Flipchart 130907 Final.pdf - iwrm

Our health, our environment: Water 

A flipchart for community workshops 

Impilo yethu, indawo esiphila kuyona: Amanzi 

I- flipchart yomhlangano wokufundisa 

Flipchart 1

Our health, our environment: Water – A flipchart for community workshops 

is part of an integrated educational package for schools and communities. The 

flipchart is a resource for community facilitators to raise and discuss issues around 

integrated water resource management and the safe use of water for health and 

hygiene in the broader community. 

The flip chart, with text in both English and IsiZulu, is a beautifully illustrated, easyto-use 

tool which can be used to effectively promote good water and sanitation 

practices through participatory discussion groups. 

It sets out to show the negative impact that bad water resource management 

practices and poor sanitation behaviours have on the whole community and the 

natural environment. It facilitates group discussion and participation of community 

members to identify common water related problems, and how to take corrective 

action. Improved health and wellbeing of community members, protection of shared 

water resources and the natural environment are shown as benefits of using this 

methodology. 

The flipchart sets the foundation for communities to understand Integrated Water 

Resource Management (IWRM), what it entails and how it can be achieved so that 

water is available for all, now and in the future. 

This project is a funding partnership between the Royal Netherlands Embassy 

(RNE), Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), the Danish International 

Development Agency (DANIDA) and Ethekwini Municipality. The project was 

implemented by Africa!Ignite, for the Media in Education Trust (MiET) Africa. 

© MiET Africa and Africa!Ignite 2007 

Funded by the Kingdom of the Embassy of the Netherlands 

Published for the Media in Education Trust (MiET) Africa by Africa!Ignite 

ISBN Number: 978-0-620-39544-1 

Acknowledgements 

Commissioning editor: Tracy Brownlee 

Co-ordinator: Moira Tucker 

Writers: Louise Torr & Margaret Ramsay 

Editor: Margaret Ramsay 

Illustrator: Glynn Erasmus 

Design and layout: Anna Gaylard 

Consultant: Steve Camp 

Printers: DNA Print 

Flipchart 1 

© MiET Africa and Africa!Ignite 2007

FLIPCHART 1: The big picture 

FLIPCHART 1: Isithombe ngokubanzi 

Message: Respect for nature, working with nature, care and maintenance of resources 

Notes to facilitator 

1. Show participants the picture of bad practices. Ask them questions like the following ones: 

a. What is wrong with the toilet Do you think it is located in the right place Why not 

b. What other unhealthy practices can you see in this picture 

c. Is it good that all the trees have been cut down Why not 

d. Do you think the lady gardening has dug her vegetable garden the right way Why not 

e. What condition do you think the soil is in Why do you say this Why do you think it is in this condition 

f. What do you think the people in this picture feel Why do you think they feel that 

g. Do the things that you see in this picture happen in your area 

Possible answers to these questions are: 

a. The toilet is falling down. It is also too close to the river so human waste is polluting the water. 

b. A child is urinating in the river; the dog is drinking from the family’s water container; the water being fetched from the river is dirty; cattle are 

eating the crops. 

c. Chopping down the trees leaves the land bare. When it rains the water will run off the bare ground very quickly, washing away the fertile 

topsoil and causing the river to flood. 

d. The lady has dug her vegetable garden on the edge of a slope. When it rains heavily the soil will wash away, causing her to lose her 

vegetables. 

e. The soil is in poor condition. It is being eroded and there are not many crops in the garden. The woman may also be planting the same crops 

every year in the same place, so that the nutrients in the soil have all been used up. The woman and her husband may also be too poor to 

buy fertiliser to improve the condition of the soil. 

f. The woman may be feeling frustrated and sad because she is not seeing results in her vegetable garden, in spite of the effort she puts into 

it. The man in the picture does not seem to help her. Maybe he feels that no matter what he does, the situation they are in will not change. He 

also may not have the knowledge or skills to improve the situation. 

2. Ask participants what they think the people in the picture could do to improve their situation. As they make suggestions, put the 

cards showing good practices in the correct spaces. If participants make suggestions that are not reflected on the cards, write their ideas on a 

flipchart. When they have made suggestions, add others that they have not thought of. 

Possible actions that the family could take to improve the situation are: 

• Plant a row of indigenous trees. This will stop the topsoil from being washed away when it rains and help to prevent soil erosion. 

• Install a rainwater-harvesting tank. (For information on how to install a tank, maintenance, etc., see pamphlet in facilitator’s pack.) 

• Re-build the toilet some distance from the river so that the water is not polluted by human excreta. 

• Spread a mixture of dried leaves and grass on the garden to make the soil more fertile. 

• Start a compost heap using vegetable waste and dung from the cattle. This will decompose into rich compost for the garden. 

• Fence the vegetable garden and mielies so that the cattle cannot eat them. If the land is well managed, there will be plenty of grass for the cattle to eat. 

• Make sure that the fly screen on the toilet vent pipe is working properly. 

• Clean the river water for the household, e.g. boil it for several minutes and leave it to cool in a clean container. Alternatively, add one teaspoon 

of bleach to 10 litres of water and wait an hour before using it. 

• Cut down alien trees growing near the garden. Fruit trees can be left because they are a source of food. Alien trees that use less water and are 

further away from the garden can be left for firewood. 

• Fill in the eroded holes/dongas with rocks. 

• Talk to neighbours and help each other in the spirit of Ubuntu - share skills in the community. 

Another possible action, which is not shown on the cards, is: 

• Terrace the land so that rainwater moves over the land more slowly and can soak into the ground instead of all running off into the river. 

3. Ask participants if they know how to do any of the things mentioned and could advise others. Ask where they think people could 

go to get help to do the above things. (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) Toll free Number: 0800-200200.) 

Definition box 

topsoil: the fertile upper part or surface of the soil 

nutrients: substances that feed the plants 

compost heap: a pile of plant refuse and other organic matter that decomposes into compost, which is used to fertilise soil 

soil erosion: the wearing away of soil by wind or water 

Umyalezo: Ukuhlonipha imvelo, ukusebenza ngemvelo, ukunakekela kanye nokugcinwa 

kwezidingongqangi 

Amanothi omuntu osizayo 

1. Khombisa abantu ababambe iqhaza izinto ezinziwayo ezimbi. Babuze imibuzo efana nalena elandelayo: 

a. Yini engalungile ngethoyilethi Ucabanga ukuthi lisendaweni ekahle Kungani 

b. Yiziphi ezinye izinto ezenziwayo ezingezinhle okwazi ukuzibona kulesi sithombe 

c. Ingabe kuhle ukugenca zonke izihlahla Kungani kungekuhle 

d. Ucabanga ukuthi owesifazane olime ingadi yemifino yakhe uyilime ngendlela efanele Kungani engayilimanga ngendlela efanele 

e. Ucabanga ukuthi inhlabathi ikusiphi isimo Kungani usho lokhu Kungani ucabanga ukuthi ikulesi simo 

f. Ucabanga ukuthi abantu abakulesi sithombe bezwani Kungani ucabanga ukuthi bezwa lokho 

g. Ingabe izinto ozibona kulesi sithombe ziyenzeka endaweni yakini 

Izimpendulo zale mibuzo ongazithola yilezi: 

a. Ithoyilethi liyawa. Liseduze kakhulu futhi komfula ngakho amakaka abantu angcolisa amanzi. 

b. Ingane ichamela emanzini; inja iphuza esitsheni samanzi omndeni; amanzi akhiwa emfuleni angcolile; izinkomo zidla izitshalo. 

c. Ukugawula izihlahla kushiya umhlabathi usobala. Uma izulu lina amanzi azogijima masinyane emhlabathini osobala, kuzoguguleka inhlabathi 

ephezulu evundile futhi kwenze ukuthi umfula ugcwale ngokweqile. 

d. Owesifazane ulime ingadi yakhe onqenqemeni olwehlelayo. Uma lina kakhulu inhlabathi izoguguleka, alahlekelwe imifino yakhe. 

e. Inhlabathi isesimeni esibi. Iyaguguleka kanti futhi nezitshalo aziziningi engadini. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi owesifazane utshala izitshalo ezifanayo 

minyaka yonke endaweni efanayo, bese kuthi ukudla okunempilo enhlabathini kusebenze kuphele. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi owesifazane kanye 

nomyeni wakhe bampofu kakhulu ukuthi bangathenga umanyolo wokwenza ngcono isimo senhlabathi. 

f. Owesifazane kungenzeka ukuthi ukhathazekile futhi udumele ngoba akayiboni imiphumela engadini yakhe yemifino, nangale kwemizamo 

akayenza kuyo. Indoda esesithombeni ayibukeki sengathi iyamsiza. Mhlawumbe icabanga ukuthi noma ngabe yenzani, isimo abakuso angeke 

size sishintshe. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi akanalo ulwazi noma amakhono okusenza ngcono isimo. 

2. Buza ababambe iqhaza ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi abantu abasesithombeni yini abangayenza ukwenza ngcono isimo sabo. Uma 

benza iziphakamiso beka amakhadi akhombisa ukwenza izinto ezinhle ezikhaleni ezifanele. Uma abantu ababambe iqhaza benza iziphakamiso 

ezingakhonjisiwe emakhadini, bhala imiqondo yabo ku-flipchart. Uma sebezenzile iziphakamiso, faka nezinye abangazange bazicabange. 

Izenzo ezinokwenzeka ezingenziwa umndeni ukwenza ngcono isimo yilezi: 

• Tshala umugqa wezihlahla zendabuko. Lokhu kuzoqeda ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi ephezulu uma izulu lina futhi zisize ukuvimbela 

ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. 

• Faka ithangi elingenisa amanzi emvula. (Ukuze uthole ulwazi lokuthi lifakwa kanjani leli thangi, ukulinakekela, njll., bheka incwajana 

esemgodleni womsizi.) 

• Ithoyilethi lakhe futhi maliqhele emfuleni ukuze amakaka angangcolisi amanzi. 

• Sakaza ingxube yamaqabunga omile kanye notshani engadini ukuze uvundise umhlabathi. 

• Qala inqwaba yemvundela usebenzise imifino elahliwe kanye nobulongwe bezinkomo. Lokhu kuzobola kube imvundela enothile yasengadini. 

• Biyela ingadi yemifino kanye neyommbila ukuze izinkomo zingazukudla engadini. Uma umhlaba uphethwe kahle, kuzoba notshani obuningi 

obuzodliwa yizinkomo. 

• Qiniseka ukuthi isikrini sokuvimbela izimpukane emapayipini omoya ethoyilethi sisebenza ngendlela efanele. 

• Amanzi asemfuleni azosetshenziswa ekhaya ahlanze, isb. abilise imizuzu eminingana amanzi bese uwayeka ukuthi aphole esitsheni 

esihlanzekile. Okunye, faka ithisipuni elilodwa lwejikhi ku-10 litha wamanzi bese ulinda ihora ngaphambi kokuba uwasebenzise. 

• Genca izihlahla zokufika ezikhula eduze kwengadi. Zingayekwa izihlahla zezithelo ngoba zingumsuka wokudla. Izihlahla ezizimilele 

ezisebenzisa amanzi amancane futhi ezikude nengadi zingayekwa ukuze kwenziwe ngazo izinkuni. 

• Imigodi kanye nezindonga ezigugulekile zigcwalise ngamatshe. 

• Khuluma nomakhelwane nisizane ngomoya woBuntu – shiyelanani amakhono emphakathini. 

Esinye isenzo esinokwenziwa, esingakhonjisiwe emakhadini yilesi: 

• Yenza amathala emhlabeni ukuze amanzi emvula ezohamba kancane phezu komhlaba futhi azoshona enhlabathini esikhundleni sokugijimela emfuleni. 

3. Buza abantu ababambe iqhaza ukuthi bayakwazi yini ukwenza nanoma yikuphi kulezi zinto ezishiwo futhi bangabeluleka 

nabanye. Babuze ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi abantu bangayaphi ukuze bathole usizo lokwenza izinto ezingenhla. (Umnyango Wezindaba Zamanzi 

kanye Namahlathi (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) Inamba yamahhala: 0800-200200. 

