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Third Semester - Curriculam - Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth

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TILAK MAHARASTRA VIDYAPEETH, PUNE<br />

TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME FOR DIPLOMA COURSE<br />

COURSE NAME : DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING<br />

COURSE CODE : ET<br />

DURATION OF COURSE : 6 SEMESTERS<br />

SEMESTER : THIRD DURATION: 16 WEEKS<br />

FULL TIME<br />

SR.<br />

NO.<br />

SUBJECT TITLE<br />

SUBJECT<br />

CODE<br />

TEACHING<br />

SCHEME<br />

TH<br />

PR<br />

PAPER<br />

HRS<br />

EXAMINATION SCHEME<br />

TH<br />

TH PR OR TW<br />

INT<br />

Max Min Max<br />

1 Mathematics-III ET3001 04 -- 03 80 32 20 100 40 -- -- -- -- -- --<br />

2 Basic Electronics ET3002 04 02 03 80 32 20 100 40 50** 20 -- -- -- --<br />

3 Electrical Technology ET3003 04 02 03 80 32 20 100 40 -- -- -- -- 25* 10<br />

4<br />

5<br />

Principles of Digital<br />

Techniques<br />

Instrumentation &<br />

Measurements<br />

ET3004 04 02 03 80 32 20 100 40 -- -- -- -- 25* 10<br />

ET3005 04 02 03 80 32 20 100 40 -- -- 25** 10 25* 10<br />

6 Programming in ‘C’ ET3006 01 02 -- -- -- -- -- -- 50** 20 -- -- -- --<br />

7 Professional Practices-II ET3007 -- 02*** -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 50* 20<br />

8 Communication Skills ET3011 03 02*** 03 80 32 20 100 40 -- -- -- -- -- --<br />

TOTAL 24 14 -- 480 -- 120 600 -- 100 -- 25 -- 125 --<br />

STUDENT CONTACT HOURS PER WEEK (FORMAL TEACHING): 38HRS: Theory and practical Periods of 60 minutes each.<br />

* - INTERNAL ASSESSMENT , ** - EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT, ***-TUTORIAL<br />

TOTAL MARKS – 850<br />

ABBREVIATIONS : TH – THEORY,INT-INTERNAL, PR – PRACTICALS , OR –ORAL, TW – TERMWORK<br />

All Practical, Orals & Term work assessments are to be done as per the prevailing curriculum implementation & assessment norms.<br />

