited. This indicates another ideal of young Arabs who 

made their objective to life to enjoy the life with wine and women. 

. .. 

 

Translation: If entire tribe gathers, you’ll find me in the summit of a lofty and firmly established house 

(i.e. family). 

Explanation: : They gather. : Entire tribe. : Summit. : Firmly established. 

Being proud of one’s family was the most important attribute of Arabian mentality. 

 

Translation: My friends are as white (handsome) as stars. And there is a singer & dancer who comes to 

us wearing a shawl and clothes fitted to her body. 

Explanation: : My friends. : A slave girl expert in singing & dancing. : She comes to us. 

: Shawl. : Clothing fit to body. 

. .. 

. .. 

 

Translation: If you search me in a circle of the nation, you’ll find me. And if you search for me at wine 

shops, you’ll find me. 

Explanation: : You need me. : You try to hunt me (i.e. search for me.) : Wine 

shops. : You’ll hunt (find) me. This indicates the ideal character of a young Arab. Support for their 

nation and enjoying wine were considered their ideals. 




 

. . . 

 

Translation: If you are unable to drive back my death, then leave me to spend whatever my hands 

possess. 

Explanation: : Death. : I take initiative (to spend). 

Pre-Islamic Arabs were although the followers of Prophet Abraham & Ishmael but they 

had completely forgotten their basic teachings. They ignored the Hereafter and wanted to enjoy this world 

up to the greatest extent. Same is the situation of modern Muslims. 

 

. .. 

 

... 

 

Translation: Had the three things not present in the life of a young man, I swear your honor that I had not 

mind when my death come. 

Explanation: : I don’t mind. : My going back i.e. death. The three things defined by the 

poet in later verses are wine, women and helping aggrieved people. It indicates that although their 

character was badly affected by the worldly desires but they had a good quality of helping oppressed 

people. 

 

Translation: I see that the grave of a miser who spend his wealth miserly is similar to the grave of an 

unemployed extravagant person who destroys his wealth. 

Explanation: : A miser. : One who enjoys the worldly pleasures. : Unemployed. 

The poet says that if both stingy and extravagant people will become the same after their death, then why 

do you ask me to be careful in spending? The poet has correctly described the mentality of squanderers. 

Islam asked to avoid these both extremes and spend the wealth with care. Arabs used to consider misery 

bad. Islam utilized their mentality of extravagance to spend money in alleviating poverty. 

 

Translation: I see that the death selects generous people and also selects the nice wealth of a excessive 

extremist (miser). 

. . . 

Explanation: : It selects. : Nice wealth 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: I see that the life is a depleting treasure. Whatever days and time extinguish, comes to an 

end 

Explanation: : It will come to an end. 




 

.. . 

 

! 

Translation: I swear by your life! Surely the death is like mistakes of a young boy. It is like a loose cord 

although its ends are in hands. 

Explanation: : Cord, rope. : Loose. : Its two ends 

Life is like an extended cord but its ends are under the control of God. This style of swearing the life of 

the audience is also used in the Quran . 

 

. . . 

 

Translation: It will bring news to you about which you have not purchased any provisions and you have 

not set the time. 

Explanation: : Provisions. Time brings unexpected incidents. Here the word (transaction of sale) is 

used in the meaning of ‘purchase’. 

 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: Soon the time will show you about what you were ignorant. It will bring news to you about 

which you’ve not prepared yourself. 

Explanation: : It will show. The poet gives an ultimatum to his enemies. 

. .. 

 

Translation: By your life! Any of my matters does not indulge me in hesitation. Neither my days nor my 

nights are eternally long (due to worries). 

Explanation: : Hesitation. : Eternally long. 

 

Translation: Why do I see that my cousin Malik avoids me and go away from me when I come near to 

him? 

Explanation: : I come near to. : He avoids. The poet describes his experience with his cousins 

which resulted in a long enmity among them. 

The poet expresses his determination and bravery that he neither hesitates nor becomes worried. 

. .. 


The word is used in two meanings: (1) When (2) Not yet. For example, 

(When he informed them), (An affliction has not 

yet arrived to you like those who were before you) etc. 




Dear Reader! 

You might have observed that some people use a lot of 

words to describe a set of meanings while other people use 

less words to describe the same set of meanings. 


Prophet asked to leave 

useless things and tasks. 

In I’lm-ul-Ma’ani, there are three types of use of words as compared to meaning: 

• : If the words used are almost equal to the meanings, it is called . For example, 

 

(When you see those who discuss in a 

negative manner about Our signs, turn away from them until they engage themselves in other topic). 

Here, the words used are equivalent to the meanings. Equivalency means that an average person (neither 

an expert or a totally ignorant person) is able to understand the meaning which are intended. 

• : If the words used are less than meanings, it is called . For example, 

(O people of wisdom! There is a life for you in retaliation). Here, the words used are much lesser 

than meanings. Allah has left explanation of the fact that the legal procedure of retaliation for murder will 

result in a life for entire humanity. Due to fear of retaliation, people will stop killing others. If this law is 

not implemented, it will give an open license of killing others as we see in the modern world. All these 

meanings are described in a few words. 

• : If the words used are almost more than the meanings, it is called . For example, Prophet 

Zakariyah said, 

(O Lord! Surely my bones have 

weakened and the hair of my head glistens with grey). Here, more words are used to describe the meaning 

that “I’ve grown older”. 

There are various reasons for using . 

• To make something memorable. Usually life experiences are described in minimum words in form of 

“Quotes” so that people may learn them by heart and remember them every time. The Quran has 

described its complete message in form of small Surahs at the end. These Surahs are easy to memorize 

and describe the complete message of the Quran in minimum words. 

• To make something easily understandable. Sometimes, a long discussion is difficult to comprehend. 

Therefore, a few words are used to make the message understandable. 

• Sometimes, the audience is not willing to listen or read a long discussion or the speaker has not enough 

time to discuss the details. Therefore, the message is described in a few words. 

• Some people intentionally describe a portion of their talk in symbolic way. Their objective is to hide that 

portion of their message from ordinary people. The people who already know about that can understand 

that portion by the hints mentioned in it. 


What are different words used for condition? What is the 

difference in their use? 




is used due to following reasons: 

• The message is discussed in detail in order to clarify the subject. If the audience have certain doubts or 

questions about the message, they are answered in detail. For example, Allah has explained the concepts 

of Monotheism and Hereafter in detail in Surah An’aam and Surah Aa’raaf while the same is described in 

abridged way in the last Surahs of the Quran. 

• The same message is repeated in different ways in order to emphasize on it and make it a part of the 

personality of the audience. For example, in Surah Rahman, the blessings of Paradise are explained in 

detail with a repeated verse (O Jinn & Man! Which of your Lord’s favor, both of 

you will deny?) The objective of bringing this verse to emphasize on God’s blessings and to prepare the 

audience to become His thankful servants. 

Types of 

can be classified into two categories: 

• : If a small and easy sentence or phrase carries a lot of meanings, it is called . For 

example, (Firmly adopt forgiveness, speak for justice and avoid 

ignorant people). This small verse carry the a great ethical philosophy of Islam. The character of a 

Muslim is described here. He / she should forgive others. He / she should always speak for justice in 

legal, social and economic matters. He / she should avoid debating with ignorant people who do not want 

to listen anyone else. All experts of are more concerned about this type of . An expert, Aktham 

Bin Saifi declared that the is the . 

• : As we discussed earlier that certain understood words or phrases are deleted. Some 

indication is provided in the sentence that certain words are deleted. It is called . For example, 

(People were one nation, then they disagreed on religious issues, so 

Allah sent His prophets.). Here the bold italic phrase is not mentioned in words because it is understood 

that the prophets were sent to resolve disagreements on religious matters. 


The word is used for different meanings: 

• If it is added to it specifies it to the near past and add emphasis e.g. 

(I have just helped him). 

• If it is added to it adds a doubt to it or adds the sense of “sometimes” 

to it e.g. (Perhaps rain may come down today), 

(Sometimes, a lazy person also becomes successful). 

• If it is added to it creates emphasis e.g. (You 

definitely know that I’m a Prophet of Allah). 




Types of 

can be classified into various categories: 

• : If two or more words or phrases are used to describe the same meaning, and it is not determined 

that which word is additional, it is called . For example, (I have found her 

words false and lie.). Two words are used for the same meaning. We can take any of these 

words and declare the other one additional. The objective of using various words is to clarify different 

aspects of the same thing or merely emphasizing on that thing. 

• : If two or more words or phrases are used to describe the same meaning, and we know that which 

word is additional, it is called . For example, the poet says: : 

(I know what’s happening today or yesterday before it, but about the knowledge of 

tomorrow, I’m blind). Here the words are used for the same meaning. means “yesterday” 

and means “before today”. Here the word was enough but the word is additional i.e. . 

• : It is description of a general thing and then discussing some specific thing after it. 

The objective of this detail is to focus on the specific thing. For example, 

(Protect the prayers especially the middle prayer). Initially general prayers are discussed and then 

the specific “Middle Prayer” is described. The reason for describing it to focus on the A’sr prayer. In the 

society in which the Quran was revealed, the time before sunset was extremely important. Shepherds had 

to gather their animals. Traders had to shut down their shops. Farmers had to finish their day’s work. In 

that society, extra care was required to perform the A’sr prayer so Allah emphasized on it. 

• : It is description of a specific thing and then generalizing it. The objective of this 

detail is also to focus on the specific but describing that the general is also important. For example, in the 

prayer of Prophet Noah , he asked, 

 

(O Lord! Forgive me, may parents, and whoever enters my home as a believer and all believer 

men and women). Specific persons are discussed before general believer men and women to draw Allah’s 

specific attention towards these specific believers. 

• : It is repeating something. Unnecessary repetition is a weakness in communication but purposeful 

repetition is useful. The objective is to emphasize or something and penetrate it in the mind of the 

audience. It is used to arouse certain emotions e.g. love, fear, thankfulness etc. For example, the verse, 

(O Jinn & Man! Which of your Lord’s favor, both of you will deny?) The objective 

of repetition is to draw the attention of audience towards Allah’s blessings and to develop the emotion of 

thankfulness to God. 

• : It is explanation of something after describing it briefly. The objective of this is to 

force the audience to think deeply. For example, the verse, 

provided you what you know: He has provided you with cattle and children.) 

: 

(He has 




• : Sometimes, a sentence containing an idea which should be told due to some urgency is brought 

between two sentences while it is not directly related to the original communication. It is called 

. For example, when Prophet Muhammad’s name used in a sentence, we say 

(Blessings of Allah and peace be upon him). This sentence has usually no relation with other sentences of 

our discussion but it indicates the love of a speaker for the Prophet. Another example in the Quran, 

--- --- 

(When they [your wives] become pure, come to them [to perform sexual intercourse] at 

the place where Allah has ordered you to do --- verily, Allah loves those who repent and loves the pure 

people ---- your wives are your tilth, so come to your tilth in whatever way you want). Here Allah has 

described the manners of sexual intercourse which is ordered to be performed only in the vagina, not in 

any other part of the body. It is not allowed while the woman is menstruating. Women are like the tilth. 

Both husband and wife can enjoy in whatever way they want but they are required to do that in a pure and 

clean way. Even while enjoying their family life, they should be God-fearing. They should not be 

crossing limits. This is a to remind an important fact. Use of is common in the 

sermons of orators. Sometimes, a long is also used. Due to not understanding this concept, 

some people think that the Quran is not an organized book but their view is not correct. 

• : If some generalization is described as a part of some specific thing or event, it is called . For 

example, (Truth came and falsehood vanished. Verily the 

falsehood [by its nature] is vanishing). Here the sentence is a generalized statement 

after description of the specific event of arrival of truth i.e. the Quran. 

• : If a word or phrase is used to prevent any misconception before it may arise in the mind of 

audience, it is called . For example, (Put 

your hand under your armpit, it shall become shining white without causing harm, as another sign). Here 

the phrase is used to remove a misconception i.e. the hand of Prophet Moses 

becomes white, it may be due to some decease. This misconception is removed by the phrase “without 

causing harm”. 

• : If a word or phrase is used to add value to the sentence by providing some special information or 

point, it is called . For example (They feed poor people, 

orphans and captives with a love for Him). The phrase is additional but it describes the love of 

pious people with Allah while feeding poor people. They do not feed for a show-off. It is for the sake of 

Allah. 


What is the difference between ? 

Give one example of each. 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran. Identify the type of . Tell your basis of 

determining it. Describe the purpose of . Read the context, if something is not clear. 

Analysis 

The sentence carries a lot of meaning. 

Attitude of those who become astray due to 

rejecting the Quran is described in one word. 

 

 

 

 

(2:26) 

 

 

(2:45) 

 

(2:78) 

 

(3:102) 

 

(7:142) 

 

(3:31) 

 

(6:27) 

 

(2:117) 

 

! . 

(12:45-46) ! 




Analysis 

 

 

. 

. 

(110:1-3) 

. . . 

. . 

(102:1-6) 

 

(47:19) 

. . 

 

(103:1-3) 

. . 

. 

(106:1-4) 

 

 

 

 

 

(33:35) 

 

(15:66) 




Analysis 

 

 

 

. 

. 

(93:6-8) 

(94:5-6) 

 

. 

 

 

(64:14) 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

 

. 

 

. 

(40:38-44) 

(75:34-35) 

 

. 

 

. . . 

(95:1-4) 

 

 

(31:14) 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study the 

selected verses of the remaining 

five poems of . 


To put the world right in order, we must first put the nation in 

order; to put the nation in order, we must first put the family in 

order; to put the family in order, we must first cultivate our 

personal life; we must first set our hearts right. 

 

Zuhair Ibn Abi Salma (d. 615CE) is considered the greatest poet of Arabia. His poetry is free of vulgar 

content. He was the first poet who promoted peace and condemned wars in Arabia. On the contrary, other 

poets were the promoters of hatred and war. His poetry is full of wisdom and philosophical content. He 

used to believe in only and only One God was truly on the right path of Prophet Abraham . 