Ibhokisi lezincazelo 

inhlabathi ephezulu: ingxenye evundile ephezudlwana noma iphezulu lomhlabathi 

ukudla kwezitshalo okunempilo: izinto ezondla izitshalo 

inqwaba yemvundela: inqwaba kadoti wezitshalo kanye nezinto ezibola zenze imvundela, okusebenza ukuvundisa inhlabathi 

ukuhamba kwenhlabathi: ukuhamba kwenhlabathi ihanjiswa umoya noma amanzi 





FLIPCHART 2: Caring for shared facilities 

Message: Respect for resources and shared resources 


1. Ask participants to look at the flipchart showing the women’s toilets at an Education Centre. Ask them the following 

questions: 

a. What is happening in this picture 

b. Has something like this ever happened to you 

c. How did you feel about it Why 

d. How would you feel about having to use a toilet like this Why 

e. Do you think there is a difference between stealing toilet paper and stealing or breaking a door 

f. If we don’t want toilets like this, what can we do to stop this situation from happening 

g. Why do you think the toilet is blocked and overflowing 

h. Do you think people can get sick from toilets in this condition Why 

Possible answers: 

a. There are three toilets, and a long queue of women is waiting to use them. Two of the toilets cannot be used as one has no door and a broken 

seat and the other is out of order. The toilet in the middle is working but may soon run out of toilet paper because the woman inside is taking 

the paper and stuffing it into her bag. The women will not be able to wash their hands in the washbasins: one basin has no tap and the other 

basin is blocked and overflowing because the tap has been left running. 

b. Questions b. to e. are open-ended. Encourage participants to express their feelings and opinions freely. 

f. Each person who uses the toilets must take responsibility for keeping them in a good condition and not abusing the resources which they 

have. They should flush the toilets after using them, use only as much toilet paper as they need, turn the tap off after using it, report toilets that 

are out of condition, etc. Allow participants to come up with their own solutions as well. 

g. You must only use toilet or tissue paper. If you use newspaper, rags or anything else that is ‘solid’ down the toilet it will not flush properly and 

the blockage will cause the toilet to overflow. 

h. Someone could very easily slip on the wet surface and could hurt themselves badly. Toilets in this condition spread diseases a lot quicker 

because they are dirty and people can’t wash their hands. 

FLIPCHART 2: Ukunakekela izidingongqangi 

zomphakathi 

Umyalezo: Ukuhlonipha izidingongqangi kanye nezidingongqangi zomphakathi 


1. Cela abantu ababambe iqhaza ukuthi babuke i-flipchart ekhombisa amathoyilethi abantu besifazane eSikhungweni 

Sezemfundo. 

Babuze le mibuzo elandelayo: 

a. Kwenzekani kulesi sithombe 

b. Ingabe ike yakwenzakalela into enjena wena 

c. Yakuphatha kanjani Kungani 

d. Kungakuphatha kanjani ukusebenzisa ithoyilethi elinjengaleli Kungani 

e. Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi kunomehluko phakathi kokuntshontsha iphepha lasethoyilethe kanye nokuntshontsha noma 

ukuphula umnyango 

f. Uma singawafuni amathoyilethi afana nalawa, yini esingayenza ukuze sivimbele ukuthi isimo esinje senzeke 

g. Kungani ucabanga ukuthi ithoyilethi libhlokhekile futhi ligcwele liyachichima 

h. Ucabanga ukuthi amathoyilethi akulesi simo angabagulisa abantu Kungani 

Izimpendulo ezinokutholakala: 

a. Kunamathoyilethi amathathu kanye nolayini omude wabesifazane abalindele ukuwasebenzisa. Amathoyilethi amabili angeke akwazi 

ukusetshenziswa njengoba elilodwa alinasivalo futhi linesihlalo esiphukile kanti elinye alisebenzi. Ithoyilethi eliphakathi nendawo liyasebenza 

kodwa lingahle liphelelwe yiphepha lasethoyilethi ngokushesha ngoba lona wesifazane ophakathi uthatha iphepha ulifaka esikhwameni sakhe. 

Abesifazane angeke bakwazi ukugeza izandla zabo kubheseni wokugeza izandla ngoba ubheseni owodwa awunampompi kanti omunye 

ubhlokhekile ugcwele uyachichima futhi umpompi ubushiywe uvuliwe. 

b. Imibuza mayibe evulekile ukunika abafundi uthuba lokuveza imibona yabo ngokukhululeka. 

f. Umuntu ngamunye osebenzisa amathoyilethi kufanele abhekane nomsebenzi wokuwagcina esesimeni esikahle futhi angaxhaphazi 

izidingongqangi abanazo. Kufanele bawashaye amathoyilethi emva kokuwasebenzisa, basebenzise iphepha abalidingayo kuphela, uvale 

umpompi uma usuqedile ukuwusebenzisa, abike amathoyilethi angekho esimeni, njll. Vumela abantu ababambe iqhaza ukuthi nabo baveze 

ezabo izixazululo. 

g. Kufanele usebenzise iphepha lasethoyilethi noma ithishu phepha kuphela. Uma usebenzisa iphephandaba, izidwedwe noma nanoma yini 

enye ‘eqinile’ ethoyilethe angeke kushayeke kahle futhi kungabanga ukuthi amanzi abhlokhekile achichime phezulu. 

h. Umuntu angashelela kalula uma kumanzi phansi futhi angazilimaza kabi. Amathoyilethi akulesi simo angasabalalisa izifo ngokushesha ngoba 

angcolile abantu angeke bakwazi ukugeza izandla zabo kuwo. 





FLIPCHART 3: Integrated Water Resources 

Management (IWRM) 

FLIPCHART 3: Ukuphathwa Okuhlanganisiwe 

Kwezidingongqangi Zamanzi 

Message: Respect for resources and shared resourcess 

Umyalezo: Ukuphathwa Okuhlanganisiwe Kwezidingongqangi Zamanzi 


1. Ask participants if they have heard of IWRM and, if so, what they know about it. Explain that the purpose of IWRM is to teach 

communities about how to manage water in catchment areas sensibly. IWRM also brings communities and government 

together to learn about, manage, monitor and evaluate their own water resources so that there will be enough water for 

everyone. Show them the picture and ask them the following questions: 

a. How is water being managed in the picture Do you think this is a good way of managing it Give reasons for what you say. 

b. Do you think the community still needs rainwater tanks Why 


a. Women are queuing to get water from a tap. The water seems to be piped from storage reservoirs to standpipes with taps. One woman is 

rationing the water to make sure people don’t take more than they’re entitled to. The way in which water is being managed is good because 

the system is properly maintained and water usage is controlled. 

b. Even if a community has access to running water other ways of collecting water are still important. Rainwater-harvesting is a good way of 

conserving precious water resources. 

2. Tell the participants the following story, which shows how the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) model can work. 

The women of the Nhlungwane community used to walk long distances to collect water from the uThukela river. However, a partnership between the 

uMzinyathi District Municipality and uThukela Water has changed their lives. 

How the water project works 

Forty taps have been installed at standpipes throughout the community, with each tap serving about five households. A diesel engine at the pump-house pumps borehole water 

to four storage reservoirs, from where the water flows back to the taps. There are also five handpumps in the area. 

The price of standpipe water is R7.00 per family per month. For this, they get 75 litres per weekday and 125 litres per weekend day. If people haven’t paid their R7.00 by the 7th 

of the month, they have to use a handpump. A penalty system is in place for late payments. If anyone wants more water, they must pay double. People who can’t afford to pay for 

water, or who need more than their daily allowance can get free water from the handpumps, but these are far from the households and sometimes run out of water. 

A COMMUNITY- MANAGED PROJECT 

The community has appointed caretakers, who manage the collection of water from the standpipes. A plumber fixes pipes and taps and services reservoirs. An operator runs the 

pump house and services the pump. An administrator collects the money and monitors water use. The borehole water is managed from the pumphouse. The diesel generator 

is serviced by the village staff. 

WOMEN PLAY A LEADING ROLE 

The chair of the project is a man, but all the caretakers of the standpipes are women, and the pump operator is also a woman. The women agree that the water project has earned 

them a lot of respect in the community. They have also developed new skills, like laying pipes and operating and maintaining engines. 

This community has really made an effort to take ownership of and manage their own water supply. They no longer have to walk long distances to fetch water and it is easier to cook, 

clean homes, cultivate gardens and keep livestock. Since they started getting piped water there has been no cholera in Nhlungwane. 


1. Buza abantu ababambe iqhaza ukuthi bake bezwa yini nge-IWRM, uma bake bezwa, yini abayaziyo ngayo. Chaza ukuthi inhloso ye- 

IWRM ukufundisa imiphakathi ngokuthi amanzi aphathwa kanjani ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi emvula kahle. I-IWRM ihlanganisa 

imiphakathi kanye nohulumeni ndawonye bezofunda ngokuphatha, ngokuqapha kanye nokuhlela izidingongqangi zabo zamanzi ukuze 

kube namanzi anele awo wonke umuntu. Bakhombise isithombe bese ubabuza imibuzo elandelayo: 

a. Amanzi aphethwe kanjani esithombeni Ucabanga ukuthi lena indlela enhle yokuwaphatha Nikeza izizathu zalokhu okushoyo. 

b. Ucabanga ukuthi umphakathi usawadinga amathangi amanzi emvula Kungani 


a. Abesifazane bame umugqa bayokha amanzi empompini. Amanzi ngathi ahamba ngamapayipi asuka ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi aze afike 

kumapayipi ahlangana nompompi. Owesifazane oyedwa waba amanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu othola ngaphezu kwalawo okufanele 

awathole. Indlela amanzi aphethwe ngayo yinhle ngoba uhlelo lunakekelwa kahle nokusetsenziswa kwamanzi kuyalawulwa. 

b. Ngisho ngabe umphakathi uyakwazi ukuthola amanzi ompompi ezinye izindlela zokuqoqa amanzi nazo zisabalulekile. Ukugcina amanzi emvula indlela 

enhle yokonga izidingongqangi zamanzi eziyigugu. 

2. Tshela abantu ababambe iqhaza indaba elandelayo, ekhombisa ukuthi isibonelo sokuPhathwa Okuhlanganisiwe Kwezidingongqangi Zamanzi 

(IWRM) singasebenza. 

Abesifazane bomphakathi waseNhlungwane babevame ukuhamba amabanga amade beyokha amanzi emfuleni uThukela. Kodwa-ke, ukubambisana phakathi 

kkukaMasipala Wesigodi saseMzinyathi kanye no-Thukela Water kwashintsha izimpilo zabo. 

ISEBENZA KANJANI IPHROJEKTHI YAMANZI 

Sekufakwe amapayipi amile ompompi abangamashumi amane emphakathini wonke, umpompi ngamunye usetshenziswa imizi emihlanu. Injini kadizili endlini yokumpompa impompa 

amanzi embotsheni ephuma amanzi phansi iwafake emapitsini okugcina amanzi amane, lapho amanzi abe esebuyela kompompi. Kunezigayo futhi ezinhlanu endaweni. 

Inani lentengo yepayipi lamanzi elimile ngalinye emndenini ngamunye u-R7.00 ngenyanga. Ngale mali bathola amalitha angama-75 ngosuku phakathi nesonto bese kuba amalitha 

angu-125 ngosuku ngempelasonto. Uma abantu bengawukhokhanga u-R7.00 wabo kuze kube umhla ka-7 wenyanga, kufanele basebenzise isigayo. Kukhona uhlelo lwenhlawulo kulabo 

abakhokha emva kwesikhathi. Uma kukhona umuntu ofuna amanye amanzi, kufanele akhokhe ngokuphindwe kabili. Abantu abangakwazi ukukhokhela amanzi, noma odinga amanye amanzi 

angaphezu kwamanzi abawanikwa zonke izinsuku, bangawathola amanzi amahhala ezigayweni, kodwa zikude nasemakhaya futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziphelelwa amanzi. 