56


COURSE NAME : DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS &<br />

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING<br />

SEMESTER<br />

: THIRD<br />

SUBJECT TITLE : MATHEMATICS-III<br />

SUBJECT CODE : ET3001<br />

TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME:<br />

Teaching Scheme<br />

Examination Scheme<br />

TH PR<br />

PAPER<br />

TH INT PR OR TW TOTAL<br />

HRS<br />

04 -- 03 80 20 -- -- -- 100<br />

Pre-requisites: The student must know the following concepts:<br />

1. Factorization of polynomials<br />

2. Limits, Derivatives.<br />

3. Formulae of factorization & expansion.<br />

4. Factorization and de-factorization formulae of Trigonometry.<br />

5. Formulae of Binomial Theorem.<br />

6. Rules of algebraic expressions for the numbers with positive & negative<br />

signs.<br />

7. Functions and their types.<br />

Objectives: The student will be able to<br />

1. Apply Mathematical term, concept, principles, and different methods.<br />

2. Apply Mathematical methods to solve technical problems.<br />

3. Use Mathematical techniques necessary for daily and practical problems.<br />

57


Subject Title: MATHEMATICS-III<br />

Subject Code: ET3001<br />

Contents: Theory<br />

Unit Name of the Topic Hours Marks<br />

01 INTEGRATION<br />

12 24<br />

Definition of integration as anti-derivative. Integration<br />

of standard function.<br />

Rules of integration (Integrals of sum, difference, scalar<br />

multiplication).<br />

Methods of Integration:<br />

• Integration by substitution<br />

• Integration of rational functions<br />

• Integration by partial fraction<br />

• Integration by trigonometric transformation<br />

• Integration by parts<br />

Definite Integration: Definition of definite integral,<br />

Properties of definite integral with simple problems.<br />

Applications of definite integrals:<br />

• Area under the curve<br />

• Area between two curves<br />

• Mean and RMS values<br />

02 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION<br />

10 16<br />

Definition of differential equation, order and degree of<br />

differential equation. Formation of differential<br />

equation for function containing single constant.<br />

Solution of differential equations of first order and first<br />

degree such as variable separable type, reducible to<br />

Variable separable, Homogeneous, Nonhomogeneous,<br />

Exact, Linear and Bernoulli equations.<br />

Applications of Differential equations.<br />

Laws of voltage and current related to LC, RC, and RLC<br />

Circuits.<br />

03 LAPLACE TRANSFORM<br />

08 16<br />

Definition of Laplace transform, Laplace transform of<br />

standard functions.<br />

Properties of Laplace transform such as Linearity, first<br />

shifting, second shifting, multiplication by t n division by t.<br />

Inverse Laplace transforms. Properties- linearly first<br />

shifting, second shifting. Method of partial fractions.<br />

Convolution theorem.<br />

Laplace transform of derivatives.<br />

Solution of differential equation using Laplace transform<br />

(up to second order equation).<br />

04 FOURIER SERIES<br />

Definition of Fourier series (Euler’s formula).<br />

Series expansion of continuous functions in the<br />

intervals( 0,2 l) ,( −l, l) ,( 0,2 π ),( − ππ , ) .<br />

Series expansions of even and odd functions, Half range<br />

series.<br />

08 08<br />

58


05 NUMERICAL METHODS<br />

05 08<br />

Solution of algebraic equations:<br />

• Bisection method.<br />

• Regularfalsi method<br />

• Newton – Raphson method<br />

Solution of simultaneous equations containing 2 and 3 05 08<br />

unknowns:<br />

• Gauss elimination method<br />

• Iterative methods – Gauss-Seidal and Jacobi’s<br />

methods<br />

TOTAL 48 80<br />

Recommended Books:<br />

Sr. No Title Author Publisher<br />

Pune Vidyarthi<br />

01 Mathematics for polytechnic S. P. Deshpande Griha Prakashan,<br />

Pune<br />

02 Calculus: single variable Robert T. Smith Tata McGraw Hill<br />

03 Laplace Transform Lipschutz<br />

Schaum outline<br />

series.<br />

04<br />

05<br />

06<br />

07<br />

Fourier series and boundary<br />

value problems<br />

Higher Engineering<br />

Mathematics<br />

Introductory Methods of<br />

Numerical analysis<br />

Numerical methods for<br />

scientific & engineering<br />

computations<br />

Brown<br />

B. S. Grewal<br />

S. S. Sastry<br />

M. K. Jain & others<br />

Tata McGraw Hill<br />

Khanna<br />

Publication, New<br />

Dehli<br />

Prentice Hall Of<br />

India, New Dehli<br />

Wiley Eastern<br />

Publication.<br />

59


COURSE NAME<br />

COURSE CODE<br />

SEMESTER<br />

SUBJECT TITLE<br />

SUBJECT CODE<br />

: DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS &<br />

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING<br />

: ET<br />

: THIRD<br />

: BASIC ELECTRONICS<br />

: ET3002<br />

TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME:<br />

Teaching Scheme<br />

Examination Scheme<br />

TH PR<br />

PAPER<br />

TH INT PR OR TW TOTAL<br />

HRS<br />

04 02 03 80 20 50** -- -- 150<br />

Pre-requisites: The student must know the following concepts:<br />

1. Basics of Semiconductors<br />

2. P-type & N-type Semiconductors<br />

3. Classification of Semiconductors & comparison between Semiconductor,<br />

Insulators & Conductors.<br />

4. Concept of diode & formation of PN Junction.<br />

Objectives: The student will be able to<br />

1. Define Diode & classify it.<br />

2. Define rectification & give its types.<br />

3. Define Transistors & types of transistors.<br />

4. Classify small signal amplifiers.<br />

5. Define regulation & explain its need.<br />

6. Analyze concept of power control circuit.<br />

7. Define transducers & classify them.<br />

60


Subject Title: BASIC ELECTRONICS<br />

Subject Code: ET3002<br />

Contents: Theory<br />

Unit Name of the Topic Hours Marks<br />

01 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE<br />

08 14<br />

Rectifying diode<br />

Review of P-type and N-type semiconductor<br />

Junction of P-type & N-type i.e. P-N junction, Barrier<br />

voltage, depletion region, Junction Capacitance<br />

Forward biased & Reversed biased junction.<br />

Diode symbol, circuit diagram for characteristics<br />

(forward & reversed).<br />

Characteristics of PN junction diode.<br />

Specifications: Forward voltage drop, Reversed<br />

saturation current, maximum forward current, power<br />

dissipation.<br />

Package view of diodes of different power ratings (to<br />

be shown during practical hours).<br />

Zener diode: Construction (reference to doping level).<br />

Symbol, circuit diagram for characteristics (forward &<br />

reversed).<br />

Avalanche & zener breakdown.<br />

Specifications: Zener voltage , power dissipation ,<br />

break over current, dynamic resistance & maximum<br />

reverse current.<br />

Special diodes: Point contact diode , Schottkey diode.<br />

Optical Diodes: LED, IRLED, photo diode, and laser<br />

diode.<br />

Symbol, operating principle & applications of each.<br />

02 RECTIFIERS & FILTERS<br />

Need of rectifier, definition.<br />

Types of rectifiers: Half wave rectifier, Full wave<br />

rectifier (Bridge & centre tapped).<br />

Circuit operation.<br />

Input/output waveforms for voltage & current, Average<br />