He died before listening to the call of Prophet Muhammad . His son Ka’ab Ibn Zuhair 

, who himself is also a great poet, converted to Islam. 

At the time of Zuhair, a great war broke out between two tribes A’bs & Dhubyan on a minor issue for 

horse race. The war continued for 40 years. It is called . Thousands of women became widowed 

and children became orphans in this war. The war had a direct impact on thinking of Zuhair. He described 

the atrociousness of war and promoted peace through his poetry. 

 

 

... 

 

Translation: Is this filthy place situated on a rocky place between Daraj & Mutathallam belongs to Umm 

Aaufah who did not talk? 

Explanation: : A filthy place. : Rocky area. 

Umm Aaufah was the wife of the poet who divorced him. He describes his grief about that separation. 

 

Translation: When I recognized (her) home, I said to that home: “O home! Be blessed and protected.” 

. .. 

Explanation: : House. 

 

... 

 

Translation: I swore the home (Ka’aba) around which the people of Quraish & Jurhum (tribes) who built 

it, performed circumambulation. 

 

... 

 

Translation: I swear that these two chiefs are the best. Both of you were found in each condition of 

weakness or decisive power. 

Explanation: : Weakness. : Decisive power. The poet praises the two chiefs of the fighting 

tribes who reached at reconciliation by giving 3000 camels as blood money. 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: (O both chiefs!) Both of you made right the matter of A’bs & Dhubyan (tribes) after that 

they destroyed each other by pounding themselves and used the perfume of Mansham. 

Explanation: : They destroyed each other. : They pounded. : Perfume. : The lady who 

fired up the emotions of war. 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: Both of you have said: “If we reach at complete reconciliation by paying money in a good 

manner, we’ll be peaceful.” 

 

Translation: Both of you reached at the best place while you were away from impiety and sin. 

... 

Explanation: : Place. : Impiety. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: Both of you are great and you have found the greatness of Ma’ad (Ibn A’dnan). Whoever 

will adopt the treasure of glory, he will become great. 

Explanation: : One of grand-grandfathers of Arabs. He was a grandson of Prophet Ishmael 

. : He makes lawful, he adopts. 

 

 

 

Translation: The wounds are healed by hundreds (of camels). The person who was not accused (was 

innocent) is also paying the installments (of blood money). 

Explanation: : It is effaced. : Wounds. : He pays in installments. 

. .. 

 

Translation: A nation is paying installments of ransom for another nation, although they have not shed 

blood among themselves even equivalent to the volume of a cupping tool 

. .. 

Explanation: : They shed blood. : Tool for cupping 

 

: 

. .. 

 

Translation: Behold! Send my message to the allies (the tribes of Asad & Ghatfan) and Dhubyan: “Have 

to completely taken an oath?” 

Explanation: : Allies. Then question is asked but it is an admonition to fulfill their oath. 




 

... 

 

Translation: Don’t try to hide from Allah what is in your mind because whoever try to hide, Allah knows 

it. 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: (The punishment of breaking oath) will be delayed. Then it will be written in a book and 

stored for the Day of Judgment. Or it will be punished earlier. (This indicates that the poet believed in the 

Hereafter in contrast with other Arabs.) 

 

Translation: War is nothing except what you already know and what you’ve already tasted. My saying is 

not a guesswork. 

. .. 

Explanation: : Guesswork 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: Whenever you’ll try to fire it (the war) up, it will be very bad. Whenever you’ll kindle it, it 

will ignite (and will burn you). 

Explanation: : You’ll kindle it. : It will ignite. 

 

... 

 

Translation: Then it will grind you like grinding in a hand mill by its components. It will apparently 

become pregnant and will produce twins. 

Explanation: : It will grind. : Hand mill. : A component of a hand mill. : It will 

pollinate / become pregnant. : Apparently. : It will produce. : Twins. 

The poet has compared the war with a mother of twins i.e. it will harm double. 

 

 

Translation: It will give birth to two boys who will be the most misfortunate like the Red A’ad. Then it 

will feed them and then it will wean. 

Explanation: This verse indicates that Arabs were well aware of the history of A’ad & Thamud. The 

Quran told them this history to change their mind. 

 

... 

... 

 

Translation: Then it will yield you what villages of Iraq do not yield in produce and money. (The impact 

of war will be very big like the production of fertile lands of Iraq.) 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: I swear my life that the best tribe is the one upon whom Husain Ibn Dhamdham has placed a 

burden (of blood money) which was not suitable. 

Explanation: They are nice people that they have accepted the burden of inappropriate blood money in 

order to end the war. Husain killed a person of A’bas against the opinion of his tribe. Despite of that fact, 

his tribe bore the burden of blood money. 

 

... 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: It is a tribe who protects people in their affairs, when a night brings a great trouble for them. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: They are so generous that person full of grudge cannot keep a grudge against them. And a 

criminal against them cannot remain peaceful. 

Explanation: : A person full of grudge. : A criminal. 

 

Translation: I saw all of them that they pay blood money from their nice wealth (camels) which used to 

climb on mountains. 

Explanation: : They pay his blood money. : Climbing on mountains 

 

Translation: In front of him, there was a lion wearing weapons, who participates in battles. He had long 

hair on his neck and his nails were not trimmed. 

Explanation: : The person who has worn weapons. : Participant in wars. : Hair of 

neck. : Trimmed. The poet has compared Husain with a lion due to his wild nature. 

 

Due to his wild nature, his tribe has to pay the best and powerful camels in blood money. 

. .. 

. .. 

 

Translation: He is brave. Whenever he is offended, he takes revenge of offence against him quickly. 

Otherwise if he is not offended, he starts offending (others). 

Explanation: The character of that man is that he wants to start a war even if he is not offended. It is a 

to describe his character of “ready to fight”. 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: I’ve got bored with the troubles of life. Whoever lives for 80 years will get bored, may your 

father not remain. 

Explanation: : I got bored. : An expression of boredom. The poet starts describing his life 

experiences. 

 

 

Translation: I know what is today and yesterday but I am blind about knowing what is tomorrow. 

 

... 

 

Translation: The person who does not cajole in most of matters, he will be chewed by canine teeth and he 

will be stomped under foot sole. 

Explanation: : He cajoles / talks sweetly. : He will be chewed. : Canine teeth. : 

Foot sole. The poet has experienced that flattering people are successful with dishonest people. Simple 

and honest people are stomped and harmed by others. It is not an urge to be a flatterer, it is a criticism on 

those people who like flattering and sweet talk. 

 

. . . 

 

Translation: Whoever possess wealth and he becomes stingy about his wealth to spend it on his nation, 

(people) will become indifferent about him and his will be disparaged. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: The person who fulfils (his promise) is not disparaged. The person whose heart is rightly 

guided towards satisfactory piety, does not speak nonsense. 

... 

Explanation: : He speaks nonsense. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: The reasons of death will reach to the person who fears them although he climbs at sky with 

a ladder. 

 

.. .. 

 

Translation: The person who does not drive people away from his pond by weapons, he will be pulled 

down. The person who does not pressurize people, he is offended. 

Explanation: : He did not drive away. : Pond, metaphor for anything in possession. 




 

... 

 

Translation: The person who travels and considers the enemy his friend (is harmed) and the one who 

does not respect himself, his is not respected (by others). 

Explanation: : He travels. The poet has omitted certain words “is harmed” due to their 

perceptibility. 

 

 

 

Translation: You may consider a silent person good, but his positive and negative aspects appear after 

(he starts) talking. 

 

Translation: Tongue of a boy is half and remaining half is his heart (mind. Without them,) nothing 

remains except the shape of meat and blood. 

 

Translation: An old man cannot become decent after foolishness. Although a young man can become 

decent after his stupidity. 

 

 

 

 

 

Translation: We asked (for help) and you gave. We repeated and you also repeated (and gave again). The 

person who asks (for help) too much, he is refused one day. 

. . .. 

. .. 

.. . 

 

Translation: Whenever a person has some habit, people will know about it even if he thinks that he can 

keep it secret. 

. .. 

. .. 

 

Translation: The person who does good with the people who are not suitable for that, his praise will 

become dispraise and he will regret. 

Explanation: Before doing good with someone, a person should consider the meanness of the person with 

whom he is going to do good. 

. .. 


Describe the different reasons for using an .for near & far in 

figurative way. 




 

Labeed (d. 40H/660 CE) is considered one of the great poets of Pre-Islamic period who remained alive 

during the life of the Prophet . He converted to Islam. Famous literary critique A. J. Arberry 

who translation into English, describes his incident as follows: 

It was U’mar , his second Caliph, “Recite me some of your poetry, Labid!” And what had he 

recited? The Chapter of the Cow ( ), the longest in the Holy Book! “I would never compose 

verses again.” he had told U’mar. “Not since God taught me the Chapter of the Cow.” How scrupulously 

had he kept that vow, made in the days of his great enthusiasm for the Faith that removes mountains? (A. 

J. Arberry, The Seven Odes) 

 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: Floods renewed these ruins as they are books whose text is refreshed by pens. 

Explanation: : Ruins. : Books. : It became new. When the writing in hand-written books 

becomes dull, it is refreshed by fresh ink. The word is also used in the Quran . The 

Book of Prophet David , the Psalms are called . 

. .. 

 

Translation: The places of her temporary & permanent stay were effaced at Mina. Here (places to stay) at 

Ghaul & Rijaam became untamed and wild. 

Explanation: : They were effaced. : They became untamed & wild. 

The assumed beloved of the poet was a nomad. She moved with her tribe to another place and signs of her 

stay were effaced. 

 

Translation: These are the ruins on which years with their allowable & forbidden months have been 

passed after its inhabitant vacated them. 

Explanation: : Ruins. : It passed. : Its inhabitant. : Years. Arabs used to count their 

years by pilgrimage. So became a synonym of year. : They remained empty. 

In the Divine Law given by the Prophet Abraham , it was not allowed for Arabs to fight in 

four months. The objective of this restriction was to promote pilgrimage and economic activity. People of 

Arabia always adhered to this principle. 

... 

Worth Reading 

Form of religious rituals is very important but their real spirit is more important. Read 

the details in: http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0017-Spirit.htm 




 

... 

 

Translation: (The fire of my heart is like the fire which) is blown by the Northern wind and fresh 

branches of A’rfaj tree has been put into it. Its smoke is like that of a radiant fire whose flames are high. 

Explanation: : Northern wind. : It is put inside it. : Fresh branches of A’rfaj tree. 

: Radiant. : Its flames. Northern wind is considered to produce more smoke. Putting fresh 

branches of a tree also produce more smoke. It means that the fire of my heart is producing enormous 

smoke. 

. .. 

 

 

Translation: But, you don’t know how many nights (I’ve passed) in enjoying nights openly in playing 

and drinking? 

Explanation: : Free, open, unconfined. : Drinking companion 

. .. 

 

Translation: Continuous rain fell down on the line of its (cow’s) back on the night when clouds covered 

the stars. 

Explanation: : It was over. : The line of its back. : Continuous, perpetual : It 

covered. It is depiction of heavy rain of the desert. The poet is describing his hunting story and the 

problems he faced during that. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: Many cold winds at morning I held back at the time when the control was in the hand of 

North Winds. 

Explanation: : I held back. : Cold. 

Arabs did not use to like North Winds because they used to cause drought and were very harmful to 

health. They poet describes his character that I protected people from the calamities of drought by 

providing them food at the time of North Winds. 

 

. . . 

 

Translation: I supported (my tribe) in a morning (by riding on a horse) whose reins were in my kerchief 

and I was carrying my weapons. 

Explanation: : I supported. : My weapons. : Excess. : My kerchief. : Its 

reins. Supporting one’s tribe was considered the most sacred duty of an Arab. The poet is motivating the 

young people of his tribe in this way. Controlling the horse by kerchief depicts his boldness. 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: (In order to protect my tribe) I climbed on a hill to ambush on it, (the hill was) dusty and 

narrow paths. Its dust was storming as high as their flags. 

Explanation: : Ambushing. : Having dust and narrow path. : Their flags. 

: Its flags. In the battle, the dust became so high that it covered the flags. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: I called (my friends) on the slaughtered camels to play with arrows having similar shape. 

Explanation: : Slaughtered camel. : Gambling. : Its death. : Arrows. : Its 

shape. It was a common practice in rich people of Arabia to arrange drinking and gambling parties 

especially at the time of drought. They used to slaughter camels and play gambling games to win its meat. 

After winning, they used to distribute their meat in poor people. Such parties were used as an expression 

of pride and generosity. When the Quran forbade gambling & drinking, it was an amazing directive for 

the Arabs because they used to consider this activity generous. The Quran urged them to spend their 

money on poor but not indulge themselves in gambling and drinking because they are Satanic activities. 

 

.. . 

 

Translation: I call them with camels with or without babies to spend all of its meat on the (poor) 

neighbors. 

Explanation: : Barren, not having a child. : Having a baby 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: The guests and alien neighbors became as they came down at (the valley of) Tabalah whose 

hills are fertile. 

Explanation: : Fertile. : Its mounds & hills. The poor guests and neighbors became so rich 

with that meat as they are living in a fertile valley. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: Every poor afflicted woman gets refuge at my tent who even does not have enough cloths. 

Explanation: : She takes refuge at. : Side of a tent. : A poor woman. : 

Afflicted. : Less : Her wearing cloths. 




 

... 

 

Translation: When (barren) winds blow from every direction, the (utensils) of orphans similar to streets 

are filled. 

Explanation: : They are filled. : They blow. : Streets. : Every direction 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: Whenever groups meet (to fight or otherwise), definitely we have people for every big task 

to take care of its worries. 

Explanation: : Task. : Its worries. In the Quran: 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: (Our tribe has a chief who is) the distributor. He gives each family its right. The 

authoritative chief reduces his personal rights (to fulfill the needs of his tribe). 

Explanation: : One who reduces. : Its authoritative chief 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: He does so due to his virtue. He is open-handed. He helps in a generous way. He is goodhearted. 

He earns attractive things in form of war booties. 

Explanation: : Generosity. : Good hearted. : One who earns. : Attractive 

things. : One who earns war booties 

 

... 

