Sustainable Pavement Designs for Runways and Taxiways
Sustainable Pavement Designs for Runways and Taxiways
Sustainable Pavement Designs for Runways and Taxiways
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Concrete Airport <strong>Pavement</strong> Workshop, October 27-28, 2010<br />
<strong>Sustainable</strong> <strong>Pavement</strong> <strong>Designs</strong> <strong>for</strong><br />
<strong>Runways</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Taxiways</strong><br />
Fares Y. Abdo, P.E.<br />
Market Manager, <strong>Pavement</strong>s<br />
Portl<strong>and</strong> Cement Association
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Presentation Outline<br />
• <strong>Pavement</strong>s <strong>and</strong><br />
Sustainability<br />
• Cement-Treated<br />
Bases<br />
• FAA Requirements<br />
• St<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>and</strong> Non-<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>Pavement</strong><br />
Sections<br />
• Case Studies
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What is sustainable development<br />
■ "Development that meets the needs of the<br />
present without compromising the ability<br />
of future generations to meet their own<br />
needs." World Commission on Environment <strong>and</strong><br />
Development’s Report Our Common Future (Ox<strong>for</strong>d University Press,<br />
1987).<br />
Paradigm shift –<br />
We have not inherited the world from our<br />
<strong>for</strong>efathers -- we have borrowed it from our<br />
children – ancient proverb
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Sustainability<br />
(Thomas Olson-The Pittsburgh Tribune, 10/24/10)<br />
Sustainability is not an exact science<br />
• What Exactly is “Sustainability”<br />
• The concept of “sustainability” seems to be—as the<br />
word implies – here to stay<br />
• It's increasingly embedded in business, government<br />
<strong>and</strong> elsewhere
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<strong>Sustainable</strong> Strategies<br />
• Longevity <strong>and</strong> Lifecycle cle Cost<br />
• Use of In-Situ Materials<br />
• Recycling <strong>and</strong> Waste Reduction<br />
• Optimal Material Utilization<br />
• Reduced Energy Use<br />
• Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions<br />
• Water Quality <strong>and</strong> Stormwater Runoff
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ission i Critical Concrete <strong>Runways</strong><br />
ajority of Airports in U.S. were built during<br />
WII using concrete<br />
ittsburgh, Baltimore, Miami, Washington<br />
ational, <strong>and</strong> more are 60+ years old
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avement Sustainability Rating systems<br />
<strong>Pavement</strong> sustainability <strong>and</strong> USGBC LEED<br />
rating system<br />
• <strong>Sustainable</strong> sites<br />
<strong>Pavement</strong> rating systems<br />
• Greenroads 1.0<br />
• GreenLITES<br />
• FHWA (under development)<br />
• FHWA (under development)<br />
• ASCE (under development)
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e Future of <strong>Pavement</strong> Sustainability<br />
Greenroads<br />
State DOTs<br />
FHWA<br />
ASTM<br />
Rating<br />
System<br />
2<br />
Rating<br />
System<br />
1<br />
Rating<br />
System<br />
3<br />
ASCE/APWA/ACEC<br />
FAA; Others<br />
Agency<br />
Specifications<br />
Eventually, the influence of rating systems will diminish as
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ement-Based <strong>Pavement</strong> Materials<br />
Roller-Compacted<br />
Concrete<br />
Pervious<br />
Concrete<br />
Conventional<br />
Concrete<br />
FAA<br />
Econocrete<br />
P-306<br />
AA<br />
Soil-Cement<br />
t-Treated<br />
t Cementubbase<br />
Treated<br />
Base<br />
01 &<br />
304 Flowable Fill<br />
ent Conte ent<br />
Cem<br />
Full-Depth<br />
Reclamation<br />
Cement-Modified<br />
Soil
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finition<br />
ment-Treated Base – an intimate mixture of<br />
tive <strong>and</strong>/or manufactured aggregates with<br />
easured amounts of portl<strong>and</strong> cement (<strong>and</strong><br />
ssibly other cementitious materials) <strong>and</strong><br />
ter that hardens after compaction <strong>and</strong> curing<br />
<strong>for</strong>m a strong durable paving material
TM<br />
t materials can be treated with cement<br />
• Soils (s<strong>and</strong>, silt, clay)<br />
• Gravel<br />
• Shale<br />
• Crushed stone<br />
• Slag<br />
• Recycled HMA<br />
• Recycled concrete
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hy Use CTB<br />
Economical pavement base<br />
Decreased base thickness compared to<br />
unbound aggregate base<br />
Structural properties maintained under varying<br />
moisture conditions<br />
High stiffness inhibits fatigue cracking <strong>and</strong><br />
rutting of asphalt surface<br />
<strong>Sustainable</strong> paving option
AA Base/Subbase Approved Materials<br />
TM
TM<br />
Purpose of Base/Subbase Courses<br />