IPHROJEKTHI EPHETHWE NGUMPHAKATHI 

Umphakathi ukhethe abantu abazonakekela, ababheka ukulandwa kwamanzi emapayipini amile. Umuntu olungisa amapayipi ulungisa amapayipi kanye nompompi bese esevisa amapitsi. 

Umuntu osebenzayo ubheka indlu yokumpompa bese esevisa iphampu. Umphathi uqoqa imali bese eqapha ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Amanzi ambiwa phansi aphathwa endlini 

yamaphampu. Ijenereyitha kadizili iseviswa abasebenzi basendaweni. 

ABESIFAZANE BABAMBE IQHAZA ELIHAMBA PHAMBILI 

Usihlalo wephrojekthi indoda, kodwa bonke abanakekela amapayipi amile bangabantu besifazane, kanye nomsebenzi wephampu naye ungumuntu wesifazane. Abesifazane bayavuma ukuthi 

iphrojekthi yamanzi isibazuzele inhlonipho enkulu emphakathini. Sebenamakhono amasha, njengokwendla amapayipi kanye nokuwasebenzisa kanye nokunakekela izinjini. 

Umphakathi uzamile ngempela ukuba ngabanikazi kanye nokuphatha ukunikezwa kwawo amanzi. Asisekho isidingo sokuthi bahambe amabanga amade beyokha amanzi futhi sekulula 

ukupheka, ukuhlanza amakhaya, ukulima izingadi kanye nokugcina imffuyo. Selokhu nje kwaqala amanzi aphuma emapayipini ayisekho ikholera eNhlungwane. 

3. Now ask participants the following questions: 

a. How are the community members involved in managing the water 

b. In what way is the community being uplifted 

c. What are the water needs in your community 

d. Can you manage the water resources within your own community, as the women of Nhlungwane do What help would you need 

e. In the story the uMzinyathi District Municipality is the Water Services Authority (WSA) and uThukela Water Partnership the 

Water Services Provider (WSP). Who is your WSA and, where appropriate, your WSP 

f. The women of Nhlungwane made the project work for themselves. There are further possibilities of improved services through 

working together with their WSA and WSP. How can you make these contacts in your own community to manage your water 

resources in the most sustainable way 

Possible answers 

a. Community members meet and discuss water issues, and appoint skilled people to oversee the taps and maintain the water system. 

b. People don’t have to fetch water from the river anymore so they have more time for activities that have economic benefits like growing food or working. Easy 

access to clean, safe water means they are healthier. People have also learned new skills in order to manage their own water supply. Children won’t miss 

school due to illness so education levels should improve. The fact that the water project is mainly run by women increases their status in the community. 

3. Manje buza abantu ababambe iqhaza imibuzo elandelayo: 

a. Amalungu omphakathi abandakanyeka kanjani ekuphathweni kwamanzi 

b. Umphakathi ukhushulwa ngayiphi indlela 

c. Ziyini izidingo zama nzi emphakathini wakini 

d. Ungakwazi ukuphatha izidingongqangi zamanzi emphakathini wangakini uqobo, njengoba kwenza abesifazane baseNhlungwane 

Ungadinga lusizo luni 

e. Endabeni, Umzinyathi District Municipality Uyiziphathimandla Zezinsizakalo Zamanzi (Water Services Authority (WSA)) bese kuthi 

u-Thukela Water Partnership ube Umnikezeli Wezinsizakalo Zamanzi (Water Services Provider (WSP)). Ubani ongu-WSA wenu futhi 

lapho kufanele khona, ubani i-WSP yenu 

f. Abantu besifazane baseNhlungwane benza ukuthi iphrojekthi isebenze ngokwabo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi kube nezinsizakalo 

ezenziwe ngcono ngokusebenzisana nama-WSA kanye nama-WSP abo. Ungathintana kanjani nabanye abantu emphakathini wakho 

ukuze iphathe izidingongqangi zamanzi ngendlela eqhubekayo 


a. Amalungu omphakathi ayahlangana bese exoxa ngezindaba zamanzi, futhi uqashe abantu abanamakhono ukuthi babheke ompompi futhi banakekele 

uhlelo lwamanzi. 

b. Asisekho isidingo sokuthi abantu balande amanzi emfuleni ukuze babe nesikhathi esiningi sokwenza imisebenzi enezinzuzo zezomnotho njengokulima 

ukudla noma ukusebenza. Ukuthola kalula amanzi ahlanzekile, aphephile kusho ukuthi anempilo. Abantu sebefunde namakhono amasha ukuze 

baziphathele ukunikezelwa kwamanzi abo. Izingane angeke ziphuthe esikoleni ngenxa yokugula, ngakho-ke amazinga emfundo kufanele abe ngcono. 

Ukuthi nje iphrojekthi yamanzi iphethwe ngabantu besifazane kukhuphula indawo yabo emphakathini. 


catchment area: the area from which a river or dam is fed 



Indawo yomlomo womfula: indawo umfula noma idamu elingenisa kuyo 




FLIPCHART 4: Water and Sanitation Services 

Message: Community participation and payment for services – what municipalities must 

provide and what communities are responsible for 


1. Before you begin this workshop, get contact details and other information about the municipal structures that are responsible for 

water and sanitation services in your area. (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) Toll free number: 0800 200 200) 

2. Discuss the pictures with the participants, asking questions like the following: 

a. What services does the municipality provide 

b. What are the householder’s responsibilities 


a. The municipality: 

• provides the components for the water system – water pipes, taps, water meters, water tanks 

• lays the pipes 

• delivers 200 litres of free water per day to every household 

• provides the components for toilets – stalls, pipes, bowls, etc. 

b. Householders are responsible for: 

• applying for facilities 

• monthly payments for facilities 

• maintenance, especially of toilet structures 

• proper use of facilities 

• emptying of pits (for VIPs) 

• being informed and aware of their rights and responsibilities 

• reporting dripping taps, burst pipes, illegal connections and other abuse. 

3. Discuss the provision of services in the area. Ask the following questions: 

a. Do you have these services where you live If so, who is responsible for providing them 

b. What can you do if you don’t have these services 

c. Does the municipality have development plans How can you find out what they are and when they will be implemented 

d. How can you get involved/participate 

e. Why is it important to report bad and/or illegal practices 


b. People who don’t have access to water and sanitation can contact their local DWAF and ask them to provide these services. 

c. The DWAF or the local water services board should be able to provide this information. 

d. Communities can work with water services authorities and relevant NGOs in their area in order to improve service delivery. Remind participants 

about the Nhlungwane community’s water project. Encourage them to come up with other ideas. 

e. It’s important to report bad practices, e.g. badly maintained toilets, because they may endanger people’s health. Practices like illegal 

connections and non-payment should also be reported because they add to the cost of providing basic services to everyone and may also 

result in some homes not getting water. 

4. Discuss householders’ responsibilities. Ask questions like the following: 

a. What can you do to redress poor services and help your community to get better services 

b. Why should you pay for water 

c. How can you save on the costs of your water bill 

d. What responsibilities do you have for the maintenance of your toilet Why is it important to keep the toilet and 

surrounding area clean 


a. They could do an audit of what is lacking in their own community and approach the relevant water authorities with their requirements. 

b. The infrastructure for providing water (e.g. pipes, reservoirs, taps, etc.) is expensive. Charging people for water allows the water authority to 

get back some of these costs. Having to pay for water also encourages people to use it carefully. 

c. People can save on their water bills by making sure that taps are turned off, fixing leaks, recycling water (e.g. water used for bathing and 

washing can be re-used to water the garden), etc. 

d. Toilet responsibilities include: fixing broken seats and doors, making sure flush toilets are working properly, making sure that septic tanks are 

treated correctly, keeping the toilet and the building clean, providing facilities to wash hands, providing toilet paper, erecting fly screens (VIP 

toilets), and reporting leaking or faulty pipes to the relevant authorities. Keeping toilets clean prevents the spread of germs that cause diseases. 


FLIPCHART 4: Amanzi kanye nezinsizakalo 

zenhlanzeko 

Umyalezo: Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kanye nokukhokhela izinsizakalo – lokho 

okufanele kuhlinzekwe ngomasipala kanye nalokho okubhekene nemiphakathi 


1. Ngaphambi kokuba uqale lo mhlangano wokufundisana (workshop), yhola imininingwane yyokuthinta kanye nolunye ulwazi ngezakhiwo 

zomasipala ababhekene namaanzi kanye nezinsizakalo zenhlanzeko endaweni yakini. (Umnyango Wezindaba Zamanzi kanye Nezamahlathi (DWAF) 

Inamba yamahhala: 0800 200 200 

2. Xoxani ngezithombe nabantu ababambe iqhaza, nibuze imibuzo enjengalena elandelayo: 

a. Yiziphi izinsizakalo ezihlinzekwa umasipala 

b. Yimiphi imisebenzi ebhekene nabanikazi bemizi 


a. Umasipala: 

• uhlinzeka ngezingxenye zohlelo lwamanzi – amapayipi amanzi, ompompi, amamitha amanzi, amathangi amanzi 

• wendlala amapayipi 

• uletha amalitha angama-200 amanzi amahhala ngosuku kuyo yonke imizi 

• uhlinzeka ngezingxenye zamathoyilethi – izihlalo, amapayipi, obheseni, njll. 

b. Abanikazi bemizi babhekene nale misebenzi: 

• ukusebenzisa izinsiza 

• ukukhokhela izinsiza njalo ngenyanga 

• ukunakekela, ikakhulukazi izakhiwo zamathoyilethi 

• ukusebenzisa izinsiza kahle 

• ukuthulula imigodi (enezimbobo zokukhipha umoya ezenziwe ngcono (VIP-ventilation Improved Pit)) 

• ukwaziswa kanye nokwazi ngamalungelo abo kanye nemisebenzi yabo 

• ukubika ompompi abaconsayo, amapayipi aqhumile, ukuxhuma ugesi okungekho emthethweni kanye nokunye ukuxhaphaza. 

3. Xoxa ngokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo endaweni. Buza imibuzo elandelayo: 

a. Ninazo lezi zinsizakalo lapho enihlala khona Uma ninazo, ubani obhekene nomsebenzi wokuzihlinzeka 

b. Yini eningayenza uma ningenazo lezi zinsizakalo 

c. Ingabe umasipala unazo izinhlelo zentuthuko Ungathola kanjani ukuthi ziyini futhi zizoqala nini ukusebenza 

d. Ungabandakanyeka/ungahlanganyela kanjani 

e. Kubaluleke ngani ukubika izenzo ezimbi ezenziwayo kanye/noma ezingekho emthethweni 


b. Abantu abangawatholi amanzi kanye nezinto eziphathelene nenhlanzeko bangathinta Umnyango Wezindaba Zamanzi kanye Namahlathi (Department of 

Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF)) wangakubo bese beyawucela ukuthi ubahlinzeke ngalezi zinsizakalo. 

c. I-DWAF noma ibhodi yezinsizakalo zamanzi yasekhaya kufanele ikwazi ukunikeza lolu lwazi. 

d. Imiphakathi ingasebenza neziphathimandla zezinsizakalo zamanzi kanye nama-NGO afanele endaweni yawo ukuze benze ngcono ukwenziwa 

komsebenzi. Khumbuza ababambe iqhaza ngephrojekthi yomphakathi waseNhlungwane. Bakhuthaze ukuthi baveze eminye imibono. 

e. Kubalulekile ukubika izinto ezimbi ezenziwayo, isb. amathoyilethe anganakekelwe kahle, ngoba angalimaza izimpilo zabantu. Izenzo ezinjengokuxhunywa 

kogesi okungekho emthethweni kanye nokungakhokhi nakho kufanele kubikwe ngoba kwengeza izindleko ekunikezelweni kwezinsizakalo eziyisisekelo 

kuwo wonke umuntu futhi kungaholela ekutheni amanye amakhaya angawatholi amanzi. 