(DC) value of current & voltage (no derivation).<br />

Ripple, ripple factor, ripple frequency, PIV of diode<br />

used, transformer utilization factor, efficiency of<br />

rectifier.<br />

Comparison of three types of rectifiers.<br />

Need of filters.<br />

Types of filters:<br />

08 16<br />

• Shunt capacitor<br />

• Series inductor<br />

• LC filter<br />

• π filter<br />

Circuit operation, DC output voltage, ripple factor<br />

(formula), ripple frequency, Dependence of ripple<br />

factor on load.<br />

Input/output waveforms, limitations & advantages.<br />

61


03 TRANSISTORS<br />

Bipolar junction transistor (BJT):<br />

Introduction, Basic concept.<br />

Types of transistors, structure & symbols, Transistor<br />

operation.<br />

Conventional current flow, relation between different<br />

currents in transistor.<br />

Transistor amplifying action.<br />

Transistor configurations: CB, CE & CC.<br />

Circuit diagram to find the Input/output characteristics.<br />

Transistor parameters: input resistance, output<br />

resistance, α , β & relation between them.<br />

Comparison between three configurations.<br />

Transistor specifications: V CE Sat , I C Max, V CEO , I CEO, α , β<br />

V CE Breakdown , Power dissipation (to be explained during<br />

practical using data sheets).<br />

Testing of transistor using multimeter (to be shown<br />

during practical).<br />

Construction, working principle, characteristics of<br />

Photo-transistor.<br />

Introduction to opto-coupler<br />

Unipolar transistor (JFET):<br />

Construction, working principle & characteristics.<br />

Unijunction Transistor(UJT):<br />

Construction, working principle & characteristics<br />

04 BIASING OF BJT<br />

Introduction, need of biasing, concept of dc load line,<br />

selection of operating point (Q point), need of<br />

stabilization of Q point (thermal run away concept).<br />

Types of biasing circuits:<br />

• Fixed biased circuit<br />

• Base biased with emitter feedback<br />

• Base biased with collector feedback<br />

• Voltage divider<br />

• Emitter biased<br />

Circuit operation of each circuit.<br />

Introduction to two port n/w.<br />

Hybrid model for CE.<br />

05 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY<br />

What is a regulator<br />

Need of regulators. Voltage regulation factor.<br />

Concept of load regulation & line regulation.<br />

Basic zener diode voltage regulator.<br />

Linear Regulators: Basic block diagram of DC power<br />

supply.<br />

Transistorized series & shunt regulator: Circuit diagram<br />

& operation.<br />

Regulator IC’s:78xx, 79xx, 723 as fixed, variable &<br />

dual regulator.<br />

08 18<br />

08 12<br />

08 10<br />

62


06 SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS<br />

08 10<br />

Concept of amplification.<br />

Small signal amplifier using BJT.<br />

Graphical analysis.<br />

Determination of current, voltage & power gain, Input<br />

& output resistance, phase shift between input &<br />

output.<br />

AC Load Line.<br />

Function of input & output coupling capacitors &<br />

criteria for the value selection.<br />

Function of emitter bypass capacitor & its value<br />

selection.<br />

AC equivalent circuit of transistor CE amplifier.<br />

Single stage CE amplifier with voltage divider bias.<br />

Its explanation.<br />

TOTAL 48 80<br />

Practical:<br />

Skills to be developed<br />

Intellectual skills:<br />

1. Identification and selection of components.<br />

2. Interpretation of circuits.<br />

3. Understand working of Regulated dc power supply.<br />

Motor skills:<br />

1. Ability to draw the circuits.<br />

2. Ability to measure various parameters.<br />

3. Ability to test the components using multimeter.<br />

4. Follow standard test procedures.<br />

List of Practical: (Any 9 to be performed)<br />

1. VI characteristics of diode<br />

2. VI characteristics of Zener diode<br />

3. Study of Rectifiers a] Half wave b] Full wave<br />

4. Study of filter circuits. a] Capacitor Filter b] Inductor filter.<br />

5. Input & output characteristics of transistor in CE mode<br />

6. Input & output characteristics of transistor in CB mode<br />

7. Characteristics of FET<br />

8. Characteristics of UJT<br />

9. Zener Diode Regulator<br />

10. Transistor series and shunt regulator<br />

11. Single stage common emitter amplifier<br />

12. Study of DC Regulated Power Supply<br />

63


Recommended Books:<br />

Sr. No. Author Title Publisher<br />

01<br />

N.N. Bhargava, D.C. Kulashreshtha, Basic Electronics & Tata McGraw<br />

S.C. Gupta - TTTI Chandigharh Linear Circuits<br />

Hill<br />

02<br />

Alberrt Malvino<br />

Electronic Principles Tata McGraw<br />

David J.Bates<br />

Hill<br />

03<br />

Allen Mottershead<br />

Electronic Devices & Prentice Hall<br />

Components’<br />

of India<br />

04<br />

Grob Bernard Basic Electronics Tata McGraw<br />

Hill<br />

05<br />

David J. Bell<br />

Electronics Devices & Prentice Hall<br />

Circuits<br />

of India<br />

64


COURSE NAME :<br />

COURSE CODE<br />

SEMESTER<br />

SUBJECT TITLE<br />

SUBJECT CODE<br />

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS &<br />

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING<br />

: ET<br />

: THIRD<br />

: ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY<br />

: ET3003<br />

TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME:<br />

Teaching Scheme<br />

Examination Scheme<br />

TH PR<br />

PAPER<br />

TH INT PR OR TW TOTAL<br />

HRS<br />

04 02 03 80 20 -- -- 25* 125<br />

Pre-requisites: The student must know the following concepts:<br />

1. Basics of atomic theory.<br />

2. Concept of active & passive devices.<br />

3. Concept of voltage source & current source.<br />

4. Series & parallel circuits.<br />

Objectives: The student will be able to:<br />

1. Classify different types of circuits (series, parallel, networks etc).<br />

2. Classify networks and concepts of all Network Theorems.<br />

3. Compare A.C & D.C and all its parameters.<br />

4. Concept of resonance & types of resonance circuits.<br />

5. Classify & compare single phase & three phase circuits.<br />

6. Define transformer & classify it.<br />

7. Define Motor, explain principle of operation of all DC motors and also<br />

compare them on the basis of their characteristics.<br />

8. Explain concept of universal motor.<br />

65


Subject Title: ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY<br />

Subject Code: ET3003<br />

Contents: Theory<br />

Unit Name of the Topic Hours Marks<br />

01 D. C. CIRCUITS<br />

05 08<br />

Review of introduction to electricity - current, resistance, emf<br />

and potential difference, Ohm’s law, D.C. sources, series and<br />

parallel circuit.<br />

Concept of open and short circuit.<br />

Kirchoff’s current and voltage law.<br />

Maxwell’s loop current method.<br />

Node analysis.<br />

Concept of ideal and practical current and voltage sources,<br />

Source conversion.<br />

Star / Delta and Delta / star conversion (no derivation)<br />

(Numericals on above).<br />

02 NETWORK THEOREMS<br />

Network terminology – active, passive, linear, non-linear,<br />

bilateral, unilateral networks<br />

Statement, explanation and application of the following<br />