(FAA AC 150/5320-6E)<br />
Flexible pavements<br />
• Principal structural components<br />
• Distribute the loads to the<br />
foundation<br />
Asphalt<br />
Base<br />
Subbase<br />
(Req. if CBR
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mproved Per<strong>for</strong>mance in Rutting <strong>and</strong> Fatigue Cracking<br />
P<br />
P<br />
Unstabilized Granular Base<br />
Cement-Treated Base
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Purpose of Base/Subbase Courses<br />
(FAA AC 150/5320-6E)<br />
Flexible pavements<br />
• Principal structural component<br />
• Distribute the loads to the<br />
foundation<br />
Rigid pavements<br />
• Provide uni<strong>for</strong>m stable support<br />
Asphalt<br />
Base<br />
Subbase<br />
(Req. if CBR
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Materials <strong>for</strong> Base Course<br />
FAA AC 150/5320-6E Flexible <strong>Pavement</strong> Design<br />
m Base Course Max. Gross Load,<br />
lbs.<br />
8 Aggregate Base 60,000000<br />
9 Crushed Aggregate Base 100,000<br />
1 Lime Rock Base N/A<br />
9 Recycled Concrete Aggregate Base 100,000<br />
4 Cement Treated Base N/A<br />
6 Econocrete Subbase N/A<br />
1 Plant Mix Bituminous <strong>Pavement</strong>s N/A<br />
3 HMA Base N/A
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Materials <strong>for</strong> Subbase Course<br />
FAA AC 150/5320-6E Flexible <strong>Pavement</strong> Design<br />
m Subbase Course 1 Frost Penetrating<br />
Subbase<br />
4 Subbase Course<br />
<br />
0 Caliche Base Course <br />
2 Shell Base Course <br />
3 S<strong>and</strong> Clay Base Course X<br />
1 Soil Cement Base Course X<br />
terials acceptable <strong>for</strong> base course can also be used <strong>for</strong> subbase course
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Materials <strong>for</strong> Subbase Course<br />
FAA AC 150/5320-6E Rigid <strong>Pavement</strong> Design<br />
m Subbase Course Max. Gross Load,<br />
lbs.<br />
Subbase Course Requires quality 100,000<br />
aggregates or<br />
crushed<br />
concrete<br />
meeting same<br />
requirements<br />
Aggregate Base Course 100,000<br />
Crushed Aggregate Base Course 100,000<br />
Lime Rock Base Course 100,000<br />
Soil Cement Base Course 100,000<br />
Cement Treated Base Course<br />
Econocrete Subbase Course<br />
Plant Mix Bituminous <strong>Pavement</strong>s<br />
HMA Base Course<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
N/A
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Engineering Properties of CTB<br />
Property 1 FAA P-301<br />
FAA P-304<br />
PCA CTB<br />
(Soil Cement)<br />
(CTB)<br />
Compressive N/A 2 Under PCC: 300 min.;<br />
gth, psi<br />
500 min.; 1000 max.<br />
Under HMA:<br />
750 min.; 1000 max.<br />
800 max.<br />
c Modulus, ksi 250 500 600-1000<br />
on’s Ratio 0.20 0.20 0.15<br />
efer to FAA AC 150/5320-6E <strong>for</strong> durability requirements<br />
AA recommendations <strong>for</strong> P-301 are based on wet-dry <strong>and</strong> freeze-thaw tests<br />
nd strength should increase with age
Mixing i Methods<br />
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TM<br />
ixing Methods<br />
■ Two methods<br />
■ Plant Mix<br />
■ Road Mix (in-place)
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lant Mix<br />
FAA P-301<br />
FAA P-304<br />
Central<br />
Concrete<br />
Batch Plant
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oad Mix<br />
In-situ or mixed in place materials<br />
Applicable <strong>for</strong><br />
FAA P-301 but<br />
ot P-304 (unless<br />
variance is<br />
granted)
oad Mix<br />
Spread cement<br />
Add water if<br />
necessary <strong>and</strong> mix<br />
Grade <strong>and</strong> compact<br />
Cure
oad Mix<br />
AA P-301<br />
ineers ordered a number of these large machines <strong>and</strong> has<br />
d on the use of Rototillers in the construction of the air field,<br />
pee, Mass., military airport, Brunswick Maine <strong>and</strong> airports<br />
hout the country.<br />
Troy Record, 1938 Troy Public Library, Library Source
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oad Mix<br />
hen…
oad Mix<br />
nd now…<br />
Why can’t use this<br />
ethod to build FAA P-
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nt vs. Road Mix Considerations<br />
Traffic loading/agency requirements<br />
• FAA P-304 spec includes plant mix only<br />
Quality of in-situ it materials<br />
Cost<br />
Haul distances: material sources, plant, jobsite<br />
Design thickness (one or multiple lifts)<br />
<strong>Sustainable</strong> considerations (Reduce, Reuse <strong>and</strong><br />
Recycle)
Applications<br />
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ere are stabilized materials used<br />
• Low volume roadways<br />
• Residential streets<br />
• State routes<br />
• Interstate highways<br />
• Airport runways <strong>and</strong> taxiways<br />
• Parking lots<br />
• Industrial storage facilities<br />
• Port facilities<br />
• Truck terminals<br />
In other words…<br />
any pavement structure!
