IGFRI Annual Report 1984 - Indian Grassland and Fodder Research ...

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IGFRI'
ANNUAL REPORT
1984
INDIAN GRASSLAND AND FODD,ER RESEARCH INSTITUTE
JHANSI-284003 (U. P.) INDIA

September, 1986
Edited by :
Panjab Singh
Bhag Mal
P. S. Pathak
Menhi La}
P. Kumar
A. K. Srivastava
Published by the Director, IGFRI, Jhansi-284003 and Printed by Adarsh Paper']
Agrawal Press Jhansi

CONTENTS
1, General 1
2. Research Highlights 11
3. Division of Plant Improvement 23
4. Division of Agronomy 67
5. Division of Soil Science 97
6. Division of Grassland Management 119
7. Division of Agrosilvipasture 141
8. Division of Seed Technology 163
9. Division of plant Animal Relationship 181
10. Division of Agricultural Engineering 219
11, Division of Rural Economics & Biometrics 229
12. Division of Extension & Trainning 237
13. Sub-Station, Manasbal (J & K) 239
14. Publications 245
Appendix I - List of Staff
Appendix II - Statement of reserved vacancies

PREFACE
Forage production is the backbone of the livestock industry and therefore green nutritious
forages stand not only on· the forefront of economic production of animal products like
milk, meat, egg and wool, but also support the maintenance of draught power in this era of
energy crisis. The widening gap between the supply and demand of green and dry fodder as
well as concentrates needs to be bridged.
. The Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, a central organisation, has the
major mandate'[ of developing forage and feed resources to achieve the goal of feeding such a
huge livestock wealth in the country. The Institute is engaged in basic and applied research on
all facets of fodder crops, grasses and grasslands for the development of suitable technologies
ahd their transfer through organised training programmes, field demonstrations and other
extension methods. It is in this context that mission oriented research efforts are being made
for the development of economically feasible forage production systems suitable for different
farming situations under various agro-climatic zones of the country.
The present report embodies an account of research results emanated from multidisciplinary
approach in the field of forage production and utilization during the year 1984.
It is expected that the information contained herein will be of immense utility to all those
engaged in the field of forage production and utilization.
I express my heartiest thanks to the members of publication committee for compilation
and editing, Shri R. B. Mathur for helping in proof reading and Shri Munna Singh for
preparation of cover design.
September 15, 1986
( PANJAB SINGH)
Director

GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
Livestock continues to be the back bone of Indian Agriculture, characterised by mixed
farming system involving crop and animal enterprises. Feeding of livestock judiciously with
nutritious forages is very crucial for ensuring optimum level of milk, meat, wool and egg
production. One of the major factors that limits the expected level of production is the wide
gap between the requirement and availability for feeds/forages. Moreover, the increasing
competition between human and livestock population for needed nutrients is also causing a
great concern owing to land and input constraints. Thus, feeding of huge livestock wealth
warrants Concerted efforts to develop feed and fodder resources in the country.
The importance of forages in feeding the livestock, the ever increasing gap between
supply and demand, the diversity and complexity of the problems and their impact on agricultural
economy of the country led to the establishment of the Indian Grassland and
Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi towards the end of Third Five Year Plan in 1962 by the
Government of India and administered by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New
Delhi from April, 1966.
OBJECTIVES
In order to discharge the responsibility of national mandate on development and
utilization of forage and feed resources, the institute has the following objectives;
To carryout research, both of basic and applied nature on grasses, grasslands and
fodder crops and to collect, coordinate and collaborate research in the country by centralising
direction/operation and superintendence.
To evolve high yielding, fertilizer responsive, disease and pest resistant and superior
quality forage crop varieties suited to different farming systems in various agro-climatic

egions of the country by the use of modern techniques of plant breeding and through the
application of research in other congnate disciplines.
To develop agro-techniques for maximising forage production in irrigated, rainfed
and other problem areas by evolving appropriate cultural-cum-fertilizer practices, intensive
crop rotations, soil-water management strategies, systems analysis and crop modelling and
agro-forestry including ley farming approaches.
To carry out studies on soil survey and land use, physiochemical characterization of
forage growing areas, soil fertility and plant nutrition, biological nitrogen fixation and amelioration
of problem soils for forage production.
To undertake investigations on natural grasslandsjdcgraded rangelands for Improving
their productivity through ecological principles, species combinations and establishment management
techniques under different grass covers of the country.
To develop and evaluate various cropjtree species combinations for silvi-pasture,
horti-pasture and agroforestry systems for enhancing forage, fuel and timber production
from marginal and submarginal wastelands under different agro-clirnatic regions of the
country.
To couduct basic and applied research on nutritional evaluation of cultivated foragel
pasture species including non-conventional plants and crop residues, their conservation,
fortification and ultization for optimum animal production.
To cond. ct research on all aspects of forage seed production and devise suitable control
measures for protecting .secd durirg storage from disease and pests.
fodders and grass­
To study various facets of the problems of the weeds in cultivated
lands and evolve economic measures for their control.
To design and fabricate efficient, low cost, labour saving farm machinery and implements
from indigenous materials to meet the diverse needs with special reference to forage
cultivation on small farm holdings.
To undertake investgations on statistical designs, sampling techniques and economicanalysis
related to herbage and seed production in forage crops! systems.
To develop appropriate extension techniques for transfer of proven technology, get feed
back information for further investigition and to disseminate knowledge on the subject
thrcugh organising training programmes.
( 2 )

ORGANISATION
The icstitute located at Jhansi (780 35' E longitude, 250 26' N latitude and 275 m
altitude) about lO km from the town on Jhansi-Gwalior road iseurrently organised .into eleven
scientific Divisions, viz. Plant Improvement, Agronomy and System Synthesis, Soil Science,
Grassland Management, Agro-silvipasture, Seed Technology,Plant Animal Relationship, Weed
Ecology and Control, Agricultural Engineering and Post-Harvest Technology, Rural Economics
and Biometrics and Extension and Training and nine Central Units Viz. Administration,
Audit and Accounts, Estate, Farm, Library, Technical Cell, Photographyand Arts, Central
Laboratry Services and Research and Development Cell. The Institute is the headquarter
of All India Coordinated Project for Research on Forage Crops having its main and sub centres
in various parts of the country. Besides, Institute also houses research centres of All India
Coordinated Project on Dryland Agriculture, Agroforestry, Under-utilized and under-exploited
Plants, Prototype Testing and Feasibility and National Seed Project. The Institute has
also research collaboration at International level through two International projects viz.
IDRC-IGFRI Silvipasture Operational Research Project and PL-480 Project on Weed management
Research III Food-Fodder Production System.
For conducting researches for the higher altitude temperate, alpine and hilly regions
extending over the State of J & K, Himachal Pradesh.Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and North­
Eastern Regions of the country, the Institute has established its regional station at Manasbal
Snfapura (J&K).
RESEARCH COLLABORATION
The Institute with its pre-eminance on the subject and national mandate coordinates
the research work on grassland and fodder production and also collaborates at national and
international level.
A. National level :
All India Coordinated Research Project 03 Forage
Crops.
The Project is charged with the responsibility of formulating technical programme and
monitoring research on all aspects of forage crops at different centres i~ various agro-climatic
( 3

egions of the country. Through this Project, the Institute plays a leading role in fostering
olose cooperation with various State Agricultural Universities and Research Institutes.
ii
National seed project (NSP)
The World Bank aided National seed project located at the Instittute is responsible for
production of breeder seed of released/notified forage crop varieties.
iii
AICRP on Dryland Agriculture
The centre of All India Coordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture is
engaged in research work for evolving suitable integrated crop production strategy for drought
prone areas of Bundelkhand based on watershed approach.
iv
All India 'conrdinated Research Project on Agro-Forestry,
The centre of this project functions with emphasis on collection and evaluation of
promising fuel, fodder and small timber producing speciesjcultivars with a view to work out
suitable system for different situations.
v
AU India Coordinated Research Project on under-exploited and under utilized plants.
The centre started functioning at the Institute during this year for collection, evaluation,
multiplication and testing of under-exploited and under-utilized plant species with
special reference to su-babool for various habitats and farming systems.
vi
AICRP on Development, Testing and prototype production of Farm Implements and
Machinery.
The centre of this project is in operation at the Institute for developing and testing
the possibility of Using improved '!gricultural implements and farm machinery in forage based
farming systems and educating the farmers on usefulness, handling and maintenance of improved
implements.
vii
Watershed Management
The centre under the technical control of IGFRI for water shed Management in Bangra
4

area of Jhansi district has already been initiated. The watershed management planning for
this area has been drafted and being implemented.
B. International level
IDRC-IGFRI Silvipasture Operational Research Project.
The Government of Canada aided project is in operation at the Institute specifically
for Bundelkhand region with the objective of increasing the forage and tree crop productivity
on degraded lands in the region.
ii
PL-480 project on Weed Management Research in Food-Fodder Production S,stem.
This project operates at the Institute with the major objectives of working out integrated
weed management practices for food and fodder crop production system, evaluating
herbicide residue in plants and soil and invesrigmng the influence of these practices on the
quality of produce.
TRAINING AND EDUCATION
Training:
There is a comprehensive training programme at the Institute on all aspects of forage
production and its utilization. A nine month diploma course was initiated during 1976 for
inservice personnel. During the year, diploma was awarded to 11 successful candidates.
The Institute also offers short term refresher training courses for the benefit of different
Govt. departments, corporations and voluntary organisation. Technology appraisal trainings
were also organised for farmers, village level workers, forest guardsjin forage crop production
and raising of fuel/fodder/fruit species.
Education:
The Instiute was recognised centre of research under the auspices of Jiwaji University,
Gwalior, Bundelkhand Univetsity, Jhansi and Agra University, Agra for award of Ph. D.
( 5

degree in Botany, Agronomy, Chemistry ,and Geography, Four candidates were awarded Ph.D
degree during the year. . , , .,
EXTENSION
Usar Land Development (Amethi-Ral Barellly)
Under Social Forestry, the desire was expressed by' the U. P. State' for providing
technical know- how for pasture in Usar land in eastern Zone. A team visited this area and
certain recommendations were made, especially, para grass and Dicnrostecbv e were supplied.
These Were planted for twin purposes of reducing the soil pH and also obtaining the animal
feed under the social forestry plantations in Usar land, .
Outreach programme
Rewari (Haryana): Outreach programmes in Rcwari and Gurgvon area of Haryana were
further strengthened by ;ising and supplying su-b~bool saplings, and seed material of
fodder turnips, berseernv oats and wintermaize,
ii
iii
iv
Shivpuri and Guna (M.P.) : Farming system with integration of su-babool and berseem
followed by fodder bajra, sorghum in farmeres field has been demonstrated in that
region.
Durg (M. P.) : Success has been achieved in establishmmt of su-babool plantations on
hundreds of farmer's fields under the auspices of Regional Farmer's Farm at Durg
(M.P.). A general awareness with regard to su-babool farming has been created. Similar
impact has been made in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh.
Hamirpur (V.P,) : Twenty block each of 10 to 20 ha area spread out in the entire district
in various Villages have been established with Stv/o through district authorities.
A remarkable success has bzen aC:liev~d in e,:abl:s:l:ng th zs; and locrl frrrning community
is enthusiastic to adopt and spread thi~ i.1 their areas.
I ...ab to La.HI programme:
The 'Lab to Land I programm- is continuing with 230 farm families in SIX villages from
thJce blocks of Jhansi (U. P) and Datia (M. P.) districts.' Under this programme, the Institute
has taken up improved crop produc.ion demonstrations, energy plantations of fuel-fodder
( 6 j

species, planting of seedlings of hortipasroral species and 'conducting large scale fodder adaptive
trials to aqaint the participating farm families with the latest fodder production technology
under various systems.
SEMINARS/SYMPOSIA/WORKSHOPS
During the year 1984, following workshopsjscminars/symposia were organised at the
Institute.
II
iii
iv
v
Group meeting of All India Coordinated
Research Project on Agro·forestry.
Group meeting of All India Coordinated
Research Project on Forage Crops.
WOlksh )p-cu'n-Seminar on fodder production
technology under irrigated and rainfed conditions.
Xth Annuil Workshop of AII India Co ordinated
Research Project on Forage Crops.
Technology Appraisal Seminar to Nehr.i Yo~t-h
Centre and Adult Education Department.
Jhansi-Allahabad.
April 3-4, 1934
April'4-5, 1984
August 22-29, 1984
September 23·-25, 1984
November 28 to
December 8, 1984
STAFF
The Institute had a sanctioned strength of 237 s .ientists, 148 technical; 92 administrative
178 supporting and 38 auxilIary staff. The staff position as on 31.12.84 has been given in
A ppen dix-l.
.. \.
FINANCE
During the year 1984-85, the Instlut; 1115 u ilizd a budget of Rs. 100.77 lakhs of
which Rs. 21.51 lakhs was under plan and Rs. 79.26 lakhs under non-plan. The capital expenditure
was Rs, 0.74 lakhs. A revenue of Rs. 2.89 bl;:~lS W.lS realised from the sale of farm
produce.
( 7 )

FACILITIES
Experimental Farm
The Institute has a total land area of 574 hectares including campus. The experimental
farm is divided into blocks earmarked for different divisions. Tar road was completed from
one to the other end at the farm. Additional irrigationa\ facilities were created, although a
seasonal canal runs across the farm. The farm has varying topography and represents rsker,
parwa and kabar types of Bundelkhand soils. The constructon of one more field laboratory has
been completed this year to provide building and laboratory facilities at the farm. The electricity
line has also been extended throughout the farm. The Institute is also having a farmer's
demonstration block.
ii
Administrative Wing and Research Laboratories
The building complex comprises Director's office, conference hall and 'committee
rooms with telex and telephone facilities. There are five laboratory wings with a total
of 25 laboratories and 51 sitting rooms epui pped with modern instruments, fixtures and furnitures
Since the Institute has multidisciplinary divisions a separate central laboratory provides
centralised instrumentation services and Central Analytical Laboratory undertakes chemical
analysis. Modern outfits for cartography and audio-visual aids have been provided. Two
powergenarating sets were installed during the year to maintain the regular supply of electricity
in Research Laboratories. Attached with the laboratories, a series of net-houses and glass
houses have been constructed mainly for conducting some basic research.
iii
Library
Due to expanded activities in the field of research, extension and training, the Corresponding
expansion in the library has been made. About 30 (Scientific-Cum Other) disciplines
have been covered for references on whioh literature was obtained within the country and
abroad. During this year, library has procured a total of 4626 technical books, 100 Indian
journals for the benefit of the scientists. The library was further enriched by adding 250 reprin-s
of scientific papers. The library is also having: micro-film reading fi.cility.
lv
Photography and Art Unit.
The photography
and art unit is functioning at the Institute to provide facilities for
8

photography and slides with respect to the field and and laboratory research work. The art
section prepares requisite charts, maps, etc, for scientific purpose.
v
Scientists Home and Post Graduate Rosh'l.
A 13 room hostel with dining room reading hall exists at the campus for trainees A 5
suit scientists home is also attached with it especially for scientists and other dignatories visi-
9
ting the Institute. .
The residential complex known as krishi nagar consists of 132 quarters of various categories
in the walled area of the campus. These quarters are provided with modern living
amenities.
•
vii
Community Centre
A community centre has been established in the residential area with necessary infrastructures
for indoor games and cultural activities in order to provide a better social life to
the residents.
viii
Medical Unit
The medical unit is located in the premises of the Institute with a Junior Medical
Officer and other auxiliary staff to provide health care to the staff and their families.
ix
Primary School
There is a Govt. aided primary school in the campus to cater to the needs 'of children
educaton upto primary level to the residents of Krishi Nagar as well as to the neighbouring
villages.
WEATHER
During the year 1984, total rainfall of 839.4mm WaS received in 45 rainy days (table 1)
The year was, however, characterised by late onset and very early (4th week of August)
withdrawal of monsoon, Thus, the season for kneri] crops was limited to a period of seven
weeks only. Most of the crops, particularly seed crops, were under severe moisture stress and
therefore, the yields were affected adversely. Absence of rains from September to December
also caused moisture stress to unirrigated winter crops. The year experienced extremely hot
summer and the maximum temperature recorded on a single day during Junewas 500C.
( 9 )

.;::•• ;'c", :.... 'TaBle....:!.; Rain.fall•.temnerarure.anrl re'}ati.ve humiditvdurins 1984
10 ')

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
DIVISION OF PLANT IMPROVEMENT
1. A total of 1305 new accessions of different spe .ies of grasses, legumes and other fodder
crops, viz., guar (744), moth bean (224), Melilot us species (24), Macropt ilium lat hyroides
(9), Indigofera species (42), Desmodium species (73), Clitoria species (57),
Atylosia species (63), Phaseolus species (24), Stylosanthes species (4), Amaranthus
species (7), Conaoalia species (2) and grasses (12) collected from indigenous and exotic
sources were evaluated for different fodder attributes. These were classified into
different group and the cultivars with specific desirable attributes were identified for
further studies.
2. In Sorghum a newly developed strain JHS-833 giving 12% higher green yield and 10%
higher dry matter yield than SSG 59-3 was observed promising. Transgressive segregation
pattern observed in F 2 generation of a 3 way cross (296 A X PC-40) X IS 2887
revealed the possibility of recovering desirable plant types. Two F 1 hybrids 2219 A y.
AS-l and 2219 A X PB 8104-1 exhibiting high positive heterosis and hererobeltiosis
for forage yield traits were identified promising,
~. Three newly developed strains of oats, JHO 824, JHO 825, and JHO 826 were identified
for testing under An India Coordinated trials. Seven strains, viz., JH0801, 810, 813,
816, 817, 822 and 823 were identified promising for single cut and five strains,. viz.,
JHO 801, 813, 816, 817 and 822 for two cut system based on intial evaluation trials
under the Coordinated Forage Project. Amphiploid progenies of A sativa X A. magna
crosses were subjected to back crossing and selfing to recover desirable types combining
traits of both the species.
4. In bajra, JFB 817 and JFB 824 were observed to be the best in final yield evaluation
trial. Four new populations were subjected to mass selection and improved as JFB 841
II

842, 843 and 844. A sweet stalk population JFB 845 was synthesized. SAP 8-1 was
observed to be true breeding for reduced protogyny. A vigorous, leafy brachytic dwarf
segregant was isolated from F 2 progeny. Thirty three progenies of BC 2 selfed generatioQ
of the cross P. americanum X P. orientale wer,e evaluated.
5. F 2 generation of two crosses 42-1 x IL 52 and 42-1 X 454 cowpea was raised and
promising individual plants were selected for earliness and erect growth habit. In berseem,
the yield superiority of CPC-3, JHB 44, 64, 137 under normal spacing and of
JHB 48,171,247 and 801 under wider spacing revealed the presence of genotype X environment
interaction. The multiple regression analysis indicated that simultaneous selec-­
tion for plant height, number of branches per plants and number of leaves per plant
was effective for improvement in dry matter yield,
6. Based on dry matter and grain yeild the cultivars S-18-1 and S-36 were observed as
promising dual purpose types in field bean iLablab purpureuss, Some mutants particulary
the earliness and disease resistance were also identified in species. Based on flowering
behaviour, the germplasm of Cajanus cajon was grouped as short season, mid season
and late-season types.
7. Three variants of Dichanthium annulatum (IGFRI-12-1, 486-1, 491-1) and one natural
hybrid between D. annulatum and Bothriochloa intermedia showed superior
performance as compared to IGFRI-495-1. Two selections viz., IGFRI 43-1 and
IGFRI 4-2-1 of Pennisetum pedicellatum showed excellent performance at several
locations in the country.
8. Higher concentration of Ethyl methyl sulphonate and nitroso methyl urea, had prononouced
effect on seed germination, shoot and root length, dry matter weight and other
plant attributes in Sesbania sesban. Considerable amount of abnormalities were observed
in root tip cs lls and PMCS in the mutagen treated material.
9. Cytogenetic studies on selected F 4 plants of interspecific h)brid between Atylosia
albicans and Atylosia scarbaeiodes revealed close homology between these species. Studies
on F 5 plants of an inter-generic hybrid between Atylosia cojanifolia and Cajanus
cajan indicated close relationship between these species.
10. St udies on colchiploids indicated that there was no effect on fertility in C 5
plants of
Sesbania t ctraptera despite a decrease in quadrivalent frequency. C 6
progeny of Atylosia
scarbaeides showed variation in fertility status of individual plants, despite the
fact that all plants showed a euploid chromosomal constitution of 2 n=4 x,=44.
12 )

\
11. Meiotic studies on different accessions of Panium maximum revealed the auto tetraploid
origin of this taxa. A partially asynaptic plant was indentified in an in bred line
11B-45-1-6 of Pen nisetum americanum In oats, cytological studies on 05.6 X 160­
500 intervarietal and JHO 802 X A sterilis interspecific F 2 plants indicated normal
meiosis which showed the possibility of gametic selection against irregular numbers.
The irregular behaviour in the expression of three style pistil character in F 2 revealed
the possibility that t~IS character may be controlled by a major suppressor gene.
12. Seed yield in bajra increased significantly with foliar application of 2500 ppm and
5000 ppm CCC. Oat varieties with lower values of CSI and higher values of R WC and
proline accumulation can grow well under dryland conditions. O.1t varieties JHO 815,
816 and Colabah were found tolerant to higher levels of salinity.
13. The studies on the nature and extent of plant diseases and their control revealed that
varietal response to foliar pathogens and treatment did not differ much in sorghum
The study on the effect of cropping pattern on disease development revealed that spread
of leaf spot of guar was checked by the presence of bajra plants, while no such effect
was noticed for b.ijra rust.
14. The studies on effect of different factors on disease development in sorghum indicated
that the m \XimU31 Infection of foliar pathogens occured in early sown crop (10th July)
and with temperature and humidity range of 22-35 0C and 85-95%, respectively.
15. Artificial inoculation studies on su-babool indicated that the disease symptoms appeared
when the trees were inoculated, covered with moist cotton pad wrapped with polythene
sheet with moistening upto 961 hours. Studies on occurence of disease indicated that
Albizia emeta, Albizia procera,. Acsci« tortttts, Acacia nilotica, Hsrdwicki« binnata
were free from any disease symptoms, w:lile infectio.i of LU,t 0.1 Albizia lebbek, powdery
mildew and rust on Dalbergia sissoo, coltetotrichum coostci on Leucaena leucocephala
and grey leaf spot on Sesbania sesben, S grandif/ora, and S acu/eata, was
observed.
16. Cowpea varieties IGFRI-45C1, UPC 5286 end UC 9J26 were found resistant to insect
pests. Medi::ago scute/ata and Medicago rugosa were observed to contain volatile
material repulsive to lucerne weevil. Important parasites of cowpea aphid, painted bug
and stem borer were identified, Feeding was observed to stimulate neurcsecretary acri-.
vity in Hypera Postica anc Co/losobruchus maculatus.
17, Use of neern cake for control of root knot nematode in Sesbania grandi{1ora was found
( 13 )

effect ive since the gall formation was reduced by 50%. Seed treatment wit'i phenormiphos
in 1.0% concentration gwe the least root knot index of Clltorie, cowpea and
moth bean. Histopathological studies of infected roots of Clitoria ternalea, Sesbnia
spp. moth bean and guar revealed delayed development of nematode in resistant plants
as compared to susceptible ones. Lesion nematode (Prety lench us zeae) was observed
to be'highly pathogenic. to su-babool. Spiral nematode (Helicotytenchus dihystera)
was observed to cause severe root damage in Cenchrus cilietis,
DIVISION OF AGRONOMY
1. Studies on intensive forage production programme revealed that Leucaena in association
with hybrid napier can be an ideal crop combination for year round green fodder
supply. Hybrid napier 'IGFRI-3' proved to be suitable companion crop for growing
in association with Leucaena
2. Sorghum intercropped with shevri gave significantly higher green fodder yield as compared
to maize-l-shevri and teosinte-l-shevri,
3. Wheat variety Raj 1555 showed out standing performance both under open (grain farming)
and canopy (agroforestry) systems,
4. Studies on water production function in oat revealed that herbage production increased
progressively withaddition irrigation of 50 mm at each successive stages of growth.
5. In lucerne, irrigation needs to be scheduled at IWJCPE ratio of 0.8 to 1.0 to provide
suitabe moisture environment for higher herbage yields in different cuttings.
6. The investigation on quality of irrigation water indicated that sewage, cattleshed wash
and saline water showed good irrigative values for berseem, lucerne and m ethe respectively.
The response of oat was better with cattleshed wash.
7. Teosinte can withstand the excess moisture conditions beyond one month of growth.
8. The maximum forage yield was obtained with sorghum hybrid 988 at milk stage
',Under rainfedconditions, sorghum-j-stylo produced the maximum forage yield. This
combination recorded 57.6 and 14.5 percent higher green fodder and 72.7 and 12.0
percent higher dry matter yield over pure stand of Srylo and sorghum, respectively.
9. Cropping system involving Leucaena+S.sudanensE - bt essice gave the maximum
forage yields.
( 14 )

10. Medicago scutellata proved tobe a promising rabi leguminous fodder crop. Similarly
en ry G.E. 1126 was quite promising-in terms of forage biomass production.
11. Among Brect.e-ie decunbens entries, EC 145738 registered the maximum forage
yield under rainfed conditians.
12. The crop ccmbinaton of barley (Karan) with mustard in alternate strips of 4:4 ratio
exhibited the maximum fodder production.
DIVISION OF SOIL SCIENCE
1. Khalif legumes, namely, cowpea, moth and guar are sensitive to light curtailment as
these crops produced only 20-25% of their normal yields under 40-50%
;of its normal production., In cereals, teosinte was found to be the least sensitive. to radiation
curtailment. Similarly, oat, barley, Senji, safflower and Chinese cabbage were tolerant to low
PA R where as berseern and lucerne were sensitive to radiation curtailment during winter
Season. Among perennial forages, napier-bajra hybrid IGFRI No.6 was found to be the
least sensitive to radiation reduction. Teosinte l- Cowpea proved more productive with low
PAR availabili ty (70-80%) under intercropping systems, The soil productivity' wa~ greatly
influenced by 4/bizia lebbek association with the result that the grass yielded almost equal to
that ott .ined from open grassland.
2. The screening of salt tolerant forages jgrasses/trees indicated that sodici ty tolerance of
cultivated rsbi forages followed the order of barley, oats, rape, lucerne, berseem and senji.
Oat (IGFRI-2688, barley (Runa), berseern (8-99-1), lucerne (NDRI selection 1) were found
fairly tolerant to salinity condition. The yields of carrot and turnip were not adversely affected
upto a salinity level of 8 mrnhosjcm. Rhodes and para grasses were semi-tolerant whereas
Dinanath and Setaria wera highly tolerant to soil salinity of 12 mmhosjcm. Sesbania sesban
was found better than t.euceene in saline sodic soil. Dinanath grass was found most tolerant
to soil acidity and could be grown without lime application, The maximum forage yields from
maize and teosinte were obtained at 75 percent lime re quirement of 6.2 tons/he on soil of
PH 5.1. Setaria sphacelate produced -higher forge yield than napier, guinea and rhodes
grasses in acid soil.
3.' Atospi. ilium bres.lense was found to be the best ni trogen fixer in cultivated fodder
species addting 15-25 kg. Njha and increasing the yields from 19 to 41~~. Inoculation of grass
seeds with Azospirillt m and Azctcbecter spp. improved the seedling emergence, growth and
( 15 )

productivity. Availability of phosphate from indigenous rock phosphate was enhanced with
the use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria Bacillus polymlxa H() and Pseudomc n 1S stricin.
4. The forage yield of sweet clover under tree canopy was less than open system. The yield
reduction of crops could, however, be minimised by the addition of 13 kg Pfha as the efficiency
of phosphate utilization is only 2.7% under tree' and 4.5% under open lands in calcareous soil
Moreover, P application decreases bulk density, increases field capacity, organic carbon, available
Nand P content of soil. Albizia tebbek "as found to be the most suitable tree species
for agroforestr y system in view of its favourable influences on crop yield and soil productivity.
Forage yield of oat and barley under A/bizia t ebbek was 80% to that of open plots. The
reduction in yield under tree could be minimised with the application of 40 Kg Nfha.
DIVISION OF GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT
1. Studies to find out suitable time and method of sowing for grasses, viz., Cencht us
cillerls, Dichanthium annulatum and legumes like Stylosanthes hamata and S Scabra
revealed that July was the most appropriate time with an optimum seed rate of 4-6 kgfha.
The planting of seedlings gave better establishment as compared to that of rooted slips and
seed sowing.
2. The dry matter yield was significantly higher in Cenchrus hybrid, Ctvvsooooon
fulvus and Heteropogon contortus pastures even with the application of 30 kg. N fha. In
case of letter two grasses, harvesting at 60 days intervals gave the highest dry matter yield.
Compartive studies for the application of fertilizers and introduction of legumes with and
without phosphorus revealed that the increase in dry matter yields in C. cillsris and D.
'annuatum was significantly higher with the introduction of S hamata combined with
application of 30 kg P 20.>fha, as compared to control and with other legumes.
3. Arhar was found to be the most suitable crop for intercropping with C clilstls for
getting the maximum biomass as compared to moong, guar and urd.
4. In studies on natural grasslands to find out suitable method and zime of sowing of
legumes, higher dry matter production was obtained through split sowing in the last week of
June in case of legume, viz., field bean.
5. Experimentation with comparative performance of Mandya sheep in Dicbsnttvium
pasture with and without legumes showed more or less same body weight gain. However,
sheep can be maintained for longer duration in mixed pastures as compared to pure pasture.
6. Studies on body weight gain of heifers in natural grasslands dominated by Setrime­
Heisrop )gon community showed 280 gfheadfd.1Y for a period of three months
( 16 )

(lOth September to 15th December). Average live weight gain was higher @ 275.5 g]
head/day in Haryana calves for a period of 70 days w.e.f. 6th August, 1984, when the
animals were grazed in a mixed pasture as compared to animals kept on pure herbage
of C cilletls,
DIVISION OF AGRC-SILVIPASTURE
1. The reproductive studies in leucaena species indicated significant variability in flower,
pod and seed characters of different varieties. This in turn affected the seed production.
Selection Silvi-4 of t.euceer.e teucocepbele continued to give maximum forage
production- even in the 6th year of its harvesting without loss of its vigour. Natural
hybrids between L. /eucocephala X L. diversifolia have been observed in the plantations
showing growth vigour and wide differences in various characters.
2, Dlchrostecbvs clru reo gave a wide amplitude of pH tolerance from 5-10 during
germination phase. Similarly Albizia amara had a tolerance range of pH 3-10.
Potassium nitrate (0.3%) and Thiourea (0.2%) were found to improve the seed germination
of A. lebbek,
3. At the age of 13 years, Acacia tortllis gave the peak above ground biomass of 121.1
t/ha at 4 X 6 m spacing in association with C. clleirls under silvipastoral situations.. __
Under the two plant arrangements, A. nllotica and A. tortilis showed that with alternate
plant arrangements, the former gave higher growth rate on dry wastelands.
Herdwickie binata gave higher height under pasture combination compared to Albizia
emera but the collar diameter and dbh were always higher in the ca~e of latter species. '
4. Under silvipastoral system, Chrysopogon tulvus continued to give persistant growth'
compared to Cenchrus citieris or Sehima nervosum. C. Ciliaris and Stvtossmhos
b. ms te gave ideal corr bnaticn with D. cirt refUll(;er silvipastoral system for higher
land pre: uctivity. All lzle W GI, gave h gher survival percentage compared to other
2 species of Albizia. A. pro cere was the lowest. Plant height and collar diameter also
followed similar trend. . .
5. In the agroforestry experiments besides the regular crops 'like wheat and sorghum
+cowpea, Leucaena gave forage (dry) yield of 5.8-9.4 tlha in E-Wand NW-ES
orientation. The thinning of Leucaena provided' additional 14:-16.7 tJha firewood.
17 )