network theorems (DC circuits only):<br />

• Superposition theorem<br />

• Thevenin’s theorem<br />

• Norton’s theorem<br />

• Maximum power transfer theorem<br />

Concept of duality and construction of dual network.<br />

03 A.C. FUNDAMENTALS<br />

Difference between AC and DC quantity.<br />

Advantages of AC over DC.<br />

Waveform of sinusoidal AC cycle.<br />

Generation of single phase AC by elementary alternator.<br />

Definitions: instantaneous value, cycle, amplitude, time<br />

period, frequency, angular frequency, RMS value, Average<br />

value for sinusoidal waveform, Form factor, Peak factor (no<br />

derivation but simple numerical on it).<br />

Vector representation of sinusoidal AC quantity, review of<br />

phasor algebra, representation of AC quantity in rectangular<br />

and polar form.<br />

Phase angle, phase difference, concept of lagging and leading<br />

– by waveforms, mathematical equations and phasors.<br />

Pure resistance in AC circuit: waveforms, equations and vector<br />

diagram (no derivation).<br />

Pure inductance in AC circuit: waveforms, equations and<br />

vector diagram (no derivation).<br />

Pure capacitance in AC circuit: waveforms, equations and<br />

vector diagram (no derivation).<br />

Concept of impedance and impedance triangle.<br />

Power – active, reactive and apparent, power triangle.<br />

Power factor and its significance.<br />

R-L series circuit – vector diagram, voltage and current<br />

equations.<br />

R-C series circuit – vector diagram, voltage and current<br />

equations.<br />

66<br />

05 10<br />

06 08


R-L-C series circuit – vector diagram, voltage and current<br />

equations.<br />

Simple numerical on R-L, R-C and R-L-C series circuit.<br />

Concept of parallel A.C. circuit.<br />

Concept of admittance, conductance and susceptance (no<br />

numerical on parallel A.C. circuits).<br />

04 RESONANCE<br />

Resonance in RLC series circuit.<br />

Graphical representation of resonance curve.<br />

Resonant frequency, bandwidth and Q factor of series resonant<br />

circuit.<br />

Resonance in parallel circuit.<br />

Resonant frequency and Q factor, nature of resonance curve<br />

(no derivation and numerical).<br />

05 POLYPHASE CIRCUITS<br />

Advantages of 3 phase system over single phase system.<br />

Principle of 3-phase emf generation and its wave form.<br />

Concept of phase sequence and balanced and unbalanced load.<br />

Relation between phase and line current, phase and line<br />

voltage in Star connected and Delta connected balanced<br />

system. (no derivation).<br />

Calculation of current, power, power factor in a 3 phase<br />

balanced system (simple numerical).<br />

06 TRANSFORMER<br />

Working principle of transformer, classification, brief<br />

description of each part its function and material used.<br />

EMF equation (no derivation).<br />

Voltage ratio, current ratio and transformation ratio<br />

kVA rating of a transformer.<br />

Losses in a transformer.<br />

Efficiency and regulation of transformer - definition, equation<br />

and simple numerical on it.<br />

Condition for maximum efficiency (no derivation).<br />

Auto transformer – comparison with two winding transformer,<br />

applications, polarity markings.<br />

07 DC MOTORS<br />

Review of force on current carrying conductor, Fleming’s left<br />

hand rule.<br />

Construction – brief description of each part its function and<br />

material used.<br />

Principle of operation.<br />

Significance of back emf,<br />

Types of DC motors.<br />

Torque equation (expression only, no derivation).<br />

Schematic diagram, characteristics and applications of DC<br />

shunt, series and compound motors.<br />

Necessity of starter. Reversal of rotation of DC motor<br />

08 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS<br />

Construction and principle of working.<br />

Types: Squirrel cage and slip ring<br />

Synchronous speed, slip speed, slip and rotor frequency (no<br />

numerical).<br />

04 08<br />

05 08<br />

05 08<br />

05 10<br />

03 06<br />

67


Torque-speed characteristics.<br />

Necessity of starter.<br />

Speed control methods –brief description only.<br />

Reversal of rotation of 3 phase induction motor<br />

09 FRACTIONAL HORSE POWER (FHP) MOTORS<br />

04 08<br />

Universal motor: principle of operation, reversal of rotation<br />

and applications.<br />

Stepper motor: types, principle of working and applications.<br />

Servo motor: types, principle of working and applications.<br />

Synchronous motor<br />

10 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS<br />

02 02<br />

Advantages of electric motor.<br />

Classification of electric drives.<br />

Selection of motor.<br />

Electrical Characteristics of motor.<br />

11 ELECTRICAL SAFETY AND COSTS<br />

04 04<br />

Tariff & Power conservation.<br />

Necessity of earthing, its types.<br />

Safety tools, first aid measures.<br />

Types of tariff.<br />

Methods of PF improvement.<br />

Energy conservation & audit.<br />

Fire extinguishing methods adopted in electrical engineering.<br />

TOTAL 48 80<br />

Practical:<br />

Skills to be developed<br />

Intellectual skills:<br />

1. Identify various types of machines<br />

2. Select instruments for measurement of electrical parameters and their ranges<br />

Motor skills:<br />

1. Draw machine characteristic<br />

2. Make proper connection<br />

3. Take measurements accurately<br />

A) List of Practical:<br />

1. Verification of Kirchoff’s laws.<br />

2. Verification of any one of the following network theorems<br />

I. Superposition theorem II. Thevenin’s theorem<br />

68


III. Norton’s theorem IV. Maximum power transfer theorem<br />

(Note – Select different theorem for different groups of students)<br />

3. To plot charging curve of capacitor through resistance and to determine the time<br />

constant.<br />

4. To observe sinusoidal A.C. waveform of any frequency on C.R.O. and to determine<br />

its frequency, time period, peak value, rms value, peak factor and form factor.<br />

5. To draw vector diagram and to determine power factor of R-L-C series circuit.<br />

6. To determine the relationship between line and phase values in three phase balanced<br />

star or delta connected load.<br />

7. To determine transformation ratio of single phase transformer and<br />

to perform polarity test on single phase transformer.<br />

8. To determine % efficiency and % regulation of a single phase transformer by direct<br />

loading.<br />

9. Study of any one DC motor in your laboratory. Write a report based on the<br />

following points.<br />

• Rating (Specification)<br />

• Foundation arrangement<br />

• Supply arrangement<br />

• Continuity and insulation test<br />

• Identification of its terminals<br />

• Sketch different parts and state the function of each part in brief<br />

Observe the direction of rotation reverse it.<br />

10. To determine % slip of Single phase induction motor and to reverse its direction of<br />

rotation.<br />

B) Field work / Mini Project:<br />

1. There are many electric devices / machines / equipment available in the market.<br />

Select any one device which is not included in your syllabus and prepare a short<br />

power point presentation for the class about how it works its features, cost,<br />