 

Translation: For this society, their forefathers established this practice. Each nation has an established 

practice and a leader. 

Explanation: : They established a practice. An established practice is called “Sunnah”. The 

established practice of the Prophet is called His Sunnah. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: They do not mold (themselves towards bad things). They do not make their works useless 

because their wisdom is not inclined towards worldly desires. 

Explanation: : They mold. : It is useless. : Wisdom 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: Be contented what the Creator has divided. Surely He has divided wisdom differently 

among His creatures. 

Explanation: : Knowledge & wisdom. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: When honesty was divided among groups, the Divider (God) has made the biggest share for 

us. 

 

 

. . . 

 

Translation: He made us an elegant home whose roof is high. Its middle-aged and young people climbed 

on it. 

Explanation: : Roof. : Middle aged. : Young. 

Highness of roof is a metaphor for the high respect of the poet’s tribe. 

 

Translation: When the tribe has to face horrible conditions, they are the strugglers, they are its 

cavalrymen and they are its leaders. 

. .. 

Explanation: : Strugglers. : It was made horrible 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: When the year (of trouble) prolongs, they are the spring for the neighbors and widows. 

Explanation: : Spring season. : Widows. 

It means that they are the people who take care of widows, orphans, poor and other weak segments of the 

society at the time of hardship. The metaphor for ‘spring season’ is used for such people. 

 

... 

 

Translation: They are (the protectors of) the tribe against the delay (in help) from envious people or the 

inclination of mean people towards enemy. 

Explanation: : He delays. : Mean & sordid people. 


There are certain nouns, which gives the meaning of verbs. They care called , e.g. 

(Let), (Ah! I’m feeling pain), (Ugh! I contempt), (Amen! Accept it) etc. 




 

A’ntara (d. 615CE) belonged to Banu A’bs. His father was the tribal chief and mother was a slave woman. 

Arabs used to consider such children slaves. He fought bravely in war, so that his father manumitted him 

and his status became equal to others. He participated in famous chain of battles called “Dahis wa 

Ghabara” which longed for 40 years and killed thousands of people. 

 

 

Translation: Did (previous) poets left any imperfect area? (Where I can try to write a poem?) Or do you 

know the home (of my beloved) after obscurity? 

... 

Explanation: : He left. : An imperfect area 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: She (the beloved) started living at the land of enemy. Your demand became hard on my, O 

the daughter of Makhram. 

Explanation: : She started living. : Visitors (enemy). : Your demand. 

 

 

. . . 

 

Translation: Every unrestricted cloud gave (water) to it generously, so it left each dig like a silver coin. 

Explanation: : It gave generously to it. : Cloud. : Free, unrestricted. : Dig. The 

poet has compared the digs full of water with silver coins. 

... 

 

Translation: (Passing time with the beloved is like) a lofty garden full of vegetation caused by rain. It is 

free from filth and footprints. 

Explanation: : Lofty. : Dung, filth. : Sign, footprints. Free from footprint means that its grass 

is fresh and has no impact of human activity. 

 

... 

 

Translation: If you are determined for separation and (saddles) are tightened on your mounting animals 

in darkness of night, (it was expected for me). 

Explanation: : You determined. : It is tightened. The poet has omitted the due to 

its perceptibility. A lot of examples of this omission are available in the Quran. 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: (The cloud) poured water on it and it started flowing endlessly. 

Explanation: : Flowing. : Pouring water. : It did not stop. 

 

 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: (The ostrich) is take care of its eggs at the place of Zil U’shairah like a slave wearing a shirt 

having long sleeves made by fur. 

Explanation: : Having a small head. : Having fur. : Sleeves. 

Ostrich is very sensitive and careful about its eggs. Quran has compared the women of Paradise with the 

“Protected Eggs” i.e. 

. The reason for this comparison is that 

 

 

Translation: (My mounting animal is like an) Ostrich towards whom female ostriches come as a herd of 

Yemeni camels come to a Non-Arabic speechless (shepherd). 

Explanation: : She goes to. : Female. : Ostrich. : She comes. : Herds of camel. 

: One who has problem in speech. 

Since Arabs could not understand any other language, therefore, they think that all Non-Arabs are 

speechless. Due to this reason, they call them which means speechless. The poet has compared the 

ostrich with the Non-Arabic shepherd because both of them are considered speechless. 

women in the Paradise will be highly protected. 

The poet has compared the ostrich with a slave wearing long-sleeve shirt of fur due to its long legs and 

fur-like feathers. 

. .. 

... 

 

Translation: She spends her nights and morning on the back of a soft mattress while I spend my nights on 

the back of reined horse named Adham. 

Explanation: : Mattress. : High. : Name of horse. : Reined. 

. .. 

 

Translation: Honey bees came to it. They are not going to leave. The sing like a drunk who sings 

rhythmically. 

Explanation: : Honey bees. : One who leaves. : Singing : One who drinks wine. 

: Singing rhythmically 




 

. . . 

 

Translation: The one who was present in the battle will inform you that I dominate the war and I am the 

most refraining at the time of distribution of war booties. 

Explanation: : Battle, combat. : War. : The most refraining. 

The poet describes his personality that he fights only to show his bravery. He is not concerned about war 

booties which was a major motivation in Arab wars. 

 

... 

 

Translation: If both of them do so, then I have also left their father as the food of beasts, and every altair 

& lion. 

Explanation: : Food. : Altair. A bird which eats the flesh of dead bodies. The people of Prophet 

Noah used to worship an idol in shape of an altair. It is mentioned in the Quran. : 

Lion. 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: The are abusive for my fame and I do not abuse both of them. If they do not find me, they 

take an oath for my blood. 

Explanation: : Those who take religious oath that if they’ll become successful, they’ll sacrifice an 

animal or do some other good deed. : Both of them do not find me. 

. .. 

 

Translation: I fear that I’ll die and affliction will not reach to the sons of Dhamdheem in the war. 

Explanation: : Circle. It is a metaphor for affliction or vicissitudes of time. In the Quran, it is 

mentioned as . The sons of Dhamdheem were the enemies of the poet because he 

killed their father. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: When they (my tribe) was protecting themselves from heads of arrows and spears by me, I 

was not coward. But the way in front of me became narrow (so I was unable to proceed). 

Explanation: : Heads of arrows and spears. : I was not coward. : It became narrow. 

The poet has used the word which is commonly used in the Quran. In Arabic, it means taking care, 

protecting oneself from anything due to its fear. When a person protects himself from bad deeds due to his 

fear of God, it is called in the Quran. 




 

A’mr Ibn Kalthum (d. 570CE) was a famous chief and fighter of Banu Thaghlib. A great war called 

“Basus” occurred between his tribe and Banu Bakr which continued for several years. The king of Heera, 

Al-Mundhir made reconciliation among the two tribes. His son A’mr Ibn Hind became the king after him. 

On a small dispute, fighting started again among the two tribes. Both tribes sent their representative to the 

king. A’mr Ibn Kalthum represented his tribe while Harith Ibn Hillizah (whose poem is available in the 

next pages) represented his tribe. The king inclined towards Harith due to his eloquence. A’mr wrote this 

poem in return. 

 

 

Translation: (O beloved!) Stand up with your dish and provide us wine. Don’t leave any wine of 

Indareen. 

. .. 

Explanation: : Stand up. : Dish. : A place. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: O Abu Hind! Don’t hasten against us. Give us time, we’ll inform you about confirm news. 

 

Translation: We take white flags (in battlefield) and after irrigating them, we turn them red. 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: The dogs of the tribe howled at us (because they did not recognize us due to our absence) 

and we cut the weapons of those who were near to us. 

Explanation: : It growled : We cut. : Arms. : He came near to us. 

 

Translation: We have left our horses lined up against them while their reins were put around their necks. 

Explanation: : Placed around the neck. : Reins. : Lined up. The word is deriving 

from this word which means blind following. A blind follower follows his leader like an animal which 

follows its master who has placed a collar around its neck. 

The poet describes their attitude towards war that they were busy in fighting against others for a long 

period of time. When they returned to their area, the dogs did not recognize them and barked at them. This 

growling or barking of dogs is an of their fighting for a long period of time. 

. .. 

. .. 

 

Explanation: : We irrigate. The poet describes the power of his tribe that they bring white flags and 

irrigate these flags with the red blood of enemy. 




 

... 

 

Translation: We shoot (arrows & spears) when people stand at a distance from us. When they come close 

to us, we stab them with swords. 

Explanation: : They stand at a distance. : We are closed 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: You’ll think that that skulls of their fighters are loads on animals, when they throw 

themselves in front of us. 

Explanation: : Skulls. : Champions, fighters. : Load. : Animals. : 

They throw themselves in front of us. The heads of the fighters on their bodies are compared with the 

loaded animals. Cutting the heads is compared with unloading an animal. 

 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: Behold! Nobody should be arrogant to us otherwise we will be arrogant more than the 

haughtiness of all chesty people. 

Explanation: : Ignorance, arrogance. This word describes the character of Pre-Islamic Arabs. They 

were proud about their tribe. They were supposed to support their tribe in a war whether the tribe is on 

right or wrong. For this reason, the period is called . It does not mean ‘lack of knowledge’. It means 

arrogance. In the Quran, it is mentioned that . 

... 

 

Translation: The day when we don’t fear about them (that they will attack us), we go to the extreme to 

attack on them while we are armed with weapons. 

Explanation: : We go at extreme. : Attack. : Armed with weapons. 

. .. 

 

Translation: (Real) swords between us and them are like wooden swords in the hands of our children. 

Explanation: : Swords made by wood for children to play. It is an to describe the reckless 

use of swords. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: We crack the heads of that group intensely. We cut the necks and they become separate in 

front of us. 

Explanation: : We cut. : They become separated in front of us. The is used to 

describe the intensity. 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: O A’mr Ibn Hind! What is this desire that we become submitter to your governor? (Never! It 

is not possible at all.) 

Explanation: : Desire, will. : Your leader/governor. : Submitter, follower. Probably, the 

verses from this verse onwards were said when the poet returned back after visiting the king of Heera. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: When a suckling baby of our tribe is weaned, mighty kings prostrate in front of him. 

Explanation: : Weaning. : They fall. : Mighty kings 

This is an extreme way to be proud of one’s tribe. 

! 

 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: They provide fodder to our horses and say: “You are not our husband if you cannot protect 

us.” 

Explanation: : They provide fodder. : Horses. : Husband. The word is used in the Quran 

. Arab women used to fire up the emotions of their husbands to fight. 

 

Translation: We are the protectors, when we are followed. And we are the punishing, if we are 

disobeyed. 

. .. 

. .. 

 

Translation: You threaten and menace us. Stop, for a while! When did were we the servants of your 

mother? 

Explanation: : You threaten us. : You menace us. : Stop, for a while. : Servants. 

The word is also used in the Quran in the same meaning . 

 

Translation: There are beautiful white women on our back. We fear that they will be divided or become 

despicable. 

Explanation: It was a common practice in the world to divide the beautiful women of enemy as slave 

women after defeating their men. Islam gave respect to such women and declared them the wife of their 

master. Certain arrangements were made to give manumission to such women. For example, all such 

women were given the right to buy back their freedom. The State arranged funds for their manumission. 

By giving birth to one child of their master, they used to become free. 

. .. 




 

Harith (d. 560CE) belonged to Banu Bakr. He presented his case in form of this poem in the court of A’mr 

Ibn Hind while opposing A’mr Ibn Kalthum. The king was convinced with his arguments and declared the 

case in the favor of Banu Bakr. 

 

 

Translation: O Speaker! (A’mr ibn Kalthum) defaming about us in the court of A’mr (Ibn Hind). Is there 

any survival (for such defame)? 

. .. 

Explanation: : Talebearer, defamer. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: Don’t think in ignorance. Surely enemies have defamed us before. 

Explanation: : He defamed. 

 

... 

 

Translation: Vicissitudes of time fall upon us but we are reckless mountains. Heavy clouds scatter (from 

the peak of that mountain.) 

Explanation: : Vicissitudes of time. : They fall. : Reckless. : Mountain. : It 

scatters. : Heavy clouds. The poet has compared his tribe with a mountain which is not affected by 

any calamity. 

 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: (The king A’mr Ibn Hind) belongs to A’ad Iram. Horses move with him. They refuse an 

exile due to their enemy (they fight aggressively). 

Explanation: : Belonging to , the ancient nation of Arabia. In the Quran, 

. : It moves. : Exile 

 

Translation: He is a just ruler. He is better than any one who walks (i.e. all human beings). He is beyond 

all praises. 

Explanation: The word (just) is commonly used in the Quran e.g. 

. It seems that the poet went to the extreme in flattering the king which resulted in the decision in 

his favor. 

.. . 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: (We are so wise and good planners that) whatever project you want, give it to us. All people 

will become satisfied with that (project/our plan). 

Explanation: : Project, plan. : He became satisfied. : Public. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: (A’mr Ibn Hind) led them with two black things (i.e. water & dates). Allah’s decision is 

implemented and culprits are harmed with it. 

Explanation: : Implemented, fulfilled. : He is harmed. : Culprits, criminals. 

The word indicates the hardship of that military expedition when they had to live on just two 

things, water and dates. 

 

 

 

 

... 

 

Translation: The person who escapes from us cannot be safe even if he is on the top of a mountain or 

hidden in a volcanic field. 

Explanation: : He escapes from us. : Mountain. : Volcanic field. : Hiding 

 

Translation: (Have you borne) troubles like our nation, when Mundhir fought (and we fought along with 

him). Are we shepherds for Ibn Hind? 

Explanation: The poet says that we helped Mundhir in his wars as friends. We are the shepherds of the 

kings of Heera. We have borne the troubles in friendship. In such wars, the tribe of A’mr Ibn Kalthum did 

not fulfill their oath to the King Mundhir. Therefore, they were killed in punishment. The poet is making a 

ridicule of his enemies. 

. .. 

. .. 

 

Translation: If you dig the land between Milhah & Saqib (two areas), you’ll find dead and alive there. 