4. Xoxani ngemisebenzi ebhekene nabanikazi bemizi. Buza imibuzo efana nelandelayo: 

a. Yini ongayenza ukubuyisela esimeni esikahle izinsizakalo ezimbi kanye nokusiza umphakathi ukuthi uthole izinsizakalo ezingcono 

b. Kungani kufanele uwakhokhele amanzi 

c. Ungonga kanjani ezindlekweni zakho zesikweletu sakho samanzi 

d. Misebenzi mini obhekene nayo yokunakekelwa kwethoyilethi lakho Kungani kubalulekile ukugcina itholethi nendawo 

elizungezile kuhlanzekile 


a. Bangacwaninga ngalokho okushodayo emphakathini wabo futhi baye naseziphathinimandla zamanzi ezifanele nezidingo zabo. 

b. Ingqalasizinda yokuhlinzeka ngamanzi (isb. Amapayipi, amapitsi, ompompi, njll.) iyabiza. Ukukhokhisa abantu ngamanzi kwenza ukuthi iziphathimandla 

zamanzi zikwazi ukubuyisela ezinye zalezi zindleko. Ukukhokhela amanzi nakho kukhuthaza abantu ukuthi amanzi bawasebenzise ngokucophelela. 

c. Abantu bangonga ezikweletwini zabo zamanzi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ompompi babo bavaliwe, balungise ukuvuza, ukuvuselela kabusha amanzi (isb. 

Amanzi asetshenziselwa ukugeza nokuwasha angabuye asetshenziswe engadini), njll. 

d. Imisebenzi ebhekene nethoyilethi ibandakanya: ukulungisa izihlalo eziphukile kanye neminyango, ukuqniseka ukuthi amathoyilethi ashaywayo asebenza ngendlela 

efanele, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amathangi anobuthi elashwa ngendlela elungile, ukugcina ithoyilethi kanye nebhilidi kuhlanzekile, hlinzeka ngezinsiza zokugeza 

izandla, ukuhlinzeka ngephepha lasethoyilethi, ukwakha izikrini zezimpukane (emathoyilethe emigodi anamapayipi okukhipha umoya enziwe ngcono), kanye 

nokubika ukuvuza noma amapayipi onakele kubantu abaphethe abafanele. 

Ukugcinwa kwamathoyilethi ehlanzekile kuvimbela ukwanda 

kwamagciwane abanga izifo. 


Provided by the municipality 

Householder’s responsibility 



FLIPCHART 5: Different needs around toilets 

FLIPCHART 5: Izidingo ezahlukene ngethoyilethi 

Message: not everyone has the same needs – how do we cater for people with different needs 


1. Before showing participants the picture, ask them if they have ever noticed that some people can’t or aren’t allowed to use the same 

toilets as other people. Brainstorm the topic for not more than 3 minutes and write their ideas on a flipchart. 

2. Show them the picture and ask them to describe what is happening. Ask questions like: 

a. Can the boy use the toilet by himself Why not 

b. How do you think he must feel How would you feel if something stopped you from having access to the toilet 

c. How do you think he can overcome the problem 

d. Let’s talk about the situations you mentioned earlier (go back to brainstorm items on flipchart). Can you think of any 

other situations where some people can’t use toilets 

e. Do you know why these situations happen What is their impact on people’s health Is there anything that can be done 

about them 

Possible answers 

1. Below are some possible situations. Participants may have others to add. 

• Women: In some cultures a woman is not allowed to use the same toilet as her father-in-law. This can be difficult as most homes only have 

one toilet. Sometimes women are embarrassed to be seen entering or leaving a toilet, so this could affect how comfortable they feel about 

using the toilet. Schoolgirls may have a problem when they are menstruating because often there is no privacy and nowhere to dispose of 

their sanitary material. Many girls miss school during their menstrual period for this reason and that affects their ability to learn and do well 

at school. 

• HIV and AIDS: Some people believe that people who are HIV+ or have AIDS should not use the same toilet as them – they fear that they 

can contract HIV from the toilet. 

• Children: Many children don’t like using the toilets at school because they are dirty or lack privacy. They either don’t go to the toilet all day, 

or go in the bush. Very small children are often afraid to use toilets as the pedestals are too high and the opening is too wide and they are 

afraid of falling in. 

• Disabled people often are not able to get into toilets because of steps or because the toilet cubicle is too narrow for the wheelchair. 

• Safety: Sometimes people are afraid to go out to the toilet at night because of safety. Women who are embarrassed to use the toilet might 

walk long distances to use the bush, which could be remote and therefore dangerous. 

• Other: Participants may bring up other beliefs. Be sensitive and try not to ask direct questions. 

2. a. The boy in the picture can’t use the toilet easily as there are steps. 

b. Allow participants to imagine how he must feel: frustrated, angry, worried, etc. There are no right or wrong answers. 

c. He could ask the woman nearby to help him by putting the plank down. 

d. There are no right or wrong answers. If they have not brought up any of the ideas in possible answers (1) above, suggest them, e.g. “I have 

heard that small children are scared to use the toilets because they are too wide for them. Have you ever experienced that” “Someone told 

me the other day that they didn’t want to use the same toilet as a person with HIV because they thought they might get AIDS from them. Have 

you ever heard people say that” (Try not to ask direct questions, such as “Have you ever refused to use the same toilet as someone with 

AIDS” as people feel threatened and embarrassed and won’t be honest.) “The other day my father shouted at my sister-in-law for using the 

toilet before he did. Does this happen in your families too” If you are with a group of women, or where you feel comfortable to raise it, say: “I 

know that girls in schools really battle at ‘that time of month’ because they don’t have any privacy. Do you agree” 

e. Get people to come up with their own understandings of why these beliefs exist. Discuss whether they are accurate, and what the health 

impact could be, for example: 

• Children – the hole is too wide, pedestal too high, the children are scared of falling in and so often prefer to use the bush. Children 

defecating around the home puts the whole family at risk as children’s faeces can spread disease. 

• HIV and AIDS – discuss misconceptions about how you can get the AIDS virus. Make sure people understand that you cannot get HIV 

from sharing toilets. You can only get HIV through unprotected sex or if an infected person’s blood gets into your blood system through 

veins or deep cuts. A mother can pass on HIV in childbirth and through breastfeeding. People with HIV and AIDS need special care. 

If they cannot use the available toilets and water to wash hands, they are at greater risk of getting sick. With a weak immune system, 

getting sick can be deadly. 

• Women and cultural customs – discuss cultural customs and their value. Don’t tell the group what they must think, allow for discussion. 

Not being able to use the toilet puts people, especially women, at risk of having to walk far to find somewhere private, where they could 

be open to attack. Discuss the need for privacy and a place to safely dispose of pads. 

Umyalezo: Akusiwo wonke umuntu onezidingo ezifanayo – sibahlinzekela kanjani abantu 

abanezidingo ezahlukene 


1. Ngaphambi kokuba ukhombise abantu ababambe iqhaza isithombe, babuze ukuthi bake banothisa yini ukuthi abanye abantu 

abakwazi noma abavunyelwe ukusebenzisa ithoyilethi elifanayo nabanye abantu. Bonisanani kafushane ngesihloko hhayi ngaphezu 

kwemizuzu emi-3 bese ubhala imibono yabo ku-flipchart. 

2. Bakhombise isithombe bese ubacela ukuthi bachaze ukuthi kwenzekani. Buza imibuzo efana nalena: 

a. Umfana angalisebenzisa ithoyilethi ngokwakhe Kungani angeke akwazi 

b. Ucabanga ukuthi uzophatheka kanjani Ubungaphatheka kanjani uma kukhona into ekuvimbela ukuthi ukwazi 

ukufinyelela ethoyilethi 

c. Ucabanga ukuthi angayinqoba kanjani inkinga 

d. Masikhulume ngesimo okhulume ngaso ngaphambilini (phindela emuva emibonweni eku-flipchart). Ungacabanga 

ngesinye sezimo lapho abanye abantu bengeke khona bakwazi ukusebenzisa amathoyilethi 

e. Uyazi ukuthi kungani lezi zimo zenzeka Kunamthelela muni empilweni yabo Ingabe ikhona into engenziwa ngabo 

Izimpendulo Ezinokutholakala 

1. Ngezansi kukhona izimo ezinokwenzeka. Abantu ababambe iqhaza bangaba nezinye izinto abazozengeza. 

• Abesifazane: Kwamanye amasiko owesifazane akavunyelwe ukuthi asebenzise ithoyilethi elifanayo nobabezala. Lokhu kungaba nzima 

njengoba amakhaya amaningi anethoyilethi elilodwa. Kwesinye isikhathi abesifazane bayaphoxeka ukubonwa bengena noma bephuma 

ethoyilethi, ngakho-ke lokhu kungathinta ukuthi bakhululeke kangakanani ngokusebenzisa ithoyilethi. Amantombazane esikole angaba 

nenkinga uma esesikhathini ngoba kaningi akunamfihlo kanye nalapho angalahla khona izinto azisebenzisayo uma esesikhathini. 

Amantombazane amaningi ayalova esikoleni ngesikhathi esesikhathini ngenxa yalokhu futhi lokhu kuphazamisa ukukwazi kwawo ukufunda 

kanye nokwenza kahle esikoleni. 

• I-HIV neNgculazi: Abanye abantu bakholwa ukuthi abantu abane-HIV+ noma abaneNgculazi akufanele basebenzise ithoyilethi elifana 

nelabo – basaba ukuthi bangathola i-HIV ethoyilethi. 

• Izingane: Izingane eziningi azifuni ukusebenzisa amathoyilethi esikoleni ngoba angcolile futhi awanamfihlo. Kuyaye kube ukuthi aziyi 

ethoyilethi ilanga lonke, noma zingena ehlathini. Izingane ezincane kakhulu kaningi ziyesaba ukusebenzisa amathoyilethi ngoba izihlalo 

ziphezulu kakhulu kanti nembobo inkulu kakhulu bese zesaba ukuthi zizowela phakathi. 

• Abantu abakhubazekile Kaningi abakwazi ukungena emathoyilethi ngenxa yezitebhisi noma ngoba indlwana yethoyilethe incane kakhulu 

ukuthi isihlalo sokuhamba singangena. 

• Ukuphepha: Kwesinye isikhathi abantu bayasaba ukuya ethoyilethi ngaphandle ebusuku ngenxa yokuphepha. Abesifazane abanamahloni 

okusebenzisa ithoyilethi kungenzeka bahambe amabanga akude beyosebenzisa ihlathi, okungenzeka kube semakhaya futhi kube yingozi. 

• Okunye: Abantu ababambe iqhaza kungenzeka baveze ezinye izinkolelo. Zwelana nabo futhi uzame ukungabuzi imibuzo eqondile. 

2. a. Umfana osesithombeni angeke akwazi ukusebenzisa ithoyilethi kalula njengoba kunezitebhisi. 

b. Vumela umuntu ohlanganyele ukuthi acabange ukuthi ingabe uphatheke kanjani umfana: ukhathazekile, uthukuthele, uphatheke kabi, njll. 