connections etc.<br />

2. Search the web site www.howstuffworks.com and learn the basics of electricity,<br />

principle of working of motors and generators etc.<br />

69


Utilize professional practice periods for this work.<br />

Recommended Books:<br />

Sr. No. Title Author Publisher<br />

01 Basic Electrical Engineering Mittle and Mittal<br />

Tata McGraw Hill, New<br />

Delhi<br />

02<br />

Electrical Technology Vol – I<br />

S. Chand Publications,<br />

B. L. Theraja,<br />

and II<br />

Delhi<br />

03 Circuit Analysis Soni, Gupta<br />

Dhanpat Rai and sons New<br />

Delhi<br />

70


COURSE NAME<br />

SEMESTER<br />

COURSE CODE<br />

SUBJECT TITLE<br />

SUBJECT CODE<br />

: DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS &<br />

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING<br />

: THIRD<br />

: ET<br />

: PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL TECHNIQUES<br />

: ET3004<br />

TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME:<br />

Teaching Scheme<br />

TH<br />

PR<br />

PAPER<br />

HRS<br />

Examination Scheme<br />

TH INT PR OR TW TOTAL<br />

04 02 03 80 20 -- -- 25* 125<br />

Pre-requisites: The student must know the following concepts:<br />

1. Fundamental concepts of Boolean Algebra<br />

2. Fundamental concepts of different number systems.<br />

Objectives: The student will be able to<br />

1. Do conversion of different number systems<br />

2. Compare different logic families.<br />

3. Explain the operation of basic logic gates.<br />

4. Design basic digital circuits.<br />

5. Design the combinational logic circuits.<br />

6. Design the sequential logic circuits.<br />

7. Explain different shift registers & counters.<br />

71


Subject Title: PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL TECHNIQUES<br />

Subject Code: ET3004<br />

Contents: Theory<br />

Unit Name of the Topic Hours Marks<br />

01 NUMBER SYSTEM & BINARY CODES<br />

06 10<br />

Introduction to digital system.<br />

Number System - Introduction to Binary, Octal, Decimal,<br />

Hexadecimal number system, Conversion of number<br />

systems, 1’s complement and 2’s complement, Binary<br />

arithmetic (addition, subtraction, division, multiplication).<br />

Codes: BCD codes, 9’s and 10’s complement, 8421 BCD<br />

codes, Excess – 3 code, gray code, BCD arithmetic<br />

(addition, subtraction).<br />

02 LOGIC FAMILIES<br />

06 10<br />

Characteristics of logic gates: propagation delay, power<br />

dissipation, Fan in, Fan out, current sinking, current<br />

sourcing.<br />

TTL logic family - Introduction to TTL logic, Realization<br />

of basic gates using TTL logic, TTL NAND gate – Totem<br />

pole output, open collector.<br />

ECL logic family - Introduction to ECL logic, ECL OR,<br />

NOR gate.<br />

MOS families - Introduction to PMOS, NMOS & CMOS<br />

logic, Realization of PMOS inverter, NAND, NOR,<br />

Realization of NMOS inverter, NAND, NOR,<br />

Realization of CMOS inverter, NAND, NOR.<br />

Comparison of different logic families.<br />

Study of 7400 TTL series / CD 4000 series gate ICs.<br />

03 LOGIC GATES<br />

06 12<br />

Fundamental concepts of Boolean algebra - Basic laws:<br />

Cumulative, Complement, Associative, Distributive, De<br />

Morgan’s theorems.<br />

Logic gates - Basic gates: NOT, AND, OR (Symbol,<br />

Truth table, Applications), EX-OR, EX-NOR (Symbol,<br />

Truth table, Applications), Universal gates: NOR, NAND.<br />

NOR as universal gate, NAND as universal gate.<br />

04 COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS<br />

Introduction to combinational logic circuit.<br />

Standard representation of Canonical forms (SOP & POS,<br />

Minterm, Maxterm) - Conversion between SOP & POS,<br />

Numerical based on above topic, Don’t care conditions.<br />

K- map reduction techniques and realizations (only for<br />

SOP – 2, 3, 4 variables), Realization using K- map<br />

techniques of half adder, full adder, half subtractor, full<br />

subtractor, gray to binary, binary to gray converter, BCD<br />

to 7-segment decoder using K-map. Multiplexer -<br />

Necessity of multiplexer, Types of multiplexers 2:1, 4:1,<br />

8:1, 16:1 with realization. Multiplexer Tree, Study of<br />

MUX ICs 74150, 74151, 74152, 74153, 74157,<br />

Applications of multiplexer. Demultiplexer - Necessity<br />

and Principle of Demultiplexer, types and realization of<br />

De Mux 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, Demux Tree, Application of<br />

Demux as decoder, Study of ICs 74138, 74139, 74154,<br />

12 18<br />

72


74155.<br />

05 SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUIT<br />

Introduction to Sequential Logic Circuit - Difference<br />

between combinational and sequential circuit, Triggering<br />

methods (edge & level Trigger).<br />

One bit memory cell RS latch: using NAND & NOR.<br />

Flip Flops - SR flip flop, Clocked SR flip flop with preset<br />

and clear, Drawbacks of SR flip flop, Clocked JK flip flop<br />

with preset & clear, Race around condition in JK flip flop,<br />

Master slave JK flip flop.<br />

D and T flip flop.<br />

Excitation table of flip flops, Study of IC 7474 and 7475.<br />

08 14<br />

06 APPLICATIONS OF FLIPFLOP AND SHIFT<br />

10 16<br />

REGISTERS<br />

Definition.<br />

Types - SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO. Universal bidirectional<br />