Explanation: : You dig. Arabs used to believe that the spirit of a murdered person remains 

wandering until his murder is avenged. After taking the revenge, it becomes free and the person dies. The 

poet says that there are many people who avenge has not been taken. It is an indirect threat to the enemy 

that we are ready to avenge from you. 

 

Translation: If you refuse for what you’ve been requested (i.e. reconciliation), then which (tribe) can you 

describe having dominance over us. 

. .. 




 

. .. 

 

Translation: They did not deceive you but attacked at morning time when mirage was clear and they had 

made their personalities clear. 

Explanation: : Mirage. The poet says that we are not coward. We did not attack you at night time. 

We attacked you at morning when everything was clear. 

 

 

Translation: We made their wounds (and blood oozed out of them) as water comes out of the hole of a 

water bag. 

. .. 

Explanation: : Hole. : Water bag. 

 

. .. 

 

Translation: We avenged the king of Ghassan for Mundhir by force. At that time, blood was not 

measurable. 

Explanation: : We avenged from him. : It is measured. As described earlier, the kingdom of 

Heera was affiliated with the kingdom of Persia while the kingdom of Ghassan was affiliated with the 

Roman empire. Both of them used to fight against each other. In a battle, Ghassids killed Mundhir, the 

king of Heera. The tribe of poet fought with the Ghassanids to take revenge for that. Blood was not 

measurable is an for excessive killing in the war. 

 

 

Explanation: The word is used as to express its seriousness. 

... 

 

Translation: From similar relations, sincerity comes out for a nation. There are many relations beyond 

this relation. 

Explanation: : Relation, plural 

 

Translation: He (A’mr Ibn Hind) is the master and witness of the war of Hayareen (when we succeeded). 

The affliction (of that day) was a great affliction. 


You’ve studied the two poets competing in expressing their pride on their tribes. Compare the style of 

both and identify the distinguishing features of the poetry of each poet. If you feel interest in the Arabic 

poetry, read which includes poetry about war and pride about one’s tribe. Also read 

which contains the major portion of Pre-Islamic poetry. 

. ... 




Dear Reader! 

In Arabic, like other languages, communications are 

used for delivering a message. The message has an 

apparent purpose. Sometimes, a message has a 

hidden objective not described in words. 


Time is a scarce resource. Utilize it in 

purposeful activities. 

Normally descriptive sentences are used to inform the audience. Now, for instance, a person does not behave 

well with his father. A sincere relative may tell him, (This is your father). The objective is not to 

inform the person that the person under discussion is his father. He already knows it. The objective of this 

communication is to draw his attention to change his behavior and treat his father well. Types and examples 

for communications intended for a different purpose are as follows: 

• : In Arabic, sometimes, past tense is used to describe an event of present or 

future due to various reasons: 

• To describe that the future event is confirm. For example, (Your Lord will 

come with angels [organized in] rows). Here, a future event i.e. the Day of Judgment is under 

discussion. Past tense is used to describe that the event is beyond any doubts. 

• To warn that the future event is about to come. For example, (The prayer [i.e. the 

people performing the prayer] stood for the prayer). This phrase is recited just before prayer that the 

prayer is going to start. 

• To describe a good fortune or optimism. For example, 

(Whoever will bring a good deed, he will be rewarded 10 times and whoever will 

bring a bad deed, he will be rewarded equivalent to it). Here, a future event i.e. “if Allah shall like” is 

described in past tense to describe the good fortune. 

• : On the contrary, sometimes, present / future tense is used to describe an 

event of past due to following reasons: 

• To describe something amazing to generate its picture in the mind of the audience. For example, 

(Allah is the One Who sent the winds which caused movement of 

clouds). Here, a past event i.e. “cause movement of clouds” is described in present these. The 

objective is to draw a picture of clouds moved by the winds. 

• To describe continuity of a verb in past. For example, (If he [the 

prophet] was following you in most of cases, it had become a problem for you). Here the conditional 

word is used which is only used with the past tense. The objective is to describe the continuity of 

the action. 

• : Sometimes, descriptive style is used for persuasion due to following reasons: 

• To describe good fortune, optimism or a good wish. For example, (Blessings of 

Allah and peace be upon him). The prayer for the Prophet is expressed in the words of a description. 

Actually the sentence is (O Allah! Bless him and give peace to him). 

• To express one’s strong desire for something or to motivate the audience . For example 

(I hope my Lord will guide me). There is a hidden prayer for guidance in it. 




• : Sometimes, persuasive style is used to describe something due to following 

reasons: 

• To draw specific attention towards something. For example, 

(Say! “My Lord has ordered to for justice, for 

establishing your faces near each Mosque [for prayer] and for calling Him with a religious 

sincerity.) Here the words and are used to draw the specific attention of the audience. 

Otherwise, the same meaning can be described in the way 

. 

• To show the equivalency of two options. For example, (Tell 

them! Whether you spent [in Allah’s way] willingly or by force, it will not be accepted.) Here 

persuasive style is not to convince the unbelievers on spending in Allah’s way. The objective is 

to describe that whether they spend willingly or by force, it is unacceptable without believing in 

Allah. 

• : Sometimes, pronouns are used instead of name of a person under discussion. The 

objective is to hide his personality. It also indicates that the person under discussion has captured the 

mind of the speaker. Sometimes, a pronoun is used before the name in order emphasize on the person. For 

example (That Allah is One). 

• : Sometimes, a noun is used instead of pronoun to emphasize on the person under 

discussion or to motivate the audience. For example, Allah said in the Quran, 

(Surely, Allah instructs you to return the trusts to their right owners). Instead of a 

pronoun, Allah has used His name to emphasize that the instruction is from Allah, so people should 

follow it. 

• : Sometimes, a known thing is described as “unknown” to express emotions like 

astonishment, praise, pride, ridicule or regret. For example, Allah describes the punishment of the Hell as, 

(Is this a magic or you do not see?) The question will not be asked to get 

information from the people about the punishment. The objective is to express a ridicule on their 

condition. 

• : Sometimes, in response to a question, the answer is not provided. Instead of that answer, 

something else is described to express that the question is so stupid that its answer should not be provided. 

The expressed thing is more important than answering that question. For example, 

(People of Book ask you whether a book will be 

brought down on them? They have asked Moses [a miracle] bigger than this.) Here the answer of their 

question is not provided to show that their question is stupid. Allah has passed a comment on their 

attitude with Prophet Moses . 

Face the Challenge! What is meant by ? 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran. Identify the type of communication used for a different 

purpose. Read the context, if something is not clear. 

Analysis 

The question is not asked to seek 

information. It is a persuasion. 

 

 

 

(79:27) 

 

 

(25:15) 

. 

 

 

(2:26-27) 

 

 

(35:45) 

(36:47) 

 

(6:160) 

 

 

(32:12) 

 

(2:80) 

(11:12) 

 


In what cases, is better than ? Describe different types of and give one 

example of each. 




Analysis 

 

 

 

(2:145) 

 

 

(33:63) 

. 

(51:12-13) 

 

(2:61) 

 

 

(5:116) 

 

(2:62) 

 

(2:64) 

 

 

 

(2:79) 


Some nouns describe a nation or tribe or group of people. A is added at the end of them to 

describe a single person belonging to that nation. For example (British), (A 

British person), (Turkish), (A Turkish person), (Helpers), (A person 

from helpers) etc. 




Dear Reader! 

In this lesson, we shall study a writing of a famous Indian 

Scholar who spent his life in understanding the Quran. This 

writing describes the eloquence of the Quran. 


The intuitive mind is a sacred gift and 

the rational mind is a faithful servant. 

(14:4) 

“. ” 

1 

 

: 

: 

. 

. 

. 

2 

: 

 

. . 

.... . . 

: 

 

. 

.... 

(1) He was an expert of Quranic Studies. He was a cousin and student of a famous scholar Shibli 

Naumani. He was also an expert of Hebrew language. He was the founder of a famous religious school 

“Madrat-ul-Islah” at Utter Perdesh, India. He has conducted distinctive research work in the area of 

Quranic Studies. His area of interest is determining the organized structure of the Quran which he calls 

. He died in 1930. (2) An indication to author’s another book named “Mufradat-ul-Quran” which he 

wrote to explain certain words of the Quran. 

Way of expression, 

Abstract Parallel 

 

 

Bundling (with other 

words_ 

 

Material, concrete 

 

plural of . 

Separately 

 




 

 

. 1 : 

. 

. 

: . : 

. (55:5-6) . 

 

. 

 

: . 

 

(22:18) . 

” 

“ ” 

: 

(1) It means joining two or more words or sentences. Joining sentences (i.e. bringing them together) gives 

a specific sense whose details are mentioned here. 

(2) Sometimes, two words are brought together to indicate more clarity and emphasis. For example: 

and have similar meaning but bringing them together adds more emphasis on “power”. 

(1) 

. 2 : 

.“ ” “ 

Joining words or sentences 

It indicates, it means 

Joining, connecting 

by a conjunction 

Two joined words / 

sentences 

 

Joining, connecting 

 




” 

 

“ ” 

 

“ ” 

: 

. 1 : 

.“ ” “ 

.“” 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

. 

 

. 

( ) 

 

. . 

. . 

 

: . . 

. 

. 

(1) Sometimes, bringing two words or sentences indicates comparison of two opposite things. For 

example (Powerful) is brought with (Forgiver) to indicate Allah’s mercy along with His power. 

It indicates the Divine Balance and Perfection in God’s attributes. Same is the case with other example. 

It takes them to 

Their spokesperson / 

representative 

 

 

Perfection of God’s 

Attributes 

Regarding 

(2) 

. 

 

 

Holistic, entire, complete 

Differentiation 

 

 




. : : 

(6:66-67) . . 

. 

. 

 

(6:68) . 

.... : 

. : 

. 

. 

“ ” : (11:112 to 114) 

. 

. : 

... 

: 

. 

(17:23-24) . 

 

. 

. 

. 




: 

. 

“ ” : . . 

: .“ ” : 

16: 43-) “ ” 

.....(44 

 

. : () 

, . 

. 

. 

: 

. 1 : 

. ” : 

: (19:71-72) “. 

. ” 

( ) 

. . 

.... “... . 

 

(1) In these verses, the offenders were described as 3 rd person. Suddenly such offenders are addressed “It 

will come to you…”. The objective is to bring the topic under discussion i.e. hell in front of eyes of the 

audience. It results in alertness. 

Kneeled down 

 

Motionlessness, being in 

the same state 

 

Acclimatization, having habit 

of 

 




. . : 

(10:91).“ ” : . 

. 

. 

: 

. 

. 

. : 

: 

. . 

. : 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. . . 

. 

... . 

. 

: 1 

(1) Scolding may have three possibilities: (a) Addressing a person but the scold is directed towards 

another person. (b) A person is scolded indirectly by describing a situation negatively that is similar to one 

being scolded. (c) A group is scolded together but it is addressed as a single person. It indicates that each 

member of that group is being scolded separately. 

 

 

. 

Expressing smallness / 

Easier to associate Scolding 

 

 

humiliation 

 

 

 

 

() 

 




” : “!! . ” : 

. . “... . 

” 

” : “ 

(26:29) “ 

” 

: 

. 

(82:6) “ 

 

 

. . 

Face the Challenge! Identify three examples from Quran for each of 

the categories mentioned in this lesson for . Also read the 

context of verses mentioned in this lesson. 

 

(3) 

. . 

. . 

. 

. 1 

 

: . 

(1) If a person explains something unnecessarily or provide well-known details, Arabs think that he is 

considering them fool. It makes the communication ineffective. 

Detailed 

 

Puzzling 

 

Deletion, omission 

 

Fool 

 

Intelligence 

 

Unnecessary 

 

Temper, nature 

 

Thrown out 

 

It affects 

 




. 

. 

 

. . () 

. 

() 

. . 

() 

. 

. . () 

. . 

. 

 

. . 

. 

, 

. 

(1) The author has described five reasons for not properly understanding the style of omission: (a) It’s 

difficult for Non-Arabs to understand an alien language like Arabic or Hebrew in which figurative 

language is common. (b) Various letters in a word are deleted. (c) It is hard to identify links among words 

e.g. etc. (d) Arabs summarize their communication by omitting well-understood parts of a 

sentence like . (e) Arabs omit various well-known details while describing a story. 

1 

: 

() 

: 

Excited 

Fast 

 

 

Satisfying 

Tired, dull-minded 

 

 

They obscure, they make 

unclear 

Evolution 

 

 




.“ ” “” : 

[] ” : . 

” : .“ ” .(11:109) “ 

” .(43:6-7) “ [] . 

” : .“ 

.“ [] . 

” : .“ ” 

.“ ” “ 

: . : 

” : .“ ” “ [] ” 

” : .“ ” (59:9)“ [] 

: .“ ” (16:15) “ [] 

.“ ” (4:36) .“ [] ” 

[] [] [] [] [] ” : 

” “ 

. (3:61)“ 

: : : 

(4:127) .“ ” 

 

 

 

The author has described different situations where a word is omitted. (a) The verbs are used 

with . In such case, the word etc. are omitted. (b) If a verb is perceptible, it is omitted. (c) 

While describing a condition, the result of that condition is omitted. In above mentioned example: It 

means “Whatever good you’ll do, surely Allah knows it, then He will definitely reward for it.” 

Face the Challenge! It is your assignment to search for more examples in Surat-uz-Zumur. 

We pray for wrath of 

They used eyeliner to 

 

They withdrew 

God make their eyes black 




” : . : 

” (4:139) .“ [] 

.“ 

” : . : 

” : ( ) “. [] 

” “ [] 

. (8:66) .“ 

” : : : 

.“ [] 

) . . .“ ” (3:106) 

( 

” : . “” : 

[] 

.“ ” (15:48) .“ 

(21:95)“ [] ” : : 

“. ” 

” : . 1 : 

(26:112) .“ ” .“ [] [] 

” (10:67)“[] [] ” : 

” : .“ 

. ” (78:10-11)“. [] .[] 

...“. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(1) If two things are compared and they have two elements. One element from each is described and its 

opposite is omitted. Examples are obvious. 