Azikho izimpendulo ezilungile noma ezingalungile. 

c. Angamcela owesifazane oseduze ukuthi amsize ngokubeka ipulangwe phansi. 

d. Azikho izimpendulo ezilungile noma ezingalungile. Uma kungekho imibono ezimpendulweni ezinokuba khona (1) ngenhla, iphakamise, 

isb. “Ngike ngezwa ukuthi izingane ezincane ziyesaba ukusebenzisa amathoyilethe ngoba abanzi kakhulu kuzo. Uke wahlangabezana 

nalokho” “Omunye wangitshela ukuthi ngelinye ilanga babengafuni ukusebenzisa ithoyilethi elifanayo nomuntu one-HIV ngoba 

babecabanga ukuthi kungenzeka bathole i-AIDS kulo. Wake wabezwa abantu besho kanjalo” (Zama ukungabuzi imibuzo eqondile, 

njengokuthi “Wake wala ukusebenzisa ithoyilethi elifanayo nomuntu oneNgculazi” njengoba abantu bezizwa besaba futhi bephoxekile 

angeke bethembeke.)” Ngelinye ilanga ubaba wami wathethisa umakoti ngokuthi usebenzise ithoyilethi yena angakalisebenzisi. Ingabe 

lokho kuyenzeka emindenini yenu nani” Uma useqenjini labesifazane, noma uzwa ukhululekile ukuyiveza, ungathi: “Ngiyazi ukuthi 

amantombazane athwala kanzima ngaleso sikhathi senyanga’ ngoba awanamfihlo. Niyavuma 

e. Yenza ukuthi abantu bakhulume ngokwabo ukuqonda ukuthi kungani becabanga ukuthi lezi zinkolelo zikhona. Xoxani ngokuthi ingabe 

ziyiqiniso yini noma cha, futhi uyini umthelela wezempilo, isibonelo: 

• Izingane – Umgodi ubanzi kakhulu, isihlalo siphezulu kakhulu, izingane zisaba ukuthi zizowela phakathi ngakho-ke zincamela 

ukusebenzisa ihlathi. Izingane ezikaka zizungeze umuzi zibeka wonke umndeni engozini njengoba amakaka ezingane angandisa izifo. 

• I-HIV neNgculazi – Xoxani ngemicabango engesilo iqiniso ngokuthi ungalithola kanjani igciwane leNgculazi. Qiniseka ukuthi abantu 

bayaqonda ukuthi angeke uyithole i-HIV ngokusebenzisa ithoyilethi elisetshenziswa abanye abantu. I-HIV ungayithola kuphela ngokuya 

ocansini olungaphephile noma umuntu one-HIV igazi lakhe lingena ohlelweni lwegazi lakho ngemithambo noma ngokusikeka okujulile. 

Umama angayidlulisela emntwaneni i-HIV ngesikhathi umntwana ezalwa nangokumncelisa ibele. Abantu abane-HIV ne-AIIDS badinga 

ukunakekelwa okuyisipesheli. Uma bengakwazi ukusebenzisa amathoyilethi akhona kanye namanzi ukugeza izandla zabo, basengozini 

enkulu yokugula. Kungabanga ukufa ukugula ngenxa yezivikeli mzimba ezibuthaka. 

• Abesifazane kanye nemikhuba yamasiko. Xoxani ngemikhuba yamasiko kanye nokubaluleka kwayo. Ungalitsheli iqembu ukuthi 

kufanele licabangeni, vumela izingxoxo. Ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa ithoyilethi kubeka abantu engozini, ikakhulukazi abesifazane, uma 

kufanele ukuthi bayekude lapho kunemfihlo khona, lapho abangahlaselwa khona. Xoxani ngesidingo semfihlo futhi kubekwe indawo 

yokulahla lokho abakusebenzisa uma besesikhathini (ama-pad) ephephile. 





FLIPCHART 6: Water quality and the cycle 

of disease 

FLIPCHART 6: Iqophelo lamanzi kanye 

nomjikelezo wesifo 

Message: Safe water and good hygiene practices are important to keep people healthy 


1. Show participants the picture of bad practices and discuss what is happening in them. Ask them questions like the 

following ones: 

a. What unhealthy practices can you see in these pictures 

b. How do you think these practices spread disease 

c. What sicknesses do you think the people in these pictures would be in danger of getting Do people in your community 

get these kinds of sicknesses Who do you think is most at risk Why 

d. What can you do to prevent disease from spreading 

e. Do you know people who don’t wash their hands, or keep food and water clean How can you get them to change their 

ways 


a. The pictures show how disease is spread through the 6 Fs: 

Faeces: A young child defecates outside, helped by his sister. 

Fingers: A child eats food without washing his hands first. 

Flies: Flies settle on faeces and then fly onto food. 

Food: The young girl preparing the food did not wash her hands after using the toilet. 

Fluid (water) The young girl drinks water from the river that has not been made safe to drink. 

Fields: The girl’s brother steps on his faeces, and wipes them off his foot with his hands. 

b. All of these practices spread germs that cause disease. 

c. People would be vulnerable to diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid, cholera, etc. Babies and young children are particularly at risk because their 

bodies have not yet built up resistance to these illnesses. People who are HIV positive are also especially vulnerable because their bodies are 

less able to fight disease than healthy bodies. Clean food and water can prolong their lives. If they keep fit and healthy it will take longer for the 

HI Virus to turn into full-blown AIDS. 

d. Some ways of preventing diseases are: washing hands after using the toilet and before preparing food, not defecating outside where other 

people will walk or near a river, keeping toilets clean and in good working order, boiling or sterilising drinking water, covering food to prevent 

flies from settling on it. 

e. People who don’t wash their hands, or keep food and water clean need to be told that this is dangerous to their health. Parents have a 

responsibility to educate their own children, but encourage participants to think of ways in which they could educate other members of the 

community about the importance of hygiene. Some possibilities are: asking the district nurse to give a talk on the issue, organising a poster 

campaign, running workshops, asking the school headmaster to address / reinforce these good practices at the school, to carry the message 

right through the community, etc. 

2. Now show the participants the pictures of good practices and ask them to explain how each of the bad practices has been 

dealt with. 


Faeces: The young child is no longer defecating outside but is being helped by his mother to use the toilet. 

Fingers: The mother is showing the child how to wash his hands after using the toilet. 

Flies: Food is covered to prevent flies from sitting on it. 

Food: The mother and daughter are washing their hands before they prepare food. 

Fluid: The water for the house is being boiled, and kept in a container with a lid. 

Fields: The area around the toilet and the house is clean. 

Umyalezo: Amanzi aphephile kanye nezinto ezenziwayo zokuhlanzeka okuhle zibalulekile 

ukugcina abantu benempilo 


1. Khombisa abantu ababambe iqhaza isithombe sezinto ezenziwayo ezimbi bese nixoxa ukuthi kwenzekani kuzo. Babuze 

imibuzo enjengalena elandelayo: 

a. Yiziphi izinto ezenziwayo ezingezinhle okwazi ukuzibona kulezi zithombe 

b. Ucabanga ukuthi lezi zinto ezenziwayo ziwasabalalisa kanjani amagciwane 

c. Ucabanga ukuthi yiziphi izifo abantu abakulezi zithombe abangaba sengozini yokuzithola Ingabe abantu emiphakathini 

yangakini bayazithola lezi zinhlobo zezifo Ubani ocabanga ukuthi usengozini kakhulu Kungani 

d. Yini eningayenza ukuvimbela ukuthi lezi zifo zingasabalali 

e. Ingabe uyabazi abantu abangazigezi izandla zabo, noma bagcine ukudla kanye namanzi kuhlanzekile Ungabashintshisa 

kanjani izindlela zabo 


a. Izithombe zikhombisa ukuthi izifo zingasabalala kanjani ngezindlela eziyi-sithupha. 

Amakaka: Ingane esencane ikaka ngaphandle, isizwa udadewabo. 

Iminwe: Ingane iyadla ingaqalanga ngokugeza izandla zayo. 

Izimpukane: Izimpukane zihlala emakakeni bese zindiza zihlale ekudleni. 

Ukudla: Intombazane esencane elungisa ukudla ayizange igeze izandla zayo emva kokusebenzisa ithoyilethi. 

Uketshezi (amanzi): Intombazane esencane iphuza amanzi angcolile avela emfuleni angazange enziwe ukuthi aphephele ukuthi aphuzwe. 

Amasimu: Umfowabo wentombazane unyathela amakaka akhe bese ewesula ngesandla sakhe. 

b. Zonke lezi zinto ezenziwayo zandisa amagciwane angabanga izifo. 

c. Abatu bazobekeka engozini yesifo sohudo, isifo sohudo olunegazi, i-typhoid, ikholera, njll. Abantwana kanye nezingane ezincane basengozini 

kakhulu ngoba imizimba yabo ayikakwazi ukumelana nalezi zifo. Abantu abane-HIV nabo basengozini ngoba imizimba yabo ikwazi kancane 

ukulwa nezifo kunabantu abanemizimba ephilile. Ukudla kanye namanzi okuhlanzekile kungazelula izimpilo zabo. Uma behlala beqinile futhi 

bephilile kuzothatha isikhathi eside ukuthi Igciwane le-HI liphenduke libe Ingculazi ephelele. 

d. Ezinye izindlela zokuvimbela izifo yilezi: ukugeza izandla emva kokusebenzisa ithoyilethi nangaphambi kokulungisa ukudla, ukungakaki 

ngaphandle lapho okuzohamba khona abantu noma eduze komfula, ukugcina amathoyilethi ehlanzekile futhi esebenza kahle, ukubilisa noma 

ukuhlanza amanzi okuphuza, ukumboza ukudla ukuze kuvinjelwe izimpukane zingahlali phezu kwakho. 

e. Abantu abangazigezi izandla zabo, noma abangagcini ukudla namanzi kuhlanzekile kudingeka batshelwe ukuthi lokhu kuyingozi ezimpilweni 

zabo. Abazali banomsebenzi wokufundisa izingane zabo, kodwa khuthaza abantu ababambe iqhaza ukuthi bacabange ngezindlela 

abangafundisa amanye amalungu omphakathi ngazo ngokubaluleka kokuhlanzeka. Ezinye izinto ezingenzeka yilezi: ukucela unesi wesigodi 

ukuthi akhulume ngalolu daba, ahlele umkhankaso wamaphosta, enze imihlangano yokufundisana, ukucela uthishomkhulu wesikole ukuthi 

akhulume/agcizelele izenzo ezinhle esikoleni, ukudlulisa umyalezo ufinyelele emphakathini, njll. 

2. Manje khombisa abantu ababmbe iqhaza izithombe zokwenza okuhle bese ubacela ukuthi bachaza ukuthi kubhekwane 

kanjani nesenzo esibi ngasinye. 


Amakaka: Ingane encane ayisakaki ngaphandle kodwa umama wayo uyayisiza ukusebenzisa ithoyilethi. 

Iminwe: Umama ukhombisa ingane ukuthi izandla izigeza kanjani emva kokusebenzisa ithoyilethi. 

Izimpukane: Ukudla kuyembozwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthi kungahlalwa yizimpukane 

Ukudla: Umama kanye nendodakazi bageza izandla ngaphambi kokulungisa ukudla. 

Uketshezi: Amanzi asendlini ayabiliswa, bese efakwa esitsheni esinesivalo. 

Amasimu: Indawo ezungeze ithoyilethi kanye nendlu ihlanzekile. 





FLIPCHART 7: People and plants 

FLIPCHART 7: Abantu kanye nezitshalo 

Message: making the best use of water and accessing water for food security 


1. Discuss the picture of the homestead, asking questions like the following: 

a. What is happening in this picture 

b. How many water sources can you see Where does the water come from What do you think the different sources of 

water are used for 

c. Do you think borehole water is safe for household use What other water could be used for gardening 

d. What is soil erosion and why is it bad for the landscape What has this family done to protect the soil around their 

homestead 

e. What else could the family do to improve the soil 

Umyalezo: ukusebenzisa amanzi kahle kanye nokufinyelela emanzini ukuze kuvikeleke ukudla 


1. Xoxani ngesithombe somuzi emakhaya, ubuze imibuzo efana nalena elandelayo: 

a. Kwenzekani kulesi sithombe 

b. Ungakwazi ukubona imithombo yamanzi emingaki Amanzi avela kuphi Ucabanga ukuthi imithombo ehlukene yamanzi 

isetshenziselwani 

c. Ucabanga ukuthi amanzi ambiwa phansi aphephile ukuthi asetshenziswe ekhaya Yimaphi amanye amanzi 

angasetshenziswa engadini 

d. Yini ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi futhi kungani kukubi emhlabeni Wenzeni lo mndeni ukuvikela inhlabathi eseduze komuzi wawo 

e. Yini enye engenziwa umndeni ukwenza ngcono umhlabathi 


a. The picture shows a family homestead with people engaged in various activities like fetching firewood and water and working in the 

vegetable garden. 

b. There is a pump and a rainwater tank. People use the different water sources for different things: the rainwater tank provides water for general 

household use. When used for drinking or cooking it should be boiled first. The pump brings water from a borehole, and this water is used for 

the plants, as well as for household chores. The areas around the water sources are clean and water from the taps does not lie in puddles. 

c. If the VIP is on a slope above the borehole or very close to the borehole, the water may not be safe for household use because the 

surrounding soil could be contaminated. If borehole water is used in the household it must be boiled first. 

d. Soil erosion happens when fertile topsoil is washed away by rain. This topsoil is held in place by the roots of plants so if people chop down all 

the trees for firewood or allow animals to overgraze the soil becomes eroded because there is nothing to hold it in place. Soil erosion is bad 

for the landscape because plants need topsoil in order to grow properly. This family has protected the soil around the homestead from erosion 

by not cutting down shrubs and trees and not allowing their cattle to overgraze. 

e. They could plant indigenous trees, and cut down only alien trees for firewood. Indigenous trees do not leach the soil, as do some aliens, and 

they create a micro-climate, where earthworms, and other insects work to enrich the soil. They also create natural habitats for birds and 

butterflies. Alien trees on the other hand can use too much water, and may eventually destroy these natural habitats. 

