Good Practice Guide - WRAP Northern Ireland

Materials Resource Efficiency in Street Works
Materials Resource Efficiency in Street Works
Utility Good Practice Industry GuideAgreement

Materials Resource Efficiency in Street Works
Good Practice Guide
This good practice guide forms part of the
suite of documents aimed at:
■ increasing the use of recycled and
stabilised materials in street works; and
■ reducing the waste arisings sent to landfill
(including the adoption of waste avoidance
techniques such as trenchless technology
and first time permanent reinstatement).
This guide is designed to provide the
Street Works Community (Utility Companies,
their Contractors, Local Authority Inspectors,
and Materials Suppliers) and other interested
parties with an overview of the use of recycled
and stabilised materials in street works, and
the techniques associated with waste avoidance.
In addition, the guide contains signposts to
information and case studies that demonstrate
what is feasible and achievable when using
technologies to avoid waste generation, and in
the use of recycled and stabilised materials.
This guide does not aim to reproduce or replicate
the UK Highways Authority and Utility Committee
– HAUC (UK) – Specification for the Reinstatement
of Openings in Highways, which is freely available
from the DfT website 1 . The Specification should
be used as the single source of information on
the specification of materials in street works.
Background to the Good Practice Guide
In 2005, it was estimated that the utilities
sector generates about 4.8 million tonnes of
trench excavation waste and about 2.5 million
tonnes of this was landfilled 2 , enough to fill the
Millennium Stadium. Not generating waste and
recycling waste arisings, can deliver savings by
avoiding new materials and waste disposal costs.
The Draft Strategy for Sustainable Construction
(England and Wales) suggests industry wide
targets and milestones of:
These targets for England and Wales are
complemented by targets to:
■ reuse or recycle 75% of construction,
demolition and excavation wastes by 2020
(Northern Ireland Waste Management
Strategy 2006-2020); and
■ reduce business waste, including
construction and demolition waste,
by 200,000 tonnes a year (Business Waste
Framework - Scotland).
Background Information
In November 2005, WRAP commissioned
research to investigate the use of trench
arisings and other recycled materials in gas
and water company trenches. The reserach 2
estimated that arisings from water and gas
companies’ asset renewal throughout
Great Britain is 4.8 million tonnes per
annum. The work also examined the
barriers and opportunities for recycling
trench arisings. To further define these
barriers, and to develop an evidence base
to address them, WRAP initiated two further
projects in 2006/07.
The first of these produced process and cost
models for the two most prevalent practices
for dealing with trench arisings, and
compared these to recycling ‘hub’ options 3 .
This demonstrated that a business case can
be made for recycling hubs.
The second project examined the technical
aspects of using recycled and stabilised
materials in reinstatements 4 . The project
collated multiple case studies, highlighting
that the second edition of the HAUC (UK)
Specification 1 includes specific provision
for the use of recycled aggregates and
stabilised materials, including the reuse
of trench arisings.
Source: WRAP
By 2012
By 2015
By 2020
A 50% reduction of
construction, demolition
and excavation waste sent
to landfill, compared to 2005
– also in the Waste Strategy
for England 2007
Zero net waste at construction
site level
Zero waste to landfill,
where feasible
Welsh HAUC – Approved materials
Welsh HAUC have published tables of
approved materials, including materials
using recycled and secondary aggregates.
The tables include approved materials
containing blastfurnace slag and recycled
asphalt.
These materials, along with many others,
are also allowed by the Highways Agency’s
Specification for Highway Works.
Source: Welsh HAUC website, www.welsh-hauc.org.uk
1
Specification for the Reinstatement of Openings in Highways, Highway Authority and Utilities Committee (UK), London, 2002. Available on line via www.dft.gov.uk
2
‘Identifying opportunities for recycling of excavated spoil from utility works in local authority areas, and promoting the use of recycled materials through
good practice’, WRAP, 2005. Available on line via www.wrap.org.uk
3
‘Utilities Recycling Hub Commerciality Study’, WRAP, 2006. Available on line via www.wrap.org.uk
4
‘Recycled and stabilised materials in trench reinstatement’, WRAP, 2007. Available on line via www.wrap.org.uk

Materials Resource Efficiency in Street Works
The Suite of Documents
The Draft Strategy for Sustainable Construction 5
is a joint industry/government strategy which
includes the objective of developing agreements
and initiatives between the construction
industry and its clients with the aim of reducing
the carbon footprint and use of resources.