shift register – circuit diagram (using D flip<br />

flop) working with truth table.<br />

Counters<br />

Introduction.<br />

Types- asynchronous counters, up& down counter (using<br />

T F/F), ring counter.<br />

Applications of counters.<br />

Comparison between asynchronous & synchronous<br />

counter.<br />

Comparison between counters & registers.<br />

TOTAL 48 80<br />

Practical:<br />

Skills to be developed<br />

Intellectual skills:<br />

1. Identification of digital IC’s of logic gates, Flip-flops, multiplexer and<br />

demultiplexers.<br />

2. Ability to test different digital ICs.<br />

3. Ability to design the combinational and Sequential logic circuits.<br />

Motors skills:<br />

1. Ability to build the circuit.<br />

2. To observe the result and handling the equipments.<br />

73


List of Practical:<br />

1. Realize basic logic gate using diodes & resistors.<br />

2. Verify De’Morgan’s Theorems.<br />

3. Prove NAND and NOR gate as universal gates.<br />

4. Design and realize binary to gray and gray to binary converter using gates.<br />

5. Design half adder & full adder / half subtractor & full subtractor using logic gates.<br />

6. Verify operation of ICs 74138, 74154, 74155.<br />

7. Realize and verify RS flip flop using NAND and NOR gate.<br />

8. Realize and verify master slave JK flip flop using NAND gate.<br />

9. Design MOD-6 and MOD-20 counters using IC 7490.<br />

10. Design asynchronous decade counter.<br />

Mini Projects:<br />

1. Design 1 digit BCD to 7 segment decoder using IC7447.<br />

2. Design 4 bit binary adder/subtractor using IC7483.<br />

3. Design 4 bit synchronous counter using IC7476.<br />

4. Design decade counter using IC7492/93.<br />

Recommended Books:<br />

Sr. No. Title Author Publisher<br />

01 Modern Digital Electronics R. P. Jain Tata McGrew Hill<br />

02 Digital Principles & Applications Malvino & Leach Tata McGrew Hill<br />

03 Digital Fundamentals Floyd Universal Book Stall (UBS)<br />

04 Digital Principles Malvino Tata McGrew Hill<br />

05 Digital logic and Computer Design M. Morris Mano Prentice Hall India (PHI)<br />

06 Digital logic Design M. Morris Mano Prentice Hall India (PHI)<br />

07 Digital Circuit & Design S.Salivahanan Vikas Publication<br />

74


COURSE NAME<br />

COURSE CODE<br />

SEMESTER<br />

SUBJECT TITLE<br />

SUBJECT CODE<br />

: DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS &<br />

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING<br />

: ET<br />

: THIRD<br />

: INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENTS<br />

: ET3005<br />

TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME:<br />

Teaching Scheme<br />

Examination Scheme<br />

PAPER<br />

TH PR<br />

HRS<br />

TH INT PR OR TW TOTAL<br />

04 02 03 80 20 -- 25** 25* 150<br />

Pre-requisite: The student must know the following concepts:<br />

1. Basics of physics.<br />

Objectives: The student will be able to<br />

1. Select the most suitable transducer based on its performance characteristics, for<br />

specific measuring tasks.<br />

2. Define the physical quantities with proper units to ensure precise technical<br />

communication.<br />

3. Use correct units for given measurements.<br />

4. Compare different types of transducers on their performance characteristics and<br />

applications.<br />

5. Learn the operating principles of transducers for measurement of pressure flow,<br />

level, temperature, displacement and humidity.<br />

75


Subject Title: INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENTS<br />

Subject Code: ET3005<br />

Contents: Theory<br />

Unit Name of the Topic Hours Marks<br />

01 TRANSDUCERS<br />

06 10<br />

Definition.<br />

Classification.<br />

Selection Criteria.<br />

Types – Strain Gauge, LVDT, RVDT, Capacitive, Resistive,<br />

Piezoelectric (Principle of Working, Advantages, Disadvantages and<br />

Applications).<br />

02 INTRODUCTION TO MEASUREMENT AND MEASURING 02 08<br />

SYSTEM<br />

Measurement: significance of measurement, scale factor range,<br />

resolution, precision, accuracy & reliability.<br />

System error analysis.<br />

Standards of calibration.<br />

03 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT<br />

10 15<br />

Absolute, Gauge, Atmospheric, Vacuum – (definition, Concept and<br />

Units)<br />

Manometers – Inclined Tube, U-Tube, Well Type.<br />

Elastic Pressure Transducers – Bourdon Tube, Bellows, Diaphragm,<br />

Capsule.<br />

Electronic Pressure Transducers for measurement of Gauge Pressure,<br />

Absolute Pressure, Vacuum.<br />

Calibration of Pressure Instruments – Dead Weight Tester<br />

04 FLOW MEASUREMENT<br />

10 12<br />

Types of Flow – Laminar, Turbulent, Reynolds’s number (overview<br />

only).<br />

Principle, working, construction, advantages, disadvantages and<br />

applications of<br />

Head type flow meters – Venturi, Orifice Plate, Pitot Tube<br />

Variable area flow meters<br />

Electromagnetic flow meters<br />

Vortex type flow meters<br />

Corioli’s mass flow meter, positive displacement flow meters<br />

05 LEVEL MEASUREMENT<br />

10 15<br />

Principle, working, construction, advantages, disadvantages and<br />

applications of<br />

Float type level gauges,<br />

Hydrostatic type level instruments – Gauges and Transmitters.<br />

Ultrasonic level measurement<br />

Radar level measurement<br />

06 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT, TEMPERATURE SCALES<br />

