Part Two - Indymedia

Introduction 11
pending on a number of factors, including the age, educational level,
class, gender, religious background, and national identity of those involved.
Any attempt to provide a comprehensive social history of the era
would have to address these differences in a systematic manner.
Notes
1. Culture in this work refers both to works and monuments of artistic creation
and to what Geertz calls "mass culture," defined as "the half-formed, taken-forgranted,
indifferently systematized notions that guide the activities of normal
men in everyday life." Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York:
Basic Books Inc., 1973), 14,362.
2. Given Yugoslavia's complex national makeup, it would undoubtedly be
more accurate to speak of efforts to realize the transformation of cultures, not culture.
The Communists, however, made no such distinction and for the sake of
simplicity, unless the distinction is absolutely necessary, neither will I.
3. For this paper, I use the term citizens to mean only "members of a state."
While some may reasonably dispute its implication of sovereignty, it is, even so, a
less problematic term than the most obvious alternative, Yugoslavs,
4. Phyllis Auty, Yugoslavia (New York: Walker and Company, 1965); George W.
Hoffman and Fred Warner Neal, Yugoslavia and the New Communism (New York:
Twentieth Century Fund, 1962); Dennison Rusinow, The Yugoslav Experiment,
1948-1974 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977). Yugoslav historians
have generally followed a similar approach. While less critical of CPY leaders
before the split, they nonetheless blame all flaws in the early years of party rule
on its adherence to the Soviet model. Vladimir Dedijer, Tito (New York: Simon
and Schuster, 1953); Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (New York: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich, 1962); Pero Mora£a and Stanislav Stojanovic, eds., Povijest
Saveza kamunista fugoslavije e (Belgrade: Izdavacki centar Komunist, 1985).
5. Certain aspects of the period have been addressed in larger histories, memoirs,
and isolated monographs, but most often only in a brief and clearly introductory
manner. See Dusan Bilandzic, Historija nSodjalistiCke e Federativne Eepublike
Jugoslavije: Glavni procesi, 1918-1985 (Zagreb: Skolska knjiga, 1985); Branko Petranovic,
Politiflte e i pmvne prilike za vrerne priwemene vlade DFJ (Belgrade: 1964);
Branko Petranovifi, Istorija Jugoslavije 1918-1978 (Belgrade: 1980); Morafia and
Stojanovic; Vladimir Dedijer, Novi prilozi za biografiju Josipa Broza Tita, Vol. 3 (Belgrade:
Rad, 1984); Djilas, Conversations with Stalin; Milovan Djilas, Rise and Fall
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Vladimir Dedijer, The Battle Stalin
Lost, Memoirs of Yugoslavia, 1948-1953 (New York: Viking Press, 1970); A. Ross
Johnson, The Transformation of Communist Ideology, The Yugoslav Case, 1945-1953
(Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1972); Ivo Banac, With Stalin Against Tito, Caminformist
Splits in Yugoslav Communism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
1988); Adam B. Ulam, Titoism and the Cominform m(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1952). Only recently, stimulated by a new availability of archival
materials, has more detailed study of the 1944-1948 period been initiated by a
number of young Yugoslav scholars as well as by a few Americans. See Melissa