This guide supports voluntary agreements
aiming to deliver a step change in the levels of
recycled materials used and the waste landfilled
by the utilities sector, shown in Figure 1.
The suite of documents
Utility
Contractor
Agreement
Figure 1: Suite of utility industry voluntary agreements and
supporting documents
National Grid - Utility Company and
Contractors partner to improve efficiency
National Grid is committed to the protection
and enhancement of the environment and,
in 2005/6, two five-year Road to Zero targets
were set:
■ To reduce the amount of waste spoil that
can be diverted from landfill to ZERO by
2010/11
■ To reduce the amount of primary
aggregate used for reinstatement
to ZERO by 2010/11 where suitable
alternatives exist
In 2004/5, approximately 300,000 tonnes of
waste spoil was sent to landfill from gas mains
replacement. This amounts to approximately
58% of the total spoil excavated. Recognising
the challenge, key performance indicators
were set for the four Gas Alliance contracts,
while term contractors were encouraged to
recycle and use recycled materials.
All ten contracting partners are now taking
steps to ensure that waste is diverted
to landfill and more recycled materials
are used. Only 30% of waste spoil is now
disposed of via landfill.
Source: National Grid
Utility
Industry
Agreement
Good Practice Guide
Regional
and HAUC/RAUC
National
HAUC/RAUC Memorandum
Memorandum
of Understanding
of Understanding
Councillor’s Briefing Note
Local Authority Inspector's Briefing Note
Database of Street Works Recycling
Who Should Use this Guide
This guide should be used by Utility
Contractors engaged in street works for the
various Water, Telecommunication, Gas, or
Electricity companies who have signed the
Utility Industry Agreement. The Utility Industry
Agreement commits its signatories to:
■ writing company policies that embed:
- the use of recycled and stabilised
materials and
- the reduction of waste arisings sent to
landfill (including the adoption of waste
avoidance techniques such as trenchless
technology and first time permanent
reinstatement);
■ setting company targets and milestones for
the increased use of recycled and stabilised
materials and the reduction of the waste
arisings sent to landfill;
■ using procurement and contractual
arrangements to deliver these company
targets, where feasible;
■ promoting the use of recycled and stabilised
materials which meet specified performance
and quality requirements 1 ; and
■ pro-actively sharing knowledge
on the use and trials of recycled and
stabilised materials.
To achieve their targets and milestones,
the Utility Companies will need to work in
partnership with their Contractors (and with
Local Authorities and Materials Suppliers).
In response to the commitment of the Utility
Companies, Contractors are encouraged to
sign up to the Utility Contactors Agreement,
which includes similar commitments,
including a commitment to:
■ support Utility Companies by agreeing
contractual targets and milestones to
increase the use of recycled and stabilised
materials, and reduce the waste arisings
sent to landfill; and
■ include targets and milestones for the use
of recycled and stabilised materials and
waste reduction in sub-contracts.
A HAUC/RAUC Memorandum of Understanding
has also been developed, which can be used
to publicly demonstrate a Local Authority’s
commitment to waste reduction and recycling
in street works. This guide will also be of
interest to Local Authority Inspectors looking
for more information concerning the use of
recycled materials in street works, or the use
of waste avoidance technologies.
5
Draft Strategy for Sustainable Construction, Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Department of Trade and Industry),
London, July 2007. Available online via www.berr.gov.uk. This strategy is open for consultation until 30 November 2007

Materials Resource Efficiency in Street Works
Good Practice Principles
The waste hierarchy (Figure 2) is a well
known and understood concept that should
be considered for all trenching activities.
This means that it is preferable to:
■ reduce the quantities of waste generated
(for example, by using trenchless
technologies);
■ reuse materials as they arise (for example,
recycling trench arising at a local hub to be
used in local trench reinstatements
- closed loop recycling);
■ use recycled materials for trench
reinstatement rather than using primary
materials (for example, using a recycled
aggregate subbase in preference to a
primary aggregate subbase);
■ send excess materials for recycling rather
than for landfill disposal; and
■ only send materials unsuitable for recycling
for landfill disposal.
Waste avoidance techniques and closed loop
recycling also:
■ reduce the number of vehicle movements,
which reduces the carbon emissions
associated with reinstatement works;
■ avoid unnecessary loading and unloading
of materials, minimising congestion and
easing traffic flow around the works; and
■ reduce costs by avoiding the unnecessary
disposal of waste materials and purchase
of reinstatement materials.
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Dispose
Figure 2: Schematic diagram showing the waste hierarchy
WRAP – Economic viability of recycling
hubs in London
Process and cost models developed for
WRAP demonstrated that investment in
the land and equipment for a trench arising
recycling hub can be economically viable.