“ .. .. ” : 

“” .( ) ( ) 

. “” 

“ ... ” : 

. 

. () . : 

” .“ [] .. .. ” : 

.“ ” “ [] ” .“ ” “ 

[] ” : . “” : 

” : .“ ” .“ ... 

.“ ” .“ ... 

[] 

... .“[] ... ” . : 

. : 

 

 

 

 

 


What are ? Why are they used? 


What is ? Describe its types and give two 

examples of each of them. 

You are wrapped in a 

Hard work 

Life 

 

shawl 

Shawl, cloth wrapped at 

upper part of body 

Mountain 

 

 

Welfare 

Cloth wrapped at lower 

part of body 

 

 

Shadow, (welfare activities) 

Foolish people 

 

 




. : 

. 

. 

: 

 

. 

: 

(1) It means describing something in start as an introductory sentence. Then describing other details. At 

the end (or even during the conversation) returning back to the introductory sentence. The objective is 

reminding the most important subject. (2) The Book of Exodus. (3) Ten Commandments (4) It means 

describing something in an abridged way. Then describing its details. It is common in all languages. 

1 

(4) 

. 

” : () 

” : (2:40)“ 

.(2:122)“ 

” : () 

(2:238-239) “. 

. ” : 

(2:152-153) “. 

. ” : () 

.“ ” : (23:1-2) .“ 

. ..... (23:9) 

 

: 

: . 

. . 3 2 

4 

 

(5) 

. 

 

 




.... . : 

. 

. . : 

. 

. 

” : . : 

. .“ ” : .“ 1 

2 

 

“ ” . 

.“ ” : . 

.“ . ” : 

. . . 

. . 

. . . 

(1) This verse is an example of . The rest of the Surah is its . 

(2) It means that hidden outcome of something is described in words in order to motivate the audience. 

For example, good deeds are an impact of faith, so they are described in the first example. The power of 

making good decisions is an outcome of ‘wisdom’. So it is described in the second example. Similarly, 

believing without physically observing God, establishing prayer and spending in Allah’s way, all of them 

are outcome of being a . 

 

 

 

(7) 

Carrying, understanding Generalizations It comes in front of (in mind) 

Seed 

 

Mixed 

 




 

. 

. . . 

 

. 

(1) In a communication, two related sentences are described sometimes together and sometimes at a 

distant. It is due to two reasons: (a) A word is omitted due to its perceptibility. (b) A sentence irrelevant to 

the communication is added between the two sentences to describe something urgent. Such sentence is 

called and this feature of the language is called . The prayer for the Prophet i.e. 

is an example of that. A person who does not understand these two reasons, may consider that the 

communication is not organized. If a person understands the “central theme” of that communication, 

it will be easy for him/her to relate it. 

1 

(8) 

. 

. 

. 

. . 

. 

. 

. . 

. . 

. 

. . 

Worth Reading 

The Muslim and Christian Histories have some strange similarities. What are they? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0013-Similarities.htm 

Worth-mentioning Pillar, central theme Disrupted 

 




1 

 

: (6:55) “ ” : 

: (6:75) .“ ” 

(6:92) .“ ” 

.“ ” : 

(1) It means that change in the style of expression also indicates specific meaning. For example, in the 

verse , initially is used, then the style of is 

used. Instead of saying: “We clarify our signs to elucidate the way of offenders”, it is said: “We clarify 

Our signs so that the way of offenders becomes clear.” The objective of that is to draw the attention of the 

audience and to indicate that has relation with both and . 

(9) 

(3:166-167) 

: . 

. . 

. . 

 

” : (4:135) .“ ” : 

(5:8) .“ 

. 

. 

” : 

(10:76-77) “. . 

. “ ” : “ ” : 

. 

Phrase before . 

Embracing 

Hidden / implied 

Opposite of . 




 

(10) 

(1) As discussed earlier, (here it is not in meaning of objection) means that during a 

communication, an important but not directly relevant idea comes in mind of the communicator. He 

describes it immediately between his communication and then resumes the original communication. It is 

common in all languages. It has a lot of examples in the Quran. 

1 

: 

. ” : 

. “ ” : “. . 

. 

. ” : 

. “ ” “. 

“. ” : 

. “” 

 

. 

, . 

... 

 

(11) 

 

. 

 

(12) 

. . 

. 




(13) 

: . 

. 

” : . .... 

(75:3) .“ 

. 

” : 

(2:85)“. 

. : 

” : 

” : ....(11:14)“ 

(26:25) .“ ” : (37:85)“ 

(14) 

: 

“. ” : . 1 : 

. 

” : . : 

. . “ 

. . 

(1) It means asking to do something i.e. If you are believers, then you must be careful about Allah.” 

 

 

Non-descriptive 

Remoteness (of being 

His denial 

 

 

language 

possible) 




: . 

(2:76) “. ” 

. 

 

(15) 

1 

. . 

” : . 

(6:151) .“ 2 

 

(16) 

: 

” : . : 

.... (26:4) 3 

“. 

 

(17) 

. . .. . 

(1) It means that sometimes a word or sentence is included among two words but it is not a . 

You’ve already studied the reasons for changing the sequence of pronouns at Level 4. 

(2) The is brought before the . 

(3) The word is because it is although it should be because it may also be . 

Worth Reading: 

Aurengzeb Alamgir was the last successful king of India. He felt a great problem 

about his education system. Read more: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE05-0001-Aurengzeb.htm 




“. ” : 1 : 

” : . 

. . “ ” .“ 

” : 

“. 

. 

. 

“ ” 

: 

 

. 

: 

: 

” : (8:17) “ ” : . 

.“ 

“ ” . : 

” : . ” : . 

.“ 

.“ ” . . : 

.“ ” : .“ ” 

” : : 

.“ ” : .“ 

. 

. 

(18) 

(1) It means negating something because its reason is not true. For example: If an expert says about his 

field: “I don’t know it.” It means that “it does not exist”. Had it existed, I would have known it. 

 

 

 

 

 

 




.“ ” 

: 

 

. . . 

: 

” : . 3 : 

.“ ” : “ 

(19) 

” : . 

. . 

 

1 

“” “. 

.... 

 

(20) 

. 2 

: . 

” : . 

” .“ ” : . “. 

. . “ 

 

(21) 

: 

(1) Here the word is repeated to make the questions separate from : 

. (2) As you are aware that is a word/phrase which explains the word/phrase coming before it. 

That word/phrase is called . It is common in Arabic to use a instead of and vice versa. 

For example, “Satans continue to work in Ramadan.” Actually they are tied in chains during Ramadan. 

The word “Satans” in this sentence does not mean the real “Satan” but it means the “Satanic Attributes”. 

Here, the is used instead of . 

(3) There are various reasons for describing an attribute. It can be used to describe reason. In this verse, 

the attributes of God are described as reason i.e. “There is no help but from Allah because Allah is 

Powerful and Wise.” 

 

 




“ ” 

” . : 

: .“” “” (9:86) “. 

.“” “ ” 

1 ” . : 

(9:93) “. 

(10:24) 

(10:12) 

: 

. 

. 

. 

 

2 

 

(22) 

” : . 

: “. ” : “ 

(6:84-86) “. ” 

 

: 

: 

: 

. : 

. 

(23) 

: 

(24) 

“. ” : . “” 

“. ” : . 

(1) Here is the result of . 

(2) means reiteration and means “either of”. 

 

 

 

 

 

 




. ” :23-22 

“ 

“. ” :31 

” :11 

“. 

. . 

...“ ” : 

 

. 2 

 

 

(25) 

. . . 

” : . 

. ” : (35:32) .“ 

. . 

: 

(27) 

 

. 

(1) means deriving one speech from another e.g. the story of Prophet Noah is derived 

from the description of a boat. (2) It means that sometimes a verb is described for a group but it does not 

mean every person of that group does so. By mistake, some people consider it applicable to each person 

belonging to that group. For example the verse . It is 

the responsibility of all Muslims as a whole. If some of them fulfill that responsibility, it will be 

discharged by all of them. It is clear from another verse 

 

. But some people think that preaching is responsibility of each person. 

1 

 

(26) 

. 

 

 




 

(28) 

. . 1 

. “. ” : . 

: . . “. ” : 

. “. ” 

 

(29) 

” : . . 

. “. 

.“ ” : 

. 

.... 

 

(30) 

“. ” : 

2 “. ” 

: .“ ” : . 

” 

“. 

. . 

(1) The is providing details about a verb with a preposition. Sometimes, it does not match with the 

verb. For example, “I stood towards him”. Actually it is “I stood and walked towards him.” There is an 

omitted verb in such cases. 

(2) It means that obvious comparable things are omitted. For example, “the worldly life” is comparable 

with “the Hereafter” and is comparable with . Here the word is omitted because it is easily 

perceptible. 




(31) 

” : ... 

“ 

. 

. . . 

... 

(32) 

. . 

. ” : 

 

. “ ” : “. 

 

. 

. “ ” : 

. 


In what cases, Past Tense is used instead of 

Future Tense? 

Inclusion Veil 

You search 

 

System, organization 

 

He introduces, he levels 

 

It is related to the central 

theme 

 




Dear Reader! 

The style of the Quran is a unique style in Arabic 

communications. According to the language experts, 

the style of public speakers is the nearest to the 

Quran. 


Understand the Quran and then teach its 

meanings to others. 

As an orator changes the direction of his / her speech, in the same way, the Quran changes the direction of 

the communication from first person to second, second to third and third to first. The objective of these 

changes is to keep the audience attentive. Some examples are as follows: 

• : First person is changed to second person. For example, 

(What happened to me that I do not worship the One Who has created me and towards Him you 

will be returned). Initially, the communication is started as “I”. Then it is turned to the second person 

“you will be returned”. 

• : First person is changed to third person. For example, . 

(We have provided you with a lot of blessings, so you should perform prayer and sacrifice for your Lord). 

Initially, the communication is started as “We (Allah)”. Then it is turned to the third person “Lord”. 

• : Second person is changed to first person. For example, 

(Seek forgiveness from your Lord and turn towards Him in repentance. Surely my Lord is 

Eternally Merciful and Affectionate). Initially, the communication is started as “your Lord”. Then it is 

turned to the first person “my Lord”. 

• : Second person is changed to third person. For example, 

(O our Lord! Surely You shall be gathering people on the day which is beyond 

any doubts. Verily Allah does not break His promise). Initially, the communication is started as “O our 

Lord”. Then it is turned to the third person “Allah does not …”. 

• : Third person is changed to first person. For example, 

(He is the One Who sent winds as herald [of My Mercy]. Its blessings 

are in My hands. We sent down pure water from the sky). Initially, the communication is started as “He”. 

Then it is turned to the first person “We”. 

• : Third person is changed to second person. For example, 

(When We took a covenant from Israelites, “You don’t worship any one except Allah.”). 

Initially, the communication is started as “Israelites” as third person. Then they are turned to the second 

person “You don’t worship …” 


The words are used to warn someone. For example, (Beware 

of envy), (O women! Beware of dog) etc. Pronouns are adjusted 

accordingly. 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran. Describe the type of communication changes in each of 

these passage. Read the context, if something is not clear. 

 

 

 

 

(6:165) 

(2:30) 

(8:12) 

 

 

 

. 

(3:194-195) 

. 

(6:105-106) 

 

 

(8:9) 

. 

(15:29-30) 

. 

(15:48-49) 

. 

. . 

. 

(19:12-16) 


What is ? Which words are used for it 

and why? 



ۗ 

ۚ 

ۚ 


Dear Reader! 





 


A room without books is like a 

body without a soul. 

 

 

. 

ۖ ۖ . 

. 

. ۚ 

. 

. 

. 

. 

ۚ ۚ 

. 

. ۖ ۖ 

. ۖ ۖ 

Do you know? 

Science and technology had great advancements at the time of Prophet David . He used to 

build fine coats of armor who were fit to body like a shirt but having a strong defense at the time of war. 

Iron age started from Prophet David . 

Coats of armor Join him in singing It is away from Him 

Iron circles that link each 

other in a coat of armor 

 

We made it soft for him 

 

You are torn into 

pieces 

 



ۚ 

ۖ 

ۖ 


ۖ ۖ 

. 

ۚ ۚ 

ۖ . 

. 

ۖ ۖ 1 

. 

. ۖ . 

 

ۚ . 

2 

. 

. 

. ۗ 

ۖ 

ۚ . 

. ۖ ۖ 

(1) Sheba was a great empire in the Southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. It perished in 6 th century CE. 

(2) This sentence describes the lesson of the stories of David, Solomon and Sheba. 

Do you know? The scientific development started at the time of Prophet David continued during the 

period of his son Prophet Solomon . Air was controlled, copper resources were exploited, 

the art of construction reached at its height etc. 

Big cooking cauldrons 

 

Pools of water 

 

We caused to flow 

for him 

 

Fixed, built-in 

His stick, his staff 

 

 

Reservoirs, plural of 

 

 

A spring of liquid 

copper 

Images 

 

 




. ۖ 

ۖ 

 

. 

. 

. ۚ 

 

. 

. . 

ۗ 

 

. 

ۖ 

 

(1) This is the real reason for their arrogance. They think that since we are blessed with wealth and manpower in this 

life, therefore, we’ll be blessed with the same in the Hereafter. They should get lesson from the story of Prophet 

David & Solomon . 

ۖ 

 

. 

 

ۚ ۚ 

. 

. 1 

. 

 

. 

. 

Arrogant people due to 

Shackles We committed a crime 

abundance of wealth 




ۖ ۚ 

. . 

. ۖ ۖ 

. 

 

. ۚ 

. ۖ 

. ۖ 

ۚ 

ۚ 

. ۖ 

. ۚ 

1 

ۖ 

. 

2 

ۖ 

3 

(1) Here, there is a full stop. The objective is to give them time to think. Then the correct conclusion is provided. 

(2) This verse indicate the indifference of the character of a prophet. 

(3) The words are omitted due to their perceptibility. Meaning of the sentence is: “Surely, my Lord slams 

the truth over the falsehood.” (4) The is omitted due to its perceptibility. 