The leaf manure of Leuceena with oats crop gave higher nitrogen equivalence and
showed promise for use as rich source of nitrogen leading to soil build up.
6. In genetic studies on Leucaena, plant height, collar diameter and no. of leave, gave
significant positive association with forage and fuel production attributes. Positive
hybrid vigour for forage and fuelwood yields were observed in the inter varietal crosses
of Leuceene. Gama ray irradiation of seeds did not produce significant variability in
the Leucaena populations at various doses. Self incompatibility was observed in all
the species except L. leucocephala.
DIVISION OF
SEED TECH~OI..OGY
1. In oats, plant height, leaf length and width were observed to be important for building
up selection criteria for fodder and seed yield. The number of pod bearing branches
was considered important for selecting good seed yielding types in cowpea.
2. Agronomic studies on seed production in cowpea showed that thinner plant population
flower drop and pod drop were the main constraints fOI summer seed production.
July 25 and August 10 were observed 10 be suitable dates for sowing the crops.
3. In berseem, 1% spray of atrazine was found to improve number of bolls, number of
seeds per boll and seed size. A cutting height of 10 cm superimposed with atrazine
spray produced the maximum seed yield. Studies on inter and intra-row spacing
revealed that in Setaria sphacelata, the maximum seed yield (68.8 kgjha) could be
obtained with a spacing of 50 em x 30 em while in Chrysopoqon iutvus, the maximum
seed yield (80.7 kgjha) was obtained with 50 em x 50 Cm spacing.
4. Studies on source sink relationship revealed that in cluster bean, moderate dark respiration
and good accumulation of sugar in flower would result in high seed.harvest.
In bajra, high sugar content in the beginning was found favourable for increased forage
production and contributed less for cob formation.
5. Borax was the best among different chemicals tried and it increased the seed production
and sugar content in flower in berscern when applied at the rate of 4 gjlitre.
Among the cowpea cultivers, Russian giant and UPC 5286 showed high ratio of large
seeds and only these two cultivars exhibited 100% germination thus indicating that
large size seeds had high germination'z; and better seed vigour as compared to others.
18 )

Studies on effect of different types of containers/bags on germination, seed vigour and
physiological health after 4, 17 and 26 weeks showed that in general, there/was gradual
loss in sed vigour and physiological potential during storage. However, .in case of
berseern, there was no effect of storage container on. seed vigour. ,
6. In mustard, higher dose of nitrogen increased the incidence, of sawfly and aphid, while
phosphorus and potassium decreased the incidence of both the pests. High levels of
fertilizers, however, resulted in' better fodder and seed production.
7. Investigation on the efficacy of different insecticides on seed production fromicowpea
and M. P. chari in intercropping system showed that crop sprayed with endosulfan
(0.09% a. i.) or carbaryl (0.1% a. i.) gave satisfactory control of leaf hoppers, defoliators,
blister beetle and hycaenid butterfly and produced maximum seed yield
(10 g/ha).
8. Studies on evaluation of fungicides for controlling seed borne diseases indicated that
soaking treatment with Bavistin (0.25%) for 24 hrs gave' the best seedling emergence
in berseern (Wardan) and lucerne (IGFRI-S~244) with drying at' room temperature.
Bavistin, and Vitavax (0.25%) treatments increased green matter yield and, seed yield
significantly in Stylo , lucerne and bersseem.
9. Studies on promising insecticides for safflower aphid revealed that 'three insecticidal
spray's (rnonocrotophos 0.08%) at 20 days intervals commencing from 60 days growth
are needed to keep the crop free from aphids.
DIVISION OF PLANT AN'IMAL RELATIONSHip
1. 'Nutritionl evaluation experiments on para grass at two stages, of growth' (45%DM &
75.1 %DM) for cattle and buffalo calves showed that cow calves utilized energy yielding
nutrients better than buffalo calves at both stages.
2. l euceere foliage, when given to calves alongwith dry grass (33i67)ensur~d maintenance
of bodyweight, while the Control group of animals recorded Joss of body weight.
3. Grazing crossbred calves exclusively on natural grasslands predominant-with Sehlme
nervosum can support a grow}h rate of 280 g/day.
( 19 )

4. Survey of grasslands in four districts of Bundelkhand (Chattarpur, Sagar, Panna and
Darnoh) conducted during post monsoon months of October/November showed that
the protein content varied from' 5.33 to 9.37%, while lignin varied from 6.18 to
8.48%. The availability of structural carbohydrates did not differ significantly from
district to district. Among the trace elements, the levels' of copper and zinc were much
lower than normal and iron level was satisfactory.
5. Evaluation experiments on bermuda grass pasture with cattle have shown that this pasture
can support milk production upto 5 kg/day when it was supplemented with either
concentrate mixture at the rate of I kg/animal/day or foliage of Leuceene at the rate of
5kg/animal/day/cattle grazing on natural grasslands to f mature lseileme species) could
sustain milk production upto 3 kg/day when they were given supplementatron of either
1 kg concentrate mixture or 5 kg t.eucsen« foliage/day.
6. Evaluation of sweet sorghum (Rio) fodder based ration for Tharparkar cows and
Murrah buffaloes of 1st lactation at State Govt: Livestcck farm Bharari showed that
buffaloes utilized nutrients better than cattle. Die.p. and T.D.N. consumption (g/kg
w O . 7 5/day) recorded was 6.27,5.55; 88.90 and 62.96 for buffaloes and cows respectively.
The above ration supported milk production at the rate of 3.54 lit. and 2.58 lit.
in buffaloes and cattle, respectively.
7. Young goats ..recorded satisfactory growth rates (32 g/day) when maintained exclusively
on Leucaena foliage lopped from trees of more than one year age, during winter
months.
8. Laboratory experiments to determine the influence of wilting on the quality of silage
with different crops showed that when the protein content of herbage was high, wilting
was 'of no advantage but with poor quality forage it improved the quality of
silage.
9. Among the different additive tried for ensilage o~ forages in the laboratory, formic acid
was better then others individually (formalin and sulphuric acid). Comparision of mixtures
indicated that formalin + formic acid was better than other combinations tried
for conservation of legumesjgramineceous crops in the laboratory.
10. A comparative study on the laboratory evaluation of Sesbania with Leucaena, tropical
pasture legumes and clutivated legumes h.is shown that it compared well WIth all of
11 em in ierms of cl emical attributes (C P, NDF, ADF, Lignin & Silica), and in vitro
true dry matter digestibility (lVTDMD). Among different seasons .ned for lopping, the
20 )

maximum quantity of crude protein could be
harvested during monsoon season.
11. Although berseem btiuse contained higher levels of crude protein (8.7%) as compared
to cereal straws (4.7%), the Lignin and ADF levels were also higher in berseem bhusa
(12.2% and 52.0%) than cereal straws (7.7% and 49.1%)
12. Zinc supplementation at the rate of 65 ppm/day in the ration of calves influenced significantly
the efficiency of feed utilization for growth production.
13. Forage legumes, namely, Indigofere astragalina and Rhyncosia minima commonly occuring
in natural grasslands, were found to have good potential as livestock feeds. They
supply about 13-16% crude protein and did not contain any constituents deleterious to
animal heal tho
DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND POST HARVE'ST TECHNOLOGY
1. Mathematical models have been established for determining engineering properties viz.
quilibriu:n moisture content, vapour pressure, latent heat of moisture evaporation nad
specific heat of range grasses and berseern (Trifolium Alexandrinum). Mathematical
mcdel has been developed to determine grass silage density with the known values of
dry matter content and height of filling.
2. Significant influence of silo geometry on silage density has been noticed. Though-put
capacity of ensilage cutter and silage density have inverse relationship. 45 percent of
30mm chop length gave a grass silage density of 68 kg/m3.
3. Moisture content in the rangeof 9.5 to 13.0 percent, w.b, resulted in minimum (60.61
percent) axial expansion of grass wafers formed at 30 MPa pressure and one minute
dwell time.
4. Prediction equations have been developed for estimating soil 'loss from rangelands 0,
3 to 10% slope.
5. A positive relationship was observed between energy input and total yield of M.P. Chari
in red soil in the range ef 1680 to 1918 MJ input energy. prot'o'typis:bfl.·foqtge harves­
.er developed at IGFRI has given promising results in harvesting' berseem and ost
crops. An extended shoe type.furrow was developed and found superior to the existing
ones in sowing dry land crops. .
( .21 )

6. Package of improvements consisting M. B. plough, bukhar/bullockdrawn disc harrow
and IGFRI single row/Aligarh 3-row drill resulted in net saving of over Rs. 400/- per
hectare in tillage and sowing operations compared to that of local practice by the farmers
in wheat crop. Positional placement of seed and fertilizer sowing of seed and DAP
mixture showed better results when compared with sowing seed and DAP seperately
using seed-cum-fertilizer dr.ll.
DIVISION OF RURAL ECONOMICS AND BIOMETRICS
1. The weather analysis of Banda district indicated that climate in relation to period of
moisture availabi lity for crop growth may be quite useful for crop planning. The 'probabilityanalysis
revealed that maximum weekly rainfall which can be expected with
50% probability in June, July, August and September was 1, 116, 135 and 63 mm
respective!y.
2. The results of studies on relative economics of forgae crop production were in favour of
cultivation of forage crops in overlapping system with recommended package of practices.
In all the demonstration trials, cost of production of green fodder was found to
Rs, 5.68 and the minimum cost of production was Rs.5.42/h9. The input output
ratio was 1:3.5.
3. Economics of forage proIuc.ion system based on date from experiments and demonstration
trials laid out at Central Research Farm, IGFRI, Jhansi showed thaj the total dry
matter production (grass and legume mixed pasture) was maximised in the field of
Cenchrus cillerls + field bean planted in 1:1 ratio as compared to 2:1 and 3:1 ratios.
Thus, it may be concluded that the mixed pastures of Cenchrus ciliaris and field bean
in 1:1 ratio may be established for increasing the production of high quality forage
pastures.
4. The study conducted in five villages of Baragaon block of Jhansi district showed that
the average milk yield per day per animal was 1.40 Iitres in the case of cows and 2.04
litres in case of buffaloes under the existing conditions. These villages were adopted for
transfer of forage production technology and consequently farmers fed berseem as a
green fodder to their milch animals. The impact of fodder in terms of increased milk
yield, on an average, came to 2.10 litres per day per cow and 2.98 lit res p~r day per
buffaloe. The percentage increase in milk yield due to berseem in both cows and buffaloes
was about 60 percent.
( 22 )

DIVISION OF PLANT IMPROVEMENT
PI-1 GENETIC RESOURCE COLLECTION, EVALUATION, CLASSIFICATION,
CATAL')GUING AND MAINTENANCE IN FORAGE CROPS.
1.1 Range grasses.

1.2 Cultivated legumes.
ru. P. Singh, J. N. Gupta and O. P. Dixit)
Guar (Cyamposis tetragonolobdy
I.
Guar germp'asm compnsng 138 cultivars was evaluated for fodder and seed yield
attr.butes. Wide range of varibiality was observed for days to 50% flowering (35-60), plant
height·(77,7-139.6 em), node number (19.0-41.0), branch number ()-21.3), days to maturity
(91-133), clusters on main shoot (4.0-20.0), total number of clusters/plant (4.0-47.3), cluster
length (3.5-11.5 cm) , podes/cluster (3.0-11.0), total pods/ plant (22.0-140.0), pod length
(4.0-10.4 em), seeds/pod (5.0-10.5) and seed weight/plant (5.5-52.1 g).
In the second set, 606 lines were evaluated for different growth traits. Wide range
of variation was observed for days to 50% flowering (30-55), plant height (52.0-90.8 cm),
node number (14.3-32 r6), branch number (0-9.6), clusters on main shoot (3.0-13.3), total
ciusterjplant (3.0-19.6), cluster length (3.0-10.0 cmj , pods/cluster (2.C-1O.0), ped length
(4.8-'9.1 em), total pods/plant (3.8-76.0), seeds/pod (3.3-10.0) and seed weight/plant
(1.6";'13:3 g).
- Cultivars with specfie desirable attributes were identified for further exploitation in
breeding programme. .
Moth. bean tPhaseolus aconitifolius)
.. Evaluation of 244 lines indicated wide genetic vanauon for different fodder yield
attributes. The cultivar IL 1031 was very dwarf (14.2 cm), while IPCMO 856 was found
tall (49.1 ern) with highest nodes (22-33). The maximum branches were recorded in IL 1122.
ILO-38 was found quite superior giving high green matter/plant (97.3 g) and dry matter/
plant (25 g).
One handred ninety eightjcultivars of moth bean were screened for reaction to damage
by pulse beetle on the basis of number of adults produced by the beetle under laboratory
condition. The tolerent cultivars were IL 1173, 1188, 1167, 1057, 74-59, 1035, 1085, 1175,
74-66-1, 1025, 1087, 1090, 74-66, 1042, 1132, 1066,1140,1049, 1180,1128, 1000,1102,
1033, 1137, 1096, 1163, 1074, 1078, 1181, 74-66, 74-82, 74--59-1, 74-53, 1174, 1068, 1157,
1089, 1095, 1145 and 1126.
( 24 )

Senji (Melilotus species)
Twenty four cultivars belonging to 15 species of Melilotus were eval~a(ed .. in pots.
Data on various growth parameters were recorded at 50% flowering stage. A wide range of
variability was observed for plant height (18.8-174.8 cmj lnode number" (l6.~47.0)lbranch
number (9.0 35.0), branch length (35.9-109.3 cm)and green rriatter yieldJphint(34.0-219,3 g).
M. alba g ive the maximum green matter yield per plantl219.3 g)' followed' 'by M. officinalis,
M. etelice and M. seqtetis giving 204.0 g'19J.3 g"and 172.3 gJplant;' respectiv~iy~
\, .j .•••. 'I'!· 'i.,..•. ;
1.3 Range legumes . .
(J. N. Gupta, S. R. Gupt" and U. P.Singh)
Macropt elium lathyroides .
Evaluation of 9 cultivars showed 'cIa 'ride range of variation inplapt height
(202.6-235.7 em), number of nodes (52.6:-64.6), number of,branches .(3.6i-:-6:3)"granch
length (5704,-122.6 cm),leaf riumb~rlplant'(76.6":'11.6),eaflength '

and D. dlstotium, Temperature and day light seemed to have' pronounced effect on the
regeneration of these species. Rest of the Desmodium species did not show any promise for
fodder production. '
Stylosanthes Species
Four species of Stylosanthes, i.e. S. humilis, S. bomste, S. qrecitls & S. scabra were
evaluated at monthly intervals from August to January with regard to population density, dry
matter production and leafjstem ratio (dry wt. basis). The plant density was the maximum
in S. hamata during August and in S. gracilis during September (table 4). Higher plant
population in S. gracilis in September as compared to that in August indicated delayed germination
of this species. The population decreased steadily with increasing size of plants
in successive months in all the species. The density of mature plants per meter ranged between
10-20% of original maximum seedling density.
Irrespective of the plant populatiop. the dry matte~ production per unit area increased
with the age of plant in all the species. S. gracilis maintained a relatively increased production
level until December. Unlike S. graci/is, S. scabra was a hardy and slow growing
species with low herbage yield during warm wet monsoon months (August to October) and
exhibited agressive growth and productivity during winter months. Another perennial species
S. hamata was medium in productivity throughtout the period of its growth. S. humllls
an annual species, with growth duration of only four months was slightly better than
S. scabra and poorer than other perennials in production.
. .
- .. All the species, except S. seal re were prf'ousely leafy at seedling stage (early monsoon
period). The annual species was an early leaf shedding type. S. scabra appeared to show
erratic trend and appeared to be fairly woody in August. This species, turned out to be
profusely' leafy by end of October and regained higher stem proportion' throughout winter
~e!!-soJl.
1.4 ·Other forage species
(J. N. Gupta, U. P. Singh and O. P. Dixit)
Amaranthus species.
Seven, promising cultivars of Amafaf1lhus ~pedeg Were evaluated and data on dhler~m
growth parameters were recorded. A marked range of variation was observed in plant height
( 26 )

Table 3 : Range of variability in different characters in Desmodlum species.
CharacterjSpecies D. tortosum D. distortum D. discolor D. gangeticum D. intortum D. uncinatum O. ssndslsence
1. Plant height (em) 95.0-146.3 93.9-135.4 131.2-140.1 56.7-82.0 93.4-129.8 803-131.2 83.0-105.8
2. No. of nodes 31.7-42.3 20.6-39.3 343-38; 7 11.0-23.7 21.7-28.0 18.7-39.3 22.7-26.3
3. Branch Number 0.0 -4.7 0.0-5.7 2.5-N 7 6.0-15.0 1.6-16.0 7.7-8.7
4. Branch length(cm) 0.0-101-.7 0.0-2t8 13.7-30.3 50.5-74.0 144-108.0 58.2-79.9
5. No. of leavesjplant 20.0-58.3 14.3-52.7 35.3-44.0 15.3-22.7 46.6-93.3 24.3-101.6 55.7-777
6. Leaf length (em) 14.2-18.5 14.8-18.2 17.8-20.3 11.4-12.1 7.3-7.4 6.5-16.1 5.7-6.3
7. Leaf breadth (em) 7.6-12.5 9.6-11.5 9.0-,10.6 6.5-7.3 4.0-4.6 3.6-9.3 3.4-3.8
8. Fresh wt. of stemI 43.3-102.3 28.2-83.3 74.0-93.3 3.3-8.3 11'3-23.3 4.0-78.3 8.3-15.0
plant (g) \
9. Dry wt. of stemI 8.4-23.3 4.1-17.3 14.3-19.3 1.2-2.7 4.3-7.3 1.1-17~3 2.7-5.3
plant (g)
10. Fersh wt. of leavesl 34.3-81.7 18.3-60.7 54.3-71.7 2.7..;.(j.0 8.3-15.7 3.3..;.(j6.6 5.0-9.0
plant (g)
11. Dry wt. of leavesl 9.0-20.1 4.2-14.0 11.3-14.7 1,6-2.4 3.7-5.0 1.4-14.8 2.4-3.2
plant (g)
12. LiS ratio (dwb) 0.65-1.11 0.81-1.18 0.76-0.79 0.87-1.30 0.68-0.85 0.52--1.27 0.6-0.87
-
Plant height of". gangeticum was length of longest branch

Table 4 Plant density (per m 2 ) dry matter yield (Kg 1m 2 ) and leaf Ishcot ratio (d w b) in
Stylosanthes species during different months
August \ September
l October l
November ) December January
------.----
S. scsbt»
Population 135.00 116.00 ' 65.00 37.00 28.00 12.00
DM Yield 0.65 0.73 0.80 2.32 3.61 3.66
LIS, ratio 0.64 1.09 2.01 0.48 0.94 1.00
S. gr

(5.32-59.3 em), inflorescence length (3.8-30.7 em), number of nodes (19.0-33.0), stem thick.
ness (0.3-1.65 ern), number of branches (1.3-23.0), branch length (8.0-41 2 em), leaf length
(2,7-11.9 ern), leaf breadth (1.3-5.7 ern), leaves/ plants (70.6-835.3), leaf wt. /p'lant
(10.6 33.3 g) and stem wt.jplant (24.0-130.0 g).
. .
Chickory (Cichorium intybus L.)
With a view to exploit Cichorlum intybus (chickory) as fodder, the growth' performance
and the fodder and seed production potential under varying habitats were studied.
There was a gradual decrease in temperature from October to January followed by gradual
increase till May. A regular decrease in humidity was also observed from October till rainy
season. Main features including physico-chemical characteristics of three study sites were
as under. .
Site i.
Site ii.
Site iii. :
Berseem field having black soil, 37.8% sand, 10.51 wilting coefficient and 6.5 pH.
Berseern field having red soil, 68.01% sand, 5.27 wilting coefficient and 7.5 pH.
A fallow field having red soil, 48.2% sand, 9.42 wilting coefficient and 7.0 pH.
The data (table 5) indicated that relative growth performance of chicory plants was
poor at site II which may be due to the prevailing edaphio-clirnatic factors. 'Interspecific
competetion also had pronounced effect on seed production of chickory. The maximum
numoer of seeds/plant was recorded at site HI (958) followed by that at site II (908), At
site III, plan ts were growing in comperetion free land, whereas at site II, a remarkable mortality
in berseem plants was noticed due to lack of available moisture during post flowering
stage.
The dry matter production was also studied at 15 days interval in order to determine
the reluive growth rate (RGR). The data given below indicated that the maximum dry
matter was produced at 45-60 days gaowth.
Growth period
15-30 days
30-45 days
45-60 day3
60-75 days
75-90 days
RGR Value
0.0327 gig/day
0.0222 """
0.0537 """
0.252 """
0.0121 """
( 29 )

Table 5
Growth performance of C. intybus under different habitats.
Characters Site I Site II Site III
No. of branches 94D±3.02OO 6.7 ± 1.23 7.1±3.67
, Length of longest branch 71.0±8.16 63.0±8.20 n.2± 14.75
. Nodes in longest branch lS.4±2.74 15.3 ± 2.45 lS.8±2.02
Total nodes 61.3± 19.86 44.81 ± 19.70 43.2±26.4
Length of 3rd internode S.4± 1.07 4.2±0.62 4.9±O.61
Length of 5th internode 5.5±0.47 4.1 ±0.96 S.l ± 0.40
Length of leaf on 5th node 2.4.+0.37 4.8±2.32 3.3±0.81
Breadth of leaf on 5th node 1.3±0.18 1.7±0.39 1.4±0.28
Total no. of ~ead bearing nodes SS.2± 18.30 30.7 ± 18.15 40.8±23.88
Diameter of root (below 1 em) 3.91 ±0.16 0.75±0.15 0.93±0.22
Fresh wt. of rootrplant (g) 3.9±1.67 2.8±!.71 1.4±0.93
Dry wt. of root/plant (g) 1.0±0.49 o 8±0.48 0·4±0.28
Fresh wt. of shootjplant (g) 35'1 ±22.63 23.0±14.28 34.3±31.78
Dry wt. of shoot/plant (g) 9.4±S.20 6.6± 3.73 lLO±10.25
DAverage of 10 plants
DOStandard deviation;
( 30 )

PI-2 : BREEDING VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED NON-LEGUMINOUS FORAGES
2.1 : Produciton and quality breeding in fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolori
(D. S. Katiyar)
The promising cultivars viz., IGFRI-491. 777, 1328, 4816,6014, HDI and HD 2 were
multiplied.
2.2 : Intra and interspecific hybridization in Sorghum
(Bhag Mll and U. S. Mishra)
Varietal evaluation
Twelve promising strains developed through intra-population selection and mass selection
were tested in a yield trial adopting randomised block design with three replications.
M. P. chari was used as control. The data revealed considerable genetic variation for flowering
time, plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leafbreadth, stem thickness, green fodder yield
and dry matter yield. The varietal differences were observed to be significant; JHS-,;-833 was
rated the best strain giving 302.8qjha green yield. On dry matter basis, however, JHS-845
was the best (70.95 qjha). On the basis of yield per day, JHS-833 was observed to be the best
producing 3.07 qjha green fodder. Dry matter yield per day was, however, lower than that of
check variety.
Genetical studies
i Hybrid vigour for CUlm and leaf characters was studied in Sorghum blcolor X S. blcolor
and S bieolor X S. sudenense crosses. Twenty Seven entries including 16 parents (One male
sterile line, 5 promising S. bicolor lines, S. sudanense lines, 2 shoot fly resistant lines and
3 shoot borer resistant lines) and 11 hybrids were studied in a randomised block design with
three replications. Considerably high range of variation was observed both for mid parent and
better parent heterosis (table 6.) The mid-parent hetrosis
( 31 )
ranged from "'-'33.6 to 123.9% for

plant height, -27.5 to 25.0% for culm thickness, -18.2 to 18'3% for leaf mumber, -23.8 to
42 6~~ for leaf length and -36.4 to 45.0% for leaf breadth, The range of variation for heterobettiosis
was trom -j/.4 to 54.2.% for plant height, 37.6 to 10.2% for culm thickness, -24.1
to 15.7% for leaf number, -30.0 to 30.4 for leaf length "and-40.6 to 31.6% for breadth.
Two F 1 hybrids, viz., 2219 AxAS-l and 22l9AxPB 8104-1 exhibiting fairly height positive
heterosis and hetrobeltiosis for most of the'characters studied were identified as promising.
ii Transgressive segregation pattern was studied in Fz generation of a three-way cross
[296A X PC-40] X IS 2887. The observations were recorded on 116 Fz plants and on 5 random
plants in each of the three parents for five culm and leaf characters. The data [table 7-9]
revealed the presence of only positive transgressive segregates for plant height, culm thickness
and leaf breadth and both positive and negative transgressive segregates for leaf number and
leaf length. The highest percentage of individuals showing positive transgressive segrega'ion
was observed for plant heiget followed by that for leaf length, leaf number, culm thickness
and leaf breadth. Tr.is suggested the possibility of recovering desirable plant 1ypes following
3-way cross approach.
Advancing of hybrid genera tions
F l generation of 11 crosses involving S. bicotor X S. bicolor and S bicoiot X S. sudsnense
combinations were raised and studied for different characters.
ii Fz generation of 95 crosses was raised ani 411 individual F z plants from different crosses
were selected and their seed harvested to raise plant to row progenies next year.
iii Seventy eight F 3 progenies dervied from 10 crosses we"re raised in sinzle rows and evaluated.
Inferior progenies were discarded and 28 promising ones were ~Iected to raise F,t.
generation.
iv Two hundred and twety four F 4 progenies derived from 150 selected F 3
progenies were
raised and studied for different fodder attributes. Seventy promising' progenies were retained
for further testing and the rest were discarded:
V BC l of three crosses, viz. 296A X SSG 59~3, 296 A X M 35-1 and 296 A x M:P. charl
and BCz of a cross 296 A X PC 40 were raised.
( 32

Table 6 Percent heterosis for culm and leaf characters in F 1 hybrids.
Hybrids
Plant Culm Leaf Leaf Leaf
height thickness number length breadth
S. bicolor X S. bicolor
2219A X AS-l 81.78 . 25.00 -9.57 26.80 45.01
(19.26) (5.93) (-19.05) (0) (31.58 )
2219AxAS-3 58.92 -7.76 -13.98 17.03 -5.56
(1.30) (-9.32) (-22.33) (-11.25) (-17,66)
2219A X PB.8104-1 123.95 19.27 -14.44 42.58 28.85
(54 17) (10.17) (-23.00) (30.36) (18.58)
Riox.P318817-2n -31.62 8.70 16.82 1.40 4.84
(-37.42) (5.04) (3.31) (-4.04) (3.83)
SU-45 X PS 18817-2 -33.56 - 27.46 -4.88 -23.80 -28.23
(-36.07) (-37.58) (-6.40) (-27.61) (-32.92)
S. blcilor x S, su danense
2219AxSSG 59-3 34.20 -8.26 11.49 -7.72 4.15
(-19.74) (-15.25) (7.78) (-29.99) (-1.86)
2219A xIS 3254 57.34 .4.30 -18.18 21.28 33.55
(5.83) (-17.80) (-24.1 0) (1.10) (29.05)
SSG 59-3 X IS 18677 14.90 -20.51 1.74 -8.49 -36.40
(2.79) (-30.08) (-14.60) (-9.49) (-40.52)
IS 3191-1 xIS 5470 19.79 -13.33 17.60 25.94 32.08
(18.90) (-14.60) (15.75) (15:54) (13.05)
IS 3228 xIS 1151 -;-7.Q9 -5.93" -2.99 7.79 2.40
(-825) '(-20.62) .(-13.33) . (5.43) (-14.64)
IS 3323>< Etawah local 20.94 5.83 18.28 18.01 1.06
(8.69) (3.25) (6.80) (12.69) (-10.85)
(Figures in parenthesis denote heterobeitosis)
( 33

Table
7: Growth performance of parents and 3-way cross F 2 plants.
Characters
Parents
3-way cross F 2 plants
296 A PC 40 IS 2887 (range)
Plant height, em 94.2 321 7 2627 2948-468.0
Culm thickness, em 1.6 1 5 10 12-22
Leaf number 11 3 127 12.3 10.0-18.0
Leaf length, ern 81 1 827 723 554-1130
Leaf breadth, em 8.2 5.4 50 5.5-90
_._-
Table
8 : Distribution pattern of 3-way cross F 2 plants in different classes.
Characters
2
Class interval
3 4 5
Plant height, ern 290.1-320.0 320.1-350.0 351.1-380.0 3801-4100 410.1-470.0
[36] [44] [20] [12] [4]
Culm thickness, ern 1 21-1 40 1011-1.60 1.61-1.80 1.81-200 2.01-2.20
[44] [40] [16] [12] [41
Leaf number 10.1-120 12.1-14.0 /4.1-16.0 16.1-18.0
[48] [36] [24] [8]
Leaf length, em 55.1-70.0 70.1-85.0 85 /-100.0 100.1-1150
[8] [40] [48] [20]
Leaf breadth, em 5.1-5.-J 61-70 7.1-80 8 1-9.0
[16] [401 [321 [28]
Figures in Fa 'enthesis denote the number of phnrs.:
( 34 )

Table 9
Transgressive segregants for culm and leaf charaqters.
_.,.,
Characters
%.individ~alE showing .ransgressive
segregation
Positive
Negative
Plant height
Culm thickness
68.96
27.58
Leaf number
Leaf length
48.27
62.07
24.13
13.79
Leaf breadth
24.14
------------------------------.-----
2.3 Production and· quality breeding in fodder oats (Avena sativa 1.)
CR. N. Choubey and S. K. Gupta)
(a) Collection, evaluat ion and maintenance of germplasm :
Two spring oat genotypes, namely, Pennline-6571 (EC. 159605) and Pennlo
(EC. 159606) procured from Pennsylavania (USA) were grown-for .their initial evalution
with respect to different plant attributes. Pennline-fiS'Zl was found to be very
leafy and early flowering in comparison to Pennlo. Pennline was also USed in crossing
programme as a promising parental stock so as to breed high yielding .forage"~ats. In
addition, 500 oat lines were grown for maintenance and future USe.
(b)
Hybridization and handling of segregating progenies:
.
Sixty crosses included multiple crosses, double crosses and single crosses 'irivolving
adapted cultivars and new promising parental lines viz. Zenshin, Moiwa, Miyutab:.,
were attempted.
35 )

Under interspecific hybridization programme, back crosses were attempted with
A. sativa parents OS-6, PO-3. UPO-94 and JRO SOL Amphiploids developed between
A. magna and A. sativa were grown to attempt back crosses as well as selfing so as to
recover stable types combining the characteristcis of both the species.
The F 1 hybrids raised and segregating progenies handled were 32 crosses in F 1
generation, 39 crosses in F 2 generation, 22 progenies of 15 crosses in Fa generation
(single seed descant method), 5 progenies of 7 crosses in F. 1 generation and 16 progenies
of 5 crosses in F 6 generation.
(c)
Advanced yield evaluation trial:
A single cut trial consisting of six promising oat selections developed through hybridization
was conducted in RCBD with 3 replications. The variety OS-6 was used
as the check. The maximum forage yield was recorded by UPO 50 x OS-7-1-1-3
indicating 9.8% superior ity over the check. Rest of the entries did nat perform well
in comparison to OS-6.
(d)
Testing of oariet ies under All InIta Coordinated forage Project:
0) Three newly developed strains, namely, JRO 824, JRO 825 and JRO 826 were
identified for testing in initial evaluation trial both under single Cut and two cut
management systems
(ii) Based on their superior performance in 1983-84, the strains JRO 801,JR::> 810,JRO
813, JRO 816, JRO-817, JRO-822 and JRO-823 were promoted to final evaluation
trial for further testing under single cut system, The oat strains JRO 801, JRO
813, JRO-816, JRO-8Il and JRO-822 were included in final evaluation trial
under two-eut system.
2.4 Development of high yielding and nutritious varieties of fodder b:ljra tPenntsetum
americanumy
(S. K. Gupta and R. N. Chaubey)
Stabltzation and evaluation of new populations ..
Four new populations, developed during 1983, were subjected to cluster bagging and
( 36 )

intermating. These p0I;>ulations were also tested for their yield potential usillg. 'JF;a SOl' as the
check. JFB 832 and JFB 833 were ohserved much superior to the check variety.
Final yield eoaluation :
The populations JFB-8l4, JFB-8l5, J1"'B-l$16, JtB-lH'I, JtB-lS~~, JFfl-82l, JFB-822,
JFJ:'-823, JFB-824, JFB-825 and, JFB-826 were evaluated for their forage yield potential.
JFB-8l7 and JFB-824 were found to show top performance. However, all these populations
except JFB-8l6, JFB-825 and JFB-826 wer~ multiplied for further testing at all India level.
Handling of F 1 hybrids and segregating generations:
Fifty three hybrids involving ms ,8IB and various germplasm lines",' were grown.
Out of these, 18 were selected for advancement to F 2
generation for development of inbred
lines.
The F I hybrids involving :various brachytic'' (i'~arr' 'jin'es':~ere ,dwra,rf.
t i ,0 ~ i :'. t .t,.,-, r:· -:" ,I: ' ,
that 'the dwarfism in these lines was due to the same brachytic gene (db).
;.\
Tb.is indicated
Thirty eight F 1 hybrids involving brachytic dwarf mutant lines. and tall'germplasm
lines were tall and Vigorous.
I' "
Selected hybrid plants were selfed So as to raise F 2 generation.
Nine F 2 progenies obta'ncd from F 1 hybrids involving db dwarfs and nine selected
tall lines were grown. Out of these, one segregant from JMB-p-42-7-2'x Abohar local
(F 2 ) was found to be most vigorous-and leafy and was selected for further advancement.
Selection against protogyny :
SAP 81-1 was found to be true breeding for reduced protogyny. However, this line
flowered earlier than the ergot season and thus-.could not be i ti~it~d;'~g~insl artificial
inoculation: .,,' " ,.'