2. Discuss the vegetable garden in the picture and ask questions like the following: 

a. Why does the garden have a fence around it 

b. What is different about the way this family is gardening How does this protect the soil Does this kind of garden need 

less water Why 

c. Do you think the vegetables from this garden will have good nutritional value Why do you think so What effect will this 

have on the family If someone in this family was ill, or was HIV-positive, do you think their bodies would better be able 

to cope with the disease 


a. The fence prevents livestock from entering the garden and eating the vegetables that are meant to feed the family. 

b. The vegetable garden is terraced – long logs are placed in rows down a slope and used to prevent soil and water from washing away. With 

this kind of terraced, contour gardening, plants need less water. Planting the same crop in the same place every year uses up the nutrients in 

the soil. To prevent this from happening, this family plants a variety of vegetables in different rows every year. The wheelbarrow contains mulch 

(leaves and other dry plant material) which is spread over the plants and helps to fertilise the soil. There is also a large compost heap on which 

the family throws vegetable waste from the kitchen and garden waste, including twigs, dry leaves, cardboard and paper. These are left to rot 

and turn to compost, which is dug into the soil. Vegetable gardens that are properly mulched and fertilised need less water. 

c. The vegetable garden will provide very good nutrition for the family because different kinds of vegetables are being grown. The family has 

also planted vegetables that are easy to grow, such as onions, beetroot, spinach and lettuce. Because the soil is fertile the garden will provide 

enough food for the whole family. Eating a variety of nutritious foods will promote strong, healthy bodies and strengthen the family’s resistance 

to disease. So family members who are HIV positive can prolong their lives by eating healthy food. 


a. Isithombe sikhombisa umndeni emzini wawo nabantu abenza imisebenzi eminingi njengokutheza izinkuni kanye nokukha amanzi futhi 

basebenza engadini yemifino. 

b. Kunephampu kanye nethanggi lamanzi emvula. Abantu basebenzisa imithombo yamanzi ehlukene ukwenza izinto ezahlukene: ithangi lamanzi 

emvula lihlinzeka ngamanzi asetshenziselwa konke okujwayelekile ekhaya. Uma esetshenziselwa ukuphuza noma ukupheka kufanele abiliswe 

kuqala. Iphampu iletha amanzi avela phansi ambiwe, la manzi asetshenziselwa izitshalo, kanye neminye imisebenzi yasekhaya. Izindawo 

ezizungeze imithombo yamanzi zihlanzekile kanti amanzi avela kompompi awasali engamabhaka. 

c. Uma ngabe i-VIP isendaweni eyehlelayo ngenhla kwamanzi ambiwa phansi noma eduze kwamanzi ambiwa phansi, amanzi kungenzeka 

angaphephi ukuthi asetshenziswe ekhaya ngoba inhlabathi ewazungezile kungenzeka ukuthi ayihlanzekile. Uma amanzi ambiwa phansi 

esetshenziswa ekhaya kufanele abiliswe kuqala. 

d. Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kwenzeka uma ngabe umhlabathi ophezulu ugugulwwa yimvula. Le nhlabathi ephezulu iyaye ibanjwe izimpande 

zezitshalo ngakho-ke uma abantu bezigenca zonke izihlahla benza ngazo izinkuni noma bevumela izilwane ukuthi zidle kakhulu umhlabathi 

uyaguguleka ngoba kungasekho lutho oluwubambile. Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kubi emhlabeni ngoba ukuze izitshalo zikhule kahle zidinga 

umhlabathi ophezulu. Lo mndeni uvikele umahlabathi ozungeze indawo yawo ukuthi ungaguguleki ngokuthi ungazigenci izihlahla futhi 

ungavumeli ukuthi izinkomo zidle kakhulu. 

e. Bangatshala izihlahla zendabuko, bagence kuphela izihlahla okungasizo ezasendaweni bazenze izinkuni. Izihlahla zendabuko aziwuguguli 

umhlabathi, njengoba kwenza ezinye izihlahla okungesizo ezendawo, futhi zenza isimo sezulu esincane, lapho imisundu kanye nezinye 

izilokazane kusebenza ukunothisa umhlabathi khona. Kwenza futhi nezindawo zokuhlala izinyoni kanye nezimvemvane. Izihlahla zokufika 

ngakolunye uhlangothi zisebenzisa amanzi amaningi kakhulu, futhi ekugcineni zingacekela phansi lezi zindawo zokuhlala okungezemvelo. 

2. Xoxani ngengadi yemifino esesithombeni bese nibuza imibuzo efana nelandelayo: 

a. Kungani ingadi ibiyelwe 

b. Yini ehlukile ngendlela lo mndeni olima ngayo ingadi Kuwuvikela kanjani lokhu umhlabathi Ingabe lolu hlobo lwengadi 

ludinga amanzi amancane 

c. Ucabanga ukuthi imifino evela kule ngadi izoba nokudla okunomsoco Kungani ucabanga kanjalo Kuzoba namphumela 

muni lokhu emndenini Uma ngabe bekunomuntu ogulayo kulo mndeni noma ene-HIV, ucabanga ukuthi imizimba wkhe 

bewuzokwazi ukumelena nesifo 

Izimpedulo ezinokutholakala: 

a. Ufenisi uvimbela ukuthi imfuyo ingangeni engadini idle imifino eyenzelwe ukondla umndeni. 

b. Ingadi yemifino inomthala – kubekwe izingodo ezinde ngemigqa ekwehleleni futhi zisetshenziselwe ukuvimbela inhlabathi kanye namanzi 

ukuthi kungaguguleki. Ngale ndlela yomthala, ukulima ngemigqa, izitshalo zidinga amanzi amancane. Ukutshala isitshalo esifanayo endaweni 

efanayo minyaka yonke kuqeda ukudla okudingekayo emhlabathini. Ukuvimbela ukuthi lokhu kungenzeki, lo mndeni utshala izinhlobo 

zezitshalo ezahlukene emigqeni ehlukene minyaka yonke. Ibhala linezibi (amaqabunga kanye nezitshalo ezomile) okuthelwa phezu kwezitshalo 

bese kusiza ukuvundisa inhlabathi. Kukhona nenqwaba yemvundela enkulu lapho umndeni ulahla khona udoti wezithelo kanye namahlamvu, 

amaqabunga omile, amakhalibhodi kanye namaphepha. Ziyayekwa lapho zibole bese ziba imvundela embelwa enhlabathini. Izingadi zemifino 

ezilinyiwe kahle nezinomanyolo ofanele zidinga amanzi amancane. 

c. Ingadi yemifino izonikeza ukudla okunomsoco okuhle emndenini ngoba kulinywe izinhlobo ezahlukene zemifino. Umndeni futhi utshale 

imifino okulula ukuyilima, njengo-anyanisi, ubhithiruthi, isipinashi kanye nolethisi. Ngenxa yokuthi umhlabathi uvundile, ingadi izohlinzeka 

ukudla okwanele umndeni wonke. Ukudla ukudla okuhlukahlukene okunomsoco kuzokhuthaza imizimba enamandla nephilile futhi kuqinise 

nokumelana nezifo emndenini. Ngakho-ke amalungu omndeni ane-HIV angelula ukuphilaa kwawo ngokudla ukudla okunempilo. 


leach: drain away out of 

micro-climate: the climate of a very small area, especially if it is different from that of the area around it. 

habitat: the place where a plant or animal normally lives 

alien: from somewhere else, from another country 


ukumukisa: ukukhiphela ngaphandle 

isimo sezulu esincane: isimo sezulu sendawo encane kakhulu uma sihlukile kuleso sendawo ezungeziwe 

indawo yokuhlala: indawo lapho izitshalo noma izilwane kuvamise ukuhlala khona 

okokufika: okuvela kwenye indawo, okuvela kwelinye izwe 





FLIPCHART 8: Appropriate technology 

FLIPCHART 8: Ubuchwepheshe obufanele 

Message: understanding different sanitation technologies 

Umyalezo: ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe obuhlukene benhlanzeko 


The participants can look at the pictures and choose two types of sanitation systems to discuss. 

1. The Ventilation Improved Pit (VIP) toilet 

a. What is a VIP toilet and how does it work 

b. Where is this type of system found What are its main advantages 

c. What costs are involved with building a VIP 

d. Who bears the cost of building the toilet 

e. Who is responsible for the maintenance and cleaning of the VIP toilet 

f. How do you clean the VIP toilet What happens when the toilet pit is full 


a. Consists of an underground pit lined with cement. A concrete platform built over the pit stops the rain getting in and the side walls from 

collapsing. Air flows into the pit through a hole at the top and out through a narrow pipe at the back of the toilet. A flyscreen (wire mesh to 

keep flies in) is placed over the top of the pipe. Bacteria breaks down the waste as it builds up in the pit. 

b. Found mainly in informal settlements and rural areas where there is no water-borne sewerage system. Many school toilets in the rural areas 

are VIPs. Main advantages: cheap to maintain and don’t use water. 

c. Costs involved: building materials (doors, pipes, fly screen, toilet bowl, etc.), labour and emptying of the pit. 

d. Basic infrastructure provided by government through Municipal Infrastructure Grant (MIG). 

e. Householder is responsible for labour in the initial construction and maintaining the toilets and keeping them clean. 

f. Floors and seat can be cleaned with detergent but don’t put jik or bleach into the pit or it will kill the bacteria. Toilet paper is the only item that 

can go into the pit. Other items prevent bacteria from working and also quickly fill up the pit. Householders can empty the pit themselves or 

pay for the waste to be removed by a tanker truck. Another option is to dig another pit, move the top structure and place it over the new pit. 

2. Septic tank toilet system 

a. How does the septic tank system work 

b. When is it appropriate to have a septic tank 

c. What costs are involved with building a septic tank and who bears these costs 

d. How do you clean the toilet Who is responsible for maintenance and cleaning 

e. How do you clean the toilet Does the tank ever need to be emptied 


a. Like any other flush toilet above the ground, but when you flush it, water washes the waste material through a short pipe into an underground 

tank near the toilet. The waste stays in the tank but, as it fills up, extra liquid is forced out of the tank into an outlet pipe. The outlet pipe is either 

joined to a sewer or to a soak-away trench. 

b. Appropriate when you don’t have access to a waterborne system. 

c. Costs: building materials, labour and emptying the tank. The householder is responsible for all the costs. 

d. Householder is responsible for maintenance and cleaning. 

e. Rules for cleaning same as for VIP and UD. Special equipment is needed to empty the tank when it gets too full. This is called de-sludging. A 

private contractor must be hired to remove the waste through the top of the tank. 

