Asian Currents - Asian Studies Association of Australia

Indonesia’s media
moguls: managers
or manipulators
The ownership of newspapers by
politicians and businessmen in
Indonesia leads to self-censorship by
journalists who write for these
publications, writes ROSS TAPSELL.
I
ndonesian journalists have a long
history of enduring pressures in their
professional practice. During the New
Order, the Indonesian Government and
military controlled the ownership of
newspapers through press permits and
strict laws enforced by the Ministry of
Information. Journalists and editors were
forced to self-censor, and could not openly
discuss topics regarded by authorities as
‗taboo‘.
In particular, topics such as the First
Family‘s business interests, or military
violence in the outer regions of the
archipelago were not to be discussed
openly in the press. With the fall of the
New Order and closure of the Ministry of
Information, the processes to implement
press freedom began, and initially over
800 publications arose as a result.
Today, Indonesia has a more vibrant and
freer press through a range of mediums, in
which considerable discussion and debate
occurs on most topics. Journalists who
operate in Indonesia today are certainly
freer from government and military
controls than were their predecessors, and
owning a newspaper today does not mean
adhering to draconian instructions from
authorities.
Yet despite 10 years of various democratic
reforms, Indonesia still rates poorly in
independent surveys of press freedom.
Reporters Without Borders ranked
Indonesia 117 out of 178 countries in their
World Press Freedom Index for 2010.
Columbia University-based Freedom
House Institute categorises press freedom
in Indonesia as only ‗partly free‘. While
these surveys take into account a large
number of factors, one concern for press
freedom activists in Indonesia is that
journalists continue to self-censor as they
report on their owner‘s business or political
interests.
Indonesia‘s print media market continues
to be dominated by daily newspapers
Kompas and Jawa Pos, and the weekly
newsmagazine, Tempo. However, since
2006 there has been an increase in
newspapers that are owned by prominent
businessmen and politicians.
This situation led Megawati Sukarnoputri,
leader of the Democratic Party of Struggle
[PDIP], to lament that her party, unlike
others, did not have a major media
publication through which to promote her
views. She may have been alluding to
some of the newspapers described below.
In 2006,
Indonesian
President Susilo
Bambang
Yudhoyono
[SBY]
established
Jurnal Nasional,
a daily Indonesian-language broadsheet
published in Jakarta. He appointed his
spokesperson and now Minister for Sport,
Andy Mallarengang, as one of the paper‘s
administrators, and Ramadhan Pohan as
the paper‘s first chief editor. Pohan
stressed that SBY established the
newspaper because ‗there should be a
paper that did more than just report bad
news – but good news as well‘. Sceptics
who saw Jurnal Nasional as ‗SBY‘s party
newspaper‘ were further vindicated when
Pohan was appointed a member of
parliament in SBY‘s 2008 cabinet.
Aburizal Bakrie is currently chief of the
political party Golkar and is one of the
richest and most powerful men in
Indonesia. Bakrie-controlled companies
cover the breadth of Indonesia's economy.
They include mining, oil and gas, palm oil,
property, telecommunications and finance.
In 2008 Bakrie purchased the ailing
newspaper, the Surabaya Post. This
added to his portfolio of media businesses,
which include stakes in television stations
ANTV, TVONE, and ArekTV (Surabaya)
and the online newswire service
Vivanews! Bakrie‘s purchase of the
Surabaya Post was particularly
controversial because the paper had
previously criticised his company, Lapindo
Brantas, for its involvement Continued page 10>>
Asian Currents July 2011 9