,. were intermated to develop new improved forage populations. These new experimental
varieties have-been named as JFB-841, JFB-842, JFB-843 and JFB-844. Four sweet stalk
lines viz., IP-3471, IP-3481, IP-3509 and IP-3593 were intermated to develop a synthetic
population, JFB-845.
Evaluation ofprogenies of the interspecific cross Penniseturn americonum'

469,470,471, 472, 473, 512, 518 and 554 exhibited very good plant spread and IL 526
showed very high degree of branching.
Advancing hybrid generation
The F 2 generation of two crosses 42-1 X IL 452 and 42-1 X IL~ 454 was raised. A good
degree of segregation for different phnt traits was noticed in population from cross 42-1 X
452. Promising individual plants were selected for earliness with a view, to develop short duration
varieties. Striking plants with erect growth habit were identified in order to develop varieties
for mixed cropping system. A few broad leaf types were also selected. The seed from
individual plants was harvested separately for raising the F 2 generation next year.
3.3 Genetic improvement of Trifolium species with special reference to Egyption clover.
(G. P. Shukh)
Varietal eualuation
i Evaluation of 20 entries in a replicated trial indicated that there was significant va iation
in plant height, no. of leaves/plant, leaf wt./plant, stem wt./plant and fodder yield/plant.
Th'ee cnuies, namely, CPC3. JHB 137 and JHB 64 surpassed the better performing' checkI
WarJa-i Six entries CPC-3l, JHB-137, JHB-64, JHB-44, JHB-48 and JHB-220 showed
si;nific intly better yield performance as compared to BL-·l (check).
ii Evaluation of 20 entries grown in wider row spacing indicated significant variation for
plant height, no. of leavesjplant, leaf wt./plant, stem wt.1 plant and total green wt./plant. The
variation in no. of branches/plant, however, was found to be non-significant. The values of
coefficient of variation ranged from 1.6.18 to 31.75 per cent. Eleven entries as compared
to Wardan and twelve entries as compared to BL-1 were found to be superior in fodder
yield.
Evaluation of Us progenies
Evaluation of 30M 3 progenies derived form the irradiated material of 5 ,.;varieties namely,
UPB 101, 103, C-3-94, JB-l and Mescavi each treated with 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 kr of
gamma rays indicated that plant height and branches/plant showed significant variation with
cv. values of 13.47 and 17.14, respectively. No significant variation was obse.ved for leaf
number, leaf weight, stem weight an I total fresh weight p.;r plant.
Biometrical studies
The varieties differed significantly for number of branches/plant, green wt./plant and dry
wt /plant in M 1 but only for green wt./plant in M2 generation. Variety x gam rna rays
( 39 )

interaction was found to be significant for plant height, number of branches/ plant, number of
inflorescences/plant, dry wt./plant in M 1 and for number of branches/plant, number of leaves/
plant, green wt.jplant and dry wt /plant in M 2 generation.
The correlation studies indicated that dry wt./plant was positively associated with plant
height, number of leaves/plant and green- wt.jplant in M 2 • The component characters, viz.,
plant height, number of branches/plant and number of leaves/plant showed positive association
among themselves. The significant correlations between dry wt./plant and component
characters indicated ample pcssibilities to imr rove dry matter yield through the selection for
component characters.
The multiple regression equations, 'multiple correlations and coefficients of determination
were worked out using the data of M 2 generation. The value- of coefficient of determination
(75.4) indicated that selection for plant height, number of branches/plant, number of leaves/
plant and green wt./plant had the maximum impact on increase of forage yield. Simultaneous
selection for these characters' appeared to be useful for improving dry matter content.
3.4 Varietal construction for yield and resistance irJ Dolichos complex- tLablab purpureusy
(D. N. Singh and C. B. Singh)
Germplasm screening
Seeds of 102 plants selected from 45 cultivars were grown in progeny rows to identify
their genetic nature and for screening the superior genotyp~s. Selection was applied between
and within the progeny. Data were recored for plant length, no. of branches, no. of nodes.
no. of effective inflorescences, pods on the mam branch, pods per plant and dr)' weight of
fodder as well as pods on five selected plants of 74 selected progenies and is under analysis.
Based on plant and pod characters, maturity and tolerance to
were identified as under :-
disease, certain genotypes
Maturity (earliness)
(lateness)
Tolerance (disease)
(cold)
f-16, S-32-l, S-22, S-3l, S-23-l and 8-131
S-36, S-20 and S-43.
8-130 and S-20.
S-36, 8-27 and S-FVT
( 40 )

Plant type (fodder)
(grain)
(dual purpose)
S-21-1, S-26-1, 38-1, 30~1 and S-131-IV
S-13-1, 27-1, 28-II and 31-IV
S-·2721...::1, S-33, S-2216-L
Varietal evaluation:
Twenty cultivars of field bean (L. purpurcus var, -lignosus) with promising selection
S-2214-II as check were evaluated in a replicated trial The cultivars showed significant difference
for fodder and grain yield. For grain yield, four culti vars, viz., S-32, S-18-1, S.38-II
and S-13-1 showed significant superiority over the check. However, none of the cultivars was
found to be superior for fodder yield over check, BJ.s~d on total dry matter yield, the
cultivars S-18-1 and S-36 were the promising types for dud purpose.
Inter specific hybridization:
Interspecific hybridization between cultiv ~r3 belonging to var. J.jgnosus and var, typicus
was attempted. F 1 seeds of four hybrids, i, e., S-1649-1 ,S-22, S-1049-1 X S-33, were obtained
for raising F 2 generation next ye:tr.
Mutation breeding :
Different sets of thirty healthy and uniform sized seeds of two selections, viz., S-2214­
1I and S-1649-1 treated with 0.2% EMS solution for 6, 12, 18 and 24 hrs were sown alongwith
the controls. Observations on seed germination, seedling gr.owth, and plant phenotype
indicated that treatments over 12 hrs had injurious effects. Seedlings of S-1649-1 showed rehtively
high response to short duration treatments, Treatment for '18 and 24 lus)n case of
S-1649-1 and 24 hrs in case of S-2214-1I were found to be lethal The mutant types were
sel ected and harvested for further testing.
M 2 seeds of individual plants of the cultivars S.2214-n trea.ed with 25,30 and 35 kr
and S-1649-1 treated with 25 and 30 kr of gimmi rays were sown in progeny rows. Single
rows of checks were also' grown. Observ.itions on plant growth.flowering period, tolerance
to diseases and maturity of the plants did not show any outstanding aberrant mutant. However,
few plants appearing relatively early and vigorous in foliage over cheks were harvested
separately for further studies.
Handling of segregating geflration :
Fa seeds of 4 to 8 selected plants of nine crosses Were sown in progeny rows. Each-row
consisted of 12 to 15 plants to get an idea about the genetic homozygosity and phenotypic
( 41 )

.appearance of the family. Progenies of the plants belonging to crosses S-22 ~4-I~XS-31 a~d
S~1649-1 X 20 selected for resistance [in F 2
] also showed incidence of the mosaic diseases which
showed interaction between the pathogens and the host genome.
3.6 Breeding varieties in Cajanus cajan for fodder and grain yield.
{c. B. Singh)
Germplasm evaluation:
The gerrnplasm comprising 210 land races including descript and non-descript types fr~m
north central India was evaluated in replicated trial on red sandy soils under rainfed conditions
for high biomass production inclusive of pulse, forage and fuel attributes and 10 test
their suitability under different cropping situations. Data recorded in different characters is
in
he process of analysis.
Varietal trials:
Comparative evaluation trials were laid out with pure and mixed cropping of 50 selected
lines of pigeon pea with different crops such as Jowar, Til and Urd. In the first trial, the
data on flower initiation and completion were recorded until December, 84. Based on this
data, the cultvars were grouped as short season, mid season and late season crop. The yearly
Season types completed fruit maturity by December, while the late types were still in flowering
during this period.
In the second trial involving pure and mixed cropping tr~atments,'extensive [data on
17 plant characters was recorded on five randomly selected plants of each line at the flowering
stage. Wide diversity was observed in days to flowering, total number of nodes on the main
shoot, number and position of branching, angle of branching, length of main shoo: showing
branching and leaf, haracters. Although there was no apparent effect of mixed cropping of
Cajanus lines with shorter growing crops like Til and Urd, but when cropped with taller
growing Sorghum plants, all the metric traites show ed lower expression rhan t1:e Furt crcp
of Cajanus. Mixed cropping with Sorghum delayed initial flowering in alI the Cajanus lines
by several weeks. Amongst the material tested, late types appeared to be comparatively
better adapted to mixed cropping wi h sorghum as compared to early types.
( 42 )

.PI-4: BREEDING VARIETIES OF PASTURE SPECIES INCLUDING TREES AND
SHRUBS FOR YIELD AND PERSISTENCE
4.1 Varietal improvement for forage yield and quality in range grasses.
[Bhag Mal and U. S. Mishra]
Cenzhrus species .~
1. The germplasm comprising ninety four lines of Cenchrus ciliaris was evaluated for
different fodder yield traits. There was a high degree of variation for plant height, leaf
number, leaf length, leaf width, tiller number and green fodder yield per plant in both the
cuts. The pooled green yield of two cuts varied from 117.0 g to 1846.7 g per plant; the highest
being recorded for IGFRI-3078-I. This was followed by IGFRI--4109-1 (1826.7 g), IGFRI­
4007-1 (J 800.0 g) and S-12 (I 735.4 g). These four genotypes exhibited better performance in
both the cuts as well as on pooled basis.
2. All the 44 lines of Ccnchrus seti gerus were evaluated for fodder yield and its attributes.
Considerable range of genetic variation was observed for plant height, tiller number, 'leaf
length, leaf" ir'th and 111'( en fc dde r yield, The pooled yield of green matter in two cuts varied
from 50.0 g to 755.0 g. The highest green matter yield was produced by IGFRI--2758-1
(755 0 ~) which was followed by IGFRI-4058-1 (705.0 g) and IGFRI-685 (703.4 g). These
three genotypes proved superior in both the cuts as well as on pooled basis.
. ,
3. The promising strains of C. ciliaries, viz., IGFRI-3105, IGFRI-3132, IGFRI-3813
and IGFRI-I03 were multiplied.
Dichanthium species;
1. A total of 90 lines of Dichanthium representing different species, viz., D. onnulatum,
D. papilosum, D. humtlis, D. arist atum, D. sereceium and D. supercellatum as well as the
natural hybrids between Dichanthium annulatum and Bothriochloa intermedia wereevaluste'd
in two cuts. Two genotypes, viz. 26 Band IGFRI-589 showed superior performance in
both the cuts. On pooled basis, the highest green yield Was given by 26 B of D. papillosum
(393.4 g), which was followed by IGFRI-501 of D. annulatum (368.4 g), 26 A of D •. papillosum
(355.0 g), IGFRI-610 (335.0g) and IGFRI-576 (328.4 g) of 1) .. annulatum,
43 )

2. Three variants of D. annulatum (IGFRI-12-1, 486-1 and 491-1), one of D. sereceium
(IGFRI-2954-1) and one natural hybrid between Dichanthium and Bothriochloa continued to
show superior performance and will be tested on large scale for yield potential.
Pennisetum pedicellatum :
Promising strains, viz., IGFRI-3808, 42-1,32-1, 56-1,2-2-2,4-1-2 and 4-2-1 were
entered in All India Coordinated trial for multi-Iocauonal testing. Out of these, IGFRI-43-1
and 4-2-1 showed superior performance at several locations in the country.
4.2 Genetic implovement of pasture legumes through mutation breeding.
(C. B. Singh and D. N. Singh)
Macroptilium atropurpureum cv.
Siratro
M4 generation of 16 lines derived from the original group of semi-sterile plants from
M 1 generation and 64 lines derived from fertile plants of earlier generation were grown in
single row plots. M 4 did not show any morphological differences between the sterile and
fertile derivatives of the original M 1 generation with respect to flowering behaviour until the
month of September.
Stylosanthcs hamata
The bulk seed derived from M 3 generation was grown in M 4 this year. The old plots
of M 2 generation possessed biennial plants showing aggressive growth. Majority of seedlings
arising from seeds shattered last year did not survive due to competition from weeds at
both locations, viz., red sandy soil and calcarious soil areas.
PI-5
PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES IN FORAGE AND PASTURE SPECIES
5.2 Introducticn of genetic variability and selcctlon of diccirable plant typos in some
fodder crops through mutation.
(M. G. Gupta)
Studies on seed germination and early seedling growth
Seeds of S. sesban were treated with 0.025% 0.05% & 0.075%, 0,1% Ethyl methane sulphonate
(EMS) and Nitrosomethyl urea (NMU) for three: hours. The higher concentrations
44 )

of both EMS and NMU had very pronounced effect on seed germination in petri dishes (controI80%,
0.075% EMS-35~;';, 0.075%, 1'.tIU-25%,0.1% EMS-18%, O.I%NMU 15%), shoot and
root lengths (control-7.0 and 3.0 ern, 0.075% EMS-2.0 and 1.15 em, 0.075 % NMU-2.3 and
0.6 Col, 0.1 % El\iS-1.25 and 0.7 ern, 0.1 % NMU-l.O and 0.5 cm and dry matter weight
(contrcl-65.0 mg, 0.075% EMS-56.0 mg, 0.075% NMU 52.0 mg, 0.1% EMS-50.5 mg and
0.1~;'; NMU 51.5 mg) of the seven day's old seedlings.
In pot culture experiment, the seed gerr in .tion percentage was significantly affected
by -u the doses of both EMS and NMU except 0.025~;'; EMS & NMU (contro-I72.0%, 0.05%
EMS-50.0% 0.05% NMU-42,5%, 0.075% EMS-27.0%, 0.075% NMU-19.0% 0.10% EMS­
11.15% and 0.10% NMU-13.5%). The survival percentage of the forty five day old seedlings
was only 10% in 0-1% NMU and 15% in 0.1% EMS treatments. Higher concentrations
of the mutagens had significant effects on shoot and root lengths (control--14.0 em and 30.0
cm;O.1% EMS-9.5and 12.0cmand 0.I%NMU-I0.5and 8.5cm) and dry matter weight
(control-1612.0 mg, 0.1% EMS-365.0 rnj aid 0.1 ~{, NvlU 3gS.0 mg) of the forty five days
old seedlings.
Stud!es all pIalit aftributes :
Higher concentrations of EMS and NMU had a pronounced effect on all the plant
attributes such as plant height (control-515 Col, 0.1% EMS-400 cm; 0.1% NMU-380 ern)
above ground biomass (control-5A kg, 0 1% EMS 4.2 kg, 0.1% NMU 4.1 kg), pod length
control-17.0 cm 0.1% EMS-14.3 ern, 0.1% NMU-8.5 ern), seeds per pod (control-28.0;
0;1% EMS-l1.0; 0.1~~ EMS-I1.0 .1% NMU 7.6\, seed yield per plant (control-53.0 g, 0.1%
EMS 25.0 g; 0.1% N\tIU 13.6 g) ani pollen fertility (c:>ntrol-921;:;; 0.1% EMS-40.0% and
0.1 % NMU-41%) in 0.1% NMU treatments some of the floral buds though grew to maturity
but shrivelled without blooming and pod formation.
Cytological studies
Mitosis Treatment of EMS and NMU caused irregularities in the dividing
root tip Cells and
chromosomal aberrations in all the treatments. when compared with the .cgntrol (contr()l-l.O%
0.025% E\tIS-6.0~;';, 0.025% NMU-5.0~~, 0.05% EMS-16.0%, 0.05% NMtJ-fO:8%,,'O,075%'
E.'v1S-25.5% 0.075% NMU-27.C%, 0.1% EMS 33.0% and 0.1% NMU-27.6%).
Aberrations such as chromosomal chattering, breakage, laggards and fragments, non-dis junetions
and bridges were of common occurrence in the treated material. Clu:npin g and stickness
were commonly observed in o.075%r1d 0.1% of NMU treatments.
( 45 )

Meiosis : Considerableamount of abnormalities in the dividing PMC were observed
both at metaphase-I and anaphase-I stages in the mutagen treated materials. Chromosomal
aberrations, formation of sticky ends in chromosomes leading to chains and rings formation
were of common occurrence in all the treatments with the increasing frequency in higher
concentrations of the treatment of EMS and NMU. Formation of sub-normal microcytes
also occurred due to the treatment of mutagens.
5.3 Cytogenetical studies in forage legumes.
(S. N. Tripathi)
Interspecific hybridization in Atylosio species.
1. The selected F 4 plants originated from the cross Atylosia albicans x Atylosia scarabaeoides
were studied for their meiotic behaviour alongwith palynological and morphological
characters with special reference to forage attributes. The data are summarised below.
Average Pollen No. of No. of
Plant chromosome sterility primary secondary Growth habit
nos. association branches branches
10-1-1 10 .OIl+2.0 11.25 260 59.0 Semi-erect with high leafiness,
13-3-4 9·OIl+4.0I 28.75 16.0 60.0 Erect with branch ends
drooping.
14-1-2 9.5II+3.0I 30.50 19'0 67.0 Spreading with profuse
branching.
15-1-5 10.5II+1.01 8.00 23.0 68.0 Erect (bushy)
18 -1-1 10.0II+2.0I 14.00 20.0 67.0 Semi-erect with main
stem more woody.
18-1-3 8.4II+5.01 42.50 18.0 69.3 Semi-erect and profusely
branched.
( 46 )

Plants having high degree of chromosome pairing as evidenced by the bivalent forma
tion at metaphase--I, coupled with important forage characteristics, viz., more leafinessj
branching, were selected. The cytological stability was recorded in some of the selected
plants raised through single seed/pod descent. Further scope lies in selecting highly nutritrve
cultivars as Atylosia albicans is a good source of protein. Both these species have showh
much homology in their chromosome complements and thus indicated close inter-relationship
between them. Recovery of plants with different growth habits has opened the scope for
differential utilization in cropping system. Selected F 5 plant progenies were raised.
2. The tri-specific hybrid (Atylasia albicans X Atylosia scarabaeoidesy »Atylosia cajanitolia
(Heines) was raised. The parental species differing in morphological traits 'are reported to
S~10W interrelationships. The chromosome pairing during meiosis in trispecific F 1 hybrid,
revealed the existence of homology in their chromosome complements. F 1 (trispecific cross)
was recorded to be semi-fertile.
Inter-generic hybridization far i mprooement of Cajanus cajan :
The selected plant types in F 5 generation of the cross Atylosia cajanitolia x Cajanus
cajan were studied for, heir cytornorphogenetic traits which are summarized as follows.
Plant No. Average Pollen Growth habit
Chromosome sterility
assoc.ation (%)
at Metaphase-I
_
--------,------"------- ---
133-9 11,0IIs 1.80 Erect, determinate early maturing
143-4 10.8Il+0'41 7.00 Bushy, dwarf, determinate and early
maturing.
139 1 10.0II+2.0I 29.00 Spreading, more basal branching, indeterminate
and late maturing.
92-2 1I. OIl 2.90 Erect, profuse branching, late mumring.
10.5Il+l.Ol 6.75 Bushy, dwarf, determinate and medium
maturing.
135-1 11.001 2.50 Main stem more woody, erect, determinate
and medium maturing.
5-1
11.0Il 1 20
More leafiness, profuse branchmg high
pod setting, early mturing,
._-------------------------------- ------
( 47 )

The chromosome pamng observed during mid pachytene between these two species oj
different genera revealed a close relationship amongst them which resulted in the production
of different plant types with varied morphogenetic traits The fertile hybrids scored were selected
for their propagation and use in the next generation.
Cytological studies in TrifoHum species
Meiotic studies were undertaken in a tetraploid
(cv. Halfa) and two diploid Tielexandrlnum (cv. 99-1) and Tcsemipilosum (cv. safari). The
cytological investigations revealed that the tetraploid (T. repens)
(211 = 4 x = 32) species Trifolium repens
possessed 1-2 nucleoli and
the presence of 1 IV + 14 II's was met within majority of the pollen mother cells on an
average. However, 8II's were seen in both the diploid species. Attempts are underway for
making interspecific crosses and induction of polyploidy in these Triiolium species.
•
5.4 Studies on induced polyplords of forage legumes
(S. N. Zadoo)
Studies on C 2 progeny of induced tetraploids of Sesbania tctraptcra
C 2 progeny of Sitetraptera [2n =4 X
=24] was studied for meiotic behavior. The average
association per cell were observed to be 3.6 quadrivalents + 0.3 trivalents + 3.5 bivalems +
1.26 univalents, The maximum possible association of 6 quadi ivalents was observed in 13.3
per cent cells while an association of 12 bivalents was not observed in any cell. A maximum
of 8 bivalents was, however, observed in 13.3 per cent cells. Although there was a decrease
in quadrivalent frequency and consequent increase in bivalent frequency from Co to C 2 Yet it
did not affect the fertility status of C 2 progeny, as only 1 to 2 seeds per pod could be
harvested.
Studies on C 6 progeny of induced tctraplolds of Atylosla scarabaeoids
C 6 progency of colchicine induced tetraplods of At ylosia scarabaeodies was studied
for pollen stainability and number of seeds per pod, Pollen stuinabiiiry varied from 29.2
to 64.24 percent in tetraploids as compared to 89.5 percent of diploid control. The number
of seeds per pod showed a range of 0-5 and average values of different plants varied from
1.33 to 2 83 as compared to 4.23 of diploid (control). To find out the causes of such variation
in fertility, chromosomal constitution of individual. plants representing different fertility
levels was worked out, All the plants studied showed euploid chromosomal constitution
of 2n=44, compared to 2n=22 of the diploids. Varying number of quadrivalents, trivalents,
bivalents and univalents were observed in different plants. The maximum number of
( 48

quadrivalents per cell was observed to be 10, The other extreme of chromosomal assciations
was represented by 22 bivalents, Incidentally, the highest association of 10 quadrivalents and
the lowest association of 22 bivalents was observed in different cells of same plant C 6-23 (table
l Oj'This indicated that different associations of chromosomes are realized at random and have
no re'ationship with chromosome size which is small in this genus. The extent of multivalent
association does not appear to have any relationship with the fertility of the carrier. No
relationship was found between pollen stainability rercenta£e and seed setting ability in
induced tetraploids.
Table 10 : Frequency of chromosome; association vis-a-vis fertility in
progeny of Atylosia scarabaeoides,
some plants of C6
Pla'lt Chromosome Associations Pollen Seeds!
No. number IV HI-II I stainability pod
(2n) %
C 6-5 44\ 5-6 10-12 29.20 0-5
(5.50) (I 1.00) (2.88)
C 6 - 13 44 5-8 0-1 6-10 0-1 33.80 0-2
(6.60) (0.33) (8.00) (0.33) (1.30)
C 6-23
44 0-10 2-22 64.24 0-4
(5.80) (10.3) (1.89)
C 6-25
44 6-7 7-10 0-2 0-4
(6.66) (8.33) (0.66) (1.89)
C 6-33
44 4-9 0-1 4-12 0-1- 31.14 0-2
(7.00) (0.33) (7.33) (033) (1.33)
C 6-59
44 2-6 10.18 36.08 5.00
(4.00) (14.00) (single pod)
Control 22 11.0 89.50 . 2-6
(Diploid) (4.23)
(The figures in parentheses represent average values)
( 49 )

The absence of multiple associations of more than four chromosomes and low frequency
of trivalents and univalents suggested that the tetraploids had a balanced chromosomal constitution
and all the chromosomes are represented four times. Thus, the variation in fertility
. could not be attributed to chromosomal constitution of individual plants.
Seeds from individual plants with varying fertility status have been collected and will be
sown in the next season to ascertain if there is a segregation for fertility and other parameters.
Hybridization involving natural and induced tetraploids
Crosses in different combinations including reciprocals involving induced tetraploids
of S. sesban var. 'bicolor' andS'. t etraptera as well as natural tetraploids S. microcarpaand
S. simpliscula were attempted. The flowers in all the cases fell down within 2-3 days of
pollination.
5.5 Cytogenetical studies on cultivated non-leguminoas fodder crops
(M. N. Prernachandrnn)
Panicum sp::cies :
Studies on chromosome number and meiotic behaviour of 17 accessions of P. maximum
revealed that all the accessions had the chromosome number 2n = 32 The quadrivalents ranged
from 0 to 7 and bivalents from 2 to 16. Pollen mother cells with univalents and trivalents
were present in all accessions.
The occurrence of 7 quadrivalents indicated the autopolyploid origin of the taxa which
is presently in the process of natural diploidization as is evident from the range of quadrivalents
from 7 to nil and the pres;nce of bivalents up to 16.
Pennisetum species:
Fourteen out of 108 genotypes of P. americanum X P. purpureum hybrids were selected
based on their growth vigour, Ieaflness and plant height for further evaluation. A plant inden­
• .ified in tred line Jl£-4':-1-6 of P. cmericcnum which lacks in pollen shedding was found
to be panially asynaptic/dcsynaptic. The high percentage of pollen sterility was due to meiotic
abnormalities caused by the resultant univalents. Pollen mother cells of this plant were
having upto 10 univalents alongwith bivalents. The mean chromosome association per cell
was 1.28 ring bivalents+3.l6 rod bivalents+5.12 univalents, The random assortment of
( 50 )

univalents resulted into pollen with irregular chromosome complement and hence pollen
sterility. A few selfcd and cross pollinated seeds with lIB-45-1-6 were collected for maintenance
and further USe as source of aneuploids,
Using male sterile ICms 81A P. americanum as female parent, interspecific and intergenerich
ybridization had been tried with P pedicel/atlim, P. Polystachyon .and Cenchrus
ciliaris, No hybrid seeds were obtained and hence these were not compatible.
Avena species:
The studies were conducted on A. sativaxA. magna F I
hybrids (2n-;= 35) with five
st-ains of A. sat ita (2n =42) and A. magna (2n = 28).TheF 1 with JHO 801 as femal e parent had
the highest number of bivalents and lesser number of univalents compared to F I
with OS-6,
OS-7, UPO-94 and 160-500. This confirmed that JHO 801 favoured gene exchange from
A. magna to A. sativa due to higher number of crossing overs: :'. . .. "..,c.
T1:e F I h)brids were seIf sterile. The sterility barrier has to be overcome for gene
transfer from A. magna to cultivated A. sativa. By using a 2% colChi~ine by capillary method
shoot meristern, it was possible to obtain such amphiploids in hybrids with OS-6, UPO-94
and JHO-801. The seedlings were vigorous with thickened leaves compared to the parental
species. The amphiploids are expected to be fertile and by using it as a bridge, it will be
possible to transfer desirable A. magna genes to A. suiioa.
Back crossing of the F 1 hybrids with A.. sativa pollen was done extensively. Few seeds
were obtained in hybrids with UPO-94, OS-6 and JHO-801. This showed that even though
pollen is sterile, occas.onal functional female gametes are formed in the PI hybrid. These
back cross hybrids also will have way for introgressicn of advantageous wild genes from
A. magna to cultivated oats.
Cytology of F I and F 2 interparietal and interspecific hybrids:
The meiotic behaviour ofFj plants with dwarf palestine variety of A. satica having
glume less spikelets and compact panicle with A. sativa strains IGO 1094 and UPO 160 and
A. nuda (2n =42), hull less oat with OS-6 were found normal with 21 bivalents and normal
tetrad formation. Normal seed get was also observed in the F 1 plants.
Thi rty plants each of OS-6 x 160-500 intervarietal and JHO-802 x A. sterilis interspecific
F2 were screened for chromosomal abnormalities. Although the F I plants had meiotic
irregularities, the F 2 plants had normal chromosome complement and hence normal meiosis
( 51

which indicated that gametic selection against irregular chromosome numbers would have
taken place.
Three-style pistil in Aisatioa
This spontaneous mutant character observed in A.sativa strain·OS-8 may be of recessive
nature since the F l hybrid between three style plants and normal plants had only normal two
styles in its florets. The F l plants had normal meiotlc behavioua with 21 bivalents as that in
mutant and normal parents. This showed that no chromosome structural changes were
involved.
The F 2 progeny of plants with three style pistil raised from the primary, secondary and
tertiary seeds had no significant difference in the percentage of three style pis tilled florets and
all the plants had three style pistil character as shown below.
Primary Secondary TertialY Total
seeds seeds seeds
%of 3 styled primary florets 26.7 30.6 39.9 31.96
%of 3 styled secondary florets 8.7 2.9 5.9 5.96
There was significant difference in three style pistil character with secondary florets with
very low expressivity. The expressivity in primary florets varied from 5.6 to 62.5% in whereas
in secondary florets, it was only 0 to 14.3%. Out of 30 panicles observed, 13 were without any
three styled pistil in secondary florets although allthe panicles had teat in primary florets. The
irregular behaviour in the expression of three style pistil character revealed the possibility that
this character may be controlled by a major suppresser gene.
5.6 Cytogenetical studies in range grasses.
(M. G. Gupta)
On the basis of morphological data, all the Seven existing lines of Ciglaucus belonged to
the same group. Cisetigerus gerrnplasm was grouped into tall and early flowering types (15),
tall and late flowering types (5), dwarf and early flowering type (9), and dwarf and late flowering
type (13). Ciciliaris material was grouped into tall, early flowering with purple coloured
spikes (37), tall, early flowering wiro faint colour spikes (12), tall, late flowering with purple
colour spikes (5), dwarf, early flowering with purple spike (18), dwarf, early flowering and
faint colour 0), dwarf, late flowering with purple spike (12).
( 52 )

Cytological studies:
Chromosome associations and ploidy level were studied in nine lines of C. ciliaris,
namely, IGFRI-8-2-2; 8-2-4; 358; 338; 660; 671; 678; 679 and S-4. The observations
0.1 the meiotic divisions in PMC showed that all the nine lines studied are tetraploid in nature
with chromosome complement as (4X = 24:= 36). Chromosomal associations at dia-kinesis
showed the autotetraploid nature of these cultivars. Chromosomal associations as quadrivalents
forming various patterns, SUCll as, rings, chains, inter associations etc. and the occurrence
of eighteen bivalcnts as diakinesis were irrespective of various morphological attributes ex'
pressed by the cultivars.
Studies on apimixis :
Embryological studies were conducted on only four lines, namely, S-4, IGFRI 660, 638
and 8-2-2. A 11 these lines showed apomictic nature of embryo development. The adventive
embryo rapidly develops from the nuclear tissue and obliterates the growth of sexual embryo
and assumes its pl-ce.
PI-6 :
6.1
PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN FORAGE CROP IMPROVEMENT
Varietal screening and induction of drought tolerance in forages.
(R. B. R. Yadava and B. D. Patil)
Twelve genotypes of oats grouped into three categories (i) highly drought tolerant (ii)
moderately drought tolerant and (iii) susceptible based 011 screening parameters (CSI, RWC
and proline accumulation) were grown in field under irrigated and unirrigated conditions. In
highly drought tolerant group, the reduction in yield under unirrigated against irrigated conditions
varied from 9.94 to 16.74 per cent (table 12) In moderately drought tolerant grou p,
the reduction in yield varied from 18.05 to 21.15 per cent and in drought susceptible group,
it ranged from 22.58 to 27.80 per cent.
6.2 Salt tolerance in forages.
(0. P. S. Verma)
Six varieties of oats, viz., JHO-1315, JHO-S16, DPO-121, OS-86, Colabah and
Palampur-sl were tested for salt tolerance at four salinity stress levels (4, 8, 12 and 16 Ece
53 )

under pot-culture. Salinity levels were simulated by dissolving Nacl, Cac1 2 and ~Na2 S04 in
the ratio of 7:2:1 in water equal to the saturation percentage of 18 kg soil in pots. Plant
height was observed to be reduced with the increasing levels oJ salinity in all varieties. However,
an increase in tiller and leaf number was recorded at 8 and 12 Ece levels in all varieties
except Palampur-I which could not sur vice beyond moderate salinity stress of 4 Ece.
Ear bearing tillers, ear length, spikelet number and seed weight per plant increased upto the
salinity levels of 12 Ece in varieties JHO-815, JHO-816 and Colabah. The effect of highest
salinity level on grain yield was adverse in all varieties. JHO-815, JHO-816 and Colabah
were identified as the most tolerant genotypes as revealed by their survival at the highest level
of salinity.
6.3 Effect of growth regulators on flowering, seed setting and quality aspects of
fodder crops
(R. B. R Yadava)
Th~ effect of growth regulators on seed yield in bajra was stadicd, Plant were sprayed
with different levels of growth regulators (1000, 2500 and 5000 ppm MH; 2500, 5000 and
] COOO PFm CCC and 25CO, 5CeO and 1eceo ppm B-nine) at tillering stage and observations
on flowering and seed yield contributing characters were recorded. The data (table 12) revealed
that the untreated control plants took 34 days when the first flower emerged. The flowering
time was prolonged by 1 to 12 days in different treatments. The number of ear bearing tillers
per p'ant increased with the application of growth regulators. The highest concentration
(10000 ppm) of cce and B-nine showed inhibiting effect, although were better .han control,
Grain yield under 2500 ppm and 5000 ppm of MH and 5000 and 10000 ppm of CCC was
significantly higher than the control. Similarly, 5000 ppm of MH, CCC and B-nine had significant
effect on thousand grain weight.
Pl-7 STUDIES ON NATURE AND EXTENT OF PLANT DISEASE OF FORAGE
CROPS, THEIR IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL
1.2 Analys:s of resistance in selected fodder crops against important plant dlscases.
(S.T. Ahmad)
Sorghum stratn HOI H0 2 H0 3 1328 and 4816 were raised in 2;