. 4 

ۖ 

 

 

. 

 

. 

. ۖ . 

. ۚ 

Obtaining Single One tenth 

 

Their group fellows (similar 

infidels before them 

 

There is no escape 

 

Double 

 



ۚ 

ۖ 

ۚ 

ۖ 

ۚ 


 

 

ۚ 

. ۚ 

. ۚ 

ۚ ۚ 

. ۚ ۖ 

. ۖ ۖ 

. 

. ۖ 

ۚ 

1 

ۖ ۖ 

. 

ۚ 

ۚ . 2 

. ۖ 

ۚ 

. ۚ 

 

. ۖ 

(1) It means: “Don’t tire yourself due to regret about them.” The Prophet was in grief due to the 

arrogance of his nation. Allah has a great concern about his feelings. So He has said these words in his sympathy. 

(2) As Allah gives live to a dead and barren land, similarly, He will give life to all of you in the Hereafter. 

Face the Challenge! Identify the central theme of each Surah in this lesson. Ponder deeply to identify the 

relation of each verse with that central theme. Relate the central theme of each Surah in Lesson 17B & 

18B with each other. 



ۚ 

ۚ 


 

. 

ۚ ۖ 

. ۖ . 

ۚ . . 

ۚ ۗ 

. ۚ 

1 

. . . 

. . ۖ ۚ 

. ۚ 

ۖ . 

. 

2 

ۚ 

ۗ . 

. ۗ 

 

. ۚ . 

. ۗ 

ۚ ۖ 

. 

(1) Different opposite things are compared with each other. It is an allegory to describe the attitude of believers and 

unbelievers. (2) The mountains have white, red and black texture. Two words with the same meaning 

are used to describe the intensity of black color. 

Black 

 

Lines, texture 

 

The membrane inside a date 

 



ۚ 


. ۖ 1 

2 . ۖ 

. 

 

ۚ . 

. ۖ 

. ۚ 

ۖ ۖ ۚ 

. 

3 

. ۚ 

ۚ ۚ 

. 

ۖ 

4 ۚ . 

. ۖ 5 

ۚ 

. ۚ 

ۖ 

. 

(1) Passive voice is used to indicate the special arrangement for the people of the Paradise. (2) It indicates the “place 

of living forever”. (3) This is an example of . (4) It means that “A conspiracy harms nobody except its 

perpetrator.” (5) Some words are omitted due to their perceptibility. Full sentence is 

Silk 

 

Bracelets 

 

. 

They’ll be adorned by 

 




 

(1) The word is due to an omitted verb in the meaning of “He revealed”. (2) is a camel or a 

person whose neck is tied in a shackle that he can’t turn it to see something on side. It is a allegory for an arrogant 

person who does not want to look at any sign for guidance. (3) Word means leader. It is also used for ‘book’. 

Here it indicates the book of record of good/bad deeds. (4) It is used in meaning of an oath. 

 

. 1 . . . . 

. . 

. 2 

. . 

. ۖ 

. 3 ۚ 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 4 

. ۖ 

. ۚ 

ۚ 

 

 

 

. 

. . 

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. . ۖ . 

. 

. ۚ . 



ۜ 


 

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ۖ . 

. 1 

ۚ . 

. . 

. ۚ 

 

. . 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

. 

 

2 

. . 

ۗ . 

3 . . 

. 

(1) The word means couples. It is also used for ‘species’. (2) The word is used to depict amazement. It 

gives meaning of “wow, suddenly, amazingly” etc. The meaning will be: “The trumpet will be blown. Suddenly they 

will come out from their grave and walk towards their Lord.” (3) This is depiction of the Day of Judgment as it is in 

front of people. It indicates the inevitability of that Day when everyone will be evaluated justly. 

Cry, One who help a 

Commendation 

We pull out of it 

They will come out 

 

person in trouble 

They debate with each 

other 

 

A curved branch of a 

date-palm tree 

 




. . 

. 1 . 

ۖ . 

ۖ . ۚ 

2 

. . 

. 

 

ۖ . 

. 3 ۚ 

. 

ۖ . 

. . 

. ۘ 

. ۖ 4 

. ۖ 

ۚ . 

. . 

. 

(1) The is omitted. Full sentence will be: “Their greeting will be Salam, a word from their Affectionate Lord.” 

(2) This is . The direction of communication has changed from second person to third person to depict their 

helplessness. (3) Use of a common noun depicts the greatness. (4) Expression of amazement 

Face the Challenge! In what circumstances, the Future Tense is used to describe an incident of past. 

We return him gradually to a 

Moving forward A lot of people 

weak state 



ۖ 


 

 

. . . . 

2 . . 1 

. ۖ . 3 . 

. 

. . ۚ 

. . . 

. 

. 

. . 

. . 

. . . 

. 

. 

. ۖ . 

. . ۖ 

(1) Use of plural of “Easts” indicate the wide horizon. 

(2) Verb is omitted but its is given. Full sentence is . 

(3) Demons of Jinn try to go upward to listen talk of angels. They give this information to their fellow human devils 

who use it for soothsaying. During revelation of the Quran, such demons were beaten by the angels with fire arms. 

The objective was protection of this Quran from Satanic influence. 

Those who are arranged 

Assembly of angels Those who recite 

 

Repulsed 

 

Arrogant, rebellious 

 

in arrays (angels) 

Those who scold 

(demons) 

 




. . 

. 

. . . 

. . ۖ . . 

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. . 

1 

 

. 

. . . 

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. 

. . 2 . 

. . 

. . . 

. . . 

. . . 

. . . 

. . 

(1) This is depiction of people at the Hell. They’ll blame their leaders and the leaders will blame their followers. 

People from Paradise will also communicate with their leaders and will thank God from getting rid of them. 

(2) It is an allegory. The food of people at Hell will be a tree whose branches will be like demons. Nobody has seen 

a demon but its picture is available in mind of everyone. This allegory depicts the horror of that food. 

Mixture, concoction 

 

They become drunk 

 

Dullness, dizziness 

 




. . 

. 1 . . 

. . 

2 

. 

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. 

 

. 

. 

. 

. . ۖ ۚ 

. ۚ !!! 

. . . 

. . . 

. ۚ . 

. . 

. . . 

. . . . 

3 . 

. . . 

. . . 4 . 

(1) Some people have used fake narrations to distort the character of Prophet Abraham . These verses 

simply mean: “He looked at the stars to guess the time and said, I’m tired.” (2) Irrelevant details are omitted. 

(3) Ba’al was a famous god. A city named (the city of Ba’al) is still available at Lebanon which contains an 

archeological site of the temples of Ba’al. Prophet Elias belonged to that city. (4) Plural in this way 

include Prophet Elias and all of his followers. 

He laid him down You carve They hasten to 




. . . . 

ۗ . 

. . . 1 

. . . 

. . . 

. 

 

. . 

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. . ۚ 2 

. . . . 

. . . . 

. ۖ . . 

. . . 

. . 

. . . 

. . . 

(1) Prophet Jonah was sent to Nenvah, a city of I’raq. His nation did not believe in him. He became so 

angry that he came out of the city without Allah’s permission and started his journey in sea. The ship was caught by 

a cyclone. Allah captured him in a way that He put an idea in the hearts of people at the ship that there is one 

offender in us. According to their belief, they cast lots and Jonah’s name came out of it. They decided to throw him 

in the sea. A whale swallowed him. He repented and Allah helped him in coming out of the whale’s belly. 

(2) The pagans used to consider Jinn as God’s relatives. They are refuted. 

Pumpkin So it swallowed him One who is thrown 

Those who deviate 

 

Fish, a whale 

 

Open space 

 



ۖ 

ۖ 


 

(1) It means: “There was no time to rescue them.” (2) The common noun depicts the greatness of that army. The 

word adds emphasis to that greatness. (3) The Pharaoh is called the “Man of pegs” due to two reasons: (a) He used 

to punish people by nailing them on a cross. (b) He had a large army living in tents which were fixed on pegs. 

(4) Actually, it is but the is deleted to keep the rhyme. (5) Prophet David used to sing 

hymns in praise of God morning & evening. His eloquent songs are available in Psalms. (6) means his 

power to make sound and right decisions. 

 

. . ۚ 

. ۖ . 1 

. ۖ 

. . 

. ۖ 

ۚ 

 

 

2 ۖ 

. 

ۚ 

 

. 3 

. 4 

 

. 

. 

. 

. 5 ۖ 

. . 

. 6 

Moment, small amount of time 

Having hands (a metaphor for power) 

 

 

Our share 

Defeated 

 

 

Fabrication 

So they should climb 

 

 



ۖ 


ۖ 

. 

. 

ۖ 

. 1 ۗ 

. ۖ () 

 

. ۚ 

ۚ ۚ 

. 

. 

. . ۖ ۚ 

ۖ . 

. 

. 2 1 

. . ۖ 

. . 3 

. . 

(1) Some biased Jews fabricated some stories to distort the character of these two great prophets. Muslim exegetes 

have copied such stories from Jews. We should seek refuge of Allah from it. (2) It indicates the picture of 

submission of Prophet Solomon’s during a political crisis in front of God. Allah delivered him from 

that crisis and blessed him a lot. (3) See the next page. 

Gentle breeze Fat horses The climbed on 

Masons & divers 

Fetters, handcuffs 

 

 

Legs 

He wiped 

 

 

Don’t transgress 

Lamb 

 

 



ۚ 


ۖ . 

. . 

. ۖ ۚ ۗ 1 

. 

ۖ . . 2 

. 

. . ۚ 

. . . 

. 

. . . 

. ۚ ۖ . 3 

. ۖ 

ۖ 

(3) From the last page. This indicates the abundance of wealth and development technology at the time of Prophet 

Solomon. His navy was the strongest in the world due to his ability to exploit air. He knew tactics of controlling evil 

demons who used to construct buildings and dive into sea to bring pearls out. It was due to his thankfulness to God. 

(1) Prophet Job was tested with a swear affliction. His wealth ruined, children died and he became 

alone. He was afflicted by a decease. He was so patient on such afflictions that God praised him. Once, he swore to 

beat himself 100 times with a wooden stick after becoming healthy. God bestowed upon him and he became healthy. 

Allah gave him further wealth and children. He asked him to fulfill his oath by beating himself lightly with a bundle 

of 100 twigs. The stories of submission of previous prophets are told to Prophet Muhammad to 

comfort him during the crises he was facing in cause of Allah. 

(2) is a for . (3) is also used for kinds, types, species etc. 

(4) This is a dialogue among the People of Hell with their leaders. 

(5) Pious people whom these dwellers of the Hell used to consider bad in their worldly life. 

4 

 

. 

. . 5 

. 

Mockery Don’t break your oath A bunch of twigs / straw 




. ۖ 

. . . . 

. 

 

 

. . . 

 

ۖ 

 

. ۖ 

. 

. 

. 

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. 

. 1 

 

. 

. 

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. 

. 

 

. 

(1) Those who behave in an artificial manner and fabricate their words with extreme care with affectedness. A 

prophet is not one of them. 


Describe two types of ? Give one example of each. 


What is ? Why it is used? Describe its six types and 

provide example of each from this lesson. 



ۖ 


 

 

. 1 

2 

ۚ . 

. ۗ 

. ۖ ۚ 

ۖ 3 ۖ 

. ۗ ۖ 

ۚ 

ۖ ۚ 

ۖ ۖ . 

ۚ ۗ ۗ 

. 

 

. ۖ ۚ 

ۗ 

. ۗ 

(1) means gradual revelation with utmost care. Here the is omitted. 

(2) The reason of assuming other gods is to get rid of the concept of God’s accountability. The pagans wanted to do 

whatever they want. Then they used to worship their false gods and sacrificed animals on their altars as a bribe so 

that they in order to bring them near to God. Some Muslims have also adopted similar views. 

(3) “Rotating day / night” is a beautiful depiction of the day-night cycle which is due to the rotation of earth. It is a 

refutation of the view of Deists who assume that God has broken His connection with the universe after creating it. 

One who submits himself (to 

God) 

 

He gave 

 

He rolls 

 



ۗ 


ۗ ۚ 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

ۗ ۗ 

ۚ . 

. ۚ 

. ۚ 

. ۖ ۚ 

 

. ۖ ۖ 

 

. ۚ 

. ۚ ۚ 1 

3 2 

ۚ ۚ 

. 

(1) A part of this question is omitted due to its perceptibility. Full sentence is: “The one whose chest Allah has 

opened for Islam and he is on the light of guidance of his Lord, he is better or the one who is deviated from the right 

path.” (2) There is difference in opinion of the Quranic Exegetes. According to some, it means “a book whose 

meaning are coherent and repeated.” According to Farahi, it means “a book whose meaning are coherent and its 

Surahs are in form of pairs.” They consider Quranic Surahs grouped in a way that two Surahs form a pair e.g. Al- 

Baqarah & Aal Imran, Al-Feel & Al-Quraish etc. There is coherence in meaning of both Surahs in a pair. 

(3) It means that when they hear Allah’s verses, their light hair on skin become erected. It is an for fear. 



ۚ 

ۖ 

ۖ 


. ۚ 1 

. 

. ۚ 

. 2 . 

ۚ 

. . . 

. ۚ 

ۚ . ۙ 

. . 

. ۚ ۖ ? 

ۗ 

ۚ 

. ۖ ۚ 

 

. ۖ 

 

. 

ۖ ۖ ۖ 

. 

 

. ۚ 

(1) Like the previous question, here a part is also omitted. Full meaning is: “The one who will face the punishment at 

his face is equal to the one who will be protected from it?” 

(2) The Quran is revealed in clear Arabic. Anyone who knows this language, can understand it easily. This clarity 

becomes more clear when a a person compares it with the obscure Arabic poetry. 

(3) The words are omitted due to their perceptibility. 

3 



ۚ 


 

. ۚ 

. ۖ ۖ 

ۖ 1 

. 

 

. 

. ۚ 

. 

ۚ 

. . 

. ۚ 

. ۚ 

ۚ 

. 

. 

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. . 