These models also indicate the true cost
of waste disposal from street works.
The process models indicate that the costs
of establishing recycling hubs can be offset
by reducing the costs of reinstatement by:
1. 48% to recycle trench arisings through
a waste transfer station and reinstate
with primary aggregate
2. Up to 56% to send trench arisings to
a recycling hub and to reinstate with
materials from the hub
Compared to sending trench arisings
to landfill and reinstating with primary
material. All ten contracting partners are
now taking steps to ensure that waste
is diverted to landfill and more recycled
materials are used. Only 30% of waste spoil
is now disposed of via landfill.
Source: ‘Utilities Recycling Commerciality Study’,
www.wrap.ork.uk/construction
Alfred M c Alpine and Encore Aggregates
– Recycled trench arisings in
reinstatement
Alfred M c Alpine were involved with the
reinstatement of trenches excavated to
allow works to be undertaken on a gas
pipeline at Clyde Street in Glasgow.
The in situ material was excavated and
recycled ex situ by Encore Aggregates.
The material was then reused in the
reinstatement works.
Source: AggRegain website, www.aggregain.org.uk
United Utilities - CBEM3 trials in Leeds
The CBEM3 (cement-bound excavated
material) pilot trial was set up by National
Grid at Sheepscar, Leeds, in August 2004,
and continues to operate successfully under
United Utilities.
The current trials of CBEM3 in West
Yorkshire are intended to prove CBEM3 as
a long-term, commercially and practically
viable reinstatement solution for much
larger workloads in a relatively small
geographical area.
Source: United Utilities
5
Draft Strategy for Sustainable Construction, Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Department of Trade and Industry),
London, July 2007. Available online via www.berr.gov.uk. This strategy is open for consultation until 30 November 2007

Materials Resource Efficiency in Street Works
Thames Water & Clancy Docwra -
Trenchless mains reinstatement
in London
As part of its Alliance Agreement with
Thames Water, Clancy Docwra has laid
300 km of mains, completing over 50% using
trenchless techniques including directional
drilling, pipe bursting and insertion.
The high percentage of trenchless mains
installation has been achieved by employing
an innovative approach to the works and
ensuring pre-construction planning is
intense and detailed.
Using expert utility apparatus locating
services has resulting in an improved unit
rate, improved relations with the various
London Boroughs, and an excellent Health,
Safety and Environmental record with
minimal damages or accidents.
Source: Source: Thames Water/Clancy Docwra
National Grid - Keyhole Road
Openings Utilising Core & Vacuum
Excavation Techniques
National Grid is the first utility in the UK to
combine vacuum and coring technology for
excavating in the Highway. This is a method
of opening the highway to work on plant
through either an 18 inch or 24 inch hole.
The technique involves two main
components:
■ A core is cut into the surface down to
the subbase; the complete core is then
removed for refitting after the work
■ A vacuum is used to remove all the soil
down to the apparatus to be worked.
Special tooling has also been developed
so that work can be carried out from the
surface through the 18 inch hole.
The excavated material is then compacted
to a compliant level, and finally, the core is
bonded back into position.
Source: National Grid
WASTE AVOIDANCE
Trenchless Technology
According to the Society for Trenchless
Technology (www.ukstt.org.uk) 6 , Trenchless
Technologies are “Methods for utility and other
line installation, rehabilitation, replacement,
renovation, repair, inspection, location and leak
detection, with minimum excavation from the
ground surface”.
The Society’s website provides a useful
introduction to trenchless technologies,
as does the Department for Transport’s best
practice guidance 7 . In addition, the Highways
Agency’s Design Manual for Roads and
Bridges (DMRB) includes an advice note on
trenchless technologies 8 . It should be noted
that trenchless technologies are not always
suitable and there may be no alternative to
opening trenches.
According to the UKSTT website, Trenchless
Technology can be broken into three areas:
■ repair and Renovation, Cleaning, Localised
Repair Techniques and Lining;
■ replacement, Pipebursting, Pipe Splitting,
Pipe Eating and Lead Extraction &
Replacement Systems; and
■ rew installation. Impact Moling,
Pipe Ramming, Auger Boring & Thrust
Boring, Pipe Jacking, Micro Tunnelling,
Guided Rod Pushing, Guided Boring &
Directional Drilling, Rock Boring, Cable
Pulling and Cable Blow In Systems.