Table 11 ; Effect of growth regulators on flowering and yield components in bajra.
Treatments
Days to
flower
Fertile
tillers fplant
Length of
ear head
arainyield
per plant
1000 grain
weight
(em)
(g)
(g)
Control 134 10.3 17.6 128.8 18.1
1000 ppm MH 143 15.0 14.8 121.1 9.8
2:0)
500)
" "
" "
145 19.0 17.3 185.3 10.2
144 20.0 12.6 134.9 10.8
250) ppm CCC 133 13.0 17.6 126.1 10.0
5000
" "
139 19.0 14.5 135.5 11.1
10000 " 136 18.6 16.5 133.7 95
250) ppm B-nin~ 138 15.3 44.6 117.1 9.8
5000
"
"
139 16.0 19.0 129.7 22.3
10000 "
"
144 12.3 17.8 97.3 9.8
CD at 5% level
0.77
5.94
0.56
CD at 1%level
1.06
8.14
0.77
( 55 )

Table 12: Comparative performance of oat varieties for seed yield under irrigated and
unirrigated conditions.
Seedyield (g!Planf)
category Varieties Irrigated Unirrigated
-------
% decrease over
i~rig~ted
Drought
tolerant
Moderatel)!
drought
tolerant
Drought
Susceptible
IGFRI-2670 42.0 38.2 9.94
IGFRI-3021 58.5 50.6 15.61
IGFRI-2688 38.3 32.~ 16.76
IGO-8 35.8 31.3 14.37
IGFRI-2672 31.5 26.0 21.15
IGFRI-3026 34.0 28.8 18.00
IGO-18 29.6 24.7 19.83
IGFRI-3018 228 18.6 22.58
IGFRI-2636 25.8 20.2 27.72
IGO-l1 28.0 22.3 25.56
IGO-3 20.1 14.9 34.89
Kent 26.0 20.8 25.00
differ much. The infection by Collectotrichum species was quite severe and so was the case
with comon leaf spot. These observations indicated the selectivity of pathogens to the
treatment. The effect on the yields (green weight and dry matter percentage) was not Significant.
2 Another experiment was conducted to study the effect of cropping patt-­
ern on disease development, Guar and bajra cross were raised in 2x2 ill plots of each
crop alternating each other. The rows direction in plots was East to west. Guar was found
affected with Alt erneria leaf spot and bajra with rust. The spread of guar leaf spot was checked
by the presence of bajra plants while no such effect was noticed in case of bajra rust,
( 56 )

3 ~everal crosses were attempted between diploid tetraploid and hexaploid oats to
evolve suitable resistant donor for the future resistant breeding programme, Out of several '
promising oat crosses in F 2 and fixed F 4 lines and their selections. Only one F 2 cross 20 A
was established far further studies.
7.3 Problems and prospects of plant diseases in graminaceous fodder crops.
(Arun Kumar]
Etiology and epidemiology of sorghum foliar Pathogens:
Effect of date of sowing on disease development:
To determine the relationship between date of sowing and disease development,
variety M. P. Chari of Sorghum was sown in pots at three different dates at an interval of
ten days, i. e. 10 th, 20th and 30th July. The per cent leaf area affected by different diseases
and yield parameters were recorded at 3-5 leaf stage, and at 50% flowering stage in each
treatment. Results showed that the severity of diseases was more on the plants sown on l Oth
July as compared to those sown on later dates. Thus, sowing of seeds on 20th July was
observed favourable because the seeds Sown on this date produced plants with low disease
incidence, greater height and higher number of larger leaves/plant. Number of tillers, stem
girth and dry wt/fresh wt ratio were also observed at their optima at this time.
Effect of temperature ana humidity on development of diseases in field :
Obs.rvations on three diseases, viz., zonate leaf spot, anthracnose and grey leaj
spot were recorded from third week of August to first week .of November to find out
periodic development of these diseases in relation to different weather conditions prevailing
in the field. Results indicated that the maximum infection of the diseases took place between
23. 0 to 35. OoC which is generally available during these months. It was also observed
that high humidity of 85-95% was required for maximum infection of foliar pathogens.
Studies on disease control aspects
Conidia of rough leaf spots iAscochyta sorghina) of sorghum were SUbjected to
different fungicidal treatments in laboratory to observe the per cent inhibition in germination
57 )

· - .
with respect to control in distilled water. The germination took place after 3 hrs, while no
conidia germinated in 100 ppm solution of Vitavax. Benlate (lOa ppm) showed considerable
inhibition (58. 3%). Bavistln (l00 ppm) could not inhibit the germination more than 16.6%
After 24 hrs, benlate successfully inhibited the qermination by 93% and bavistin upto 90%
The performance of these three fungicides will now be studied in field conditions.
Germplasm sereeuing
Eight varieties of oats were planted in the infector row pat-ern, All the entries
were observed free of disease symptoms against natural occurrence of diseases in the field.
7.4 Plant diease pioblcms in browsing and trees.
s
( H. K Joshi)
Artificial inoculation studies and pathogenicity test of rusarium acuminatum on
subabool trees.
Attempts were made to inoculate the fungus E. acuminatum isolated from gummosis
affected subabool trees. The isolation was made from infected parts of bark and
.disintegrated cortical tissues. At the onset of gum production, the affected portion of bark
was wrapped with a surfacesterilised polythene sheet. When the visible symptoms of gum
appeared, the bark was carefully removed the tree by means of a sharp sterilized blade and
isolated on PDA-meclium. Pure cultures of the fungus were raised and the two-week old
cultures were used for inoculation.
The spore suspension having 7-8 spores per (10 X 40 X) microscopic field indicated no
symptoms, The inoculation made by direct application of spore suspension containing 15-16
conidia on one year old subabool trees of peru type (IGFRI-8) at a height of about 1 m on
main trunk produced symptoms.. The observations on the inoculated treatments were constantly
taken for 16 days (table 13).
Occi.rrence and host range of /ungal diseases on fodder trees.
Twenty two cultivars of fodder trees belonging to fourteen species of six genera
were sown' in the-last week of June in earthen pots to observe the natural occurrence of
fungal diseases. Theobservations are as follows.
58 )

Table: 13
Inoculation conditions and symptoms appearanc~.
S!.
No.
Conditions provided
for inoculation
No. of tree')
inoculated
Symptoms
1.
Control-
,( a) Injuries up to 5 mm, sprayed with
sterile distilled water and left
uncovered.
( b) Injured, sprayed with D. W. 'and
covered with polvthene sheet.
2, Injured, inoculated coverd with
polythene sheet around bark,
3
3
3
Nil
Nil
Nil
3. Injured, inoculated covered with
moist cotton pad wrapped with
moistening upto 96 hours'
3 "Out of -30 'injury \marks, 18
produced minute globelats, of
dark coloured gum with amorphous
texture'
----------------"'"-------
Albizia : out of the three species, A. mara and A. procera were observed free from any
fungal diseases, while A. lebbeck was observed infected with rust Ravenalia sessilis, Tho rust
l-us:ules were also found colonized by Trichothecium species." Dead leaves were inhabited by
Pestilotia species. The host range of R. sessilis was confined to A. lebbeck only under
natural conditions.
Acacia: The two species of Acacia, viz. A. tortilis and A. nilotica were ohserved free from
anv fungal disease symptoms.
Dalbergia : D. sissoo was attacked by powdery mildew phyllaciinia dalbergiae and rust
(Uredo sissooi.
Hardwickia :
H. binnata \V:1,S found free from any disease symptoms.
( 59 )

Leucaena : L. leucocephala seedling Were affected by Colletoriehum copsici. Besides, Aspergillus
[laous also infected the seeds and seedlings. The dead pods were colonized by A. (favus which
forms a new host record for India. Diachea bulgillosa was found parasitizing on livins
seedlings.
Sesbania : Grey leaf spots were observed on all strains of S. sesban, S. granditlora and
S. aculeata. The yellow and dotted varieties of S. aculeata were also observed with stem lesions.
Five species, vlz., S. exasperats, S. macrocarpa, S. seracia, S. tetraptera and S. simpliuscila
were observed free from any symptoms.
PI-8: STUDIES ON INSECT PESTS OF FORAGE CROPS, THEIR IMPORTANCE
AND CONTROL.
8.1 Genetic evaluation of important non-leguminous fodders for resistance to
insect-pests.
(S. A. Faruqui and K. C. Pandey)
One hundred and sixty two plants of segregating population of 24-3-1 x 81B along with
their parents were studied for reaction to shootfly. Out of 42 dwarf plants, 17 were resistant
and 25 susceptible and out of 94 tall plants 18 were resistant and 76 susceptible. The type of
resistance appears to be simple.
2. Studies on neurosecretory activity in relation to feeding in Hyperapostica and Callosbruchus
maculatus indicated that feeding stimulated the synthesis and release of neurosecretory
material.
8.2 Genetic evaluation of important forage legumes for resistance to insect-pests.
(K. C. Pandey and S. A: ~aruqui)
Medicago species:
The seeds obtained from 55 plants having high degree of resistance for lucerne weevil
select from 11 lines, viz., B-15, B-22, B-27, B-135, B-209, Dawson, Sarnac, Ranger, Buffalo
Sirsa-9 and Dupuits were tested in the laboratory for mass selection against Hypera j ostica,
( ·60 )

the lucerne weevil. Five hundred out of 5000 seedlings were selected under adult cotyledon
test. These were put under adult leaf disc test and about 350 plants were selected on the
basis of least damage. These were put for larval development test and about 250 plants
were selected. These plants were put for ovipositional stumulus test and finally about 150
plants Were selected and seeds from them were collected,
The crude extract obtained through Steam distillation of Medicago species, namely
M. sativa, M. ariertext a, M. utalica, M. scutellata, M. rugosa, M. murex, M. tarnatae and
M. truncalula were tested in open cages at strength of 10, 100 and 1000 microgramms per disc.
The response ratio of lucerne weevil indicated that M. scut ellata and M. rugosa appeared
to produce volatile material which contained substances repulsive to the weevil. M. sativa,
M. intertexta and M. arabica extracts contained substance that was attractive to
lucerne weevil.
Tl'n vaneues of cowpea JC-21, 978, 984, 450, 1008,985, VMPKV-1,HY 68-B,
143 and 515 were screened for combined resistance to cowpea, flea bettle and semi-looper.
JC-21, 1008 and 68-B showed combined tolerance for these pests. The cowpea varieties,
'Kanyakuman, IGFRI-450, 5286 and UPC-9020 had the least attack of the insect pests,
while 5286, VMPKV-1, 97 and 216 showed the higher number of :'lsect pests. The association
of arhar increased number of insect pests in cowpea, while association of bajra reduced
their numbers.
Arhar
b
Out of 29 cultivars of arhar, IL-4, 17, 40, 45, 103, 139, 185 and 156 showed the
maximum damage and IL-85. 69-11, 106 had the least damage, of leaf defoliators. The
podfly damage was the maximum in 103, 119, 185, 47 and 8 while others were moderately
resistant.
Reaction of arhar, field bean and moth bean seed to pulse beetle 'Collosobruchus
maeulatus.
On the basis of least number of eg[s laid and adults produced n..~2911 158, 73, 120,
1517, 267 and 250 of arhar appeared tolerant. Seed colour and seed volume showed no
re'ationship with tolerance. The larger seed size had, however, greater tolerance. Out of 31
cultivars of field bean No. 23, '833 and LI-1 showed greater damage.
( 61 )

198 cultivars of moth hean were screened on the basis of number of adults produced
by the beetles in 30 days. Forty six lines which were catagorised as tolerant are IL-1173,
1188, 1167, 1057, 1189, 74-59, 1035, 1085, 1175, 74-66-1, 2205, 1087, 1090, 74-66,
1942, 1132, 1066, 1140, 1049, 1180, 1127, 1000, 1102, 1033, 1137, 1096, 1163, 1074,
1078, 1184, 74-66, 74-82, 74-59-1, 74-53, 1174, 1068, 1157, 1089, 1095, 1145, 1126,
ILO-I, 2, 3, is and 9.
8.3 Survey and utilization of parasites and predators in relation to biological control
of insect-pests of fodder crops.
(S. A. Farul.(ui and K. C. Pandey)
1. Survey of important parasites of cowpea aphid, revealed that Lcucopis attacked all the
nymphal stages. On painted bug, Anagrus opt abilis, an egg parasite and Neogonatopus species
which attacked all nymphal instars were observed. On stem borers in Chilo species, parasites
most abundant on larvae were Bracon albineatus, Adoxomyla heminopla, Chelonus Spp, Pseudalsonya
Spp. In Scsamia ini'erans, the larva parasite observed was Sturmiopsis in/erans.
2. Studies on food unilizaticn and consumption by the larvae of lucerne weevil, Hypcra
postica made on 3rd and 4th instar larvae indicated that fresh weight gain from begining of
3rd instar to the day preceeding to cocoon formation was 14·16±0.62 mg, in unparasitized
and 9.l8±0.28 mg. in parasitized larvae. Dry weight gain from begining of 3rd instar
through cocoon formation was 1.92±03 mg in unparasitized and 1.54±0.66 mg in parasitized
larvae.
3. Observations on diapause behaviour of Bathyplectcs curculionis, the most important
parasite of lucerne weevil indicated that both types of diapausing and non-diapausing froms
of B. curculionis occurred in the field. The non-diapausing forms of the parasities had Cocoons
light brown in colour and diapausing cocoons were darker. The cocoons collected at the
end of February contained more number of diapausing forms.
PI-9 STUDIES ON NEMATODES IN RELATION TO FORAGE AND PASTURE
PRODUCTION.
9.2 Forage crop production of some important cultivated legumes and grasses in relation
to plant parasitic nematodes.
(N. Hasan)
( 62 )

Use of neem cake for the control of root-knot nematode infecting sesbania grandiflora.
Seedling grown in nursery beds amended with neem cake in Jurrows (100 g/furrow)
and spot treatment (15 g/spot) and later grown in naturally infested soil with M. incognita
reduced the gall formation by about 50% and increased the growth by 62~~ of S. grandiilora
seedlings as comparable to those obtained when the seedlings were grown in nematicides
treated soil, Further, the single application of neem cake persists for over a period of six
months.
Control of nematodes infecting Clrtoria, cowpea, moth bean and oat by seed treatment
with different nematicidcs.
The namaticides, viz., aldicarb. carbofurart and phenamiphos each at 0.25, 0.5 and
1.0% concentration were tested as seed treatment to minimise the toxicity and cost for the
control of M. incognita infecting Clitoria, cowpea, moth bean and I. vulgaris infecting oat
under field condition.
Phenamiphos at the highest concentration gave the least root-knot index in all the
forage legumes and the maximum reduction in the population (85%) of I. vulgarts infecting
oat followed by aldicarb and carbofuran. All the chemicals at highest concentration were
also effective in increasing the forage yield.
Population changes of the root-knot nematode M. incognita in
~pp.
relation to different crop
Clitoria, cowpea and moth bean caused greater increase in the population of M. incognita
as compared to Sorghum (M. P. Chari), bajra and maize. M. P. Chari was found to
the poor host for this nematode. Weed free fallow greatly reduced the population of
M. incognita.
Screening of lucerne species/varieties against M. incognita and P. Penetrans.
\ .
Twenty three varieties of 12 species were tested for resistance in pot culture by inoculating
with freshly hatched larvae/nematodes of M. incognita and P. penetrans. The cuItivars
showing resistance will be tested in field conditions.
Histopathological studies of resistant and susceptible line of Clitoria ternatea, D. aconltif"lius
and Sesbania spp. infected with M. incognita.
Infected root sections of resistant and susceptible plants revealed that the nematodes
63

penetrated in both types of plant roots, though fewer in number in resistant plants. The
developments of mature females in resistan: plant roots were also observed to be delayed,
Effect of different cruping sequences on the population of plant parasitic nematodes.
The population of root-knot nematode seemed to be increased in cropping sequences
where cultivated forage legumes were grown continouslyas compared to grasses. Grasses
appeared to be good hosts for spiral and stunt nematodes.
9.3 Studies on nematode associated with Silvipastoral systems
(M. 1. Azmi)
Lesion nematode, Pratylenchus zeae Graham is very pathogenic to su-baboo1. Leucaena
leueocephala. Farmyard mannure (FYM) was used to assess its effect on the host response and
host suitability of P; zeae on the su-babool seedlings. The root lesion index on su-babcol
seedlings, showing host response, decreased as the treatment decreased as the treatment doses
of FYM increased (table 14). Drastic reduction in the rate of multiplication of the nematode
(reproduction factor) showing host suitability were observed with 2x 105 ppm dcse of
FYM.
Cenchrus ciliaris has high degree of drought resistance. In favourable conditions (10­
30%) soil moisture and IS-350C soil temprature), it facilitates; multiplication of spiral r ermtode,
Helicotylenchus dihystera, which causes severe root damage, thin stands with pale, slender
or dying lewes. Soil samples were collected and the nematodes presentwere indentified and
counted. Range.of population of predominantly occuring nematode H. dihyst era was higher
in the rhizosphere soil of older stocks than in freshly transplanted material (table 15).
The effect of different population density levels (table 16) was studied by inoculating
] 5 days old seedlings. The studies revealed that the significant reduction in the growth characters
of the plants started from the nematode density 100 per 100 ml of soil. Further, with increasing
levels of inoculum density, there was corresponding reduction in 'plant height and
dry matter weight of plant. Symptoms like stunting, yellowing of the shoot, browning of the
leaves and short discoloured dead roots were prominent. Reduction in the yield of plants or
other pathogenic effects were directly influenced by the initial density of the nematode in the
soil. The rate of multiplication of the nematode in soil is again a density dependent
phenomenon,
( 64 ).

Table 14: Control of root lesion nematode, Pratylemchus zeae on 1 su-babeol with Farm
yard mannureafter 100 days imgn.,of six repJieates)... _ 3 _
d jl •
Treatme8~
.i\..f
I "Ol I ~ , "
, ,
) ,
Root lesion
index
..(scale 0-4) --. ~ -
ReproouctiBn 'factor
of the nematode (R)
Untreated (control)
2 X 10 3 ppm
2x 10 4 ppm
2=10 6 ppm
C. D. at5 %
3.5
3.1
2.5
1.6
0.32
,f," }l
265
242.
199
1L6
140
(Scale 0-4)0,"",no lesion, 1=few-£maH lesion, 2=nrore-ml1all lesions few big' lesions,- 3-':;mode:
ra te lesion, 4=severe lesion.
Reproduction factor (R)=Final population pfjinitial population Pi.
Table 15:
Effect of H. dihystera on the growth of C. ciliaris.
Nematode Plant Dry weight (g)
densityjlOO rnl. height (em) Shoot . Root Pf PfjPi
soil
0 118.00 26.23 8.73 0 0
10 116.13 25.14 7.97 1262 126
100 98.68 14.87 4.12 3886 39
1000 76.34 10.16 3.32 4912 5
10000 53.93 8.76 216 4536 0.5
CDl% 11.53 2.13 1.61 121
CD 5% 8.45 1.57 1.19 89
Pf'e-Final population and
Pie-initial population of nematodes.
65 )
G

Table 16: Population density of Helcotylenchus dihyst era in Cenchrus ciliaris (new and old
stocks) in unirrigated field.
Age of the plant
No. of samples
collected
No. of samples
yielding
nematode
------------------------------- -----
Two months
100
80
34-113
One year
100
100
56-203
Two years
500
455
51-210
Three years
100
100
89-375
( 66 )

DIVISION OF AGRONOMY
AG-3: AGRONOMY OF IRRIGATED!DRYLAND FORAGE AND PASTURE CROPS.
3 1 Evalua tion of varietal re:;ponse of fot age crops.
(S. N. Tripathi and A. S. Gill)
1. Comparative performance of different cereal forages and their varieties for fodder production
during khurif season,
It was first year of the experiment. The treatments consisted of three varieties each of
rmize (Ganga-5, Vijay composite and African tall); pearl millet (Rajko, Giant and L-74) and
fodder sorghum (P.C. 6, Pioneer-98 and M.P. Chari) along with teosinte. The experiment
was carried out on a sandy loam soil intermixed with murrum in randomused block design
with three replicates. Fertilizers @ 90 kg. Nand 30 kg. P 2 0 5!ha were applied to all treatments
at the time of sowing. The crops were sown on July 18 and harvested for forage after
74 days of growth.
Results showed that on an average pearl millet recorded maximum forage yield (389 q
a.M. and 88.7 q!ha D.M.) followed by sorghum (346q G.M. and 73.8 q!ha D.M.) and
maize (315 q G.M. and 62.2 q!ha D.M.). The forage yield of teosinte was lowest (249 q
G.M. and 53.3 q!ha D.M.). Among different cereal forage varieties, African tall in maize
(323 q G.M. and 71.5 q/ha D.M.); Pioneer-98 in sorghum (390 q G.M. and 83 q!ha D.M.)
and L-74 in pearl millet (430 q G.M. and 98'1 q!ha D.M.) were found significantly superior
to the other varieties.
2 Comparative performance of guar varieties for forage yields under summer conditions.
It was first year of the trial and five guar genotypes Were tested for their forage yields
under summer conditions in randornised block design' with four replications. The crop was
sown on April 14, keeping a seed rate of 35 kg/ha and row spacing of - 30 em. Basal
( 67 )

fertilization eornprised 30 kg N/ha and 30 kg P205/ha. The genotypes were harvested for green
fodder yield on June 21. V~'v'i "). -':. _)". ~ •. \'; VI n
Results indicated that guar genotype IGFRI-S-212 recorded the highest green fodder
(234 q jha) and dry matter (57.6 q/ha) yields and next in order was HFG 119 (223 q/ha G.F.
and 52.8 q/ha D.M.), The various quality parameters were also in favour of these two
D\
.~~Qtypes. '14'J " v:/ : U" C I, " 1'}1 'I , i r>
3. Comparative performance of fodder bajr.i varieties under summer conditions,
It was the first year of the trial and three important fodder bajra varieties (L-74, Giant
and Rajko) were tested for their forage yields during summer season. The experiment was
planned in randomised block design, replicated eight times. The crop was sown on March 28

yield of pea. However significant response to phosphate fertilization was seen only upto 60 kg
P 205/h1.. Increase in the forage yieid of pea at this level of phosphate manuring were 74 q{ha
G. M. (17.5 q rha D. M.) and 176 q{ha G. M. (39.6 q{ha D. M.) respectively over 30 kg. Pz
Oa{ha and control (174.6 q G. M. and 39.6 q/ha D. M.) Interactions among levels of phosphate
and seed rates were statistically not significant.
2. Effect of cutting intervals and stubble height on the forage yield of lucerne
(IGFRI-S-244l
The treatments consisted of all combinations of four cutting intervals viz.
3, 4, 5 and
6 weeks and three stubble heignts (4, 8 and 12 ern) from the ground level. The experiment
was carried out on light textured soil in randornised block design with three replicates. All
treatments were fertilized @ 20 kg N + 90 kg Pz 0 5 + 30 kg K 20{ha at the time of sowing.
The trial was sown on October 17 and one common cutting was taken after 55 days of sowing.
The cuttings intervals were imposed after ihe first harvest of the forage. In all 8, 6, 5 and
4 cuts were obtained respectively from cuttings 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks interval. Results showed
that harvesting the crop for forage at an interval of five weeks was optimum as it recorded
the highest green forage yield of 612 q/ha (147 qjha D. M.). Increasing the cutting interval
to six weeks did not prove advantageous. Harvesting the crop at three weeks interval produced
lowest forage (285 q G. M. and 51 q/ha D. M.). Frequent cuttings at an interval of
three weeks resulted in gradual reduction in plant population count.
3. Effect of levels of nitrogen and seed rates on the forage yield of fodder sorghum
(Hybrid 988)
The experiment was initiated in Kharif season and the experimental design was randomised
block with three replications. The treatments consisted of all combinations of 3 nitrogen
level~..J30, 60 and 90 kg/ha) and 3 seed rates (30,40 and 50 kg/ha). The crop was sown
on June 8 in rows 25 cm apart and half the nitrogen dose was applied at sowing by drilling
just below the ssed and remaining dose was top dressed after taking the first cut. In all two
cuts of green fodder were taken on August 2 and October 1.
On pooled basis (total of 2 cuts), linear response to N was observed on the green
fodder yield. Aplication of 90 kg N Iha recorded a green fodder yield of 511 q/hd., whicn was
47.6 percent and 8.9 percent greater than the yield observed with 30 kg and 110 kg N f'rta
69 ).

espectively. Similarly, with an increase in seed rate fCHTI 30 to 50 kg/ha, the green fodder
yield also increased significantly and 50 kg seedjha registered the highest green fodder yield
of 510 q/ha, which was 36.7 percent higher than the yield recorded with 30 kg/ha Seed rate.
Interaction between N levels X seed rate was found to be significant and maxium green fodder
yield (547 q/ha) was obtained with 90 kg Nand 50 kg seedj ha.
4. Effect of nitrogen and sulphur fertilization on the forage yield of maize (Vijay
composite).
The rrial was conducted for the first year with treatments T 1 : sulphur 50 kg/ha;
T 2 : 30 kg N/ha; T 3 : 60 kg N/ha; T 4 : 90 kg N/ha; T 5 : T 1+T2 ; T 6 : T 1 + T 3 and T 7 :
T 1 + T 4: In all 7 treatments were evaluated in a randornised block design, replicated 3 times.
The best crop was maize (Vijay) sown on July 25 in rows 25 em apart with 60 kg/ha seed
r.ite. Sulphur and full dose of N as per treatments were applied as basal just below the
seed. The crop W'lS cut for green fodder yield on Septcrnbef 15.
Significant differences were achieved among the various treatments for green fodder
yield of maize. On an average, sulphur fertilization (50 kgjha) increased the green fodder
yield by 17.4 percent as compared to no N application whereas application of Sulphur-l- N
increased the green fodder yield by 70.5 percent as compared to only sulphur alone. Interestingly,
application of 50 kg S/ha+90 kg N/ha (T 7 ) recorded a green fodder yield of 303
q/ ha as compared to a yield of 264 q /ha obtained with only 90 kg N /h~l (T4) which shows all
increase in the yield by 14.7 percent.
5. Studies on sulphur fertilization in perennial cultivated cereal fodder crops.
Treatments comprising sulphur application (50 kp./ha and no sulphur) and three perennial'
cereal foddercrops (Hybrid naoier, Nandi grass and Guinea grass) were compared in
randomised block design with four replications. The perennial crops were spaced 50 x 50 cm
(established during February 1983) and fertilized with 60 kg Nfha on May 2 and top dressed
@ 30 kg N /ha after I, II and III cuts. Sulphur was also applied on May 2 and thoroughly
mixed with the top layer. In all, 4 cuts Were taken (June 6, July 23, October 1 and NOVember
11) for green fodder yield.
On the basis of pooled data for green fodder yield, SUlphur (50 kg/h:t) increased the
green fodder significantly as compared to no sulphur treatment. Application of sulphur
( 70 )

ecorded a green fodder yield of 1709 q/ha as compared to no sulphur yield of 1532 qJha,
(a difference of 177 qJha). Significant differences also existed among the cereal crops for
green fodder yield.
Interaction between sulphur X cereal crops was found to be significant and. maximum
green fodder yield (2073 qJha) was achieved in guinea grass with the application of (50 kgJha)
sulphur.
3.2.2. Cultural management and fcrtillzer use in forageJpasture crops.
(M. S. Raut and A. S, Gill)
1. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization at different seeding rates on forage
production of berseem.
This experiment was conducted in order to find out the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus
fertilization and seed, rates on fodder production of berseern. Treatment combinations
comprising two levels each of nitrogen (10 and 20 kg N Jna) phosphorus (60 and' 80 kg P2
05/ha) and seeding rates (20 and 25 kgJha) were evaluated in 32 factorial R.BO, replicated
three times. Berseern var. 99-1 was sown by broadcast method on November 23.
Fertilizers were applied as basal as per the treatments. The crops 'Was harvested- for fodder
on January 20 and February 29 and left for seed production afterwards.
The experimental results indicated that green and dry fodder yield of berseern were
not affected significantly due to application of 20 kgJha over IO kg NJha and 80 kg P205Jha
over 60 kg P205/ha However, 20 kg NJha improved green fodder yields to the tune of
10 percent over 10 kg N Iha. Higher seed rate (25 kgJha) resulted in significant increase
in green and dry fodder yields of berseern over 20 kgj ha seed rate. The magnitude of such
increases were 40.5 q/ha green fodder and 5.3 q/ha dry fodder yields. The interaction between
phosphorus levels and seed rates was significant for dry fodder yields. which indicated
that 60 kg P205Jha and a seed rate of 20 kgJha gave significantly higher dry matter yield
over 20 kgJha seed rate but at 80 kg P 205/ha. The difference in fodder production due to
20 and 25 kgj ha seed rate was not significant. Similarly, the interaction seed rate X nitrogen
levels was also .significant for dry fodder yield. It was observed that the highest dry fodder
yield was obtained with 20 kg NJha and 25 kgJha seed rate. At 20 kgJha seed rate, application
of 20 kg N/ha did not increase the dry fodder significantly ove 10 kg N/ha bur with 25
kgjha seed rate it led to significant increase in dry yield over 10 kg N/ha.
( 71

2. Effect of bio fertilizers on berseem production.
The experiment was carried out to find out beneficial role of inoculation of berseem
seed with bacterial culture on fodder production and nitrogen saving. Treatment combinations
comprised three nitrogen levels (0, 20 and 40 kg N {ha) and two levels of seed inoculation
(no seed inoculation and seed inoculation with bacterial culture). The experimental
design was randomised block with five replications. The crop was sown on December'""12 with
a basal dose of 80 kg P20s{ha and 2 cuts were obtained.
Green and dry fodder production of berseern was not affected significantly due to seed
inoculation (bacterial culture) over uninoculated seed. With regards to nitrogen response,
an application of 20 kg N{ha improved green fodder yields of berscem significantly over the
control (table 16).
Table: 16 Effect of N and bacterial seed inoculation on berseem.
Treatments
Green fodder
yield (qjha)
Dry fodder
yield (q{ha)
Bacterial culture
No culture treatment
Bacterial culture treatment
CD5%
144.4
134.2
NS
27.12
26.22
NS
o.
20
40
CD 5%
129.1
150.1
138.7
18.8
25.52
27.87
26.62
NS