AND THEIR CONVERSION<br />

Principle, working, construction, advantages , disadvantages and<br />

applications of Filled systems – liquid and gas filled thermometers<br />

Bimetallic thermometers RTDs – PTC, NTC, Pt-100 (2-3-4 Wire<br />

systems) Thermocouples: Seeback & Peltier Effect, Law of<br />

Intermediate Metals and Temperatures types J,K,R,S,T based on<br />

materials. Pyrometers – Radiation and Infrared.<br />

10 20<br />

TOTAL 48 80<br />

76


Practical:<br />

Skills to be developed<br />

Intellectual skills:<br />

1. Calibration of basic measuring instruments.<br />

Motor skills:<br />

1. Accuracy and precision in measurements.<br />

List of Practical:<br />

1. Pressure measurement by using strain gauge or to study pressure sensing elements<br />

(Bourdon tube, Diaphragm etc)<br />

2. Calibration of pressure gauge by using dead weight pressure gauge tester.<br />

3. Flow rate Measurement by using Rotameter.<br />

Or Flow rate Measurement by using Venturi.<br />

Or Flow rate Measurement by using Orifice<br />

4. Level Measurement by using air purge system.<br />

5. To plot the Characteristics of RTD (PT-100) and Thermocouple<br />

6. Speed Measurement by using Tachometer<br />

7. Humidity Measurement by using Hygrometer<br />

Or Vibration Measurement<br />

8. Displacement or Position Measurement by using rotary encoder<br />

9. Displacement Measurement by using LVDT<br />

10. Calibration of Temperature Measuring Instrument<br />

77


Recommended Books:<br />

Sr. No. Title Author Publisher<br />

01<br />

Industrial Instrumentation and<br />

control<br />

S.K. Singh<br />

Tata McGraw Hill<br />

02<br />

Electrical and Electronic<br />

Measurements and<br />

Instrumentation<br />

A.K. Sawhney<br />

Dhanpat Rai & Sons,<br />

03<br />

04<br />

05<br />

06<br />

Principles of Industrial<br />

Instrumentation<br />

Instrumentation Measurement<br />

and Analysis<br />

Instrumentation systems and<br />

devices<br />

Process Measurement Instrument<br />

Engineers Handbook<br />

D. Patranabis Tata McGraw Hill<br />

B.C. Nakra<br />

K.K. Chawdhry<br />

Rangan Mani Sharma<br />

Bela Liptak Kriszta<br />

Venczel<br />

Tata McGraw Hill<br />

Tata McGraw Hill<br />

Chilton Book Company<br />

78


COURSE NAME<br />

COURSE CODE<br />

SEMESTER<br />

SUBJECT TITLE<br />

SUBJECT CODE<br />

: DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS &<br />

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING<br />

: ET<br />

: THIRD<br />

: PROGRAMMING IN ‘C’<br />

: ET3006<br />

TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME:<br />

Teaching Scheme<br />

TH<br />

PR<br />

PAPER<br />

HRS<br />

Examination Scheme<br />

TH INT PR OR TW TOTAL<br />

01 02 ----- ---- ---- 50** -- -- 50<br />

Pre-requisites: The student must know the following concepts:<br />

1. Knowledge of English language.<br />

2. Handling of computer.<br />

3. Logical skills to solve problems.<br />

4. Knowledge of mathematical operations.<br />

Objectives: The student will be able to<br />

1. Describe the concepts of constants, variables, data types and operators.<br />

2. Develop programs using input/output operation.<br />

3. Write program using different looping and branching statement.<br />

4. WAP to handle strings and pointers.<br />

5. WAP to handle array and structure functions.<br />

6. Provide base to learn advance language like c++, java etc.<br />

79


Subject Title: PROGRAMMING IN ‘C’<br />

Subject Code: ET3006<br />

Contents: Theory<br />

Unit Name of the Topic Hours<br />

01 BASICS OF C<br />

02<br />

History of C, where C stands.<br />

C character set, tokens, constants, variables, keywords.<br />

C operators (arithmetic, Logical, assignment, relational, increment<br />

and decrement, conditional, bit wise, special, operator precedence), C<br />

expressions data types.<br />

Formatted input, formatted output.<br />

02 DECISION MAKING<br />

05<br />

Decision making and branching: if statement (if, if-else, else-if ladder,<br />

nested if-else). Switch case statement, break statement, and go to<br />

statement.<br />

Decision making and looping: while and do-while statements for<br />

loop, continue statement.<br />

03 ARRAYS AND STRINGS<br />

05<br />

Arrays: Declaration and initialization of one dimensional, two<br />

dimensional and character arrays, accessing array elements.<br />

Strings: Declaration and initialization of string variables, string<br />

handling functions from standard library (strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(),<br />

strcmp()) etc.<br />

04 FUNCTIONS<br />

04<br />

Functions: Need of functions, scope and lifetime of variables, defining<br />

functions, function call (call by value, call by reference), return<br />

values, storage classes. Category of function (no argument no return<br />

value, no argument with return value, argument with return value),<br />

recursion.<br />

05 STRUCTURES AND UNION<br />

02<br />

Structures: Defining structure, declaring and accessing structure<br />

members, initialization of structure, arrays of structure, nested<br />

structure<br />

Defining Union<br />

06 POINTERS<br />

Understanding pointers, declaring and accessing pointers, pointers<br />

arithmetic, pointers and arrays.<br />

02<br />

TOTAL 20<br />

80


Practical:<br />

Skills to be developed:<br />

Intellectual skills:<br />

1. Use of programming language constructs in program implementation.<br />

2. Apply different logics to solve given problem.<br />

3. Write program using different implementations for the same problem<br />

4. Identify different types of errors as syntax semantic, fatal, linker & logical.<br />

5. Debugging of programs.<br />

6. Understanding different steps to develop program such as<br />

Motor skills:<br />

Proper handling of Computer System.<br />

List of practical:<br />

Write a ‘C’ program:<br />

Any one from 1 to 3<br />

1. To display hexadecimal,decimal,octal format of the entered numbers.<br />

2. To display entered number with leading zeros and trailing zeros.<br />

3. To display entered numbers with right justification and left justification.<br />

4. * To demonstrate all possible formatting specifiers.<br />

Any one from 5 and 6<br />

5. To find greatest/ smallest of 3 numbers.<br />

6. To display pass, first class, second-class, distinction according to the marks entered.<br />

Any one from 7 and 8<br />

7. To find even or odd numbers.<br />

8. To display spellings of number 1-10 on entry.<br />

Any one from 9 and 10<br />

9. To display menu: 1. Addition 2. Subtraction 3. Multiplication 4. Division and<br />

execute it using switch case.<br />

10. To demonstrate continue and break statements.<br />

Any one from 11 to 13<br />

11. To display our College name twenty times on screen.<br />

12. To display all even numbers from 1-100.<br />

13. To perform addition of 1-100 numbers.<br />

Any one from 14 and 15<br />

14. To find smallest / largest number from array elements.<br />

15. To sort array elements in ascending / descending order.<br />

Any one from 16 to 18<br />

81


16. To enter elements for 3 X 3 matrix and display them.<br />

17. To calculate addition / subtraction of two dimensional matrix.<br />

18. To calculate multiplication of two dimensional matrix.<br />

19. *To demonstrate output of standard library functions<br />

strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(),strcmp().<br />

Any one from 20 and 21<br />

20. To calculate area of circle using function.<br />

21. To calculate factorial of any given number using recursion.<br />

22. *To demonstrate call by reference, call by value<br />

23. *To maintain and manipulate student data using structure.<br />

24. *To perform 4 arithmetic functions on pointers.<br />

Note: All the above 11 programs (from options) and *indicates programs are<br />

compulsory<br />

Recommended Books:<br />

Sr. No. Title Author Publisher<br />

01 Programming in C Balguruswamy<br />

02<br />

Let Us C<br />

Yashwant Kanetkar<br />

Tata McGraw Hill<br />

BPB<br />

03 Complete reference C HerbertSchildt Tata McGraw Hill<br />

82


COURSE NAME<br />

COURSE CODE<br />

SEMESTER<br />

SUBJECT TITLE<br />

SUBJECT CODE<br />

: DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS &<br />

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING<br />

: ET<br />

: THIRD<br />

: PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES-II<br />

: ET3007<br />

TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME:<br />

Teaching Scheme<br />

TH<br />

TUT<br />

PAPER<br />

HRS<br />

Examination Scheme<br />

TH INT PR OR TW TOTAL<br />

-- 02*** -- -- -- -- -- 50* 50<br />

Pre-requisite: The student must know the following concept:<br />

1. Basic English<br />

Objectives: The student will be able to<br />

1. Acquire information from different sources.<br />

2. Prepare notes for given topic.<br />

3. Present given topic in a seminar.<br />

4. Encourage peers to share thoughts and develop group discussion<br />

83


Subject Title: PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES- II<br />