Keyhole Techniques
For small excavations, keyhole techniques can
be utilised to minimise the size of the opening,
reducing disruption and the amount of arisings
and, if the excavated material is used for
reinstatement, reducing the amount of waste
sent to landfill.
First Time Permanent Reinstatement
It is not uncommon for utility excavations to
be initially reinstated on a temporary basis.
At a later date the temporary reinstatement
is replaced with a permanent one.
This approach is inefficient as the temporary
materials that are removed will either go to
landfill or are taken to be recycled off site.
Whenever possible, first time permanent
reinstatement should be undertaken.
This will result in less materials being wasted
and may also reduce the costs associated with
the reinstatement process.
6
Glossary – Trenchless Technology, United Kingdom Society for Trenchless Technology (UKSTT), Leamington Spa. Online at www.ukstt.org.uk/glossary
7
Best Practice In Street Works And Highway Works, Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions (now under the Department for Transport),
London, 2001. Online via www.dft.gov.uk
8
Guidance On The Trenchless Installation Of Services Beneath Motorways And Trunk Roads – HA 120/07, Volume 4 - Geotechnics And Drainage, Section 1
– Earthworks, Part 8, Highways Agency, London, 2007. Online via www.highways.gov.uk

Materials Resource Efficiency in Street Works
RECYCLED AND STABILISED MATERIALS
The WRAP guidance document - Recycled and
stabilised materials in trench reinstatement 4 ,
highlights good practice in recycling trench
excavation wastes.
Specific provision is given for the use of
recycled aggregates and hydraulically
bound mixtures, and the reuse of trench
arisings, within the second edition of the
Specification for the Reinstatement of
Openings in Highways 1 . This has recently
been complemented by Advice Note 1,
which has been produced “to clarify various
issues associated with Appendix A9” of the
Specification and thereby removes barriers to
the use of stabilised materials.
Wide experience with recycled materials and
stabilised materials (hydraulically bound
mixtures) already exists, both within the utility
reinstatement sector and the wider highway
engineering community. Taken from the WRAP
guidance document, Figure 3 shows materials
flows in good practice recycling 4 .
Recycled Materials
Recycled materials in reinstatements are
permitted by the HAUC (UK) Specification for
the Reinstatement of Openings in Highways;
as they are specified in the Highways Agency’s
Specification for Highway Works 9 .
The Specification for Highway Works includes
the use of recycled aggregates (from
construction, demolition and excavation waste)
and secondary aggregates (by-products of
industrial processes) in capping, subbase,
base, binder and surface course layers.
This includes their use in concrete, asphalt
(including foamed asphalt), and hydraulically
bound and unbound mixtures (such as
subbases and cappings) 9 .
Transportation of
trench arisings
Landfill
WRAP AggRegain Specifier Tool
The WRAP AggRegain Specifier tool,
online at www.aggregain.org.uk, is a free
tool that helps specifiers and buyers
choose the right aggregate for the right
application, to see which recycled and
secondary aggregates can be used in the
chosen application. Users can download
detailed technical notes and case studies
demonstrating the use of recycled
materials.
For example, searching via unbound
subbase indicates that Type 1, 2, 3 and R
subbase can use a wide range of recycled
and secondary aggregates:
■ Blastfurnace & Zinc slag
■ Burnt Colliery spoil
■ China clay sand and Stent
■ Foundry sand
■ Incinerator bottom ash
■ Recycled aggregate (RA)
■ Recycled asphalt (up to 50%)
■ Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA)
■ Recycled glass
■ Slate aggregate
■ Spent oil shale
■ Steel slag
Barhale Construction – ‘Trenchmod’
in the Borough of Camden
Barhale Construction used ‘Trenchmod’ –
a proprietary system for recycling materials
– on a project in Mansfield Road, Camden,
to modify the trench arisings for future
reinstatements. Arisings were taken to the
‘Trenchmod’ plant located on a Thames
Water site at Lea Bridge, Hackney.
The processed material was then
transported back to Camden as and
when required.
Trench excavation
& reinstatement
Local
transportation of
trench arisings
On-site re-use or
recycle (quality
controlled process)
Recycling (quality
conrolled process)
Non
recyclable
waste
Other
application
The performance history of the product and
previous Utility Companies’ usage has led
to an outright conditional acceptance from
the London Borough of Camden, where
‘Trenchmod’ may be used as a backfill/Type
1 subbase alternative.