3. Sulphur fertilization in berseem.
This experiment was conducted to find out the effect of sulphur application on fodder
production of berseern, Treatments consising of 5 levels of sulphur (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg
SJha) were evaluated in randornised block design with four replications. Berseern var, 99-1
was sown on December 3. An uniform application of 36 kg N+90 kg P205!ha through
DAP was done at the time of sowing. The.crop was harvested for two cuts upto March 8;
Sulphur application improved fodder production of berseem significantly. An application
of 30 kg Sjha significantly increased both the green and dry matter yields over no
sulphur treatment (table 17).
Table 17 :
Treatments
Effect of sulphur application on berseem.
levels of sulphur (kg SJha)
o
15
:=0
45
60
CD5%
Green fodder
(qJha)
146.3
157.8
175.0
172.5
166.8
23.1
Dry matter
(qjha)
25.63
28.45
34.60
29.78
28.25
614
3.3 Cropping patterns for maximum forage production.
(S. N. Tripathi)
1. Evaluation of different forage crop rotations
The treatments comprised nine forage rotations viz. (1) P. pedicel/alum-lucerne, (2)
P. pedicel/arum + guar -- berseem, (3) P. pedicellatum-s- cowpea -- oat. (4) 'maize - lucerne,
(5) maize + guar (6) maize + cowpea- berseem (7) M. P. Chari + guar - oat, (8)
M. P. Chari + COwpea - lucerne and (9) M. P. Chari - berseem (control). These crop sequ~
ences were evaluated for their forage production potential in randornised block design keeping
four replicates. Pure cereal and leguminous forage were fertilized with 90 kg N + 30 kg P2
0 5 and 20 kg N + 80 kg P205Jha respectively. Mixed crops of cereal and leguminous forage
during Kharif season received 55 kg N + 40 kg P205jha. Among different forage crops
rotations' P. pedicel/alum + guar - berseem recorded maxium green forage yield (1249.6 qJ
ha, which was significantly highe r than the green forage yield of remaining rotations. Next in
order were M. P. Chari - berseem (1189.4 qjha) and P. pedicel/alum-lucerne (1160.0 q/ha).
There was no significant difference with respect to dry matter yIelds of .he above mentioned
forage rotations which ranged from 200.4 q to 207.9 qjha. The remaining forage crop rotations
recorded around 1000 qjha green forage and below 194 qjha dry matter. Maize-]- guar-oat
rotation recorded significantly lower forage yields (840.6 q G. M, & 165.2 qJha'D. M.) than
( 73 )

other rotations.P. pedicellatum (529.2 q/ha G. M. and 101.8 q/ha D. M.)and berseem(742.2
q G. M. and 103.6 q/ha D. M.) were identified as most productive crops during kharif and
rabi seasons, respectively,
2. Evaluation of cereal-oat and legume-oat rotations and determination of nitrogen
requirement of oat.
Five forage crop sequences, viz., M. P. Chari-oat, P. pedicellatum - oat, guar - oat,
ccwpea - oat and fallow - oat were evaluated for forage yields and nitrogen requirrnent of
oat. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design, keeping Kharif fodder crops in
main plots and oat with differential nitrogen in sub-plots during rabi season.
Results showed that there were significant differences in forage yields of kharif crops,
P. pedieellatum recorded maximum forage yields (573.6 q G. M. and 112.3 qfha D. M.)
followed by M. P. Chari (385.6 q G. M, and %.2 qj ha D. M.); Cowpea (318_q G. M. and
65.8 q/ha D. M.) and guar (251.4 q G. M ..and 52.6 q jha D. M.) Forage oat grown with
different l~vels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg Nfha) performed differently after various
khari/ crops. On an average, oat aftelcowp~a recorded maximum forage yield (340.5 q
G. M, and n.9 q/ha D. M.). which was significantly higher than 01t yields obtained after
M. P. Chari (267.3 q G. M. and 55.8 q/ha b. M.), P. pedicellaium (279.6 q G. M. and 59.5
q/ha D. M.) and guar (293.8 q G. M. and 62.1 qfha D. M). The di Terences between oat
yield obtained after cowpea and fallow (318.2 q G. M. and 70.5 qfha D. M.) and M. P.
Chari and P. pedicellctum were not significant. P. pedicellatum-oz: rotation recorded
maximum forage yields (853, q G. M. and 171.4 q/ha D.1y1.) which was significantly higher
than others. Fallow-oat. rotation recorded significan t1y lower forage yield (318 q G. M. & 70.:>
q jha D. M.) as compared to other forage sequences. The forage yield of M. P. Chari-oat
rotation was 652.7 qjha (141.7 q.ha D. M.) followed by cowpea-oat (658.5 q/ha G. 1\1. and
139.7 q/ha D. M.) and guar-oat (545 q G..M. and 114.7 q/ha D. M.) Application of
increasing levels of nitrogen to oat increased forage yields and on an average use of 40, 80
and 120 kg N/ha increased forage yields by 87.2 (20.6 q/ha D. M.); 156.3 (38.1 qfha D. M.)
and 188.9 q/ha (43.1 q/ha D. M.) respectively over control (191.8 q(ha G. M. and 38.8 q(ha
D. M,)
AG-3.4 Evalution aud standardization of practices for dl yland forages including range
and pasture grasses.
(A. S. Gill, B. D. patil and M. S. Raut)
1. Response of senji to phosphorus application at varying seeding rates under partially
irrigated conditons.
( 74 )

This experiment was initiated in rabi 1983-84 'in order to fino ou(lhe response of
senji to phosphate application at different seeding rates. Treatment combinations comprising
two levels OS phosphorus (30 and 60 kg P205jha) and three seed rate (25, 35 and 45 kgjha)
were evaluated in randomised block desigi with five replications. Senji variety S-76 was
. I
sown on October 19 in rows 30 em apart. Uniform application of 20 kg Njha was done at
the time of sowing. The crop was harvested for green fodder on February 21. .
It was observed that green and dry fodder yields were not influenced significant due to
varying seed rates' An application of 60 kg P205jha resulted in significant improvement in
fodder over 30 kg ·P205jha. Plant height, leaf: stem ratio, root length and root volume
'were not appreciably affect id due to phosphorus or seed rates.
The interaction between phosphorus levels x seed rates was significant for dry matter
yield, which indicated that at 25 and 35 kgjha seed rate significant response to P application
was noticed upto 60 kg P205jha but at 45 kgjha seed rate the response was restricted to 30
kg P205jha only.
2. Effect of nitrogen and sulphur application on fodder production of safflower under
d ryland conditions.
The experiment was conducted in rabi 1983-84. Treatments consisted of- the combinations
of 4 levels of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg N Iha) and 2 levels of sulphur (0 and 30,
kg ~jl;1a). These treatments were tested in randomised .block design with 3replica,tipns.
Safflower val'. 7-13-3 was sown at a row distance of 30 em on October 13 and harvested on
January 9.
The experimental results indicated that green fodder yield of safflower was not affected
due to nitrogen and sulphur application significantly over control: However, dry fodder
yield was significantly increased due to application of 25 kg Njha over the control. Highest
dry fodder yield was recorded with 50 kg N jha but it was at par with dry fodder yields obtained
with 25 and 75 kg N fha.
,
3. Effect of nitrogen and sulphur application on fodder production of sarson under dryland
conditions.
This experiment was conducted in rabl 1983-84 with an objective to find out the effect
of sulphur and nitrogen fertilization 011 fodder yield of sarson, Treatments consisted of the
combinations of 3 levels of nitrogen (0, 30 and 60 kg Njha) and 3 levels of sulphur (0; 25
( 75 )

and 50 kg/ha) in randomised block design with 3 replications. Sarson var. Chinese cabbage
was sown on October 7 and harvested for fodder flowering stage.
The experimental results indicated that the application of 30 kg N /ha increased green
fodder yield of sarson significantly over the control. However, application of sulphur did
not exhibit any favourable effect on fodder production of sarson.
\.
4. Performance of hairy vetch for forage yield under varying levels of phosphorus.
Treatments comprised five levels of phosphorus (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg P205/h:J.)
in randomised blcck design with four replication. The vetch was sown on November 12 in
rows 25 em apart· Basal fertilization comprised 20 kg N/ha applied along with the P levels
drilling just below the seed. The crop was harvested for green fodder yield on February 4.
Application of phosphorus significantly increased the green fodder and dry matter yields
and the response was significant at 30 kg P 205/ha with yield levels of 226 q/ ha and 58.5 q/ha,
respectively.
5. Studies on Medicago scut ellata,
Field trial was conducted on the phosphate requirement of Medicago scut ellcta (L)
Mill (common name, snail medic) during the rabi Season. Treatments consisted of five levels
of phosphorus (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg P 20/sha) in a randomised block design with four
replication. The crop was sown on November 27 in rows 40 em apart using 15 "kg seed rate
fha. The experiment was harvested for green fodder yield on Februry 15.
The results indicated that the green fodder and dry matter yields were significantly
affected due to the application of phosphorus. The response was linear. Maximum green
fodder (205 q/ta) and dry matter (50.62 q[ha) yields were recorded with the application of
60 kgP205[ha.
6. Cutting management studies in fodder sorghum (Hybrid 988)
Treatment combinations consisting of 4 stages of cutting (Boot, 50% flowering, Milk
and dough) and two stuble height (at the ground level and 15 em above the ground level)
were laid out in randomised block design, with three replications. The crops was sown on
July 21 in in rows 25 cm apart, using 40 kg seed rate/ha, Basal fertilization comprised 60
( 76 )

kg Nand 30 kg P205jha. The crop was harvested for green fodder yield as per the
treatments.
Maximum green fodder yield (3E4 qjha) was obtained at milk stage and the reduction
took place beyond this stage. Milk stage recorded significantly higher green fodder yield' over
rest of the treatments. Stuble height was found to be significant in increasing the green
fodder yield. Cutting the crop at the ground level (344 qjha) was found to be superior
over cutting at 15 em above the ground level (322 q/ha).
7. Mixed cropping studies in stylo and cereal fodder crops under rainfed conditions.
This was the first year of the trial. Treatments consisting of T 1 : Stylo (S. hamata):
T2 : Maize (Vijay) 50x20 em; T 3 ; Sorghum (Hybrid 988) 50>

dressed 30 days after sowing. The genotypes were harvested for green fodder yield on October
9. C. E. 1126 recorded the highest green fodder yield (520 qjha) followed by G. B. 1759
(464 qjha) and G. E. 1768 (464 qjha)against tha general mean yield of 372 qjha.
10. Performance of Cenchrus varieties for forage yield under rainfed conditions.
This was the second year of the experiment. During the period under report the cutting
was taken on October 18 for green fodder yield. Maximum green fodder yiele (206 qjha) was
obtained with variety IGFRI-S-3108.
11. Evaluation of Brachiaria spp- for forage production.
This was the second year of the trial. During the period under report, two cuttings(July
23 and September 28) were taken for green fodder yield.
In the first cut significant differences were not registered among the five geno~ypes of
B. decumbens, However, maximum green fodder yield (246 4jha) W.lS achieved with entry EC
145725. In the Second cut significant differences were obtained and maximum green fodder
yield 068 qjha) was obtained with entries EC 145737 and EC 145738.
On pooled basis, no significant difference existed among the genotypes, However,
maximum green fodder yield (383' qjha) was registered in entry EC 145738.
3.5 Forage producton through cr"p and varietal blends selected on the basis of crop
geometry and plant ideotype concept under optimum and sub-optimum levels of
management and environmental conditions.
(M' S. Raut anp A. S. Gill)
1. Effect of blending of lucerne varieties for forage yields.
Treatments comprising of three lucerne varieties(Anand-2, composite-S and IGFRI-244)
and their possible combinations were evaluated in randomised block design replicated four
times. Total six cuts were obtained.
Data indicated that in first cut, mixture of Anand 2+ composite-S gave the highest
green fodder yield 001.8 qjha) as against pure stand of Anand 2 (91.2 q/ha) and composite-S
(92.5 q/ha), Thus, an additional yield advantage of 10.9 per cent was achieved through this
( 78 )

mixture over their pure stands. Simi la r trend was noticed
yield differences were not statistically significant.
in second cut also. However; such
Fodder production of Anand-2 (total of 6 cuts) was significantly superior to IGFRI-244
but was at par with composite-5. On the b isis of total yield in six cuts, none of the mixtures
tested were found to be significantly superior to pure stands of these varieties. Amongst
mixtures, Anand 2+ Composite-5 was significantly superior to composite-5 +IGFRI-244.
2, Mixed cropping studies in berseern,
In order to harvest good fodder yield from first cut of berseem through growing compatible
associate crops such as sarson, oat and triticale, this experiment was initiated during rabi
1983-84. Treatments consistedz seeding rates of berseern (20 and 25 kg/ha) and 3 mixed crops
tsarson var. Chinese cabbage, oat var. Kent and triticale) alongwith pure berseem.
Fodder production at initial cut was significantly higher when berseem was mixed with
sarson (191.0 q/ha green fodder and 16.8 q/ha dry matter) as compared with pure berseem
(91.5 q/ha green fodder and 8.3 q/ha dry mutter). The other two mixtures i.e. berseem + oat
and berseem + triticale did not impart significant improvement in fodder yield over pure
berseern at initial cut. It was interesting to note that the fodder, combined of both the components,
remained unaffected though the berseern yield reduced to 45 per cent as compared to
pure stand; but, an additional yield of mixed crops (27 to 140.5 q/ha of green fodder),
compensated this loss. This was also true for total production of 2 cuts.
- .
A seed rate of 22 kg/ha was significantly superior to 20 kg/ha wilh respect to fodder
yield in initial cut of berseern but such difference was obscured in total production.
AG-4: SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH O~
CROPS
Fan-AGE/PASTURE
4.1 Crop water use and lrrrgatlon management.
(Menhi Lal and N. P. Shukla)
Studies on water production functions in oat.
The investigation with nine irrigation schedules phytophased at Critical growth stages
( 79 )

(crown root initiation-CRI, tiller initiation, late tillering, jointing, panicle primordia initiation
-PPI, boot, flowering and dough stages) was conducted in second year with an objective of
establishing quantitative relationship between water supply and herbage accumulation.
The result revealed that the highest green matter yield of 534.5 qjha was obtained
with irrigations at all the growth stages. But this treatment was at par with that of missing
irrigation at dough stage which inturn did not differ statistically from moisture deficit both at
flowering and dough stages. However, all stages irrigation accumulated significantly highero
dry matter of 130.6 qjha as compared to remaining treatment. Moisture deficit either at dough
or both at flowering and dough stages produced similar level of dry matter indicating that
withholding irrigation beyond boot stage did not exercise significant effect on dry mater
production -in oat. Both green and dry matter yields increased progressively with additional
irrigation of 50 mm at each successive stage of growth. Moreover, the magnitude of increase
upto boot stage in green matter and only upto jointing stage in dry matter suggesting. that
green matter production is more sensitive to moisture deficit than dry matter accumulation.
The relative leaf turgidity increased with increasing number of irrigations at advanced stages
and attained a value of over 90% due to continuous irrigation upto boot stage. Thereafter
there was very small change in relative water content.
Therefore, the herbage accumulation in oat can be increased progressively by scheduling
irrigations at each of the physiological stages upto boot stage to meet the crop water
requirement.
2. Response of lucerne varieties to irrigation regimes.
This was the first year of the investigation in which three lucerne varieties (Sirsa-P,
Anand-2 and IGFRI-S-244) were evaluated at five moisture regime'> (IW JCPE ratio of 004,
0.6, 0.8, 1.0 aud 1.2) in R. B. D. replicated three times with a view to working out the
optimum irrigation schedule for higher herbage productivity, stand persistency and water use
efficiency.
The maximum green and dry matter matter yields were recorded In second and the
lowest in fourth cut. The lucerne varieties did not exhibit significant variation in total forage
productivity but IGFRI-S-244 produced the highest green (399.3 qjha) and dry matter
( 61.9 qjha ) yields. The yield levels of Sirsa-9 and Anand-2 were practically the same. It
was noteworthy that Anand-2 and IGFRI-S-244 maintained their persistency during rainy
Season whereas Sirsa-9 was completely wiped out indicating that the former two strains
possess the ability of withstanding the climatic and edaphic adversities such as high humidity,
80 )

poor aeration and weed infestation which are the maior limiting factors in the maintenance
of perennial lucerne.
The green and dry matter production increased with increasing soil moisture regimes upto
IW /Ct>E ratio of 10 at which the highest yields were obtained (426.4 q/ha G.M. and 69 q/ha
D. M. ) Further increase in the irrigation regime to a ratio of 1.2, however, depressed the
yield. The magnitude of increase also increased up~o IW /CPE ratio of 0.8 and declined
thereafter.
Thus, among the lucerne varieties evaluated, IGFRI-S-244 holds greater promise
for forage productivity. Moreover, Anand-2 and IGFRI-S-244 also possess the tolerance
charicieristics to maintain their persistency during rainy months. Irrigation needs to be
scheduled at IW!CPE ratio of 0.8 to 1.0 to provide suitable moisture environment for higher
herbage accumulation in different cuts.
3. Response of forage bajra to phasic moisture regimes.
The investigation was carried out in the first year with nine treatments involving
varicus ccmbinations of sub-optimum (25% ASM) optimum ( 50 % ASM) and superoptimum
(75% ASM) soil moisture regimes during three distinct growth 'phases (establishment.
vegetative and reproductive) with a view to identifying the sensitive crop phases to
moisture deficit and working out suitable moisture environment for higher herbage production
in giant bajra.
'
The maintenance of super optimum moisture regime during all the growth phases
resulted in significantly highest green matter production (600 q/ha) and dry matter accumulation
(153.1 q/ha). This was followed by the treatment involeing super-optimum and suboptimum
levels of soil moisture during establishment of vegetative and reproductive phases
respectively (505. 6 q green and 128. 9 q dm/ha) which did not differ significantly from super
optimum-,sub-optimum-optimum and optimum-optimum-optimum combinations during
corresponding moisture condition during corresponding developmental phases. It was evident
that keeping sub-optimum moisture condition during establishment stage produced
lower forage yield.
These observation, therefore, suggest that super-optimum level of soil moisture should be
maintained during establishment phase coinciding with periods of high evaporative demand.
On the other hand, during, vegetative and reproductive phases experiencing comparatively
high humid period optimum and/sub optimum moisture regimes may be considered suitable
tor rationalizing water use in summer Sown bajra.
( 81

4. Effect of soil moisture variation on forage yield and water me of diferent sorghum
varieties.
The response of 4 sorghum varieties (Pioneer, HD-2, J69 and, PC-6) to 3 moisture
regimes (rainfed, 50 and 75% ASM) was studied in R. B. D. replicated thrice to workout
ptimum level of soil moisture for higher herbage accumulation in forage sorghums.
The result revealed that variety FC-6 produced the highest green (421 q/ha) and dry
matter (149.7 q/ha) yields and was followed by HD-2 in green matter (371.6 q/h1) ;ar.d by
J6Q in dry matter (109.9 q/ha) production. The varieties, however, did not differ significantly
in green forage yield but the differences in dry matter accumulation were statistically
significant. On the basis of per day productivity, however, HD-2 was as good as PC-6
in dry matter and proved superior to PC-6 in green matter production. The relative leaf
turgidity percentages in PC-6, J69, HD-2 and Pioneer were 92.7, 85.0, 78.9 and 72.8~.~ respectively
indicating that longer the duaration of variety, greater was the relative leaf
turgidity.
Available soil moisture at 75% produced significantly higher green (425.9 q/ha) and
dry matter (124.9 q/ba) yields as compared to rainfed treatment but was statistically at par
with 50% ASM (376.4 q/ha G. M. and 110.8 q/ha D. M.). The crop maintained unr'er
rainfed condition produced lowest forage (326.4 q/ha G. M. and 96.7 q/h~ D. M.). The
leaves from rainfed, 50 and 75% ASM exhibited relative water content. of 77.9, 82.3 and
87.1 % respective ly. This therefore, suggests that the increasing soi I moisture regimes enables
the plants to maintain higher ceil water content.
Thus the sorghum vatieties PC-6 and HD-2 hold greater promise for forage productivity
and soil. moisture regime well above 50% ASM appears to be congenial for enhancing
, the, herbage accumulation.
_4(2 Soil, water and crop management practices for seasonally waterlogged soilsl
areas.
(N P. Shukla and Menhi Lal)
1. Effect of phasic excess moisture conditions and nitrogen nutrition on forage yield of
teosinte.
The field investigation was conducted in the second year with a view to studying the
response of teosinte to phasic excess moisture regimes during three growth phases ,15-30,
( 82

30-45 and 45-60 days after sowing) and two levels of nitrogen (60 and 120 kg/ha) in R:.B.D.
with three replications. ,
The moisture treatments did not bring significant differences in forage production.
..1owever, the highest green (393.1 qjha) and dry matter (110.1 qjha) yields were obtained
when crop experienced well drained condition during early stage from 150-30 days after
seeding and excess moisture regime thereafter. This' was closely followed by the trtatment
involving well drainfed-excess moisture-well drained cycle during 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60
davs of growth respectively indicating that there was no adverse effect of saturated soil condition
if imposed beyond 30 days of crop growth. The crop suffered most when excess
moisture was imposed during 15-30 days stage.
Application of 120'kg Njha produced significantly higher green ,(393.3 qjha) and dry
matter (109.7 qjha) as compared to 60 kg Njha (327.1 q green and 86.9 q d. m.jha) suggesting
the need of higher dose of nitrogen for higher forage production under diverse moisture
regimes.
4.3 Evalution of different irrigation methods and soil management techniques for
efficient water use.
(N. P. Shukla and Menhi
Lal)
1. Performance .of forage bajra in relation to moisture. regimes, nitrogen fertility and
plant denstiy
This was first year of the investigation. The experiment with three levels each of
moisture regimes (25, 50 and 75% A~M), fertilizer nitrogen (30, 60 and 90 kg Njha) and
plant density (10,15 and 20 kg seedjha) was conducted in 3 3 factorial confounding with a
view i:O studying the variation in crop water use as influenced bv cultural and fertilizer management
practices.
The increasing levels of soil moisture' SIgnificantly increased the forage production with
the result that the highest.green (547.5 q/ha) and dry matter (170.6 qjha) yields were obtained
with 75% ASM and the 10Nest with 25% ASM (305.6 q green and 91.9 q d.m.jha). Increasing
dos of fertilizer nitrogen from 30 to 90 kg N jha progressively increased the green matter
production and dry matter accumulation. However, 90 and 60 kg Njha were at par between
( 83 )

themselves but significantly superior to 30 kg N/ha. Increasing the seed rate from 10 to 15
kg/ha caused significant variation in forage yield and the highest green (477,8 q/ha) and dry
matter (148.7 q/ha) yields recorded with 15 kg seedjha. Further increase in the the seed rate
to 20 kg/ha did not improve the production and rather slightly depressed the yield. Therefore
bajra may be seeded at 15 kg/ha and fertilized with 90 kg N Iha. The summer sown crop needs
to be irrigated at 75% ASM for increased green and dry matter production.
2. Effect of soil moisture regimes and phosphate fertility on the productivity of some
forage legumes.
The field experiment was conducted in order to study the productivity and response of
3 legumes tBhtlore, Vicia and SU8un) to 3 levels each of moisture regimes (25, 50 and 75%
ASM) and phosphate fertility (0, 30 and 60 kg P 205/ha) in 3 3 factorial for the first year.'
The forage lei.urnes differed significa'itly in their production and may be rated as Susun
> Vida> Bhilore on the basis of herbage accumutalion, The increasing moisture regime from
25 to 75% ASM increased the forage yield but the differences were not statistically significant.
Increasing doses of phosphate increased the productivity of legume. However, the differences
betwen 0 and 30 kg P20s/ha did not reach the level of significance whereas 60 kg P20s/ha
proved significantly superior to 0 and 30 kg P20s/ha.
Therefore, among the legumes evaluated, Susun holds the promise of high forage
productivity. Application of phosphate at 60 kg P20s/ha and irrigation 75% ASM have been
found to enhance herbage accumulation in these species.
4.4 Investigation on quality of irrigation water in relation to forage crops.
(Menhi Lal and N. P. Shukla)
During rabi 1983-84, the irrigative values of saline water, sewage and cattleshcd wash
was evaluated against canal water on three species each of legumes (berseem, lucerne and
metha) and cereals (oat, barley and triticale) under green house conditions.
On the basis of green and dry matter accumulation, the order of crop
be mentioned as :
productivity may
Berseerri> lucerne> metha among legumes and Oat> barley> triticale among cereals.
The [rrigative values of different types of water may be rated as :
Sewage> catrleshed wash> c.inal water> saline water.
( 84 )

Further, sewage, cettleshed wash and saline waters showed good irrigative values for
berseem, lucerne and metha, respectively. The response of oat was better with cattleshed wash
while that of barley a~d triticale with sewage irrigation:
AG.5 EVALUATION OF FORAGE AND PASTURE MODELS.
5.1 Modelling of forage farming systems with ideotype selection, crop gemoetry and
defoliationjclipping technology with special reference to forage crop;;.
(R. K. Pandey and Fateh Singh)
1. Comparability of lucerne genotypes with oat-3021 in their promising systems of mixed
cropping at different levels of nitrogen application,
This was the second year of the experiment. The treatments consisted of three lucerne
strains (IGFRI-244, Andand-2 and L. L. composite) and two levels of nitrogen application
(60 kg and 60+30 kg Njha). The basal application of 60 kg N was followed by 30 kg N as
top dressing as per the treatment. Treatments were employed in three time replicated randomiscd
block design on medium textured soil. Lucerne' was sown by broadcast at IS kg seed/ha
and was immediately followed by oat at 50 em apart rows (50 kg seedsjha), Oat crop was cut
twice (72 days stage and 50 per cent flowering). The initial cut of lucerne was taken at 87 days
crop stage and subsequent cut after the final harvest of oat.
In dry matter production of mixed fodder.tthe treatment effects were not significantly
marked. However, the maximum fodder yield of 146.3 qjha was recorded when oat combined
with lucerne (Anand-2) at 60+30 kg N jha. This fodder yield also incorporated the highest
component of legume (33.1 qjha.) Lucerne genotypes as well as nitrogen levels were found to
be statisticaIly not significant in mixed fodder production (Oat-l-Iucerne).
2. Forage production potential of energy rich system of senji+turnip in relation to
seeding dates'
The promising cropping system of scnji +- turnip along with their pure culture crops
were evaluated. Crops of these systems were sown on three different dates (second week of
October, last week of OCtober and second week of November. Broadcast senji (30 kg seed/ha)
was superimposed with 50 em apart row crop of turnip (2.5 kg seedjha). PUle crops of both
( 85 )

senji and turnip were maintained at 25 em row spacing. Trese nine crop combinations were
tried in randomised block design with three replicates on medium textured soil,
Mixed cropping of senji and turnip appeared to be promising system for the dry
matter production. The system yielded SUbstantially higher over the individual crop and
mean yield of both the crops in pure culture. In mixture, turnip produced 33.4 q/ha, additional
biomass without jeopardising the output of companion crop (69.5 q/ha) as compared
to its pure culture control (70.8 qjha). However, the maximum mixed dry matter yield of
115.2 q/ha was recorded when crops of the system were sown in the last week of October.
Turnip crop was taken out much earlier than senji which provided open space for the subsequent
growth of leftover crop.
3. Selection of wheat ideotypes for supplementary grain production with berseem sown on
different dates.
The experiment was repeated during the year on medium textured soil, The main crop
of berseem sown on two different dates (second fortnight of October and first fortnight of
November) was introduced with four strains of wheat (Sonalika, H. J. 784, H. D. 20,09 and
U. P. 3613) grown in the area. These eight combinations alongwith two treatments of pure
berseem (one for each data of sowing) were evaluated in randomised block design with three
replicatles. Wheat at 50 kg seed/ha was so vn in 22 day established crop of berseem,
All the four wheat genotypes appeared to pe '1t par in grain p-o.luction as the differences
between them were found to be statistically not significant. None of the wheat strain
reduced fodder yield of berseem significantly in comparision to pure cnlture control (53.1
g/~a, dry matter), However, wheat U. P. 368 mixed with berseem showed maximum yield
(21.7 q/ha). This treatment did not cause much reduction. in fodder production of berscem.
4. Selection of barley ideotype for mixed cropping with mustardtmder variable crop
geometry system.
This was the second year when three barley genotypes (Ratna, karan and Jyoti) were
evaluated in combination with mustard in the ratio of 2:2 and 4:4 rows. For comparison,
their monoculture crops were also maintained. The spacing between the rows was 25 em. In
all, ten treatments were studied in randornised block design with three replications.
( 86 )

In almost all the combinations, the dry matter yield of mixed fodder showed an increasing
trend over the meal} yield of barley and mustard in, pure culture. However, barley,
karan mixed with mustard brought the maximum increase of 23.6 (2:2 rows) and 28'5 (4:4
rows) percent over the mean of pure cultures. This combination was. at par with barley,
Jyoti-l-rnustard in case of 2:2 row system. The former mixture, however, with 4:4 row
arrangement, yielded maximum mixed (dry matter) of 129 qjha and incorporated the highest
component of mustard (49.2 qjh) when compared with other crop combinations. There
was not much variation in the row arrangements.
5. System analysis of Deenanath grass with the genotypes of cowpeas for improved quality
biomass production.
Four fodder strains of cowpea (HFC 42-1, Russian giant. IGFRI-450 and NP-3)
were evaluated in association with Deenanath.grass under two systems of their mixing dine
sowing of grass with broadcast cowpea and. sowing of grass and cowp~a.in alternate paired
rows). A treatment of pure grass crop was also included in the study. In mixed cropping,
the cowpea crop was introduced at half seed rate (20 kgjha). The line sown crops were
maintained at 25 em row spacing These nine treatments were thus, tried in randornisedblock
design, replicated thrice.
In both the systems of broadcasting as well as line sowing cowpea, NP-3 associated
with Deenanath grass was found to be encouraging for mixed fodder production. These two
treatm-nts did not reduce the dry matter yield significantly in comparison to monoculture
yield of grass (84.6 qjha). Amongst the crop mixtures, this promising genotype of cowpea
recorded a maximum mixed dry matter yield of 81.4 q/ha in broadcast' sowing. The fodder
yield of this cropping system also included a highest component of legume (30.0 qjh::1 The
same system replaced with Russian giant was next in order both from total yield and legume
contribution. points of view but its yield level was lower than pure grass. Cowpea crop was
harvested at 55 days growth stage in this study.
6. System analysis of rnultiproportional blending of cereals and legumes for quality
fodder prcduction.
, ., \~
,J. ~ 1f '
In this experiment, fodder sorghum M. P. Chari was blended with the promising"
forages in broadcast sowing. The. objective was tq synthesise a sorghum based, system of
corrp.tible crops for quality fodder. Eight system viz: [I)'Sorghum' (M. P. Chari);
87 )

{21 Treatment 1+bajra (Rajko), [3] Treatment 2+maize (African tall); [4] Treatment 3
+teosinte, [51 Treatment 4+cowpea (HFC 42-1), [6] Treatment 5+guar (IGFRI-212),
[7] Treatment 6+sesbania (annual), [8] Treatment 7+Sunhemp (exotic) were evaluated
alongwith 25 em apart row crop of M. P. Chari. Each crop of the system was mixed with
equal proporation of seeds. These nine treatments were employed in randomised block
design, replicated thrice.
The broadcast sorghum (M. P. Chari) out yielded its line sown crop. Amongst the
blending systems, M. P. Chari+bajra+maize+teosinte+cowpea+guar produced maximum
dry matter yield of 111.9 qJha This herbage material was composed of different forage
cereals as well as legume component. M. P. Chari contributed highest to the mixed fodder
and was followed by other components in an order of bajra, maize, teosinte and cowpea.
Guar, sesbania and sunhernp did not survive in any of the systems.
7. Selection of ideotypes for mixed cropping of forage cereals and legumes.
This was the first year of the study. Earlier, M. P. Chari+annual sesbania-l-cowpea
(HFC 42-1) was worked out as an effective mixed cropping system. This set of three crops
included one line of each at 25 em spacing grown in an alternate descending and ascending
order of their heights. In this experiment. this system was differentiated substituting the
former crop of M. P. Chari by sorghum (PC-6, Pioneer), bajra (Rajko), maize (African
tall) and teosinte. These six crop mixtures were further differentiated substituting cowpea
by sunhernp (exotic) in each case. The objective was to select the ideotypes for improved
fodder production in the system. These twelve crop combinations were tried in randomised
block design replicated three times,
Sorghum (PC-6)+annual sesbania-l-cowpea (HFC-42-1) yielded highest mixed fodder
of 101'2 qJha including 18.2 qJha legume component (Sesbania-l-cowpea). This was composed
of 82.0 percent cereal, 11.5 percent sesbania and 6.6 percent cowpea' Africantall maize
-l-sesbania-l-cowpea provided maximum proportion of legume cowponent of of 26 qJha but
the mixed fodder yield under this treatment was not so high as in case of above mentioned
system Owing to the poor plant stand, the sunhernp contribution was not included in the
mixed dry fodder yield.
8. Evaluation of cereal-l-Iegume systems in the alternate strips of 4:4 rows for quality in
the fodder production.
The experiment commenced during the year and mixed cropping 'system of bajra
( 88 ')