Subject Code: ET3007<br />

Unit Name of the Activity Hours<br />

01 FIELD VISITS (2 VISITS)<br />

Structured field visits (minimum three) be arranged and report of the<br />

same should be submitted by the individual student, to form a part of<br />

the term work.<br />

The field visits may be arranged in the following areas / industries :<br />

16<br />

• Power supply/UPS/SMPS/Inverter manufacturing unit<br />

• Electronics Instruments calibration laboratories<br />

• Residential building for electronic security systems<br />

• Small hydro power station<br />

• Wind mill<br />

02 GUEST LECTURES<br />

Lectures by professional / industrial expert to be organized from the<br />

following areas (any four)<br />

• Non conventional energy sources<br />

• Energy audit<br />

• Water pollution control<br />

• Software for P.C.B. layout<br />

• Mobile communication<br />

• Various government schemes such as EGS,<br />

• Industrial hygiene.<br />

• Hydro power generation<br />

03 SEMINAR<br />

Any one seminar on the topics suggested below:<br />

Students ( Group of 4 to 5 students) has to search /collect information<br />

about the topic through literature survey, visits and discussions with<br />

experts/concerned persons:<br />

Students will have to submit a report of about 10 pages and deliver a<br />

seminar for 10 minutes.<br />

• Water supply schemes/Problems of drinking water in rural area<br />

• Problems related to traffic control<br />

• Electronic rolling display<br />

• Electronic systems used in Multiplex<br />

• Pani Panchayat Yojana for equal distribution of water<br />

• Any other suitable topic<br />

04 MARKET SURVEY<br />

A group of four students is expected to collect information from the<br />

market regarding specifications and cost of any four items<br />

CRO, Multimeter, UPS, Power supply for brand name, specifications,<br />

cost and applications.<br />

08<br />

06<br />

06<br />

TOTAL 36<br />

84


COURSE NAME : ALL BRANCHES OF DIPLOMA IN<br />

ENGINEERING<br />

COURSE CODE : ET/ME/CO<br />

SEMESTER : THIRD<br />

SUBJECT TITLE : COMMUNICATION SKILLS<br />

SUBJECT CODE : ET3011<br />

TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME:<br />

Teaching scheme<br />

Examination scheme<br />

TH<br />

TUT<br />

PAPER<br />

HRS<br />

TH INT OR TW TOTAL<br />

03 02*** 03 80 20 -- -- 100<br />

Pre- requisites: The student must know the following concepts:<br />

1. The orientation in English I and II<br />

Objectives: The student will be able to<br />

1. Understand and use the basic concepts of communication and principles of<br />

effective communication in an organized setup and social context.<br />

2. Give a positive feedback in various situation, to use appropriate body language to<br />

avoid barriers for effective communication.<br />

3. Write a various types of letters, reports and office drafting (formal) with<br />

appropriate format.<br />

4. Know the Role of Exercise& Diet.<br />

85


Subject Title: COMMUNICATION SKILLS<br />

Subject Code: ET3011<br />

Contents: Theory<br />

Unit Name of the Topic Hours Marks<br />

01 ASPECTS TO COMMUNICATION<br />

Definition, communication cycle/ process, The elements of<br />

communication: sender- message – channel- Receiver –Feedback<br />

& Context. Definition of communication process.<br />

Stages in the process: defining the context, knowing the<br />

audience, designing the message, encoding, selecting proper<br />

channels, transmitting, and receiving, decoding and giving<br />

feedback.<br />

02 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION<br />

Formal-Informal, Verbal-Nonverbal, Vertical-Horizontaldiagonal<br />

03 COMPONENTS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION<br />

Definition of effective communication, Communication barriers<br />

& how to overcome them. Developing effective messages:<br />

Thinking about purpose, knowing the audience, structuring the<br />

message, selecting proper channels, minimizing barriers &<br />

facilitating feedback.<br />

04 18<br />

04 10<br />

04 20<br />

04 NON VERBAL- GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION<br />

Non- verbal codes: A- Kinesecs , B- Proxemics , C – Haptics<br />

D-Vocalics , E- Physical appearance. F -Chronemi, G –Artifacts<br />

Aspects of body language<br />

Interpreting visuals & illustrating with visuals like tables, charts<br />

& graphs.<br />

Role of Exercise & Diet: Physical Exercise, Yoga & Mental<br />

Exercise, Role of Diet, Balanced Diet, Precautions.<br />

05 FORMAL WRITTEN SKILLS<br />

Office Drafting: Circular, Notice, and Memo.<br />

Job Application with resume.<br />

Business Etiquettes.<br />

Business correspondence: Enquiry, Order letter, Complaint letter,<br />

and Adjustment letter.<br />

Report writing: Accident report, fall in production, Progress /<br />

Investigative.<br />

Defining & describing objects & giving Instructions.<br />

Forms and important functions of the following:<br />

noun,adjective,verb,adverb,article,pronoun,preposition,conjuction<br />

and interjection<br />

08 16<br />

12 16<br />

TOTAL 32 80<br />

86


Recommended Books:<br />

Sr. No. Title Author Publisher<br />

01<br />

Developing Communication Skills Krushna Mohan, Macmillan<br />

Meera Banerji<br />

02<br />

Communication Skills<br />

Joyeeta<br />

Bhattacharya<br />

Reliable Series<br />

03<br />

Every ones guide to effective writing Jayakaran Apple<br />

publishing<br />

87

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