. 

(1) It depicts internal feeling of unbelievers that their hearts feel nauseated when Allah is remembered in front of 

them. 



ۚ 

ۗ 


ۚ 

ۖ . 

. 

1 

. 

. 

. 

. ۚ 

ۖ 

. 

. . 

ۖ 

 

. ۖ . 

ۖ 

. 

. ۖ 

ۖ 

. 

(1) The word is used to describe the attitude of a person who decides emotionally not rationally. 


In what cases, it is better to use nouns instead of 

pronouns? 


In what cases, descriptive language is used in 

meaning of persuasive language? 

He became unconscious due 

In groups 

Folded 

 

to a shock 




Dear Reader! 

We have completed our discussion about I’lm-ul- 

Bayan and I’lm-ul-Ma’ani. In this lesson, we shall 

discuss the fundamentals of I’lm-ul-Badee’. 


Try to adopt the character of Prophet 

Muhammad . 

is used to add beauty to a communication from the aspects of its form and meaning. Since, this 

discipline is not essential to understand the meaning of the Quran and the Hadith, therefore, we shall discuss 

the basic concepts briefly. In Arabic, certain techniques are used to beautify a communication from the 

aspect of its meanings. Some of them are as follows: 

• : It is combining a noun and its opposite noun in one sentence. For example, 

(He is the First and the Last, and the Evident and the Immanent). 

• : It is comparing two opposite things with each other in a sentence. For example, 

(He instructs them for good practices and forbids them from evil). 

• : It is combining two related but not opposite things in a one sentence. For example, 

(Verily, He is the Listener, the Observer). 

• : It is using a word that is similar to the form of another word used in the same sentence. For 

example, (They forgot Allah, so He left them). Here the word is used for Allah 

Who does not forget. It is used in the meaning “He left them” due to their crime that they forgot Allah. 

This word is used to add the beauty to the sentence. 

• : It is describing two things briefly and then providing details for them without mentioning 

that what is related to which thing. For example, 

 

made the night and the day for you so that you may rest in it and you may get His bounty in it). Initially, 

night and day are described and then their objective is described. It is left on the reader to judge what 

objective is related to night and what is related to day. Sometimes, details are not described in the same 

order. The objective is to keep the audience attentive. 

• : It is combining two unrelated things in a one sentence. For example, 

(Wealth and children are an attraction for the worldly life). In such cases, the relationship is very fine. 

Wealth & children have a fine relation that they both are strongly desired in this world. Arabs used to 

express pride over both of these things. 

• : It is combining two things in a a sentence and then describing additional details for one of them to 

show its priority. For example, (This is sweet and pure having a 

good taste for drinking and this is sour and salty). Here the drinkable water is described in detail but the 

salty water is just mentioned to express the importance of drinkable water. 

(He 




• : It is combining two or more nouns in a sentence and then separately describing the details of each 

. . 

of them. For example, 

(Thamud & Aad rejected the Day of Judgment. As for Thamud, they were destroyed by a 

thunderbolt. As for A’ad, they were destroyed by a furious windstorm). 

• : It is describing the largeness or intensity of something. For example, 

 

(Or like darkness in a deep sea overwhelmed with 

high tides, one over another, overcast with dark clouds, layers of utter darkness one above another). 

• : It is describing a positive thing in a negative way. For example, 

(Neither the trade nor the exchange divert them from remembering Allah). It means that they 

always sremember Allah. 

• : It is describing two opposite processes in one sentence. For example, 

(He brings out life from non-living matter and He brings out non-living matter from living 

matter). 

In addition to above techniques which add the beauty to the meanings, certain techniques are also used to 

beautify a communication from the aspect of its form. Some of them are as follows: 

• : It is combining two or more words having similar sound to each other. For example, 

 

. 

. 

. 

(I do not worship what you 

worship and you are not worshippers of Whom I worship. I am not a worshipper of whom you worship 

and you are not worshippers of Whom I worship). 

• : It is producing a similar sound at end of each sentence. For example, . 

 

. 

(Those who are neglectful of their prayers, those who make a show of 

piety, and refuse to share necessities of life). It is very common in the Quran. 

• : It is using two sentences with the same weight and producing a similar sound at end of each 

sentence. For example, 

. 

(Verily the righteous will be in blessings 

and surely the offenders will be in the hell). It is also common in the Quran but most common poetry. 

• : It is producing opposite sounds by reversing the order of letters. For example, (And 

your Lord, so describe His greatness). 

Face the Challenge! What is ? Why it is 

used? Give two examples. 




Re-Use of Other’s Communications 

Other’s communication are used in different ways. The detail is as follows: 

• : It is using other’s communication without mentioning the name of original communicator. It is 

considered highly unethical equivalent to theft. It has different forms: 

• : A person uses the entire communication of other including words and concepts. 

• : A person takes other’s communication and presents it in his name after making some changes. 

• : A person takes the meaning of another’s communication and presents it in his own words. 

• : It is using other’s communication as a quote along with mentioning the name of original 

communicator. It is not unethical and allowed. Various sayings of previous people are quoted in the 

Quran. 

• : It is usually done in poetry. A poet takes a poem of some famous poet and adds his own verses 

with its verses. The name of original poet is also mentioned. It is also not unethical and allowed. 

• : It is describing other’s prose in form of poetry. Many Arab poets have used Quranic verses and 

Ahadith in their poetry. 

• : It is describing other’s poetry in form of prose. Many Arab prose writers have converted the poetry 

of famous poets into prose. 

• : It is indicating a famous event. For example, the Quran indicates various known events from 

Israelite history. Details of such events are not described in the Quran because they are well-known 

events of Israelite history and described in detail in the Bible. 


Figurative speech is widely used in Arabic. Sometimes, descriptive sentences are used 

for persuasion and vice versa. Questions are used for a purpose other than seeking 

information. Omission / description of words have certain hidden meanings. Change 

in sequence of words has certain meanings. Use of proper or common nouns means 

something. Use of general or specific words has different meanings. More or less 

amount of words has different meanings. Different situations for all of them are 

described at this level. 




Test Yourself 

Translate the following passages of the Quran. Describe the name of the technique used to beautify the 

meaning of a sentence. Read the context, if something is not clear. 

 

 

(101:4-5) 

(6:1) 

(6:103) 

(38:66) 

(53:43-44) 

. 

. . . 

(92:5-10) . . 

(55:5-6) 

 

 

(5:90) 

 

 

 

. 

(104:1-8) 

 

 

 

. 

. 

 

(17:12) 

(17:15) 

 

(59:21) 

 


What is ? Why it is used? Give two examples. 




 

 

(31:32) 

 

. . . 

(101:6-9) 

... ... 

... ... 

(2:49-59) ... 

 

(31:27) 

... 

(2:124,132) 

(11:44) 

(5:44) 

 

 

 

(60:10) 

(99:7-8) 

 

. 

 

. 

. 

. 

. 

(100:1-5) 

(5:5) 

 

 

. . . 

(82:1-5) . 



ۖ 

ۖ 

ۖ 

ۖ 


Dear Reader! 





 


Nothing is easier than self-deceit. 

For what each man wishes, that 

he also believes to be true. 

 

. . 

. . ۖ 

 

 

. 

 

. 

ۚ 

. ۚ ۚ . 

. 

 

. ۚ ۖ 


Identify the central theme of each Surah in this lesson. Ponder deeply to identify the relation 

of each verse with that central theme. Relate the central theme of each Surah in Lesson 17B 

& 18B with each other. Hint! Surat-ul-Mumin to Surat-ul-Ahqaaf have a close relation. 

Hatred Powerful 

One who accepts 



ۚ 


. 

1 . 

. 

. ۖ ۚ ۖ 

. ۚ ۚ 

. ۚ 2 

ۗ ۖ . 

. 

ۚ 

. 

. ۚ 

. 3 . 

ۚ 

. 

ۖ 

. 

. 

(1) Here means “revelation” because it gives life to brains like a spirit. (2) Depiction of extreme fear that the 

hearts will come near the throat. (3) Haman was the right hand of the Pharaoh. Korah was an Israelite who revolted 

against them and became a follower of the Pharaoh. 


Identify three techniques which are used to beautify a communication from the 

aspect of its form. Give one example of each. 

Suppressed due to fear 

 

The day which came 

near 

 

Prominent, noticeable 

 



ۚ 

ۚ 


 

ۖ ۖ ۖ 

1 . 

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. . ۚ 

. ۗ 

ۖ 

ۖ . 

. ۚ 

. 

ۚ ۚ 

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. 

ۖ . 

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. 

. 

. ۚ 

(1) is for . 

Call, great announcements for 

Definitely Ruin, destruction 

 

evaluation, reward & punishment 



ۗ 

ۚ 


. ۖ 

. ۖ 

. 

. 

ۖ . 

1 

. ۗ 

. ۖ . 

. . 

. 

ۖ ۚ ۙ 

. . 

. ۚ 

. 

. ۚ 

ۚ 

ۖ . 

. 

 

. ۖ ۚ 

. 

(1) It is Allah’s law that the prophets who are assigned the title of are helped in this world. Unbelievers can 

neither dominate nor kill them. The unbelievers are punished in this world and destroyed completely. Examples 

include the nations of Prophet Noah, Hud, Saleh, Abraham, Lot, Shu’aib, Moses, Jesus & Muhammad 

. Many of these nations were punished by natural disasters while the nations of Prophet Moses & Muhammad 

were punished by the hands of believers. Such punishment is described in the Surat-ul-Taubah. 



ۖ 

ۚ 

ۖ 

ۖ 


 

. 

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. ۖ 

 

. . ۖ 

ۖ . 

. ۚ 

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ۗ 

. ۚ 

. 

. . 

ۚ 

. 

. 

. 

 

 

 

. 



ۗ 

ۖ 


 

 

. . . 

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. . 

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. ۚ 

. 

. 

ۚ ۚ 

. 

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. ۖ 

ۖ 

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. ۖ ۖ 

 

. . . 

. 



ۖ 


ۖ 

1 . 

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. ۖ 

ۖ 

. . 

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. ۖ 

 

. 

 

ۖ . 

. . 

. 

ۚ 

. . 

ۚ . ۖ 

. 

() . 

(1) You did not use to hide your deeds from your hands & skins i.e. you did not avoid their testimony against you. 

Those whose 

Companions We appointed 

 

 

repentance is accepted 



ۚ 

ۚ 


 

ۗ . ۚ 

. ۖ ۚ 

. ۖ 

ۚ . ۖ 

ۗ ۖ 1 . 

ۚ ۖ 

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ۚ ۗ 

. ۗ ۖ . 

ۚ ۚ 

ۖ . 

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. 

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. ۗ 

(1) It is the answer of a question which is omitted due to its perceptibility in the answer. The question was cast by 

the Jews to the pagans that: “The previous scriptures were revealed in Hebrew. If this Quran is from God, why did it 

reveal in Arabic?” 

He turned at his side (a 

style of arrogance) 

 

He becomes bored & 

tired 

 

It gave profit 

 



ۚ 

ۚ 


 

(1) “The mother of towns” is the central town of a country. Makkah was the central town of Arab at the time of 

Prophet. (2) From 

... is a . 

 

. . . 

ۚ . ۖ 

. ۗ 

. 

1 

. 

ۖ . ۚ 

. 

. 

ۚ ۖ ۚ 

ۖ . ۖ 

. ۚ 

 

ۚ ۚ ۖ 

ۚ . 

ۚ 

2 

 

. 

They were given as inheritance He selects He creates you 



ۖ 

ۗ 


ۖ ۖ ۖ 

ۖ ۖ ۖ ۖ 

. ۖ 

. 

. ۗ 1 

ۗ ۖ 

. ۖ . 

. ۖ 

ۗ ۚ 2 

. 

. 3 ۚ ۖ 

ۗ 

. ۚ ۗ 4 

ۗ ۖ 

. ۚ 

ۚ . 

ۚ . 

. ۚ . 

(1) The word is also used in the meaning of “it means” or “i.e.”. Grammarians call it . Here it means: 

“Allah is the One Who revealed the Book with truth i.e. the criteria for right & wrong.” (2) The question is in the 

meaning of refutation. (3) The Prophet instigated the pagans to accept the truth by his close family 

relations with them. (4) Correct emphasis of this verse can be appreciated by the verse above 

. 

He performs, commits Love, affection Refuted 

 




. ۚ 

ۖ . 

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ۖ . 

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. 

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. 

. ۚ ۖ 

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. . ۚ 

ۗ 

ۗ 

. ۗ 

. ۗ 

. ۚ 

Do you know? 

The Surah was revealed during the last days of the Prophet’s stay at Makkah. The Muslims were prepared in these 

verses to live in a separate Islamic Society. These verses describe their character in the new Islamic State. They are 

required to run their affairs by mutual consultation. The verse lays the foundation of political 

system in an Islamic State. Dictatorship of a person or group is against such teachings of the Quran. 

Place of return 

 

Mutual consultation 

 

Standing 

 



ۚ 


ۗ ۖ 

. ۖ 

ۖ . ۚ 

. ۚ 

 

ۚ 1 . ۚ 

. ۚ 

. ۗ 

(1) The method of revelation is described in these verses. means the Angel Gabriel . 


Identify 10 techniques which are used to beautify a communication from the aspect of its 

meaning. Give one example of each. 

Worth Reading 

There are some people who think after writing? Who are they and why do they think 

after writing something? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0006-Review.htm 



ۚ 

ۖ 

ۚ 


 

 

. . 1 . 

. . 2 . 

. . 

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. 

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. . 

. ۚ 

. 3 

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. ۚ 

. ۖ ۗ 

. . 

 

. 

. ۖ . 

(1) Oath is available but its (the pronouncement on which this oath is presented as an evidence) is omitted 

due to its perceptibility. Determine it yourself by pondering into the next verses. (2) It is , it means: “Should 

we stop sending this reminder to you due to avoiding you because you are a nation transgressing its limits?” (3) This 

is which is describing the state of the person who receive news of having a daughter. 