(Rajko) -l-cowpea (HFC 42-1) was evaluated substituting its former crop by five differnt forage
cereals, viz, bajra (giant), sorghum (M.P. Chari), sorghum (Pioneer), maize (African tall)
and teosinte. These six combinations with cowpea were further differentiated substituting the
latter c 'op by sunhemp (exotic strain) in each case. These twelve treatment combina ions were
tried in randomized block design with three replications.
None of the treatment combinations superseded the cropping system of bajra (Rajko)
-l-Cowpea (HFC 42-1) in total dry fodder yield (cereal-l-Iegume) This system was statistically
at par with the combination where bara crop (Rajko) was substituted by M. P. Chari' Since
M. P. Chari -l-cowpea included the maximum proporation of legume (22 q{ha) in the mixed
dry fodder yield of 103.2 q{ha, appeared to be more promising one. Sunhernp contributed
less than cowpea in fodder production during the season.
5.2 Modelling of forage farming systems with ideo types selection, crop geometry and
defoliation technology with special reference to continued fora.;e trees crop}ing
alongwith crop production.
(A. S. Gill)
1.
~
Studies on intensive forage production system under continued tree cropping.
The experiment was repeated with slight me dification, Setaria sphacelate was not
included. The pure planting treatments comprised Leucaena, hybrid napier and guinea grass,
and two intercropping treatmen ts were Leucaena-s-hybrid napier and Leucaena+guinea grass. I
The trial was conducted in randomised block design with 4 replications. The planting technique
and other details were same as reported last year.
runde report.
In alI five cuts were taken during the period
The results indicated that combination of Lcucaena and hybrid napier 'IGFRI-3' gave
the maximum green fodder yield (2031 q{ha). This legume grass combination was significantly
superior to rest of the treatments tried in the investigation.
2. Lleotype selection under intensive forage farming system with special reference to
continued tree cropping'
This was tle second year of the investigation. In all 3 cuts from leucaena and five-cuts
from hybrid napier were taken during the period under report. The green fodder yield (pooled
89 )

asis) under various treatments was statistically analysed and intercropping of Lcucaena-r
Hybrid napier 'IGFRI-3:gave the highest green fodder yield (2783 q/ha) which was significantly
higher over rest of the treatments' The other treatments in order were Leueaena+HybriJ
lapier'IGFRI-60' and Leuceana-rNB-21.
3. Intercroppng studies' with sorghum ideorypes under intensive forage farming system
with special reference to continued forage tree cropping.
Treatments comprised monocropping of Leucaena and the three sorghum ideotypes
(S. bicolor, S. almum and S. Sudanensey and intercropping of these sorghum ideotypes with
Leucaena, In all there were seven treatments laid out in raridomised block design with three
replications.' During the winter season sorghum was succeeded by a crop of Brassica for
fodder both under sole as well as intercropping treatments, Leucacna, Sorghum and Brassica
were sown on March 2, March 23 and November 15, respectively. Basal fertilization included
30 kg N +30 kg P20s/ha for Leucaena and Sorghumand 30 kg N /ha for Brassica. Top
dressing of 30 kg N/ha was made to sorghum on April 20 and after first, second and third
cuts and to the Brassica on December 15. For green fodder yield four cuts were taken from
Leueaena and sorghum and one cut from Brassica, during the period under report,
Treatment Leucaenc-l-S', Sudanznse-Brassica gave maximum green fodder yield (1327
q/ha). Next best treatment was Leucaena-rS: bicolor-Brassica followed by S. sudanense­
Brassica. Pure Leuceana gave the lowest yield (561 q/ha). Among intercropping treatment
Leucaena performed best with S. bicolor. Among sorghum ideotypes, maximum yield was
achieved with S. sudanense under intercropping treatments. Thus,

Sorghum intercropped with Snevri gave significantly higher green fodder yield (529
qjha) as compared to the remaining treatments. Sorghum component in intercropping racorded
higher green fodder yield (452 qjha) as compared to pure crop of sorghum (382 qjha),
though Shevri gave the least (77 qjha) green fodder yield in association with sorghum as
compared to maize (196 qjha) and teosinte (193 qjha).
Maze-l-shevri and teosinte-j-shevri gave green fodder yields of the order of 353 qfha
and 4.53 l{jha against 260 and 346 qjha obtained under sale crop of maize and teosinte,
respectively. Similar trend was also observed for dry-matter yield:
,
5. Selection of a suitable cereal perennial fodder crop under continued tree cropping.
This was the first year of the trial. Treatments comprised pure planting of cereal perennial
fodder crops (Hybrid napier, guinea grass and Nandi grass) and Sesbania grandiilora and
intercropping treatments (tree-l-hybrid napier guinea grassjNandi grass). In all there were
seven treatments laid out in randornised block design with three replicates.
Two cuts Were recorded from grass component during the period under report. Pure
planting of hybrid napier registered maximum green fodder (l076 qjha) and dry matter
(269'9 qjha) yield, Hybrid napier, guinea grass and Setaria recorded 0.67 kg, 0.37 kg and
0.26 kg under sale cropping and 0.60 kg, 0.48 kg and 0.24 kg dry matter per plant in association
with the tree component, respectively.
5.3 Feasibility of achieving maximum fodder production through spatio-temporal arrangements
in forage crops.
(Shivaji prasad)
1. Cross vs, parallel intercropping of safflower in rabi forages (berseem and senji).
There were seven treatmentsTTj : Safflower two rows followed by berseem two rows
each at 30 em row spacing; T 2 : Safflower two rows followed by 'senji two rows at 30 ern. row
spacing; T 3 : Berseem at 30 ern row spacl11g in full plot crossed sown with safflower at 50 em
row spacing; T 4 : senji at 30 cm row spacing in full plot crossed sown with safflower at 50 em
row spacing; T5: Safflower (pure); T G : Berseem (pure): and T 7 : Senji (pure) .each at 30 em
row spacing) repeated thrice in RBp.
( 91 )

Treatment wise there were significant differences in total forage yields. The combined forage
yields under cross planting system was highest and proved to be significantly superior yielding
followed by berseem and safflower when sown under parallel planting system (310.83 qjha),
The combined forage yield of senji and safflower under cross planting system (286.38 q!ha)
was significantly better than their production under parallel planting system (237.77 qjha).
There was no significant difference in the pure forage yields of safflower (292.77 qjha) and
safflower plus senji (286.38 q!ha) Sown under cross planting system. Also there was no significantdifference
in the yield levels of safflower (pure) (292.77 q jha) and safflower plus senji
under cross plinting (286.38 q!ha) or safflower plus berseern (310.83 q/ha) and safflower pure
(292.77 qjha),
The bare soil respiration was 2.266 mg CO 2 in 24 hours (day and night) period. The
cropped area had more respiration than the uncropped area (average value being around 13 mg
CO 2!24 hrs. Also the crop respiration gradually decreased from top to the middle height of
the crop canopy, top average being more than 4 mg CO 2/24 hI'S. and around 2.75 mg CO~d24
hrs on the middle height of the crop cJ.nopy. But it SUddenly rose m lny folds.on bottom of
the crop i.e. on soil surface approaching to an average v.ilue of 13.8mg CO 2!24hrs. This might
be on account of root respiration. The legume crops (berseern and senjis had more respiration
rate than safflower either sown pure or in mixed culture. The respiration rate on ground of
senji plots, mono as well as intercrop, was higher than bersecrn mono or intercrop.
2. Performance of cross vs parallel planting of f'oraacs under pigeon pea based forage
intercropping systems.
There were seven treatme 1tSas (1) pigeon pel (pure) lines at 100 em row spacings, (2)
pigeon pea lines at 100 em row spacing intercropped with cowpea at 30 em ro v spacing, (3)
pigeon pea lines at 100 em row spacing intercropped with teosinte at 30 cm row spacing, (4)
pijeon pea lrnes at 100 em row spacing, cross planted with cowpea at 30 em row spacing, (5)
pigeon pea at 100 em row spacing cross planted with teosinte at 30cm row spacing, (6) teosinte
(pure) at 30 em row spacing and (7) cowpea (pure) at 30 ern row spacing. The experirnant
was laid out in RBD with three replications,
Pigeon pea was not accounted for forage yield. There was a signjfican,t dilT\:rence in the
green forage yields of various treatnents. The highest green forage. was recorded with teosinte
(476.6 q/ha) when sown as mono Ciap followed by teosinte planted with pigeonpea (469.9
q!ha) under paralled planting system. The lowest yield recorded was 159.9,q!ha for cowpea
sown with pigeonpea under parallel planting system.
( 92 )

Cross planting system for cowpea with pigeon pea gave significantly better yield (247.7
q!ha) under parallel planting system (159.9 q!ha). However, in case of teosinte with pigeon
pea, sown in either system, the yields were of same order with no significant. difference. There
was no significant difference in the yield of cowpea sown either as pure crop (265.5 qjha) or
with pigeon pea under cross planting system (247.7 q/ha;. Thus, in cross planting system, the
yield of pigeon pea becomes an additional gain.
3. Pigeon pea based forage intercropping systems under replacement series with cowpea,
M, P. Chari and teosinte for maximum forage production,
This experiment comprised five treatrnenrs (2) cowpea one line followed by M. P.
Chari one line followed by pigeon pea one line each at 30 em row to row spacing, (2) cowpea
one line followed by teosinte one line followed by pigeon pea one line cach at 30 em row to
row spacing, (3) cowpea two li~es followed by M. P. Chari 2 lines followed by pigeon pea
one line each at 30 cm row to row specings, (4) cowpea 2 lines followed by teosinte 2 lines
followed by pigeon pea one line cach at 30 em row to row spacing and (5) M. P. Chari one
live followed pigeon pea one line followed by teosinte one line vcach at 30 ern row to row
spacings. Experiment was laid out in RBD replicated thrice.
The green fodder yields were pooled treatmentwise, 'pigeon pea was not accounted
for fodder purpose. The mean green fodder yield was highest (247.7 q/ha) in cowpea (1)
M. P. Chari (I) Pigeon pea (1) series followed QY cowpea (2) M. r. Ch~ri (2) Pigeon pea
(1) 234.4 q!ha) and cowpea (2) teosinte (2) Pigeon pea (1) (232.9 q!ha) but the differences
not significant. The series namely, M. P. Chari (1) Pigeon pea (1) teosinte (1) yielding
195.5 qjha and cowpea (2) M. P, Chari (2) Pigeon pea (1) yielding 167.7 q!ha were
significantly inferior to other three treatments.
. .
The higher population density of M. P. Chari tends ~O hamper the yields of companion
crop, Among the 'better yielding series, cowpea (2) teosinte (2) pigeon pea (1) is' supposed
'to be ~utritionall~
much better than the others due to high row-ratios of legume component.
,
( 93 )

AG~6
"
AGRO"':FORAGE· FORESTRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
6.1 r.Evalnation of differ~ntforag~forestrYJpasture systems with the introduction of
legume.
(Fateh Singh)
1. Evaluation of forage forestry systems with the introduction of legume including
browses.
This was the 4th year of 'the investigation ralated to fuel 'arid fodder ;production. '111
India, with its 58 rnilliorr ha under waste land-of various' lypes viz., ravine, saline, alkali
soils. grazing' lands, 'degraded forests, roads, railway sides, rocky brokenhlll terrains 'Which at
present are agriculturally unproductive can be utilizedfor' both'fuel .and fodder production.
The two tier system. involving grassesandIegurnes along with fuel/fodder trees would be
introduced -in the above area to generate ample-feed and fodder fof animal 'production, fuel
wood for rural commnity and saving the cow dung from-wastage and 'diverted forbiogas.production
or use as manure. Keeping above points in view an experiment was carried out to
explore the feasibil ity of utilizing such lands for fuel and fodder production. The experiment
consisted of seven treespecies viz. Acacia tortilis, Leueaena leucoaephala, Dichrostacliys
~lltans, Dalbergia sissoo, Sesbanla aegyptica; Azadirachta indica and Albizziaamarain combination
with three nourshing 'Iegumes. viz., Sesbaniaa egyptico, Leucaena leucocephcla and
Stylot a ithe» hamata along with control. The maximum height (8 rn) was .reoorded i-i
Leucaena 1eucocephaia, and the -minimum (3.4 .m) in Dichrostachys nutans, The growth of
other species co hid -be: r ted 'as intermediate. Low temperature WaS observed under 'ncurshing
legume plots as compared to control. Maximum basal diameter wss recorded '(16',2

2. Compatibility of intercropping with Cenchrus ciliaris,
In this experiment eight intercrops were introduced in the established,Cenchrus cillaris,
viz; Cowpea (HFC-42-1), guar'(IGFRI-212), Dhainch (annual), M. P. Chari, maize (African
tal1), bajra (Anand, Rajko) and sorghum (PC-6)' For comparison, pure Cenchrus ciliaris
was also maintained. These nine treatment combinalions'were tried in" randornised block
design' with three replications. The plot size was 4 X 3 cm (net), Two cuts of Cenchrus
were taken in the Ist week of August and Jast week of September.
The yield of Cenchrus ciliaris was not reduced by the intercrops, However, it was.
maximum in pure grass plots (40.7 qjha) fol1owed by Cenchrus+cowpea. Among, intercrops
sesbania produced maximum fodder (20 q/ha d. m.), However, the differences 'were found
statistically not significant. The maximum dry matter pi oduction (grass-l-Intercrops) was
recorded in the treatment Cenchrus-s- Dhaincha, It is conluded from the experiment that
some bonus yield can be obtained by the intercrops in Cenchrus ciliaris to maximise the output
p~r unit area and per unit time
6.2 Investigation on the integration of appropriate fodder crops in r...odjcash crop rotations
and as intercropping.
(A. S. Gill)
1. Sugarcane as cash crop.
Treatments comprised pure planting of sugarcane and Luccaena as well as their intercropping
with Leucaena kept uncut and cut at 50 ern, 100 em, 150 cm and 200 ern from the
ground surface. In all, there were Seven treatments. Leucaena and sugarcane were planted
on August 14, 1983 and February 16, 1984 respectveiy, The cutting in Leucaena was done
on June 28, 1984, Fertilizer schedules of 20 N +30 P:105jha (basal) to Leucacna and 120 N
(basaljsplit)+30 P205jha (basal) to sugarcane. Sugarcane was harvested on November 15,
1984. Fodder (leaf) and fuel (stem) yields were recorded in Leucaena on December 15,
1984.
Maximum sugarcane yield and fodder jfuel production in Leucaena was registered when
these crops were under solid planting. Among intercropping treatments, sugarcane gave best
performance with Leuceana cut at 50 em height, whereas maximum fodder jfuel in Leucaena
was registered with uncut treatment. Thus, this study indicated that Leucaena was not
ideal forage plant to be associated with sugarcane.
( 95 )

2: Wheat as food crop.
(a)
Under agrotorestry system'
,,0 ••
. Treatments comprised thirteen important wheat varieties planted under continued tree
cropping iLeucaena spaced at 5 m x l m planted during 1982). The experimental design was
randornised block with three replications. Wheat varieties were sown on December 12 in
rows 25 ern apart using 100 kg seed ratejha. and were fertilized with 120 kg N +45 kg P205
/30 kg K 20 fha.
Among the wheat varieties, highest grain yield was obtained with Raj 1555 t44.1 qjha)
followed by WH 147 (38.3 qjha) and UP 115 (37.2 q/ha) Thus, the study highlighted that
wheat crop can be raised successfully' under Leucaena.
(b)
Grain farming system.
The experiment with some wheat varieties was laid out under open canopy (no tree
component involvedjfor comparison. The result revealed that the highest yield(44.56 q!ha)was
registered with Raj 1555 followed by WH 146 (40.16 qj ha) and Mukta (35.96 qjha).
( 96 )

DIVISION OF SOil SCIEN CE
SS-I: SOIL STUDIES UNDER INTENSIVE FODDER PRODUCTION
1.1 Soil fertility and plan t nutrition studies,
(S. B. Tripathi and C. R. Hazra)
1. Effect of levels and source-s of P in forage production of Melilotus
Field experiment was taken 'up to work out the affect of P sources (chemical-P, organic
-P and their combination) at different levels of application on forage yield of senji and
nutrient status of soil. The results are as follows:
(i)
Forage yield
The forage yield increased upto 120 kg P205/ha through FYM over control, whereas
similar response was obtained with 40 kg P20sjha through single superphosphate. Combined
application of 80 kg P20sjha through organic and inorganic sources (1:1) increased yield
signficantly as compared its application either through SSP or FYM. The highest forage
production (364.5 q green and 80A,q drymatterjha was obtained when 120 kg P20s/ha was
applied half as SSP and hals a5 FyM. ,
(ii)
P uptake
. P application increased nutrient uptake as compared to control treatment. Increasing
levals ofP with all the sources incereased N uptake. The performance of SSP was significantly
superior to FYM in giving higher P uptake at all levels of its application, Combined use of
FYM and SSP sn 1:1 ratio to supply 120 kg P 20s/ha significantly increased' nutrient
uptake.
(iii)
Soil fertility
Ec end organic carbon values were generally higher with increased P application.
Available Nand P contents in soil at harvest increased with an increase in P levels. FYM had
higher beneficial effect in influencing available Nand P contents than SSP or their combination,
( 97 )

2. Effect of N fertilization on oats in association with legumes and non-legume
inter crops.
The field experiment was laid out to know the contribution ot legumes and non-legumes
components \.0 forage production and soil fertility under different N levels (25, 50, 75 and
100 per cent of recommended dose of 120 kg N/ha to oat crop). Legumes (pea, senji a-id
lucerne) and non-legumes (safflower and chinese cabbage) were taken as inter crops in
oats.
The results indicated that green and dry fodder yield of oat as well as inter crops
increased with increasing levels of N. However, significant response to N was obtained at 75%
N level with oat or oat-l-non-Iegurne and 50% with oat-l-Iegume mixtures. Legumes and
non-legumes as inter crops with oat responded significantly to nitrogen application upto 100%
except lucerne which sowed significant response at 75% N level. The forage yield of cat
reduced with various crop mixtures as compared to pure oat & maximum reduction was noted
with oat-l-chinese cabbage. Oat-l-Iucerne was found to produce maximum yield. On the basis
of total relative forage yield under different cropping systems, the response to N were higher
with oat-l-legume than oat-l-nou-Iegumes.
3. Phosphte availability and fixation under .ntercropping system of napier+legume.
Field experiment was laid out under intercropping system of napier-l- legumes with P
fertilization to find out out the effect of P levels on forage production in different seasons, i. e.
winter, summer and rainy seasons. For this purpose P was applied in all the three seasons, two
seasons and only one season. Forage legumes berseem (rabi) co .pea (summer) and
cowpea (khari f ) were grown with napier maintained on perennial basis.
It was observed that the application of P increased forage yields of legumes and napier
as compared to control and maximum response was obtained with winter season applica ion
followed by rainy season. Phosphorus showed least response in summer. Forage yield of napier
+legume increased with increasing levels of P. The application of P both in winter and
summer showed higher response in increasing forage yield than its application in rainy and
winter season or summer rainy Seasons. However, the maximum forage production was recorded
when P application was made @ 60 kg P 2 0 5/ha in all the three seasons.
4. Effect of Mo and P application on forage production of berseern.
Field experiment was carried out to how the effect of Mo and P application on
98 )

forage production of berseem. Mo was applied through different methods (full basal,' full
foliar and basal plus foliar) with various levels ot P (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg P 205/ha),
1 he result indicated that the forage yield of berseern increased with increasing
level of P and significant response was obtained upto 100 kg Pz05/ha, The yields with 100
ard 150 kg P203!ha were, however. at par. The green and dry fodder. yield of berseem increased
significantly with Mo application' as compared to control treatment. Application of
Mo as full foliar increased forage yield significantly over either half or full soil applied Mo.
The highest forage yield of berseern was recorded with ISO kg PzOs/ha in conjunction with
1.5 kg Mo0 3/ha (foliar spray)" The uptake of P and Mo was also found to follow the trend
of forage yields.
5. Effect of N fertilization to oats on forage production and soil properites under different
crop COVers.
Field experirneat was conducted with graded doses of N (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg
N Iha) to oats after Khari( crops of sunhemp, cowpea, guar and fallow for finding out the
contribution of legmus towards forage production and soil fertility; The forage yield was
increased with increased N application under all crop covers.. The crop of oat responded
upto 60 kg N Iha under follow, sunhemp and guar upto 80 kglha under cowpea with respect
to green forage yield. The data on dry forage yield, however, indicated that oat responded
to 80 kg N/ha under follow, 60 kg N/ha under sunhemp/guar and 80 kg N/ha under cowpea
The yield obtained under follow plot with 80 kg N/ha was achieved with 20 kg Njha under
cowpea/sunhemp and with 40 kg Njha under guar. Oat under sunhernp and cowpea yielded
100% and 74% more than under fallow. Similarly, the yields under guar without N fertilization
was 29% more than unfertilized fallow.
6, Effect of nitrogen fertilization on forage production and soil properties under. intercropping
system of napier and legumes.
The field experiment was undertaken to work out the contribution of legumes to the
total biomass production and fertility status of soil under intercropping system of napier
and legumes as compared to monocropping of napier with N application. Nitrogen at 0, 50,
100 and 150% of recommended doses of 250 kg N Ihajyear to napier was applied to intercropping
systems in various crop seasons. Forage legumes berseem, senji and pea in rabi and
cowpea, guar and sunnemp in summer and kharif were grown wLth hybrid napier.
, .
( 99 )

The result indicated that the application of nitrogen in gene raj increased forage yield
of hybrid napier as legumes in all crop seasons. The maximum forage production was recorded
in intercropping system of napier-l-berseem in rabi and napier-l-sunhemp in Kharif and
summer seasons. Forage production was found to be higher in Khartf season followed by
summer. Legume yields were more during rabi than other seasons, Napier during rabi and
legumes during Kharif showed minimum productivity. The total forage yield of napier+ legumes
in intercropping system increased by 121, 128, 115 and 112 percent at 0, 50, 100 and
150 percentof applied N over sole cropping of napier respectively. Hybrid napier yielded
1098, 1234, 1450 a~d 1592 q/hajannum at corresponding levels of nitrogen nutrition.
1.2 Studies on bacterial mediated N 2 fixation for increased productlvity in cultivated
cereal and legume fodder crops.
(M. R. Pahwa)
1. Inoculation with varying cell population densities of Rhizobium.
In a pot culture experiment using medium black soil, berseem seed inoculation was
tried at five cell population densities (0, 2.5 x l 0 2 , 2.5 X 104, 2.5 X 106 and 2.5 x 10 8 cells/
/ml).
Maximum beneficial effect on nodulation, green and dry matter accumulation was observed
with the inoculum containing 2.5x 10 6 cellsjrnl, However, significant differences were
not obtained between 2.5 X 106 and 2.5 X 10 8 cells/ml.
2. Interaction with plant nutrients.
It
Separate investigations were carried out on berseern, lucerne and pea in pot and microplot
conditions with a view to find out the optimum level of Zn, Mo and Sunder rhizobial
inoculated crops. The experimental soil Was red with a PH of 8.2.
Out of the four levels of sulphur (0,10,20 and 30 kgjhat, 20 kg Sjha interacted significantly
in stimulating nodulati on and increasing green and dry matter yields of berseem,
Inoculation alone .gave an added benefit in terms ofgreen forage yield to the extent of 31%
over uninoculated control in pea, Inoculation increased the effectiveness of symbiotic N 2 ­
fixation by 40,6,(~ over 20 kg ZnS04/ha.
100 )

Similarly significant increase in green and dry matter yields of lucerne was obtained
with 20 kg ZnS04/ha inoculated treatment which also gave maximum nodulation (20/plant)
at second cut.
Application of 2 kg Mojha appeared to be optimum not only for enhancing nodulation
reot length but also bringing about significant improvement in forage yield of
lucerne.
3. Rocx-pyrlte in lucerne-Rhizobium symbiotic system.
The addition of appropriate dose of rock pyrite has been found to playa key role in
bringing down the pH at a point where the microbial activities is stimulated. The experiment
was conducted in pots filled with red soil (pH 8.2) consisting of five levels of rock-pyrite
(), 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15,0 t/ha) under inoculated and uninoculated series.
Significant increase in total green and dry matter accumulation was obtained with
inoculated 5 t/ha treatment. This also exhibited a positve influence on nodulation and root
length first cutting.
4. Residual effect of organic amendments cellulolytic fungi and Rhizobium inoculation on
growth and fodder yield of oat following cowpea.
The residual effect of three organic amendments (dried Sesbania aegyptiaca leaves,
farm yard manure, and wheat straw) at 0 and 5 t(ha with four types of inoculation (control,
Rhizobium, mixed culture of Chaet omium globosum-rAspergillus higher fungi and Rhizobium
+composite fungi) was studied on forage oat grown after cowpea. Sesbania amended soil
receiving Rhizobium and mixed fungi produced green and dry matter yields equivalent to that
obtained with farm yard manure+ Rhizobium treated soil. Inoculation with Rhizobium+fungi
contributed 18% more to forage yield of oat. Thus, the study revealed the benefits of microbial
ino culation and organic amendments on the subsequent forage crop.
5. Residual effect of wheat straw, cellulolytic fungi and rhizobial inoculation on growth
and fodder yield of oat following cowpea (NP-3).
The data indicated maximum stimulation in green (13.7 g/plant) and dry matter
~ accumulation (3.4 g/plant) of oats under soil amended with wheat straw at 5 t/ha+
Rhizobium.
101

f, b··Response of maize-lucerne rotation to single and combined inoculation of homologous
(tRhizobium, Azotobacter chroococcum and A. brasilense.
Both the crops in the sequence were repeatedly inoculated with Rhizobium mellloti,
AzotolJHcter chroococcum and A. brasilense either singly or in combination at the time of
sowidg. Combined application of Rhi zobium-r Azot obccter and Rhizobium-vAzospirillum
significantly increased forage yield with the result that the highest green matter was obtained
with the association of Rhizobium-s-Azotobacter (28.8 g{plant). The associative effects of
these cultures continued to exhibit increased nodulation upto second cutting.
. The experiment also included fodder maize during kharit' 1984. Surface sterilized maize
seedJtVijay composite) were inoculated with single and mixed cultures of N 2 fixers. Significan1l'y
higher green (27.9 g{plant) and dry maiter (6.0 g{plant) yields were recorded with
mixe5dl~ultL\reof R. meliloti -s-Azospirillum +Azotobacter.
7. JfJiEvaluation of efficacy of single and multi-strains culture of Azotobacter on oat and
Jo6orghutn.
Separate studies wuh three strains of proven efficiency (A41, M4 and C2) were
undertaken in pots filled with red soil of normal pH. Inoculation with two strains (A41 +C2)
gave-superior performance in respect of forage yield of oat. On the other hand, the associative
effect of M4+C2 produced the highest green matter yield of sorghum. These observations
suggest that mixed culture of Azotobacter gives better results than in isolation.
,1 J1
8. m,,~esponse of forage oat to inoculation with mixed strains of Azotobacter and nitrogen
lio{ertilization.
~f.'~our levels of N (0, 40, 60 and 120 kg N jha) were tried in presence and absence of
mixdaOdtrains of Azotobacter (M 4+C2 ) . The experiment conducted in microplots was
termigJted after 115 days of sowing. The green forage yield (262.8 qjha) with inoculation was
17.1% higher than that without nodulation (224.3 qjha). The combined treatment of40 kg
N jha and inoculation produced comparable forage yield with 60 kg N jha. The results, thus,
suggy~t!jl saving of about 20 kg N jha through the application of mixed strains without
affecting the forage yield.
9. Effect of inoculation with Azotobacter, Azospirlllum, root extract of hybrid napier
1::lj'
. J'lB-6 and rhizosphere soil extract on forage yield of oat.
The experiment was conducted to know the comparative benefits from N 4 - fixers as
( 102 )

well as root and rhizospheric soil extract of hybrid napier. A 25~~ root and rhizospheric soil
ext act was prepared. This was used in two forms, (i) cold and (ii) neated for 15 minutes and
then cooled. The combined application of rhizosphere soil extract and Azotobacter showed
maximum stimulatory effect on green matter. Application of hybrid napier root extract on
the seed in conjunction with Azotobacter inoculation also exhibiteu similar response on forage
yield of oats.
10. Response of oat and sen]! under intcrcropping system to inoculation with Azotobacter
and Rhizo'iium.
Si~nificantly higher green forage yield was obtained when senji and oat received inoculation
of Rhizobium and Azotobacter respectively (353.3 q/ha). Uninoculated oat (243.3 qjha)
and senji 210.0 q/ha) produced lower forage yields indicating that both the crop components
111 in.ercropping system need ~o be inoculated with Nz-fixers for high forage production.
11, Effect of nitrogen fertilization and inoculation with Azospirillum On growth and forage
~ ield of teosinte.
In microp lot experiment, four levels of N (0, 30, 45 and 90 kg/hal Were tested in
presence and absence os Azospirillum culture. Initial Azospirillum count in soil was found
10 be Ct.16 xl 04 cellsjg. Seeds of teosinte were inoculated by spinkling an aquoue solution
cf a sticker (6 g of carboxymethyl cellulose in 500 ml of water) and sterilized farm yard
manure (1: I) based powder inoculant containing live cells of the bacteria. The maximum
green forage yield was obtained at 90 kg N /ha. Inoculation with Azospirillum registered on
an average 10.6% increase in forage yield over un inoculated control. The efficacy of the
culture was lower with nitrogen fer rilization. There was a saving of about 15 kg N/ha
through the culture as green forage yields with 30 kg Njha-l-Inoculation and 45 kg N/ha
were comparable. The rhizosphere Azospirillum count was the highest with 30 kg N /ha+
inoculation (13.5 X 10 4 cells/g). The rhizospher/soil count ratio for inoculation was 60
against merely 5 for uninoculation.
12. Effect of inoculation with mixed culture of Azospirillum Azotobacter and N fertilization
on growth and fodder yield of sorghum (M. P. Chari):
A microplot experiment was conducted for a period of 70 days to assess the associative
effect of mixed cultures in respect of forage productivity as well as saving of nitrogen
Inoculation alone was observed to register about 25% higher green forage yield over uriinoculated
control (183.3 q/ha). The inoculated 30 kg N/ha treatment recorded alost comparable
103 )

green forage yield (254 qjha) to that of 45 kg Njha (252 qjha) indicating, thereby a
net saving of 15 kg Njha. The graded levels of nitrogen however, showed continuous decrease
ni the efficacy of the culture.
13. Effect of leaf extract of Lcucaena leucocehala and rhizobial inoculation on nodulation,
growth and forage yield of cowpea (NP-3).
In a pot culture study the effect of five concentrations of dried Leucaena leaf extract
(0,0.5, 2.5, 5.0 and 10%) was examined on c'.:)\vpea-Rhizobium symbiotic system. Dried
leaves of Leucaena were ground extract was prepared in two forms, viz, cold (C) and autocJaved
and then cooled (AC)~ The data showed inhibitory effect of leaf exract either cold
or autoclaved cooled on nodulation, growth, green and drv matter yields. Inoculation alone,
exhibited the highest green (95.0 gjplant) and dry' matter (12.9 gjplant) accumulation. It
is postulated that the leaf extract might contain
on the efficacy of rhizobia.
toxic compounds causing deleterious effect
1.3 Improving forage productivity and efficacy of indigenous rock phosphates through
phosphate solubilizing micro -organisms.
(M. R. Pahwa)
1. Effect r f phosphate solubilizing microorganism and type of rock-phosphate on growth
and fedder yield of Azotobacter inoculated oats and sorghum (M. P. chari).
Separate studies were initiated with a view to find out the right combination of rock
phosphate and micrco ganisms for augmenting the forage yield, Seeds were inoculated with
suspension of Azotobacter culture. There were twenty treatment combinations involving five
phospha e carriers (single super phosphate, Mussoorie, Luccadive, Udaipur and Vishakhapatnam
rock phosphates) each at two levels (0 and 153 kg P20 5jha) with and without
phosphate solubilizing organism. Udaipur rockphosphate in presence o~ Bacillus polymyxa
H 6 significantly improved green (9.2 gjp!ant) and dry matter (24 gjplant) yields of oats.
Phcsphobacterized seeds alone resulted in 33% higher green yield. The ncrease in green
forage yield and dry matter accumulation may be due to increased efficiency of phosphate
by the solubilizers. Therefore, the role of Azotobacter as a phosphate solubjiizer can not be
r.iled out.
Simi aIy, Vishakhapatnam rock phosphate Pseudomonas striata combination ranked first in
improving plant height, green and dry matter yields of forage sorghum in red soil.
104 )