ashington Dulles<br />
rport Runway 4, 2008<br />
18” PCC w/<br />
owelled transverse<br />
joints at 20 ft<br />
6” CTB, 6% cement<br />
12” Cement-<br />
Stabilized Subgrade,<br />
5% cement
TM<br />
ashington Dulles<br />
rport Runway 4<br />
Runway 4 completed in 2008<br />
Runway 12 was completed in<br />
2004
9” Cement-Treated 6” Cement-Treated<br />
Ex Hub at Alliance<br />
port, Fort Worth,<br />
1997<br />
Taxiway & Ramp<br />
Truck Terminal &<br />
14” PCC Container Storage<br />
9” CTB<br />
10” JRCP
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Ex Hub at Alliance Airport, Fort Worth, TX<br />
0-yr design life<br />
ompleted in 1997<br />
30,000 yd 2<br />
ement-treated subgrade<br />
■ 7 % cement, 250 psi,<br />
reduced PI from 38 to less<br />
than 12<br />
ement –treated base<br />
■ 750 psi at 28 days
W SE Perimeter<br />
xiway, 2008<br />
irst perimeter taxiway in U.S.<br />
uilt <strong>for</strong> safety <strong>and</strong> to reduce<br />
ongestion delays<br />
18” CRCP<br />
12” CTB<br />
12” Lime-Treated
W SE Perimeter<br />
iway<br />
ompleted in 2008<br />
25,000 yd 2<br />
ata will be analyzed be<strong>for</strong>e<br />
uilding the remaining 3 loops
iedman Memorial<br />
rport, Hailey, Idaho<br />
Single asphalt runway<br />
serving the airport<br />
7,500 ft long runway.<br />
6,900 ft needed rehab<br />
Priority No. 1:<br />
Minimize runway<br />
shutdown time<br />
• Construction ti time
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iedman Memorial Airport Runway, Hailey, Idaho<br />
Planned replacement<br />
airport in 10 years<br />
Three FAA approved<br />
methods considered but<br />
none could be done within<br />
30 days (fastest<br />
construction was estimated<br />
at 48 days)<br />
FAA approved owner’s<br />
Courtesy of T-O Engineers
TM<br />
dman Memorial Airport Runway, Hailey, Idaho<br />
FAA<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
HMA<br />
4”<br />
Crushed -<br />
Stone Base<br />
6”<br />
FAA<br />
FAA<br />
Alternate 1 Alternate 2<br />
HMA<br />
4”<br />
Crushed-<br />
Stone Base<br />
14”<br />
HMA<br />
14.5”<br />
FDR<br />
Option<br />
HMA<br />
6”<br />
FDR<br />
12”<br />
Subbase<br />
15”
dman Memorial Airport Runway, Hailey, Idaho<br />
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TM<br />
iedman Memorial Airport Runway, Hailey, Idaho<br />
Constructed within contract time in 2007<br />
$1 million in construction o savings<br />
Reduced use of virgin materials from quarries<br />
Eliminated about 4,000 truck trips<br />
Reduced material disposal<br />
Reduced fuel use, air emissions, traffic<br />
congestion <strong>and</strong> damage to nearby roads
Dauphin Isl<strong>and</strong> Airport, Alabama<br />
TM
uphin Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
rport, Alabama
TM<br />
uphin Isl<strong>and</strong>, AL<br />
istress<br />
▪ Raveling<br />
▪ Severe<br />
cracking<br />
▪ Mild base<br />
failure
TM<br />
uphin Isl<strong>and</strong>, AL<br />
igh water<br />
able<br />
Courtesy of Volkert
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uphin Isl<strong>and</strong> Runway Repair Options<br />
Remove <strong>and</strong> Replace<br />
• Mill existing Asphalt<br />
• Repair base<br />
• Place 4” asphalt<br />
wearing surface<br />
• Full Depth Reclamation<br />
• FDR = 7.5 75 Inches<br />
• Cement = 45 Lbs./<br />
SY S.Y.<br />
• Place 3.5” asphalt<br />
wearing surface
uphin Isl<strong>and</strong>,<br />
Courtesy of Volkert
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auphin Isl<strong>and</strong>, AL<br />
Benefits of FDR Option<br />
• Reduced construction time<br />
• Higher pavement strength<br />
• 30% cost savings<br />
• Conservations of virgin materials <strong>and</strong> energy<br />
savings
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Atlanta Airport Apron Project, 2010<br />
168,000 SY
TM<br />
nta Airport Apron Section<br />
FAA<br />
ndard<br />
As<br />
Constructed<br />
C (P-501)<br />
20” PCC (P-501)<br />
Courtesy of J A Long, Inc.<br />
conocrete<br />
P-306)<br />
il-Cement<br />
-301)<br />
9” Cement-Treaded<br />
Subgrade; 600 psi<br />
at 7 days
TM<br />
More In<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
www.cement.org/pavements
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