Local
transportation
of certified
reinstatement
materials
Source: ‘Recycled and Stabilised Materials in Trench
Transportation
of primary
reinstatement
materials
Other
feedstock
KEY
Good practice
Standard practice
Figure 3: Simplified materials flow highlighting good
practice 4
9
Specification for Highway Works, Volume 1, Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works, Highways Agency, London. Online via www.highways.gov.uk

Materials Resource Efficiency in Street Works
Stabilised Materials
The HAUC (UK) Specification for the
Reinstatement of Openings in Highways 1
allows the use of stabilised materials, such
as hydraulically bound mixtures (HBMs),
where there is evidence that the material will
meet specified technical and performance
requirements.
Stabilised materials are attractive in many
highway and other construction projects as
they can improve locally available otherwise
unsuitable materials, suitable to use and fit
for purpose. The use of stabilised materials
can enable trench arisings to be recycled,
avoiding waste, transportation and disposal,
and bringing primary materials to site.
Advice Note 1 confirms that:
■ materials complying with to Series 800
of the Highways Agency’s Specification
for Highway Works 9 can be used without
trial. Series 800 includes specifications for
stabilised materials (HBMs) in subbase
and base layers; and
■ when a stabilised material has gained
approval from one Authority (and the
results and audit trail are available), other
Authorities cannot withhold permission to
use the material unless there are reasonable
engineering reasons for doing so.
HBM
CBGM A
CBGM B
CBGM C
FABM 1
FABM 2
FABM 3
FABM 5
SBM B1-2
SBM B2
SBM B3
HRBBM 1
HRBBM 2
HRBBM 3
SC
SFA
SHRB
SS
General
Description
Cement Bound
Granular
Mixtures
Fly Ash Bound
Mixtures
Slag Bound
Miixtures
Hydraulic Road
Binder Bound
Mixtures
Treated Soils 840
Series 800
Clauses
821-823
830-832, 834
830-832
830-832
Morrison Utility Services -
Stabilised trench arisings in
Type 2 roads in Hampshire
Morrison Utility Services conducted an
approval trial using SMR Soil Stabiliser to
recycle trench arisings into a Type 2 road in
Sarisbury Green, Hampshire.
The excavated trench arisings were
processed at a nearby site and the SMR
stabilised material transported back to
the site when required. The SMR Soil
Stabiliser is suitable for both large and
small reinstatement operations as it can be
incorporated using mobile plant and hand
mixing. Testing of this material has shown
that it can outperform SHW Type 1 subbase.
Following the successful trial on the A27,
the material has now been approved for
Type 2, 3, and 4 roads across Hampshire.
Source: ‘Recycled and stabilised materials in trench
reinstatement’, www.wrap.org.uk/construction
O’Keefe – Assessment of lime
treated arisings
A site trial of lime modified material was
carried out at the O’Keefe Construction
plant yard in Dunbrick, Sevenoaks. The
material, provided by Skanska, was
screened to remove the fraction >40 mm.
The remaining material was divided,
with half being treated with the addition
of 1% lime.
Both materials were then used to reinstate
a small trench, where two CBR tests were
carried out. Two weeks later further CBR
test readings were taken.
CBR (%)
80
60
40
20
0
untreated
– tested
immediately
untreated
at 2 weeks
age
1% lime at 2
weeks age
The results showed no improvement in
strength for the untreated material, whereas
the treated material showed significant
strength gain.
Source: O’Keefe Soil Remediation
2% lime at 2
weeks age
insitu test -
immediate
insitu test
at 2 weeks
age

Materials Resource Efficiency in Street Works
This guide was developed by:
This agreement was developed by:
HAUC CSS NJUG
This agreement was developed by:
This agreement was developed by:
HAUC CSS NJUG
HAUC CSS NJUG
Front cover photograph: Volumetric truck used to batch recycled material for the manufacture of HBM,
photograph
Front
courtesy
cover photograph:
of Clancy Docwra.
Volumetric truck used to batch recycled material for the manufacture of HBM,
photograph courtesy of Clancy Docwra.
Front cover photograph: Volumetric truck used to batch recycled material for the manufacture of HBM, photograph courtesy of Clancy Docwra.
Disclaimer Front Disclaimer cover photograph: Volumetric truck used to batch recycled material for the manufacture of HBM,
This document photograph This document has courtesy been has published been of Clancy published Docwra. in good in good faith faith by WRAP by WRAP with with the the help help of of Scott Wilson, and and neither neither WRAP WRAP nor nor
Disclaimer Scott Wilson Scott shall Wilson incur shall any incur liability any liability for any for action any action or or omission arising out of any reliance being placed placed on on the the
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