1.4 Environmental analysis in different forage systems.
(C. R. Hazra and Pradeep Behari)
The present experiment on row d 'rections in pure and mixed stands of oat was
conducted during rabi 1983-84. The row directions were NE-SW, SE-NW, and N-S. The crop
combinations were oat, oat-s-pea, oat+si!l1ji and oat+lucerne. It was observed that row
crientation had a tremendous influence on herbage productivity. The SE-NW orientation
yielded 28% more over N-S and NE-SW. Similarly, E-W orientation also gave 18% more
yi~ld over NE-SW and N-S. The highest yield was noted with pure oat and inrercropping
with legumes depressed the total yield by 16 to 22·X,.
1.5 RainfaIl pattern and its role in forage crop planning in Buodelkhand region.
(c. R. Hazr.i and D. P. Handa)
Rainfall pattern an j probabilities.
The rainfall variability-distribution of rainy days, probability of rain faIl and recurrence
interval for drought were studied for Lalitpur and Banda districts of Bundelkhand region
based on 17 years data. It was found that the rainfaIl received during four months of June­
September accounted for 91 per cent of the annual total at Lalitpur with 8 per cent distri-
. buted in remaining months. Similarly, at Banda 75-89 per cent rain occurs between June­
September. The yearly variability of rainfall is about 43-63 per cent at Lalitpur and 10-25
. per cent at Banda. The average rainy days worked. out to be 49 at Lalitpur and 45 at Banda.
The rainfall per rainy day is 19,1 mm at Lalitpur and 18.5 mm at Banda The expected rainfaIl
during monsoon months of June-July for two years recurrence interval were 77, 383, 324 and
j
160 mm for Lalitpur and 46, 236,324 and
•
118 mm for Banda, respectively. The probability
of occurrence of drought is once in every three years ~n the month of June and September
and once in seven years in July and August. The probability of occurrence of drought is once
in three years at Lalitpur in June and July, while it is thrice in twenty years at Banda for the
corresponding months' In August also, the probability of drought IS once in 9 years at
Banda.
Distribution of dry and wet spell.
The rainfall data for Jhansi (1971-82), Banda (1955-77) and LaIitpur 0955-77) were
analysed to know the dis! r.bution of dry and wet spells. At Jhansi, average number of wet
days were 38.2 with maximum of 57 days .in 1977 and minimum of 20 in 1979. At Lalitpur
105

maximum number of wet days were found to be 52 in 1961 while minimum were 3 in 1955
with an average number of 35.1 At Banda, maximum number of wet days were found to be
'43 in 1971 and the minimum of 6 in 1956 with an average number of 29.4 The X 2 test
indicated that weather of a particular day is Independent of the weather of the immediate
preceding day.
At Jhansi, the average dry run was found to be 4.8 units and wet run 2.6 units. The
average dry-wet cycle was of 7 units. It was also found that expected length of dry run was
always greater than expected length of wet run. At Lalitpur, the average dry and wet run was
found to be 6.8 and 2.1 units respectively. The average dry-wet cycle was 9.0 units. At Banda
the average dry run was 7.2 and wet 1.8 units with average dry-wet run of 9.0.
SS-2: SOIL STUDIES OF RANGELANDS AND PASTURES
2.1 Studies on soil fertility status of grass covers of different districts of Bundelkhand.
(S. B. Tripathi, C. R. Bazra and R. K. Tyagi)
Soil samples from grazing. lands in districts Damoh, Panna, Sagar and Chhatarpur were
collected to study the effect of grass species and grazing on soil fertility status. It was observed
that the grass cover under Dichanthium species in Damoh district had high fertility in terms
of organic carbon, available Nand P followed by Heteropogon and Themeda species in Sagar
district Digiteria species in Chhatarpur and Sehima spp. in Panna district. In Panna district
the soil fertility status in hilly terrain was found to be higher than plain area under natural
covers of Sehima during rainy Season followed by crop cultivation during winter. Dichanthium
and Het eropogon grass covers in Damoh and Sagar districts helped in building up higher soil
fertility status with increased organic carbon, available Nand P. Moreover, the soil moisture
content in black soil was greater than red soil in respective grass covers.
2.2. Studies on bacterial mediated N 2-fixation for increased productivity in pasture
species.
(M. R. Pahwa)
Plant nutrients interaction with Rhizobium.
The pot culture studies using red soil (pH 8.2) were conducted On two pasture legumes
106 )

· tCent rocema pcbescens and Stylosanthes hamata) by inoculating surface sterilized seeds with
pure cu t ire suspension of an efficient strain of Rhizobium to find' out optimum requirement
of Sand Zn,
In g-neral, simple seed inoculation registered 19.21% higher green matter yield over
uninoculated control. The combined treatment of 20 kg S/ha and inoculation showed further
improvement in green yield to the extent of 27% Inoculation significantly increased nodulation
and dry matter yield of C pcbescens.
20 kg Sulphur/h]. interacted significantly with Rhizobium in increasing green forage
y.eld of Stylosanthes hamata and the increase was of. the order of 35.4% Significant effect on
nodulaton and dry matter yields was also noticed due to inoculation and sulphur fertilization.
Application of 30 kg ZnS04/ha in presence of Rhizobium exhibited significant enhancem.nt
in green and dry matter yields Centroccma pubescens. However, maximum nodulation
was recorded at 10 kg ZnSo4/ha inoculated treatment (17 nodules/plant). It may, thus,
be seen that these plant nutrients when applied in appropriate quantities..remarkably increase
the efficacy of culture resulting into enhanced forage yields.
Response of some grass species to Azospirillum.
This was the third year of the exp~rim~ntand two more cuts were taken. Significant
increase in green and dry matter production was observed in all the three grasses Cenchrus
ciliaris; C. setigerus and Dichanthtum annulatumy with seedling inoculation. The magnitude
of increase was however, more in case of C. set igerus.
2.3 Grassland and fodder atlas of Bundelkhgnd.
(R. K. Tyagi)
The various aspects of irrigatio 1 for the year 1981-82 wrse studied in order to update the
information generated over a period of 12 years in irrigation resources which iskey factor in
land utilization particularly in Bundelkhand ragion where scarcity of water has always posed
a serious problem.
The study revealed that the net irrigated area ranged between 80 thousand to 1 lakh
hectares in the northern districts. The districts of Tikamgarh and Chhatarpur have also
recorded more than 50 thousand hectares of irrigated area. The net irrigated area is very
insignificant (less than 25 thousand hectares) in the districts of Panna, Damon and 'Sagar
( 107 !

which are located in the extreme south of Bunde1khand and form -the part of Vindhyan plateau
and hills.
The percentage of net irrigated area to the net sown area ranges from a minimum of
4.1% in Damoh to a maximum of 40.6% in Tikamgarh district. The highest percentage
(above 30%) is found only in Tikamgarh district. The next range of 20-30% is recorded in
Jhansi, Lalitpur, Chhatarpur and Jalaun districts. The medium range (10-20%) is found in
the districts of Banda, Hamirpur and Datia, The lowest proportion (below 10%) is observed
in Panna, Damoh and Sagar districts.
The area irrigated more than once is recorded very insignificant throughout the region as
it is less than 2 thousand hectares in Jalaun, Hami rpur, Jhansi, Chhatarpur, Panna and Damoh
Only Banda has noticeable area (26483 ha) irrigated more than once.
The larger area in the region is irrigated by canals particularly in the districts of Banda,
Jalaun, Hamirpar and Jhansi where the percentage of canal irrigated area varies from 62.7%
in Jhansi 10 94.0% in Banda district.
Well irrigation is dominating (765%) in the districts of Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh, Datia,
and Lalitpur. Well irrigation covers 35.7% area in Jhansi and while it IS merely 4.2% in
Sagar district. Tube-well irrigation is very insignificant in almost all the districts except
Chhatarpur (3%) and Lalitpur (2%).
Irrigation by tanks is also neglible except in Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Lalitpur and
Panna districts where it exceeds 1%. The irrigation by other sources is noticeable in Damoh
(32.8%), Sagar (31%) Panna and Lalitpur (8.9%) districts.
It has also been observed that the total irrigated area has decreased in the districts of
Harnirpur, Jalaun and Damoh by 9.61, 24.20 and 19.61% respectively over the base year of.
1976-77. Other distncts however, have shown an increase in irrigated area during the
corresponding period..
The study on irrigation by different sources reveals the fact that the area irrigation by
canal has decreased in Jhansi, Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Damoh and Chhatarpur during the
period from 1976-77 to 1981-82. This is due to Silting of the reserviors resulting in the
decreae in storage capacity. The area irrigated by tank has also decreased inSagar, Lalitpur
and Banda districts This is being replaced by the tube-well irrigation which is becoming
popular in almost all the districts. The districts of Hamirpur, Jalaun and Banda have regis-
. tered an increscd of 725.70. 606.28 and 242.40% respectively in the area irrigated by tube-
( 108 )

wells. DistrictJhansi recorded 682 hectares of area irrigated by tube-well for the first time
in 1981-82.
2.4 Glimpses of grazing in India.
(R. K. Tyagi)
Characteristic features of grasslandjpasturelands of northern
areas of J & K, H. P. and Uttarakhand (U. P.).
India which included the
The study covered various aspects of grazing lands i. e. their distribution and site
characteristics, period of forage avai lability, floristic composition and carrying capacity. The
salient observations area as under :
Jammu & Kashmir
I. In valley, the grass is found on glades from 700 to 3352.8 m contour where melting snow
provides water.
2. There are small patches of grazing lands in the outer hili region (the Siwalika).
3. Nutritive grasses and sub-alpine herbs are grown on the lower slopes of the Panjab
range of mountains known as alpine meadows.
Himachal Pradesh
).!
1. Southern slopes of Daula Dhar range are utilized as the main grazing area during
autumn and summer,
2. Bara Banghal, Chamba and Lahaul which area located behind the main range (Dhaula
Dhar) area used as a pasture land during season.
3. loW .llills area used for grazing during winter.
Uttarakhand
1. The region acro ss the Southern slopes of greater Himalayas up to Tibet is known as
( 109 )

Bhot, Here the Bhotias graze the sheep and goats on .1imalyan pastures called '
Bugyals.
2. Towards south of Bhot region upto Bhabar the region is known as Pahar. The inhabitants
of this region graze their animals in the Pyar/Bugyals during summer and In
the neigbouring valleys and ranges during winter.
3. In the south, the Bhabar is characterised by forest grazing lands where »the pastoral
communities from north stay throughout winter season. (
SS-3
SOIL STUDIE~ ON AGROFORESTRY AND SILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM OF
FORAGE PR0I;>UCTION.
3.1 Soil fertility and plant nutrition studies.
(C. R. Hazra and S. B. Tripathi)
The field- studies were carried out to know the effect of N & P fertilization on forage
production and soil properties under continued tree cropping system taking open canopy
(winter tree) as control. The different experiments under the project are detailed below.
I. P effect and forage yield with and without tree:
Field experiment was laid out in two separate sets each under Albizia lebbek and in
open without any tree component. Melilotus (senji) was grown in both the cases with four
levels of P (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P20s/ha). Plant samples were collected at harvest (50%
flowering) for P uptake and dry fodder yield. So.H samples were also taken for determining
SOlI fertility status. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured by quantum
radiometer at 13 hour on bright sunny day, one or two days prior to harvest. The results
are as follows :-
Forage yield.
The significant response of P wag noted upto 90 kg P:!Os!h

plantation. P eresponse was noted to be 101 and 120 kg for green and 6 and 8 kg for dry
fodder under open and 37 and 52 kg for green & 6 & 6 kg for dry fodder under tree canopy
at 30 & 70 kg P20s/ha respectively. The forage yield of Melilotus under tree was significantly
lower than open system.
Nutrient uptake.
The uptake of P progressively increased wJth successive increase in the level of P and
the highest P uptake was recorded with 90 kg P:!O;;/ha, The P uptake varied between 1.2
to 46 kg P 20s/hn under tree against 2.8 to 6.1 kg P20~/ha i~' open with differential 'p levels.
At 90 kg P 205/ha. the relative uptake of P by'Melilotus under tree was 75 per cent against
only 43 percent without P application under siJilar canopy situation,
.

surface layers.
The results are as follows.
Physico-chemical properties of soil.
Application of P under tree and open canopy increased organic carbon, available N,
available P and decreased bulk density. The agroforestry system as a whole had an edge
over non-tree system by improved soil productivity through decreased bulk density, increased
porosity and water retention capacity. Moreover there was a decrease in PH and Eo and
an increase in organic carbon, avaiiable N and under Luecaena- followed by Acacia and
Hardwickia.
Micro-meteorologica1Y:lfameter.>
(i) PAR: Amongst different tree covers, Leucaena allowed the least amount of light
infiltration which was around 48~-;; of full light availability under ~pen canopy. This was
closely followed by Acacia (65%). Under Hardwickia, the light availability on berseem
canopv was 80% of the ope.l canopy.
(ii) Air canopy and soil temperature: The lowest ambient temperature for air (32.80C),
canopy (27.80C) and soil (24,60C) was observed under Leucqena plots. The corresponding
temperatures under Acacia were 33.40C,29.0oCand 24.6oC.Hardwickia maintained higher temperature
as compared to other tree species(air 34.8, canopy 30.7 and soil 26.60C) .However, the
temperature under different tree covers were always lower than open canopy. The air canopy
temperature difference was least under open system t3.40C). Thus, it is seen that the temperature
is closely linked with rodiation availability.
.(iii) Relative humidity (RH) : The tree covers maintained higher humidity and highest RH
was observed with Leucaena (80%) followed by Acacia (75%) and Hurdwickia (55%). The
open plots maintained low RH (50%).
(iv) Relative yield: Forage yield of berseem was found to be closely related to radiation
availability. The plots under Leucaena had the lowest yield of about 36% to that of open
onas. The highest relative yield was found to be 78% under Hardwickia.
Forage yield and nutrient uptake
Phosphate fertilization increased forage yield significantly over control treatment
under all tree canopies. Application of 43 kg P jha increased forage yield significantly over
21,5 kg P/ha. The highest yield was, however, obtained with 64.5 kg Plha, under all
situations. The response to appliep P was maximum under Hardwickia and minimum under
Leucaena, Under comparable condition of phosphate application, the forage yield of bel seem
( 112 )

under the Boor sf Hardwickia was found to be the least affected to light curtailment. The
uptake of P by the berseem under open a-ad tree canopy was observed to follow the trend of
forage yields.
The study thus indicated that Hardwickia exhibited minimum ill effects of shade on
bcrseem in addi tion to known gains of top feed, fuel and timber from trees.
3. Nitrogen influence on forage production of safflower and Chinese cabbage and soil
fertility with and without tree association.
Field experiment was conducted with four levels of N (0,40 and 60 kgjha) in two
separate sets on safflower (7-13-3) and Chinese cabbage, The CrOS were planted under
Albizia lebbak and also in adjacent open land. The soil was sandy loam in texture (alfisols)
having pH 7.3 Ec 0.32 mhos/em, organic carbon 0.51%, available N 190 kgjha and available
P 20S 20 kgjha, The radiation was measfured by Quantum Radiometer at 13 hour. The recults
are as fo llows ;
Forage yield
The forage yields of safflower and Chinese cabbage increased significantly with an inerease
in the level of nitrogen upto 60 kg N jha both under open and tree canopy. Amongst the crops,
Chinese cabbage showed higher yield potential than safflower under both canopy situations.
PAR and Relative yield
Application of N had least influence in altering the ill effects, if any, due to radiation
curtailment. The rela~ive yield of safflower varied between 68-73 per cent for green forageand
be.ween 70-81 per cent for dry matter. The relative yield levels varied between 67-76 and
68-75 per cent for green and dry matter, respctively, in case of Chinese cabbage. The relative
PAR availability to safflower and Chinese cabbage was found to be 68 and 55 per cent
respectively. On an average, tile relative yields of 70-85 for safflower and 70-71 % for Chinese
cabbage were found under tree canopy assuming 100 per cent yield under open environment.
Nutrient uptake and soil fertility
Nitrogen uptake by safflower and Chinese cabbage progressively increased with
increasi 19 doses of nitrogen both under tree and open canody sestems, The highest N uptake
in safflower was 40.2 kg N jha under open and 27.4 kgjha under tree canopy. The corresponding
values of N uptake for Chinese cabbage were 61.9 and 40.3 kg K jha. The application of
113 )

N improved the organic carbon, available N and available P status of soil at harvest. The
highest soil fertility status was found under tree canopy in both the crops. Safflower with tree
association improved the organic carbon by 11%; available Nitrogen by4% and available P by
25% over non tree association. Such increases with Chinese cabbage were 13, 2 and 9~~,
respectively.
4. Response of oat and barley to N fertilization.
Forage yield
Nitrogen application upto 120 kg{ha to oat and barley increased both green and dry
fodder yields. However, significant response was observed at SO kg{ha in oat and at 40 kg/ha
in barley over contrcl treatment. Nitrogen exhibited response both under open and tree
canopy with both the crops.
Overall effect
Open and tree canopy systems differed significantly from each other in forage yield of
oat and barley at all levels of nitrogen application. The crop under tree yielded less than that
under open plots. The dry forage yield of oat under tree with 80 kg N {h(was almost equal
to that with 40 kg N{ha under open. Similarly, the yield of barley with 120 Kg Njha under
tree equalled the yield under open canopy with 80 kg Nfha.
Radiation and relative yield
Under tree canopy, oat and barley received 61% and 67~~ radiation respectively of the
available without tree component (100%). Oat under tree received about 0.51 x3000 micro
einsteen/cms seC under open. The corresponding values for barley were 0.38 X 3000 and
0.54x4000 micro einstein/em- sec under tree and open canopy, respectively. The relative
efficacy of barley under tree was higher than oat although the absolute yield of barley was
only 50% to that of oat.
Nitrogen uptake
Nitrogen uptake by both the crops progressively increased with an increase in the
levels of nitrogen. Under no nitrogen treatment, oat removed 131 and 79 kg N/ha under tree
and epen canopy respectively, whereas the corresponding values for barley were only 58 and
29 kg N Iha. Oat fartilized with 120 kg N Iha removed 369 and 230 kg N Iha under open and
tree canopy respectively. Under similar conditions, however, barley removed only 184 and 106
kg N{ha.
114 )

Soil fertility
A vailable nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon status of soil after crop harvest
improved with nitrogen fertili zation. Tree association also had an edge over non-tree
association in improving soil fertility.
3.2 Mlc) ometeorolcglcal studies under agroforestry productlon system.
(C.
R. I-I,ma)
I. Forage yielJ of grasses under different tree canopies in relation to radiation and
me.corological parameters.
The experiment was oarred out in red sandy loam soil with a view to find out suitability
of some important tree species for silvipastoral production system. The tree species
included Albizia lebbek, A. procera and Acacia nilotic a planted at 5 m X 5 m distance in the
year 1977. Another tree species, Leucaena leucocephala planted in 1979 at 4 m x 2 m distance
was suitably lopped to give desired light intensity. The grasses were harvested in the month
of October from 2m 2 area from middle of two rows or trees. Similarly, the grasses were also
harvested from adjecent open land without any tree compoent. The micrometeorological
parameters were recorded one day prior to harvest at 13.00 hour. The photosynthetically
active radiation (PAR) was measurec by quantum radiometer, relative humidity by R. H.
gauge and temperature by tele iherrnometer. The relative yield is the yield under tree expressed
as per cent yield of open. The relative PAR values were also calculated in similar way.
Though the highest forage yield was found' with Albizia lebbek followed by open
canopy (withont tree) but the differences were statistically non-significant. The forage yield
under Leucaena leucocephala was, however, significantly higher than Acacia nilotica and
Albizia procera The PAR varied from 67% under Ai tebbek to 53% under L' leucocephala.
The PAR was 61~'-;; and 57% under A. nilotica. This indicated that the forage yields were not
entirely dependent on solar radiation but more so on tree-grass intertion. The higher forage
yields under tree were generally associated with higher air-canopy temperature difference.
2. Forage yield of grasses in relation to radiation availability.
The experiment aimed at studying the influence of light quanta available and the above
ground biomass production in grasses. Cenchrus ciliaris was grown under the trees of Poincine
regia and Hardwickia binata in red soil. The radiation availability to underneath gasses were
controlled by appropriate lopping of trees.
( 115 )

The dry matter yield of grass decreased with the decrease in incident quanta on the
canopy surface. The forage yield was 93% at 83% PAR and 50% at 42% PAR. Thereafter,
the decrease in yield was very sharp and forage yield remained only 6% at 8% PAR. The
relative humidity increased with curtailment in radiation and reverse was the trend with respect
to ambient air and leaf temperature, The air-canopy temperature differences narrowed
down with the decrease in PAR.
3. Herbage yield of grasses in relation to radiation under silvipastoral system.
A field study was undertaken with eight tree species viz., Albizia lcbbek, Albizia procera,
Acacia tortilis, Acacia nilot i ca, Leucaena Leucocephala, Dichrostachys nut ans, Hardwickia
binata and Eucalyptus to fiind out the influence of tree canopy on radiation infiltration to the
grasses grown in association with the trees. An adjacent open plot was taken as control free
from component, The study indicated that the PAR values under all the tree species were
significantly lower than the open and varied between 58-83%. The PA R values were in the
order of open> H. binata > D. nutans > Eucalyptus> A. tortilis> A. lebbek >
A. procera> L. l eucocephala > A. nilotica. The yields under tress were significantly different
from yields under open. The order of forage yield was open > A. lebbek;» D. nut ans
> H. binatari: Li leucocephala;» A. nilotica> A. procera > Eucalyptus,
4. Seasonal responses of different fodder crops in relation to tree association.
In order to find out the suitability of fodder crops in different growing seasons under
agroforestry system, their productivity was evaluated under shade conditions. The crops
included were cowpea, guar, moth, field bean, sunhemp, jowar, bajra, teosinte and maize in
summer and rainy season, and Chinese cabbage, safflower barley, oat, senji , lacarne, berseern
and pea during winter season.
The results indicated that the yields of most of the fodder crops under tree tended to
increase or remained equal to that of open canopy during summer season. The situation was
entirelv different during rainy season, in the sense that all the fodder crops under tree produced
significantly lower yield than open canopy situation. The yields under tree canopy
during rainy Season varied between 52-76% with lowest relative yield of sunhemp and highest
of bajra. The crops under tree received 68% and 52% of radiation during summer and rainy
season, respectively. During winter, most of the cereal and oilseded forage under tree yielded
aboue 87-98% of open system. Moreover, the leguminous fodders viz" berseern, lucerne
and pea yielded only 45, 55 and 63% respectively under tree. The relative yield of sen]i was
116

however 83%, On an average, all the fe dder crop's under tree yielded significantly lower
than open,
Amongst the different napier bajra (NB) hybrids tried under tree and open, tl.e highest
forage yield was recorded with IGFRI-6 followed by NB-2l and PBN-21. The yields
obtained from IGFRI-3 and Setaria (Nandi) were low be th in summer and rainy seasons.
The relative yields under tree during summer 'varied between [\4-120% and during rainy
season it ranged between 65-74~~. Setaria gave 20% more yield under tree as compared to
open canopy. The radi:.tion av.ulability on crop callopy under tree was 76% of open during
summer and 57~~ during rainy months. During summer, under tree, IGFRI-6 had the
highest air-canopy temperature difference (ACTD) of 440C fo llowed by IGFRl-3 (4.20C)
whereas NB-2l and PNB-7l had 2ADC nnd 2.8oC, respectively. Similar was the trend under
open canopy. The magnitude of difference of air-canopy temperature during rainy season
was leas than summer period. The low canopy temperature of IGFRI-6 and IGFRI-3 is
indicative of low photorespiratory proceS5 and possible higher net assimilation.
3.3 Studies on biological N 2 fixation under agroforestry system of forage production.
(M. R. Pahwa)
A pot trial conducted in order to select a superior combination of Subabul host/
Rhizobium strain (s) for better herbage yield. The treatments consisted of three strains each
of host EL selvador, K-8 and K-28 and Rhizobium (TAL-582, TAL-1158 and LL-28-2
applied individually and in combination). The experiment was terminated after 80 days.
Variety K-8 produced highest green and dry matter yields when inoculated with combined
strains of Rhizobium. However, there was no significant effect of these strains on nodulation
Superior performance in terms of herbage yield was also recorded with combination of
K-28/TAL-582.
Performance of different Acacia species to inoculation with Rhizobium strains
Three Acacia spp. (A. tortilis, A. arabica and A. planitormisv were tested against
three Rhizobium strains (R-9, R-3 and cowpea Rhizobium) singly and in combination, Nodulation
growth and herbage yield were recorded after 90 days. Surface sterilized seeds of
A. planiformis when inoculated with combined Rhizobium (R-9+R-3) produced significant
effect on plant height (56.9 em) and herbage yield (14.0 g/plant). Nodulation was also
stimulated with combination as compared to their independent application. However, application
of Rhizobium to A. torti/is seeds gave superior performance in respect of herbage
accumulation (6.0 g/plant).
( 117 )

SS-4 STUDIES ON PROBtEM
PRODUCTION.
SOILS IN RELATION TO FORAGE
4.1 Soil fertility and plant nutrition studlec in acid soils.
(S. B.Tripathi and N. D. Mannikar)
'1. Efficiency of N sources at different levels of N in acid soils.
Pot culture studies revealed that the maximum green (369.8 g/pot) and dry (89.3
g/pot) matter yields were recorded at 120 kg N Iha. Amongst N sources, the effect of calcium
ammonium nitrate (CAN) was found significantly superior to urea ond FYM. Palampur
soil produced significantly higher green and dry fodder yields as compared to Jorhat
and Mannavanore soils. The interactions, soils X sources Xlevels were not significant.
Increasing doses of N increased N content in oat and maximum concentration was
found at 120 kg N/ha. As regards sources, CAN was found to be superior to others. The
concentration of N in plants was maximum in Palampur soil. Jorhat soil was found to be
intermediate. Least N content in plant was found in Mannavaoore soil.
The data on soil analysis after harvesting of oat crop indicated that the avai lability of
N increased with increasing levels of N. The availablility of N was maximum in Mannavauore
soil with FYM treatment.
2. Response of Mo with and without P application on forage production in acid soil.
The green and dry matter yields of berseem increasedsignificantly with increasing level
of Mo and P. The interaction effect between P was also found significant. The highest
green (340.1 g/pot) and dry fodder (37.2 g/pot) yields were recorded with 80 kg P 205 and
1.5 kg MoOa/ha.
Mo and P content in plant increased with increasing levels of Mo and P.. However,
P and Mo contents increased significantly with 1.0 kg MoOa/ba over control treatment. The
increase in Mo from 1.0 to 1.5 kg Mo 0a/h1 did not alter the Mo content but caused significant
variation in P concentration. The application of P significantly increased Mo and P
contents over no P treatment. The interaction effect between P and Mo showed that significant
response in terms of Mo content was noted at 1.0 kg Mo 0a/ha with P application over
].0 kg Mo Oa/ha alone.' The change in P content was found to be significant with increasing
levels of Mo combined with P as compared to application of Mo wtthout P. The highest Mo
and P contents 16.2 ppm and 0.52 percent, respectively were found with combined application
of 1.5 kg Mo 0a and 80.kg P 20,j/l1a.
118 )

DIVISION OF GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT
GM-l ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF RESEEDED PASTURES FOR
THEIR SUSTAINED PRODUCTIVITY ON MARGINAL AND SUBMARGINAL
LANDS.
1.2 Studies on the establishment and wanagemeut of Stylosanthes Cenrhrus and
Eichanthium based pastures for their sustained productivity.
(P. Rai) ,
1. Effect of time of sowing and with and without pelleting on the establishment of grasses
and legumes.
Studies on the establishment of Cenchrus ciliaris, Dichanthium annulatum, Stylosanthes
hamata and S. scabra separately were continued for the second year with three times of sowing
'(mid1le of May, June and July) and with and without pelleting.
The plant population differed significantly with different times of sowing in all the
species except S. scabra. The maximum plant population of 21875, 36875, 66875 and 82500
plantsjha was recorded in S. hamata, S. scabra, D. anulatum and C. ciliaris,,respecti,!ely
when sowing wasdorie during middle of July followed by middle of June in both che species
of grasses and legumes. Mid July sowrng gave significantly higher plant pepulation compared
to middle of May sowing in.all the species.
\
Only C. ciliaris gave significant differences in plant pop~latio~.drte to pelleting­
However, the maximum plant population of 15833, 35000, 58750 and 60000 plants/ha was
obtained in S, hamata, S. scabra, D. annulatum and C. ciliaris, respectively when pelleting
was done with clay soil. .."
2. Effect of seed rates and method of sowing on the establishment of Dichanthum
annulat um and Cenchrus ciliaris.
Studies were repeated during the year with 5 seed rates
(2, 4, 6,' 8 and IO.kg/ha) anti
........."..~ ".
( 119 )

2 methods of sowing (broadcast and line sowing) on the estabishment of D. annulatum cv.
S-32 and C. ciliaris cv. S-3108 separately.
Significant differences in plant population due to different seed rates in both the
grasses were observed. The maximum plant population of 1,06,667:.lnd 1,65,000 plants/ha
was recorded C. ciliaris and D. annulatum, respectively when sowing was done at the rate of
10 kg/ha. However, plant population recorded with 4 to 10 kg/ha gave statistically nonsignificaru
results in both the grass species. The method of sowing did not show significant
effect on plant population. However, the maximum plant populations of 82,000 and 1,31,333
plams/ha were recorded with C. ciliaris and D. annulatum, respectively whensowing was
done by broadcastir g compared to line sowing in both the grasses.
There were no significant differences in plant height, number of tillers/plant, tussock
diameter and dry matter yield due to different seed rateS and methods of sowing in both the
grass species except seed rates for dry matter production. The maximum dry matter yield of
22.5 and 15.8 qjha was obtained in C. ciliaris and D. annulatum respectively when sowing
was done at the rate of 10 kg seed/ha. However, the dry matter yields obtained with 4-10 kg
seed/ha in case of C. ciliaris and 6 to 10 kg/ha in case of D. annulatum were not found to
be statistically significant. In both the grasses, the dry matter yield was higher in broadcast
method of sowing as compared to line sowing though, it was statistically non-significant.
3. Effect of planting material and frequency of weeding on establishment and production
in Dichant hium annulatum.
Studies were continued for the second year with three planting materials (seeds,
seedlings and rooted slips) and three frequencies of weeding (0, I and 2 wee dings during rainy
season) to know the effect of planting material On establishment and production in
D. annulatum cv. S-32.
Establishment studies revealed that plant population differed significantly due to
different planting materials and frequencies of weeding. Planting by seedlings gave significantly
'higher establishment (l00 per cent)' than rooted slips (87 per cent) and seeds (76.6 per cent).
There was no beneficial effect of two weedings compared to one weeding on the establishment.
'Data on plant he'gh., number of tillers/plant and dry matter yield showed significant
differences due to different planting materials and frequencies weeding. The maximum plant
height (114.8 em), number of tillers/plant (40.0) and dry ,matter yield (21.8 qj ha) were recorded
when pl inting was done by seedling followed by rooted slips. Dry matter yield, plant
height and number of tillers/plant recorded with planting by. seeds Were significantly lower
than planting by s.edlings and rooted slips.
120 )

As regards to frequency o-f weeding, it was observed that there was no difference in
dry matter yield, plant height and tiller number due to one or two weedings. Weeding once
or twice during rainy season gave significantly higher dry matter yield as well as plant height
and tiller production compared to without weeding.
4. Effect of different levels of phosphorus on the prod.ictivity of Stylosantltes guianensis
'a 'ieues.
During the second year of an experiment with tWJ varieties of S. guianensis (Endea-,
vour and Schofield) and three levels of phosphorus (0,40 and '30 kg P20 5 / ha variety Schofield
produced higher-green (164.6 q/ha) and dry (63.0 q/ha) forage compared to variety Endeavour
(156.3 q/ha green and 58.3 q/ha) dry though, the di Tercnces were statistically nonsignificant.
A pplication of different levels ofphosphorus showed significant differences in
green and dry forage yield. The maximum green (171.9 q/ha) and dry (65.3 q/ha) forage
yield was obtained with application of 80 kg P205/ha, followed by 40kg P 205/ha(green 165.9;
q/ha) and dry 62.8 q/ha). The differences in green and dry forage yield obtained with 40
and 80 P205/ha were statistically non-significant. Further, the plant vigour showed no significant
differences due to different levels of phosphate application or different varieties. However,
variety Schofield 1279 em) attained the maximum length.
The crude protein content exhibited no variation in both the varieties (10.99 percent
respec.ively in endevour and Schofield). Application of phosphorus increased the C. P.
content in both the varieties, However, the was no beneficial effect of incresing the levels
of phosphorus from 40 to 80 kg P 2 0 5 / ha in both the varieties, The maximum C. P. content
of 11.33 percent was recorded with 40 kg P 205/ha followed by 80 kg P 20.>/ha (60.94%).
The crude protein content exhibited no variation in both the varieties (10,99 percent
respectively in endevour and Schofield). A pplication of phosphorus increased the C. P.
content in both the varieties. However, there was no beneficial effect of increasing the level
of phosphorus from 40 to 80 kg Pz0 5 /ha in both the varieties. The' maximum C. P. content
of 1l.33 percent was recorded with 40 kg Pz0 5 / ha followed by 80 kg Pz0 5 /ba (10,94 percent)
5. Effect of different levels of nitrogen on the productivity of pure and mixed.stand of
Cenchrus hybrid.
The experiment was continued for the second year of Cenchrus hybrid with three
levels of nitrogen (0, 30 and 60 kg N /ha) on the productivity of pure and mixed stand with
Stylosanthes hamata. Five cuttings were taken on 23.2.84, 21.7.84, 16.8.84, 17.9:84 and
\ ( .. 121