3. Water borne sewerage system 

a. How does the water-borne sewerage system work 

b. Where are water-borne sewerage systems mainly used 

c. What costs are involved with building this system and who bears them 

d. Who is responsible for the maintenance and cleaning of water-borne sewerage system toilets 

e. What happens to the sewerage that gets washed out of the toilets Where does it go Who is responsible for cleaning sewerage 


a. Toilet is connected to a system of pipes underground. Above the ground it has a toilet bowl, seat and lid as well as a flushing system with a 

cistern. When you flush the toilet, water is pushed from the cistern into the toilet bowl to wash the waste material out through the underground 

pipes to a sewerage disposal plant some distance away. 

b. Waterborne systems are found in urban areas where there is access to the appropriate infrastructure. 

c. Costs involved are building materials, labour and disposal and treatment of the sewerage. The householder bears all these costs, either 

directly or through the payment of rates to the council. 

d. The householder is responsible for maintaining the toilets and keeping them clean. Any maintenance outside private property is managed by 

the Council at no extra cost to the householder. 

e. Sewerage goes to a sewerage disposal plant where it is cleaned and recycled. The council is responsible for cleaning the sewerage but this 

service is paid for by householders’ rates. 



Abantu ababambe iqhaza bangabuka izithombe bese bekhetha izinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlelo zenhlanzeko abazoxoxa ngazo. 

1. Ithoyilethi Elinomgodi Elingenisa Umoya Ngendlela Eyenziwe Ngcono (VIP) 

a. Lisebenza kanjani ithoyilethi i-VIP 

b. Lutholakala kuphi lolu hlobo lohlelo Yini enhle kakhulu ngalo 

c. Yiziphi izindleko ezibandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwe-VIP 

d. Ubani othwala izindleko zokwakhiwa kwethoyilethi 

e. Ubani obhekana nomsebenzi wokunakekelwa kanye nokuhlanzwa kwethoyilethi i-VIP 

f. Ulihlanza kanjani ithoyilethi i-VIP Kwenzekani uma umgodi wethoyilethi usugcwele 


a. Linomgodi ongaphansi ofakwe usimende. Usimende owakhelwe emgodini uvimbela ukuthi imvula ingangeni futhi amacala engaweli phakathi. Umoya 

ungena emgodini ngembobo ephezulu bese uphumela ngaphandle ngepayipi elincane elingemuva kwethoyilethi. Isikrini sokuvimbela izimpukane (isisefo 

esincane sokuvimbela izimpukane) sibekwa phezu kwepayipi. Amagciwane abolisa amakaka uma elokhu anda emgodini. 

b. Atholakala kakhulu ezindaweni zokuhlala eziyimikhukhu kanye nasemakhaya lapho okungekho khona uhlelo lwamanzi lokuhambisa indle. Amathoyilethi 

amaningi ezikoleni ezindaweni zasemakhaya angama-VIP. Ubuhle obukhulu: kulula ukuwanakekela futhi awasebenzisi amanzi. 

c. Izindleko ezibandakanyekayo: izinto zokwakha (izivalo, amapayipi, isikrini sezimpukane, isihlalo sasethoyilethi, njll.), umsebenzi kanye nokuthulula 

umgodi. 

d. Ingqalasizinda eyisisekelo enikezelwa nguhulumeni ngokusebenzisa Usizo Lwengqalasizinda Lukamasipala (Municipal Infrastructure Grant (MIG)). 

e. Umnikazi womuzi ubhekene nomsebenzi ekwakhiweni kokuqala bese enakekela amathoyilethi nokuwagcina ehlanzekile. 

f. Phansi kanye nezihlalo kungahlanzwa ngesibulali magciwane kodwa ungafaki ijikhi noma ibhlishi emgodini ngoba izobulala amagciwane. Iphepha 

lasethoyilethi yilona kuphela elingangena emgodini. Ezinye izinto zivimbela ukusebenza kwamagciwane futhi zisheshe zigcwalise umgodi. Abanikazi 

bomuzi bangazikhiphela bona amakaka ethoyilethi noma bakhokhele ukuthi amakaka akhishwe iloli elinethangi lokukhipha amakaka. Enye indlela 

ukumba omunye umgodi, ususe isakhiwo esiphezulu usibeke emgodini omusha. 

2. Uhlelo lwethoyilethi lwethangi lokubolisa indle (Septic tank toilet system) 

a. Lusebenza kanjani uhlelo lwethangi elibolisayo 

b. Kunini lapho okufanele khona ukuthi ube nethangi elibolisayo 

c. Yiziphi izindleko ezibandakanyekayo ekwakheni ithangi elibolisayo futhi ubani othwala izindleko 

d. Ulihlanza kanjani ithoyilethi Ubani obhekana nomsebenzi wokulihlanza nokulinakekela 

e. Ulihlanza kanjani ithoyilethi Ingabe ithangi like lidinge ukuthululwa 


a. Njengananoma yiliphi ithoyilethi elishaywayo ngaphezu komhlabathi, kodwa uma ulishaya, amanzi ahambisa amakaka ngepayipi elifushane angene 

ethangini elingaphansi komhlaba eduze kwethoyilethi. Amakaka ahlala ethangini kodwa, lapho ligcwala, olunye uketshezi luyaphuma ethangini lungene 

epayipini elilukhiphela ngaphandle. Ipayipi elikhiphayo kungenzeka ukuthi lijoyina lapho okuchithelwa khona amakaka noma emgudwini wokulahla 

amakaka. 

b. Lukahle uma ungenalo uhlelo olusebenzisa amanzi. 

c. Izindleko: Izinto zokwakha, umsebenzi kanye nokuthulula ithangi. Umnikazi wekhaya ubhekana nazo zonke izindleko. 

d. Umnikazi wekhaya ubhekana nomsebenzi wokunakekela kanye nokuhlanza. 

e. Imithetho yokuhlanza iyafana neye-VIP ne-UD. Kudingeka impahla eyisipesheli ukuthulula ithangi uma ligcwala kakhulu. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuqeda 

amakaka. Kufanele kuqashwe inkontileka ezimele ukuthi izosusa amakaka ethangeni eliphezulu. 

3. Uhlelo lokuhambisa amakaka olusebenzisa amanzi 

a. Lusebenza kanjani uhlelo lokuhambisa amakaka olusebenzisa amanzi 

b. Zisetshenziswa kuphi kakhulu lezi zinhlelo ezisebenzisa amanzi zokuhambisa indle 

c. Zindleko zini ezibandakanyekayo futhi ubani othwala lezo zindleko 

d. Ubani obhekana nomsebenzi wokunakekela kanye nokuhlanza imigudu amathoyilethi ohlelo olusebenzisa amanzi lokuhambisa indle 

e. Kwenzekani endleni ephuma emathoyilethi Iyaphi Ubani obhekene nomsebenzi wokuhlanza lapho kulahlwa khona indle 


a. Ithoyilethi lixhumene nohlelo lwamapayipi ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngaphezu komhlaba kunendishi yasethoyilethi, isihlalo sethoyilethi kanye nesivalo 

kanjalo nohlelo lokushaya amanzi olunethangi. Uma ushaya ithoyilethi, amanzi aphuma ethangini angene endishini yethoyilethi bese ehambisa amakaka 

ngaphandle ahambe ngamapayipi angaphansi komhlaba aye kuplanti lapho kulahlwa khona amakaka kude le. 

b. Izinhlelo ezisebenzisa amanzi zitholakala emadolobheni lapho kufinyeleleka khona kuzingqalasizinda ezifanele. 

c. Izindleko ezibandakanyekayo ezezinto zokwakha, umsebenzi kanye nokulahla kanye nokwelashwa kwezindawo zokuchithela indle. Umnikazi womuzi 

uthwala zonke izindleko, kungaba ngokuqonde ngqo noma ngokukhokha imali emkhandlwini kamasipala. 

d. Umnikazi womuzi ubhekene nomsebenzi wokunakekela amathoyilethe kanye nokuwagcina ehlanzekile. Nanoma yikuphi ukunakekelwa okwenziwa ngaphandle 

kwendawo yomuntu ngamunye kubhekelwa Umkhandlu kodwa akukho zindleko ezengeziwe ezikhokhwa umnikazi womuzi. 

e. Indle iya kuplanti yokuchithela indle lapho ehlanzwa khona bese ivuselelwa kwenziwa 

izinto ezintsha. Umkhandlu ubhekana nomsebenzi wokuhlanza izindawo 

zokuchithela indle kodwa lo msebenzi ukhokhelwa abanikazi bemizi. 


1. The Ventilation Improved Pit (VIP) toilet 2. Septic tank toilet system 

fly screen 

vent pipe 

air ventilation 

access cover 

seat cover 

full flush toilet 

water trap 

waste water 

treatment 

works 

pedestal 

pit cover 

to main sewer 

Hand or 

mechanically 

dug pit 

pit collar 

(may be extended 

to base of pit 

in poor ground 

conditions) 

septic tank 

soakaway soakpit or 

drainage trench 

3. Water born sewerage system 

air (ventilation) 

seat 

cover 

pedestal 

moveable 

cover slab so 

that pit can be 

emptied 

low flush toilet 

water trap 

boundary fence 

road 

full pit 

moveable 

cover slab so 

that pit can be 

emptied 

household 

waste water 

to sewer in 

road reserve 



FLIPCHART 9: Protecting water sources 

FLIPCHART 9: Ukuvikela imithombo yamanzi 

Message: Identifying different water sources and learning about protecting and improving them 


1. Look at the picture of the catchment area and discuss how the people in this area could improve their water sources. 

Ask questions like: 

a. Does wading, bathing or washing clothes have an impact on the river How can the people address this problem 

b. Are there pit toilets close to the water source If so, what impact could they have on it 

c. Do you think the people living along this river all have access to clean, safe water Why do you think so What do you 

think they can do to improve the situation 

d. Are there animals at the water source What impact do you think this has on health How can the people protect their 

water source from animals 

e. Are children urinating in the river What impact do you think this will have How can the people stop this from 

happening 


a. Wading and bathing do not really have an impact on water quality but activities using soap or detergents can pollute the water. People can 

address this problem by taking water from the river to wash their clothes, rather than washing them in the river. 

b. There are pit toilets close to the water source. If these leak into the water then they could cause contamination and spread disease. 

c. The people living along this river don’t all have access to clean, safe water. Those living upstream are making the water unsafe for those living 

downstream. Possible solutions would be: have a meeting of all the people living in the area to discuss problems and solutions; meet with the 

ward councilor who could possibly take the issue to a municipal council meeting. 

d. There are animals at the water source. Faeces from the animals could get into the water and spread disease. The people can protect their 

water source from animals by building fences. 

e. Urinating in the river affects the quality of the water and can also spread disease. The best way of stopping this is to educate children about 

why this is bad for the water source and the dangers to the health of the community in general. 


contaminated: dirty, polluted, infected 

Umyalezo: Ukukhomba imithombo ehlukene yamanzi kanye nokufunda ngokuyivikela kanye 

nokuyenza ngcono 


Abantu ababambe iqhaza bangabuka izithombe bese bekhetha izinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlelo zenhlanzeko abazoxoxa ngazo. 