Adornment, gold, 

Adherers Ornaments 

 

luxury 




. . 1 

 

2 

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ۚ . 3 

ۚ 

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. . 

. ۚ ۚ 

 

4 

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. 5 . 

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ۖ . ۖ 

6 . 

. 

ۖ 7 . 

. . 

. 8 

(1) Here is used as an adjective. The use indicates magnificence of that attribute. (2) A phrase is omitted due 

to its perceptibility i.e. “A long time passed and they deviated from the truth.” (3) Makkah & Taif. Two great cities 

of Arabian civilization. (4) “Satan” in previous words is singular but it indicates the entire generations of Satans. (5) 

Two extreme directions of earth. (6) It is an eloquent expression. Ask previous prophets i.e. look at their scriptures. 

(7) A is omitted. (8) It indicates a series of punishments to the Pharaoh & his followers. 

They breached the contract We assign Master, boss, employer 




ۖ 

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ۖ 

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. . 3 . 

ۖ . 

. . ۖ 

. 

(1) It means: “He made his nation a fool by instigating them.” (2) The pagans of Arabia compared their assumed 

gods i.e. angels with Prophet Jesus . They said that on one side, Prophet Muhammad 

refute their gods, on the other side, he talks about Jesus who is also considered a god by the Christian. (3) This world 

has two type of grieves: regret about past and fear of future. The Paradise will be free from both of them. 


How to get rid of poverty? Is there any shortcut available? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE03-0004-Poverty.htm 

You’ll be delighted 

 

Friends, plural of 

 

Bracelets 

 




 

. 

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. ۖ 

ۚ . 

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. ۚ 

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. 1 ۖ 

. ۚ 

2 

 

(1) It is an expression of astonishment. 

(2) This is in the meaning of “Good bye”. Its example is in Surat-ul-Furqan: . 

There is a hidden threat in these words. It indicates the climax of Prophet’s struggle just before his 

migration from Makkah to Madina. It is Allah’s law to punish the direct addressees of a prophet after he comes out 

of them. After one and a half year of Prophet’s migration, Allah’s punishment for Makkans appeared in the battle of 

Badr when all of their main chiefs were killed. This punishment was extended to all pagans of Arabia who refused to 

accept the Prophet. Details are available in Surat-ut-Taubah. 

Worth Reading 

How to conduct work for Islamic Da’wah? How a Da’wah 

strategy should be developed? The article is in Urdu 

language. 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/ER/L0005-00-Dawat.htm 



ۖ 


 

 

. . ۚ . 1 . 

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. . ۖ 

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ۖ . . 

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. . 

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. ۖ ۚ 2 

. . 

(1) The is omitted. Determine it yourself by pondering into the next verses. (2) They were the kings of 

Yemen who established a great kingdom during 115BC to 575AD. Their kings were called . 

So leave me alone, it is 

Farm houses Amble, uncontrolled 

 

. is deleted 



ۖ 


. . 

. . . . ۚ 

. . . 

. . 

. . . 

. . 

. ۚ . 

. . 


The word is used to describe the sense of “near”. It is a synonym of 

. For example (near the door), (When 

the hearts reached near the throat), (What is with you?) etc. 

Do you know? 

It is Allah’s law that He punishes the unbelievers addressees of a prophet’s within this 

world and rewards the believer addressees of such prophet within the same world. It 

becomes a hard proof that He will do the same with all human beings in the Hereafter. The 

punishment was implemented on a few unbeliever pagans of Makkah during the battle of 

Badr. After that, Allah blessed the believers by making them the dominant super power of 

the Earth. This verse is a prophecy for that. Within 10 years after revelation of this Surah, 

entire Arabian Peninsula came under their rule and within next 10 years, they defeated the 

two superpowers (Rome & Persia) of that time. God blessed them with an area stretching 

from present-day Pakistan in the East to Morocco in the West. It is described in more detail 

in Surat-ul-Fath. 

An infernal tree with 

Silk It will boil 

 

 

Wait 

 

Then drag him 

 

bitter fruits 

Dregs of oil, sediments 

 



ۖ 


 

 

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. ۖ 

ۖ . 

. ۚ . 

. ۖ 

. ۖ 

. 

. ۚ 1 

 

. 

. ۖ ۖ 

 

2 

 

ۚ ۖ . 

. 

. 

. ۖ ۚ 

. 

(1) It indicates that there are objects in space and air which are serving human beings. Service of the sun to humanity 

is very obvious for people of all ages. The service of clouds and air is also very obvious. It indicates that God has 

specifically designed this earth for dwelling of human beings. 

(2) It is an indication to the Islamic State founded by the Prophet Moses and his Caliphs Joshua & Caleb. That state 

reached at its apogee during the age of Prophet David & Solomon . 



ۚ 

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ۖ ۚ 

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. ۚ 

. 

 

. . 

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. 1 ۚ 

. 

. 

(1) This is an example of . The pagans were addressed but suddenly the direction of communication is 

changed to describe that the punishment is going to arrive. 

We record Kneeled down like slaves Time, age 

 



ۖ 


 

 

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. 

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. 

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ۖ ۖ ۖ 

. ۖ 

ۖ 

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2 1 

. ۖ 

ۚ 

ۚ . 

. 

. 

. 

(1) The is omitted due to the reason that what they deny is so fierce that they can’t bear it. (2) It 

indicates the call of Prophet Jesus who leveled the ground for Prophet Muhammad and 

gave prophecies about him. 



ۚ 

ۖ 


ۖ ۖ 

 

. ۖ 

 

. 

1 

. 2 

. ۖ 

. ۖ 

 

. 

3 

. 

 

. 

(1) This is an allegory. It is not essential that a person with the same attributes is under consideration. A character is 

described to make a base of thinking. 

(2) This word is normally used to express anger and hatred. On the contrary, it is also used to express love and 

affection. Various examples are available in Arabic poetry. (3) It is a great desert in South East Arabia called 

(the empty quarter). An archeological site has been discovered in Oman. 

So that you deviate us 

 

Both of them cry for 

help 

Dunes, sand hills 

 

 

Woe on both of you 

Do you threaten me? 

 

 



ۚ 


ۖ ۚ 

. 

. 

 

. 

. 

. ۚ ۖ 

ۖ 1 

. 

 

. 

ۚ . 

. 

 

ۖ . ۚ 

. ۚ 

ۚ 

. ۚ ۚ 

(1) It is an indication to a specific incident. The Prophet recited the Quran while returning back from 

Taif. A group of Jinn were passing by. They heard the Quran and became impressed by its message and informed 

their people about it. 

Their valleys 

 

Cloud, incident 

 



ۗ 


 

 

. 

. ۙ 

. ۚ 

 

ۚ 

. . 

. 

. 

. . 

. ۖ ۚ 

. 

ۖ 

. 

. 

 

1 ۖ 

ۖ 

. ۖ 

(1) It indicates the flow of water in the Paradise i.e. rivers of water which is not stagnant. 

Misfortune, suffering Hardly, tightly You hit & kill them forcefully 



ۚ 


ۚ 

. . 

ۚ ۖ 

. ۗ 

ۙ ۖ 

. ۖ 

. 

 

. 

. ۙ 

. ۖ 

. . 

 

2 . ۚ 1 ۚ 

. 

. 

(1) It indicates their slyly and artful style of adherence in hypocritical way. 

(2) is in the meaning of ‘testing’ i.e. “We’ll test you to identify the strugglers and steadfast among you.” 

Worth Reading 

What is ostentation and what is its impact on the personality of a person? What will be the impact 

of ostentation on the Deeds Account of a person in the real life i.e. Hereafter? Read in English. 


He created false hopes 

Their resentment, rancor 

Your activities 

We’ll definitely test you 

 

for them 

He instigated, 

seduced 

 



ۚ 


. 

. 

ۚ . 1 

. . 

ۖ 

. ۚ 

 

 

2 . 

. . 

ۗ 

. ۚ 

. ۚ 

ۚ 

. ۖ ۖ 

. ۚ 

(1) It is an indication to the worldly dominance for the followers of the Prophet according to Allah’s 

specific law for the direct audience of a prophet. 

(2) The word means ‘minor mistakes’. Prophets are free from sins. Minor mistakes of a prophet is just due to 

his excessive inclination towards the truth. Here, the Prophet is addressed as the leader and spokesperson of the 

Muslim community. Their mistakes are under discussion. 

Worth Reading 

Form of religious rituals is very important but their real spirit is more important. Read the details in: 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0017-Spirit.htm 

So He will take full 

from you 

 

He will not do wrong with you 

 

Dominant 

 




. 

ۚ . 

. ۖ 

ۚ 

ۚ ۚ 

. 

. 

ۚ ۚ . 

ۖ . 

ۚ ۖ ۚ 

. 

ۖ 

. ۖ 

ۗ 

. ۖ 

1 

. ۗ . 

3 2 

. ۚ 4 . 

(1) The famous “Treaty of Hudaybiya” is under discussion. The companions gave an oath of allegiance to the 

Prophet before that treaty. Allah declared this treaty as a great victory in the first verse. After this treaty, Islam 

spread to entire Arabian Peninsula and within four years, all Arabs entered into Islam. (2) It is a prophecy for future 

which proved true in the next year. Muslims got great war spoils in the battles of Khyber & Hunain. (3) It is an 

indication of the battle of Khyber in which one of the greatest enemies of Islam were defeated. It happened one year 

after the treaty of Hudaybiya. (4) The conquest of Makkah. 

Wicked 

 

You respect him 

 

You adhere to him 

 




. 

1 . ۖ 

. ۚ 

ۚ 2 

ۖ 

. 3 ۚ 

 

. ۚ 

ۖ 4 

. ۖ 

. ۚ 

ۖ ۚ 

ۚ ۚ ۖ 

5 

. ۗ 

(1) The valley of Hudaybiya situated near Makkah. (2) It is a indicating the seriousness of the pagan’s crime 

that they stopped the animals of sacrifice to reach at their altar. Sacrificing animals near Ka’aba for God was an 

established practice since Prophet Abraham and stopping it was considered a great crime even by the 

pagans. (3) It is the indication towards the great worldly punishment to the addressees of the Prophet . 

They were not punished because some of them reverted to Islam secretly and some of them were about to convert to 

Islam. (4) The purpose of the journey to Makkah was to perform U’mrah. It was based on a dream of the Prophet. 

Makkans stopped them to perform the pilgrimage. Negotiations resulted in the treaty of Hudaybiya which is declared 

as “the great victory” in these verses. Next year, the Prophet & his companions performed the U’mrah and the 

Prophet’s dream became true. (5) This allegory is available in the Gospel of Mathew, Chapter 13. 

Zeal for one’s nation, 

Unknowingly 

Preventing 

biasness 



ۖ 

ۚ 


 

 

. ۚ ۖ 

1 

. 

. ۚ 

. ۚ . 

2 

ۚ . 

. ۚ 

ۚ 

ۖ 

 

. ۚ . 

(1) A specific incident is indicated. Some villagers came to Madina and shouted outside the chambers of the 

Prophet’s home. They are reproached here. 

(2) Some fake stories are available in the books of Tafsir about these verses. They should be ignored. 

Worth Reading 

What is the Quranic Concept of Human Life Cycle? Read the 

details in: http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PN/R0001-Life.htm 



ۚ 


1 

ۖ ۖ 

. 

ۖ 

. ۚ ۚ ۚ 

ۚ 2 

. ۚ 

ۖ ۖ 3 

. ۚ 

. ۚ 

. ۚ 

ۖ ۖ 

. ۚ . 

(1) Pronouns for men include both men and women. In the Quran, generally instructions are given to both men and 

women in the pronouns used for men. There are some places, where women were specifically instructed. It is in case 

of those issues which are more common in women. 

(2) The Arabs were scattered tribes who have been fighting against each other. Islam joined them into one nation. 

This Surah has specifically targeted the practices of Arabs which instigate hatred. Muslims are not allowed to: be 

proud of their clan; they should not disdain others; they should avoid bad nicknames; they should avoid spying on 

others; they should avoid negative thinking about others; they should not backbite. 

(3) This is an example of . The uncivilized villagers were described at start of the Surah. Now they are 

discussed again. 

Worth Reading 

What is the difference between an extremist and a moderate person? Which 

approach is better: Extremism or Moderatism? 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/English/PE02-0015-Extremist.htm 

Don’t apprise as a favor Don’t backbite Don’t spy 



What’s Next? 

Al Hamdulillah, you have completed the all five levels of this course. Completing this course does not 

mean that your study ends here. One should continuously learn from cradle to grave. We’ll advise you 

the following in order to enrich your Arabic Language. 

• Recite the Holy Quran daily. Try to completely read one Surah in one sitting. Ponder into its 

meanings. Think about the metaphors used. Imagine yourself as one of its direct audience. Don’t 

look at the translation before trying to understand the Quran itself. If a word is new for you, first 

look at its meaning in the dictionary. After completing your work, look at the translation to confirm 

your understanding. 

• Study Ahadith of the Prophet regularly in Arabic. Follow the procedure 

mentioned above. 

• Study as much books in Arabic as possible. 

• Read the headlines in an Arabic newspaper daily. A lot of Arabic newspapers are available on 

internet. 

• Read different research journals in Arabic. A lot of them are available on internet. 

• Frequently consult Arabic dictionaries. 

• Read a book on and . It will help you in applying the principles of 

. Various books are available on these topics on www.waqfeya.net . 

• If you want to express yourself in Arabic, develop your writing skills by: 

• Translate an Arabic passage into English / your native language. 

• Close the book containing that passage. 

• Translate your translation back to Arabic. 

• Compare your Arabic with that written in the book to identify your mistakes. In a few 

days, you’ll feel that you can write in Arabic. 

Learning never ends, so continue the above-mentioned steps for the rest of your life. May Allah 

help us in understanding His religion. May Allah bless all of us. 

Worth Reading 

Personality Development Program. A series of articles at 

http://www.mubashirnazir.org/PD/Personalityenglish.htm 



Bibliography 

Following sources are consulted during preparation of this book: 

 

 

 

 

 

. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



Other Writings of the Author (Available at www.mubashirnazir.org)

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