1. Bheka isithombe sendawo yokugcina amanzi bese nixoxa ngokuthi abantu kule ndawo bangayenza ngcono kanjani 

imithombo yamanzi abo. Buza imibuzo efana nalena: 

a. Ingabe ukungena ngezinyawo emanzini, ukugeza noma ukuwasha izimpahla zokugqoka kunomthelela emfuleni Abantu 

bangabhekana kanjani nale nkinga 

b. Ingabe kukhona amathoyilethe eduze komthombo wamanzi Uma kunjalo, anamthelela muni kuwo 

c. Ucabanga ukuthi abantu abahlala eduze kwalo mfula bonke bayawathola amanzi ahlanzekile, aphephile Kungani 

ucabanga kanjalo Ucabanga ukuthi bangenzani ukusenza ngcono lesi simo 

d. Ingabe kunezilwane emthonjeni wamanzi Ucabanga ukuthi lokhu kunamthelela muni empilweni Abantu bangawuvikela 

kanjani umthombo wabo wamanzi ezilwaneni 

e. Ingabe izingane zichamela emfuleni Ucabanga ukuthi lokhu kuzoba namphumela muni Abantu bangakuqeda kanjani 

lokhu kungenzeki 


a. Ukungena ngezinyawo kanye nokubhukuda akunamthelela eqophelweni lamanzi kodwa izinto ezisebenzisa insipho noma izibulali magciwane 

kungawangcolisa amanzi. Abantu bangabhekana nalokhu ngokuthi bakhe amanzi okuwasha izimpahla zabo emfuleni, kunokuziwashela 

phakathi emfuleni. 

b. Kunamathoyilethi emigodi eduzane komthombo wamanzi. Uma kungake kwenzeke la mathoyilethi avuzele emanzini, angabanga ukungcola 

bese kwanda izifo. 

c. Abantu abahlala ngakulo mfula abanawo bonke amanzi ahlanzekile, aphephile. Labo abahlala ngenhla nomfula benza amanzi ukuthi 

angaphephi kulabo abahlala ngezansi. Izixazululo ezinokwenziwa kungaba yilezi: ukuba nomhlangano nabo bonke abantu abahlala 

endaweni ukuzoxoxa ngezinkinga kanye nezixazululo; ukuhlangana nekhansela lewadi obekungenzeka lithathe udaba liluse emhlanganweni 

womkhandlu kamasipala. 

d. Kunezilwane emthonjeni wamanzi. Amakaka ezilwane angangena emanzini bese andisa izifo. Abantu bangavikela umthombo wamanzi abo 

ezilwaneni ngokuthi bakhe uthango. 

e. Ukuchamela emanzini kuthinta iqophelo lamanzi futhi kungandisa nezifo. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqeda lokhu ukufundisa izingane ukuthi 

kubi ngani ukuchamela emthonjeni wamanzi kanye nezingozi empilweni yomphakathi jikelele. 


ukungcoliseka:udoti, ukungcoliswa, ukungenwa igciwane 





FLIPCHART 10: Managing catchment areas 

FLIPCHART 10: Ukuvikela imithombo yamanzi 

Message: people living in catchment areas have a shared responsibility to keep water clean 

and healthy, not only for themselves but for people living downstream as well 

Background 

The purpose of establishing Catchment Management Agencies (CMAs) is for national government to delegate water resource management to the 

catchment level, and to involve local communities. 

A water management area is an area of responsibility of a single catchment management agency. The initial functions of a CMA are to: 

• investigate and advise on the protection, use, development, conservation, management and control of the water resources in its water 

management area 

• develop a catchment management strategy 

• co-ordinate the activities of water users and water management institutions 

• promote the implementation of an applicable water services development plan 

• promote community participation. 


1. Point out the catchment area in the picture. 

Explain that it is an area of land that catches water from rain and small streams and rivers, and sends water downhill into a big river. Get the 

participants to tell you what is happening in each part of the picture, i.e. It shows a typical village in KwaZulu-Natal where the rainfall is plentiful 

and the soil is fertile. But there are some problems: 

• A farmer is diverting water to his lands. 

• A leisure resort is not using water responsibly. The waste water from the resort is being pumped into the river. Toilets on the edge of the marsh 

have septic tanks that drain into the marshes. 

• A village pit toilet has been built too close to the river and is contaminating the water. 

• Women are washing clothes in the river. 

• A boy is urinating into the river. 

• Cattle are walking through the river, polluting it with their faeces. 

• Rubbish has been dumped in the river. 

• Even further downstream crops are dying and the groundwater and river water is no longer as pure as it was at the source. 

• The village women call a meeting with the farmer and the resort own to discuss what the whole village can do about the quality of water. As 

they are downstream, they are the most affected. Together the village community forms a forum to put together a plan of action. 

2. Facilitate a discussion about the right to clean, safe water. Ask questions like the following: 

a. What is a catchment area 

b. Why should people living in the same catchment area work together 

c. Does the government have a responsibility to protect people’s rights to water and health Can the government always 

guarantee this right 

d. What water resources does your community have How can your community protect its own water resources 

e. What can everyone do to ensure that all the water is protected 

f. Why is it important that everyone living in a catchment area should conserve and manage their water resources 


a. A catchment area is an area of land that catches water from rain and small streams and rivers, and sends that water downhill into a river. 

b. People living in the same catchment area should work together because they all use the water so they have a shared interest in making sure 

that there is enough clean, safe water for everyone. 

c. Water is a human right, and government is responsible to help meet people’s need for enough safe water. However, people often have to work 

together to make sure that the government will honour and protect people’s rights to water security. 

d. Get participants to describe the water resources available to their own community. Listen to their ideas and encourage them to use what they 

learnt about protecting water sources to help them. 

e. The resort could conserve water and prevent pollution by using waste water to water the garden rather than pumping it into the river. The 

toilets should be moved so that the septic tanks no longer drain into the marshes. The farmers can conserve water by harvesting rainwater 

more efficiently and by building bigger reservoirs. Water allowances could be set in order to limit the amount of water that people can get. This 

would need to be monitored so that people do not take more than they are entitled to. 

f. There are many different practices that threaten the quality and quantity of water in catchment areas. This is why everyone living in the area 

needs to work together to find ways of using water more responsibly. For example, farmers may find ways of diverting less water to their 

land but if the resort’s septic tanks are still leaking into the marshes then the water quality downstream will still be a problem. This is why it’s 

important for all the communities in the area to work together to conserve and manage their water resources. 

Umyalezo: abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezigcina amanzi banomsebenzi okufanele babelane 

ngawo wokugcina amanzi ehlanzekile futhi enempilo, hhayi nje kubo kuphela 

kodwa nakulabo abahlala ezansi nomfula 

Isendlalelo: 

Inhloso yokwenza Izinhlangano Zokuphathwa Kwezindawo Zokugcina Amanzi (Catchment Management Agencies (CMAs)) ukuthi uhulumeni kazwelonke 

adlulisele ukuphathwa kwezidingongqangi zamanzi ezingeni lezindawo zokugcina amanzi, futhi abandakanye imiphakathi yendawo. 

Indawo ephatha amanzi indawo ebhekela umsebenzi wenhlangano yokuphatha indawo yokugcina amanzi eyodwa. Imisebenzi yokuqala ye-CMA yilena: 

• ukuphenya kanye nokweluleka ngokuvikela, ukusebenza, ukuthuthukisa, ukonga, ukuphatha kanye nokulawula izidingongqangi zamanzi endaweni eyiphethe 

• ukwenza isu lokuphathwa kwezinddawo zokugcina amanzi 

• ukuxhumanisa imisebenzi yabasebenzisi bamanzi kanye nezikhungo zokuphatha amanzi 

• ukukhuthaza ukuqala ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lokuthuthukisa imisebenzi yamanzi olungasebenziseka 

• ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela komphakathi. 


1. Khomba indawo yokugcina amanzi esithombeni. Chaza ukuthi indawo engenisa amanzi avela emvuleni kanye nasemifuleni emincane kanye 

nasemifuleni, bese iyawehlisa amanzi iwangenise emfuleni omkhulu. Cela abantu ababambe iqhaza ukuthi mabakutshele ukuthi kwenzekani engxenyeni 

yesithombe ngayinye, okungukuthi sikhombisa amakhaya kwaZulu-Natali lapho kunemvula eningi khona futhi nomhlabathi uvundile khona. Kodwa kunezinye 

izinkinga: 

• Umlimi uphambukisela amanzi emhlabeni wakhe. 

• Indawo ayiwasebenzisi amanzi ngendlela efanele. Amanzi angcolile aphuma endaweni yokuphumula ampontshelwa emfuleni. Amathoyilethi 

asemaphethelweni amaxhaphozi anamathangi abolisayo akhiphela amanzi emaxhaphozini. 

• Ithoyilethi lomgodi lemizi lakhiwe laba seduze kakhulu nomfula futhi lingcolisa amanzi. 

• Abesifazane bawasha izimpahla zokugqoka emfuleni. 

• Umfana uchamela emfuleni. 

• Izinkomo zinqamula emfuleni, zingcolisa amanzi ngobulongwe bazo. 

• Kulahlwe udoti emfuleni. 

• Ngisho nasezansi nomfula izitshalo ziyafa kanti namanzi aphansi kanye namanzi omfula awasahlanzekile njengoba bekunjalo emthonjeni. 

• Owesimame wasemizini wabiza umhlangano nomlimi kanye nomnikazi wendawo yokuphumula baxoxa ngokuthi yini engenziwa abantu bemizi 

ngeqophelo lamanzi. Njengoba besezansi nomfula, yibona abathinteke kakhulu. Undawonye umphakathi wasemizini wenza inhlangano yokuhlanganisa 

uhlelo oluzokwenziwa. 

2. Siza ekuqhubeni ingxoxo ngelungelo lamanzi ahlanzekile, aphephile. Buza imibuzo efana nalena elandelayo: 

a. Yini indawo yokugcina amanzi 

b. Kungani abantu abahlala endaweni efanayo yokugcina amanzi kufanele basebenze ndawonye 

c. Ingabe uhulumeni unomsebenzi wokuvikela amalungelo abantu amanzi kanye nawempilo Uhulumeni angaliqinisekisa yini njalo 

leli lungelo 

d. Umphakathi wangakini unaziphi izidingongqangi eziphathelene namanzi Umphakathi wangakini ungazivikela kanjani izidingongqangi 

zawo zamanzi 

e. Yini engenziwa yiwo wonke umuntu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi onke amanzi avikelekile 

f. Kungani kubalulekile ukuthi wonke umuntu ohlala endaweni yokugcina amanzi kufanele onge futhi aphathe izidingongqangi 

zamanzi abo 


a. Indawo yokugcina amanzi indawo emhlabeni engenisa amanzi emvula nawemifudlana kanye nemifula, bese iwathumela ezansi nentaba angene emfuleni 

omkhulu. 

b. Abantu abahlala endaweni efanayo yokugcina amanzi kufanele basebenze ndawonye ngoba bonke basebenzisa amanzi, ngakho-ke bonke banothando 

lokuthi baqinisekise ukuthi kunamanzi enele ahlanzekile, aphephile awo wonke umuntu. 

c. Amanzi ayilungelo lomuntu, kanti uhulumeni unomsebenzi wokuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu zamanzi anele aphephile. Kodwa-ke, abantu kufanele 

basebenzisane ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uzohlonipha futhi avikele amalungelo abantu okuvikeleka kwamanzi. 

d. Ababambe iqhaza mabachaze izidingongqangi zamanzi ezikhona emphakathini wabo. Lalela imibono yabo futhi ubakhuthaze ukuthi basebenzise lokho 

abakufundile ngokuvikela imithombo ukuthi kubasize. 

e. Indawo yokuphumula kufanele yonge amanzi futhi ivimbele ukungcola ngokusebenzisa amanzi angcolile ukunisela ingadi kunokuba iwaphampele emfuleni. 

Amathoyilethi kufanele asuke ukuze amathangi abolisayo engezukhiphela emaxhaphozini. Abalimi bangonga amanzi ngokuthi amanzi emvula bawakhongozele 

kahle futhi bakhe izindawo zokuwagcina ezinkulu. Kungashiwo ukuthi amanzi azonikezelwa ukuze kuzolawulwa inani lamanzi abantu abawatholayo. Lokhu 

kuzodinga ukuthi kuqashwe ukuze abaantu bengezuthatha amanzi angaphezu kwalawo okufanele bawathole. 

f. Kunezinto eziningi ezahlukene ezenziwayo eziyingozi ezingeni nasenanini lamanzi ezindaweni zokuwagcina. Yingakho nje wonke umuntu ohlala endaweni 

kudingeka ukuthi basebenzisane ukuthola izindlela zokusebenzisa amanzi ngendlela enengqondo. Isibonelo, abalimi bangathola izindlela zokuphambukisela 

amanzi amancane emhlabeni wabo kodwa uma ngabe amathangi abolisayo endawo yokuphumula esavuzela emaxhaphozini amanzi ezansi nomfula kusazoba 

inkinga. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuthi yonke imiphakathi endaweni isebenze ndawonye ukonga kanye nokuphatha izidingongqangi zamanzi.

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