18.10.84 from the grass while only one cutting was taken on 23.10.84 from S. hamata since
S. hamata was sown during July, 1984 due to high 'mortality of S. guianensis durmg
1983.
The application of nitrogen significantly incressed the forage yield of pure stand while
mixed stands it was not significant. The maximum dry matter yield of 153.9 q/ha was reCorded
with 60 kg N/ha followed 'by 30 kg N/ha (139.3 q/ha) when . g~own in pure stand. The
maximum dry matter yield of 104.1 q/ha (9583 q/ha from gr.lss+8.3 qjha from S. hamata)
was observed in the mixture of Cench~us hybrid+S. hamata (control).
Data on plant height, tussock di-rneter and number of tilbrsjp\anl showed no significant
differences, However, the maximum plant height (156.5 cmj W.lS observed in-pure
stand with application of 60 kg N /ha while the maximum tussock diarneter . (21.0 ern) and
number ef tille rs/phnt(4.7) were recorded in the mixed stand with 60 kg Njha,
The C. P. content in grass increased with application of nitrogen in pure as well as
mixed stand with S. hamata. In all She mixtures the C. P. content was higher compared to
pure stand except at 60 kg Njha.
The application of 60 kg N Iha in pure stand gave maximum C. P. content (11.11
percent) and the minimum (10.15 percent) was recorded in control (grass alone), Further
it was observed that the C. P. content in S. hamata also increased with the increasing levels
of nitrogen.
6: Ccrnpara ti\ e studies on the effect of fertilizers and introduction of legumes on the
productivity of established pastures of Dichanthium and Cenchrus.
Comparative studies were continued for the second year to know the effect of fertilizers
(0, 60 kg Njha, 30 kg P205/ha and 60 kg N+30 kg P20.;/ha) and introduction of four
perennial legumes (M,acroptilium at ropurpureum, Clitoria ternat ea, Stylosanthes hamataand
S. scabra) with and without application of 30 kg P 205/ha on the productivity of established
pastures of D. annulatum cv. S-32 and C. ciliaris cv, S-3108. Three cuttings were taken on
23.7.84,3.984 and 16.10.84 in case of C. ciliaris while five cuttings were taken in D. annula
tum on 23.2.84,16.4.84, 13.8.84 18.9.84;and,~6.10·84. Total in all, the three cuttings in
C encht us and five cuttings in Dichanthium were used for statistical analysis,
The forage yield (OM) differed significantly with various treatments in both the grass
species. In case of C. ciliaris the maximum dry matter yield of 80.5 qjha (52.4 q/ha from
grass+28.1 q/ha legume) was obtained with introduction of S. hamata+application of 30 kg
122 )

P:J0s/ha (61.1 q/ha) and introduction of S. hamata (59.2 q/ha). The minimum dry matter
yield of 40.4 q/ha was recorded in control. In case of D. annulat um, the maximum dry
matter yieid of 74.0 q/ ha was recorded with application of 60 kg N/ ha+30 kg P:J0s/ha followed
by introduction of S. hamata-rsts kg ,P 20s/ha
(67.6 q/ha from grass-l-Si I qrha from
legume=72.7 q/ha) and introduction of M. atropurpurcum-l-J kg P 20s/l1:i (68.3 q/ha from
grass-t2,8 q/ha from lcgume",=71.1 q/ha). The minimum dry rnatu r yield of 42.3 q/ha was
recorded in ccn.rol.
significant differences in plant height due to different treat nen,s was not observed in
roth the grasses. However, the maximum plant height of i21.3 ern and 108.9 cm was noted
i.i C. ciliaris and D. annulatt.m respectively with introduc ion of M. £IIropurpureum-s- 30 kg
P 20,,/ha in case of C. ciliuris and with 60 kg N-j-40 kg PllO[,/ha in case of D. annulat um,
t
Studies on crude protein content revealed that due to application of fertilizers and introduction
of various legumes, the CP content increased in ail the treatment combinations in both
the grasses as compared to control. The maximum CP content of 9.36 percent was recorded
in case of C.ciliaris with introduction of Mvatropurpurcum-r si) kg P 20s/ha followed by application
of 60 kg NJha (9.27 percent) and introduction of S. hamata-s-st) kg P20S/ha (91.0
percent). The maximum CP content of 7.61 percent was noted in control: In case of
D. annulatum the maximum CP content of 8.14 percent was observed with introduction of
M. atropurpurcum followed by introduction of S. hamata alone (8.05 percent) and S. hamata
+30kg K 20n /ha (7.88 percent). The minimum CP content of 7.0% was noted in control
Fur ther, it was seen that the CP content increased in all the introduced legumes due to application
of 30 kg P20s/ha in both the grasses species. Among the legumes, the maximum C P
content was recorded in C. t ernatca and the minimum in case of S. scabra in both the
grasses.
7. Effect of spacing and phosphate on the productivity of grasses intercropped with
Sesbar i 1 sesban.
Studies were repeated during the year with three spacings (50, 75 and 100 em) and
three levels phosphorus (0, 30, and 60 kg P 20s/ha) in .Cehchrus ciliris and Dichanthium
annulatum to know the suitable spacing for intercropping of Sesbania sesban for getting .the
high.r quality forag-, Three cottings were taken on 19.7.84, 27,8.84, & 1.1084 in case of
C. ciliaris and five on 23.2.84, 16.4.84, 4.5.84, 17.9.84 and 2.11.84 in case of D. annulatum,
Total of all the CUiS were utilized for statistical analysis in both the grasses.
123 )

Results oft dry matter yieid exhibited that there was nc significant response due to
different spacings and phosphate application on grass or legume as well as total yield of
grasa-j-legume in both C. ciliaris and D. annulatum, However, the maximum dry matter
yield of 79.5 and 55.8 q/ha WJ,s obtained with C. ciliaris and D. annulatum, respectively wi.h
50 ern spacing. In case of S. sesban, the maximum dry matter yield of 1.1 and 8'9 q/ha was
recorded when interetopped in C. ciliaris and D. annulatum, respectively at 75 em spacing,
However, the coral yield (grass-j- legume) of 80..4 and 61.8 q/ha was nc ied with C. cilia. is
and D. annulatum respectively at 50 ern spacing.
With application of phosphorus, there was no variation in dry matter yield of grass as weill
as legume in caSe of C. ciliaris while in case of D. annulatum, the maximum dry matter yield
of grass' and Iegurne was recorded at 60 kg P205/ha' Further, it was Seen that due to high
mortality of Sesbania, the dry matter yield of legume was very low in both the grasses as
compared to previous year. Data on plant height, and number of tillers/plant revealed no
significant variation due to different spacings and levels of phosphate application in both the
grass species.
Results on crude protein conten showed that there was not much variation in C P
content of both the grasses as well as Sesbania due to different spacings. However, the
maximum C P Content of D. annulatum and legume was 6.21 and 21.24 per cent respectivelv.
The C P content of 6.91 per cent in C. ciliaris and 21.36 per cent in legume was recorded at
the spacing of 100 em. As regards the application of phosphorus also, there was not much
variation in C P content of both the grasses as well as in Sesban'a. However, the maximum
C P content of 6.82 per cent in grass and 21.05 per cent in legume was recorded in case of
C. ciliaris and in case of D. annulatum, the highest C P content of 6.33 per cent in grass and
20.98 der cent in legume was noted when 30 kg P 2 0 ,j/h:t was applied.
8. Effect of spacing and cutting regime of Sesb.uii a sesban on the productivity of Cenchrus
ciliaris under intercropping system.
The experiment was continued for the second
year with 3 spacings (50, 75 and 10) em)
of C. ciliaris and 3 cutting heights of intercropped Sesbania (i5, 30 and 4S em, to know the
suitable spacing and cutting height for getting the maximum quality forage from C. ciliaris
and S. sesban.
Results on dry matter yield revealed that there was no significant effect of different
spac.ngs on the dry matter yield of grass, legume and grass+legume. However, the maximum
dry matter yield of 55.01 q/ha (5495 q/ha fro.n grass-t-o.tz q/ha frorn legume) was obtained
witn 50 cm spacing followed by 75 em spacing (53.84 q/ha from gras

legume=54.37 qjha). The minimum yield of 47.71 qjha (47.03 q/ha from grass +0.68 qjh'l
from legume) was recorded with 100 em spacing. There was no significant difference on dry
matter yield of grass, legume as well as grass-l- legume due to different cutting heights of
Scsbania. The dry matter yield obtained from grass-l-Iegume at 30 em cutting height (52.58
q/ha) and 45 em cutting height (52.82 q/ha) was at pal. The dry matter yield obtaied from
Sesbania was very low as compared to previous year due, to higher mortality of the plantsduring
the summer season. Thus, it showed that Sesbania is not suitable under rainfed
conditions, under frequent cutting system. Further, the mortality of plants at 15 em. cutting
height was higher as compared to 30 and 45 cm cutting heights. Data recorded on plant
height and number of tillersjplant also showed no significant variation due to different
sf acings and cutting heights.
Results on crude protein content showed the 50 cm sraCIng gave slightly higher C P
content (6.75 per cent C. ciliaris while C P content in S. sesban was higher (22.10 per cent)
at 100 em spacing. The cutting at 45 em height gave higher C, P. content in both Cenchrus
(6.93 per cent) and Sesbania (22.67 per cent) followed by 30 cm cutting height (6.50 per cent
in C. ciliaris and 21.96 per cent in S. sesban,
9. Effect of management practices on the productivity of grasses
(a) Cenchrus ciliaris, Studies were continued for the third year with 3 weeding treatments
(0, 1 and 2 weeding during rainy season) and nitrogen versus legume treatment (0 and 60 kg
N/ha and introduction of Stylosanthes hamata in the interspaces of two rows of grass) to
know the productivity of C. ciliaris uuder various management practices. Three cutting were
taken on 19.7.84, 25.8.84 and 17'10.84.
The results indicated that there was no significant effect of weeding on dry matter production.
However, weeding gave higher dry matter yield than without weeding. Further, weeding twice
during rainy season did not show much benefit for dry matter yield (60,66 q/ha) as compared
to weeding once (59.95 q/ha). Significant effect on dry matter yield was recorded due to
introduction of S. hamata. The maximum dry matter yield of 56.66 qrha (48.40 qjha from
grass+8.26 q/ha fr ..m S. hamata) was obtained with introduction of S. hamata followed by
application Of 60 kg N/ha (54.05 q/ha) and control (46.04 q/ha).
Data recorded on plant height, number of tillers/plant and tussock diameter showed
that there were no significant differences in these characters due to different weeding treatments
as well as application of nitrogen and introduction of S. hamata. However, weeding gave
h gher number of tillers/plant as compared to without weeding. Application of fertilizer as
well as introduction of S. hamata also showed higher number of tillers/p!ant, than ~o~tro)·..
( 125 )

';}Resultson crude.protein content showed that C r content in C. ciliaris due to 0, 1 and
2\veedings were 7~00, 7.08, and 7,,29, per cent respectively. Application of 60 ,kg N/ha gave
'the maximum C. P.content of 7,35 pel cent followed by; introduction ,of S. hamata (7'\7 per
cent). ,The minimum C P content of 685 p~r cent was recorded in control; The C P content
in S. hamata was slightly higher due to weeding treatments as compared to control,
. .
~
(b) Dichanth'um'onnulatum. Similar,· experiment was. continued for the third year with
D.'annulatum: Total five cutting were taken on 24.2.84, ~ 17.4.84; '10.884, 29.9.84 and total of
ail' the cuts were utiliz~d for statistical analysis.
! .' jf ~, •
.. The results revealed that the dry matter yield signficantly differed with different
·weedi·f,g'lre~&ments. Further, there was no-benefical effect of two weeclings as compared to one'
Ho~evdr,"th'e,maximum'&ymattetyieldof 87.09 q/ha (82.59 q/ha from-grass-l-d.Sf) q/ha
fr~m"JeguiTIeYwasd'bta'inedwith two' weeding followed .by one (85.62.q/ha). Application of
nitrogen ~s well as introduction of S. hamata also showed significantly higher dry matter
yield as compared to control. The dry matter yield obtained with introduction of S. hamata
(78.63 q/ha from glass+5.15 q/ha from legume'=83.78 q/ha) was 'H par with-application of
60 kg Njha (83 04 q/ra). . ,
" Data on plant height and tussock diameter did not show significant variation due to
differtnt~cedingtreatments as well as application of nitrogen and introduction of legume.
0:

Results indicated no significant effect of different spacings on dry matter ,yield of grass
I .gumesas well as grass-}legume. However, the maxirhu~' dry matter' yield'of 66,76'qjha
(4( .09 J,jl1a from grass+2067 4jha from legume) \.Jal~. ob'tairledwithl00 cm spacing' followed
by .Ocm spacing {S0.53 qjha Lam grasstl5.45 qjha from l~gume,=65:9SqIHa).Further,
significant effect of phosphorus was observed on the dry matter yield of g.ass-i-legume while
significcnj effect phosphorus W.lS not seen on the yield of grass alons as legumealone. The
maximum dry matter yield of 72.95 qjha (54,11 qjha from grass+1.8.74 qjha ffomJ.~gurile)
was obtained with application of 60 kg P205jha folow rd pyapp1icll.tion of 30 kg F20 51.ha
(54.44 qjhJ. from grass+ 17.36 qjha from legume=71.0S qjha). Thus, there was not much
variation in dry matter yield with application of 30 and 60 kg P 2 0 5jha.
) '''. .
Data on plant height showed no significant effect due to different spacings as ,,~elI. a's
applicatir n of phosphorus, in C. ciliaris. As regards the tiller production, It va.ned slgntficatly
with different spacings aud the maximum tillersj plant (32.0) was noted with 100 cm
Sp1C'Ug followed by 75 cm (25.S) and '50 em (21.5) ..
The crude protein content did not show much variation due to djff~rent'~raci.ng·'in
C. ciliatis as well as Svhamata. However. .73pm spacing gave sli,getly .hi9~~,~,;CP,~Ori;b'~'t Of
6,91 and 13.99 percent in C. ciliaris and S. hamata respectively as cornp~,rSf'\ ~9; 50"~il1l,~~y~;;1I
as 100 em spacing, There was no response of p~osphoru~ on C P content G.._fi/~p(is ,~hI1e
application of 60 kg P 2 0 5jha gave slightly higher CP content. ,,(14,.01 R~rcent) inJ,;: hfin1ata
as compared to the "control, ., '1.1 "" ....\._.
I '

The application of nitrogen as well as intercropping of annual legumes increased the
C P content in C. ciliaris. The maximum C P content of 8.05 percent was recorded with
application of 60 kg Njha followed by intercropping of guar (7.61 percent) and arhar (7.43
percent). The minimum C P content of 6.82 percent was recorded in control.
. Thus, intercropping of annual legumes was found to be beneficial in C. eiliaris as indicated
by their dry matter yield and C P content. In addition to forage, the grain yield was
also obtained from these legumes as a bonus. However, out of four legumes tried, arhar
was found to' be more beneficial, which also gave fuel yield of 2.1 q{ha.
12. Evaluation of Dichanthium annulatum pasture with and without legume for sheep
production,
Studies were conducted to know the performance of Mandya sheep grazed on the pure
pastnre of D. annulatum and the mixed stand of D. annulatum-t-Stylosanthes hamata. The
seedlings of D. annulatum were planted in July, 1983 at 50 em between rows and 30 em between
plants in case of pure stand while in caSe of mixed stand, the distance of grass was maitained
1 m between rows and 30 ern between plants. S. hamata was sown in the interspaces
of two rows of grass in line at the rate of 6 kg seedl ha after one week of planting of the
gr .ss, In the end of November, 19n, the legume and grass were harvested and regrowth.in
July, 1984 was utilized by grazing through Mandya sheep. The area of each pasture (pure
and mixed stand) was 1000 m 2 . Four sheep of similar age and weight introduced in both
the pastures for grazing on 25.7.84 and withdrown on 29.8.84 in case of pure pasture and
on 12.9.84 in case of mixed pasture when the body weight of sheep was started decreasing,
Again regrowth of the pastures during the month of October, 1984 were utilized for second
rotation of grazing. In both the pastures again same number of sheep were introduced for
grazing on 12.10.84 and withdrawn on 2.11.84 when the body weight again started decreasing;
The body weights of sheep recorded at one week interval.
The forage production was also recorded at three weeks interval in both the pastures
The dry matter yield at the time of introduction of animals for grazing (25.7.84) was 22.1
and 22.2 q{ha (17.4 q{ha) from grass +4.8 qjha from legume) in pure and mixed pasture
respectively. The dry matter yield recorded on 16.8.84 and 5.9.84 in first rotation of grazing
was 24.8 and 12.8 q{ha in pure pasture and in themixture of grass-j-Iegume was 19.9+
4.2=24.1 q{ha and 5.6+5.2=10.8 q{ha respectively. The forage yield recorded in second
rolationofgIHingon11.l0.84,2.11.84 and 16.11.84 was 19.1,21·5and5.7q{hainpure
stand & 21.1 q{ha (15.6 qjha from grass-l-e.I q{ha from legume), 22.2 q{ha (I8.1 q/ha from
g~ass 1"4.1 q/ha from legume), and 6.9 q{ha in the mixed stand respectively.
128 )

In first rotation of grazing the body weight gain in sheep increased upto 16.8.84 and
maintained their initial weight upto 22.8.84 in case of pure pasture while in case af mixed
p'!.sture (grass legume), the gain the body weight was observed upto 16.8.84 and maintained
their initial weight upto 12.9.84. Thus, it was Seen that the gain in .body weight of Mandya
sheep was 47.6 and 50.0 g/sheep/day in pure and mixed pasture respectively. However,
sheep grazed on mixed pasture maintained their initial weight for 28 days more while in case
of pure stand 7 days only. The gain in body weight in second rotation of grazing was 27.4
and 28.5 gjsheep/day in pure and mixed stand respectively.
Thus, the results revealed that the body weight gain of sheep in both the pastures were
almost same but the sheep mainta n id for longer duration in mixed pastures of Dichanthium
+S. hamata as compared to pure stand of Dichanthium. This was bacause of the batter
quality of herbage available in the mixed pasture as the forage production in both the pastures
was similar.
1.3 Primary and Secondary productivity of mixed and pure pastures of slratro, Dolichos,
Chrysopogon and Setaria.
(G. K. Dwivedi)
1. Effect of Nand P with the introduction of Dolichos on forage production of
chrysopogon pasture under rainfed conditions.
Ax experiment was repeated during (he second year with four levels of nitrogen (0,30,
60 and 90 kg/ha) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 20 and 40 kg P 205/ha) in an established
pasture at the spacing of 50 em x 30 em to know the optimum levels of nitrogen and
phosphorus for getting maximum quantity of quality forage under rainfed conditions. Dolichos
was intercropped in between the pasture rows during July using a seed rate of ,20 kgrba.
Results showed that the maximum mixed dry matter yield of 112.46 q/ha (108.80 q/ha
grass+3.66 q/ha legume) was obtained with the appic ition of 90 kg N/ha-followed by 102.98
q/ha (88.60 qjha grass+4.38 q/ha legume) with 60 kg N/ha. Minimum dry forage yield of
77.25 qjha (75.84 q/ha grass+2.41 q/ha legume) was obtained in control treatment with
no nitrogen.
With regard to phosphorus, maximum dry matter yield of 106.49 q/ha (101'21 q/ba
grass+5.28 qjha legume) was obtained with the application of 40 kg P 2 0 5/ha followed by
96.17 q/ha (93.14 q/ha grass+3.03 q/ha legume) with ",0 kg P205/ha and minimum of 89.67
q/ha (87.06 q/ha grass + 12.61 q/ha legume) in control (no phosphorus) plots.
( 129 )

2. Response of. Stylosunthes species/varieties with the intercroppingof Chrysopo~on fulous
'pastureun~er rainfed conditions. . .
The experiment was repeated during the second year in an established pasture of
Chrysopogon fulvus (Cv. Mhow). Introduction of six speciesjcultivars of stylosanthes
,(S. gracilis, .S. humilis S. hamata, S. scabra 40205, S. oiscosa, S. scabra -40289) and three
treatments of nitrogen (20,40 and 60 kg N/ha) alongwith control (grass alone) were imposed
to select the suitable species of stylosanthes for maximum 'yield and quality of forage as well
as to economise nitrogen use. The results showed that the maximum dry matter yield of 94.26
qrha was obtained with the application of 60 kg N/ha followed by 92,74 q/ha with 40 kg
N/ha. S. scabra-40289 produced 90.08 q/ha (8 f.35 q/l13 grass+3.07 q/lu legume). The
minimum dry matter yield was obtained in control grass alone. There was an appreciable increase
in crude protein content of herbage due to introduction of various species of Stylosan­
'!hesas well as application of nitrogen as compared to control plots.
3. Eflect of N levels on the mixed swards of Chrysopogon Iulous-Chrysopogon cv. Mhow
-l-Siratro.
This experiment was repeated during the year in an established pasture of Chrysopogon
cv, Mhow+ siratro, six levels of nitrogen (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg N/ha) were applied
in 1st week of July.
The results revealed that the maximum mixed dry forage 'yield of 76 93 q/ha (7443
q/ha grass+2.50 q/ha legume) was recorded with the application of 100 kg N/ha. Minimum
forage yield of 35.64 q/ha (34.27 qjha grass-j-Ls q/ha legume) was obtained in the control
(no nitrogen) plots.
4. Effect of phosphorus levels on the mixed swards of ChIJ'SOpOgol1 pasture-CIIr)'sopogon
cv, Mhow-l-Siratro.
The field experiment was continued during the second year. The treatments consisted
of six levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 a-id 100 kg P 20,j/ln). Applic.ition of 20 kg
~/ha' was done as basal dose in Ist week of July in all the plots.
Phosphorus application progressively increased the dry matter yield with the result
that maximum dry forage yield of 54.24 q(ha (5049 q/ha grass+3.75 q/ha legume) was
obtained at 100 kg P 2 0 5/ha followed by 80. 60 and 40 kg P 2 0 5/ha. The minimum dry matter
yield of 37.29 q/ha (35044 qyha grass+ 1.85 q/ha legume) was obtained in control (no
phosphorus) treat.n m t.
130 )

5. Effect of spacing and seed rates on forage production in grasses-Setaria sphacelata:
An experiment was repeated during the second year with three spacings (25, 50 and 75
cm plant to plant and row to row) with six seed rates (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0
kgjha).
Results showed that the maximum dry matter yield was obtained with narrow spacing
of 25 ern x 25 em followed by 50 cm x 50 cm. As regards the seed 'rates, maximum dry matter
yield was recorded with 10 kgjha followed by 12.5 and 7.5 kgjha, Minimum yield was
obtained with 2.5 kg seedjha.
1.5 Effect of fertilizers and harvesting schedule on below and above ground biomass in
different grasses and legumes.
(K. C. Kanodia and K. P. Niranjan)
I. Studies on the ecology of grasses as influenced by cutting management cum fertilizers
under rainfed conditions-Ifeteropogon co~tqrtlls.
With a view to assess the maximised forage production under different cutting regimes
this experiment w is initiated on a natural grass species viz., Ifet eropogon contortus (L) P.
Beaut It involved three cutting intervals (20, 40 and 60 days) and 4 doses of N fertilizer
(0,30,60 and 90 kg Njha) replicated thrice during 1982.
The role of cutting interval in spear grass revealed that the maximum dry matter yield'
obtained (40.030 qjha), during the growth period with 60 days cutting intervals was in two
harvests during September and November 1984 and the minimum (44.61qjha) .with 40 days
cutting interval resulting in 3 cuttings. The dry matter yield with 20 days interval remained'
rearly in between the two observations (45.73 qjln) where five harves,s (10 th August-Stlrh­
October 84) could be taken. However, the effect of harvesting intervals was not prominent
in case of this grass.
As regards the effect of nitrogenous fertilizers it was observed that the dry
matter yield increased considerably with the increasing levels of fertilizers. The highest dry
forage yield was obtained (54.61 q/ha) with 90 kg N/ha and the lowest (37.11 qjha) with
control. However, differences between the dry matter yield with 60 and 90 kg Njha was quite
clear. dry matter yield was 50% higher with the application of 90 kgjha as against no fertilizer
treatment. The grass remained unproductive subsequently from middle of November under ,
drylrnd conditions. .
131

1.6 Evaluation of productivity of Chrysopogan pastures with and without legumes.
(K. P. Niranjan and K. C. Kanodia)
l' Studies en the relative efficacy of fertilizer and legumes in incr..asing the forage. production
in Chrysopogon [ulnus under rainfed condition.
.(a) Chrysopogon [ulous (Cv. Chandigarh+Sesbania). The experiment was repeated for
the second year. The treatments comprised of pure stand of Chrysopogon fulvus cv. Ch~ndigarh
and fertilized with 0,45 and 90 kg Njha. Sesbania aegyptica was intercropped with
the grass to test its efficacy in increasing the yield of herbage.
The fertilizer treatments in the mixed stand consisted of all combinations of two levels
of nitrogen (0 and 45 kgjha) and three levels of phosphate (0, 30 and 60 kg P20.5jha). The
experiment was conducted iu R.B.D. with three replicates.
Results showed that the maximum mixed dry forage yield (28.03 qjha) was obtained
from Chrysopogon fulvus intercropped with Sesbani« and fertilized with 45 kg+30 of P20Sj
ha, followed by pure stand of grass with the application of 90 kg Nj ha (26.16 qjha) while
the minimum was abtained (16.49 q/ha) with the pure stand of grass without application of
fertil izer,
(b) Chrysopogon iulous (cv. Mhow+Sfylosanfhes scabra, 40289). The experiment was
established Jast year and the fertilizer treatments were imposed during this year on the new
growth. The treatments comprised of pure stand of Chrysopogon [ulous ev. Mhow obtained
from the last year estabiishement and fertilized with 0, 45 and 90 kg N jha. Stylosanthes
scabra (40289), a forage legume was intercropped with the grass to test its efficacy in icreasing
yield of herbage.
The fertilizer treatments in the mixed stand consisted of all combinations of two levels
of nitrogen (0 and 45 kgrha) and three levels of phosphate (0, 30 and 60 kg PsOs/ha). The
experiment was conducted in randornised block design with three replicates.
Results showed that the maximum mixed dry for age yield (49.82 qjha) was obtained
from C. [ulous intercropped wi th Sfylosanthes and fet tilized with 45 kg N +30 kg P20s/hl
(46.32 q/ha). Minimum dry forage yield was obtained (22.58 q/ha) with the pure stand of
grass without application of fertilizer.
132 )

GM-I-2. EVALUATION, IMPROVEMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF NATIVE GRASS
LAND,
2.1 Imestigations on introduction of different legumes for the improvement and management
of rangelands.
(K. C. Kanodia and K. P. Niranjan)
1. Studies on the suitability of legumes in diffr-rent grasslands for their maximised productivity
(b) Eremopogon dominated grassland community.
With the aim of finding out a suitable legume Vjs the recommended dose of fertilizer
this experiment was continued during its third year on the same natural Eremopogon dominated
community on the same Spot in Divisional Research Farm area. The experiments. comprised
on introduction of four legumes viz. Atylosia scarabaeoides. stylosanthes hamat a.S, quianensis
and siratro at the recommended seed rate along with one dose of N-fertilizer @ 40 kg
N jha in the form of urea and the 6~h as the control treatment was repeated during the year
in Ercmopogon dominated grassland at~C. R. farm, Jhansi. The treatments were imposed in
the end of June 84 alongwith an uniform basal application of 20 kg P 2 0 5jha!n the form of
SSP in the plots (4 X 3 m size) replicated four times in R. B. Design.
The data revealed more or less similar dry forage yield in each treatment ranging between
15.23 qjha and 15.71 qjha in S. quainensis and with fertilizer treatment to 17.94
qjha in the sirato introduced plots the con trot treatment recordedtlf·08 qjha.
2. Studies on the effect of time and method of sowing of legumes (Dolichos lablab) introduced
in natural grasslands.
This experiment was laid out in 1982 with the pri mary aim to know the proper time
and method of sowing of Dolichos lablab in a p'lrtially protected natural grassland under
rainfed conditions, Stu-lies were repeated with three methods of introduction viz, broadcasting,
dibbling and line sowing of the legume and four dates (May end, mid June, June end and
mid July) in split plot design replicated thrice in a Heteropogon dominated grassland.
(a) Effect of time of sowing' Data on plant population of legume Dolichos established in
the grassland revealed higher plant population (1999 q/ha) where the legume was introduced
in the end of June, followed by the middle of July. The minimum establishment was recorded
133

4.5 Ecological studies .of semi-arid grasslands
(8, K. Trivedi, K. C. Kanodia and N. C. Verma)
After recording pre-treatment data in the year 1983, the observations were recorded
On the following.
Botanical composition: Botanical composition was studied through quadrat method
and about 46 herbaceous plant species were recorded. Grasses exhibited 3/4 Important
Value Index (I. V.!.) while legume and forb components of thecommunity attained 1/4 LV.L
of total vegetation' Amongp:::rennial grasses Sehim neroosum an Heteropogon contortus
were in present in all the treatments. On the basis of LV.I. they occupied dominant and codominant
position respectively. 1. V. I. of S, neroosum ranged from 30.2 to 79.7 in T 9 and
T lO treatments while that of H. cont ortus was from 17.9 to 85.8 in T 7 and T 12 respectively.
Among legumes and Forbs Lndigot'era astragalina and Fimbnistyllus diphylla were the prominent
species respectvely, .
Plant biomass: 'The' total plantfbiomass ranged from 197.8 to 368.7 g/m2 in Ts and
T 2 treatments respectively. The biomass was less in comparison to previous year. The data
revealed more than 90 percent biomass contributed by grasses whereas 10 percent or below
by I-gumes and forb components. Major biomass contributors are S. neroosum and H. cont
ortus. These two species added approximately more than. 70% of t01a1 plant biomass;
Although, the plant biomass of legume component was low, it was interesting to note that
they showed a positive response to phosphorus fertilizer and produced maximum biomass in
!7 treatment (21.2 g/m 2 ) .
Secondary productivity' Eight heifers were introduced for grazing on 10.9.84 and
withdrawn on 15 12.84. The average body weight was 131.5 kg. The weight of these heifers
were taken fortnightly, The average bc dy weight gain was 27.1 kg for grazing period
which comes about J280 gm/head/day. This gave slightly higher values in comparison to the
previous one.
Soil moisture In all the Seasons the soil moisture was taken by gravimetric method,
It varied from 7..6 to 26.5 percent in rainy season, 2.1 to 6.7 percent in summer season while
O. S to 5.9 percent in winter season. The moisture was .higher at lower depths.
4.6 Autecology and growth behaviour studies in different range grasses.
(S. S, Parihar)
.
1. The effect of nitrogen and length of primary growth period on y'ield of leaf an,d stem
components of Chrysopogon (ulcus.
135 )

The experiment was repeated during the monsoon of 1984. The influence of length
of growth period of the monsoon and levels of nitrogen application on yield of leaf and stem
components of Chrysopogon fulvus was studied so as to evaluate the effect of rates of nitrogen
fertilizer on (1) leaf yiel.1 (2) stem yield (3) percentage leaf crude protein (4) percentage
stern crude protein. F01lf primary growth periods of 15, 30,45 and 60 days were used in
combination with the nitrogen treatments of 0, 45 and 90 kg N/ha per Sea~on of growth
applied as single dressing at the beginning of the growth period.
The data on the effect of nitrogen defoliation tratments revelled that application of
nitrogen significantly increased leaf and stem yield per tiller. However, nitrogen fertilization
had more p.onounced effect on stem yield der tiller as compared to leaf yield per tiller. This
increase in the stem yield was 23.56 and 52.56 per cent with the application of 45 and 90 kg
Njha respectively over the control, while this increase in case of leaf was 5.77 and 14.94 per
cent with same ni trogen levels, Thus, the effect of nitrogen application was more pronounced
in stem as compared to leaf. Therefore, weight of teaf per unit weight of stem significantly
decreased with increasing the nitrogen levels. However, nitrogen application had no effect on
total number of live leaves per tiller,
Application of nitrogen also significantly increased the total dry matter yield. The
highest yield of total dry forage of 46.02 qjha and 53.55 ~jha was recorded at 90 kg Njha
and 60 days of growth respectively.
Increasing the growth period from 15 to 30, 30 to 45, and 45 to 60 days also significantly
increased the yield of both the components, but particularly of.stem, The increase in
stem yield was 78.35, 57.77 and 65.04 per cent with increasing the growth period from 15 to
30. 30 to 45 and 45 to 60 days respectively. While in case of leaf yield per tiller this increase
VIas 65.96,31.78 and 28.16 per cent with the corresponding growth period. The maximum per
cent increase in both the components was recorded between 15 to 30 days of growth.
2. Studies on seed viability and germination in different cul rivars of Cencltrus ciliaris and
C. set igerus.
Earlier studies on seed viability and germination with different strains of C. clliaris
revealed that seeds (spikelets) maintained some viability upto 48 months from the date of
initial seed collection (when stored under norrml environmental condition), An acylated
glycoside of cyanidin. cynnidin-S-arabinosid-, acylated with caffeic acid was isolated and
characterised from the spikslets. Therefore. it was desired to conduct the bi e-assay tests with
the extr.rcied phytotoxin (glycoside of cyanidin) so as to observe th e biological activity of
the quantified phytotoxin.
136 )

The effect of different concentrations of the glycoside (concentration expressed as
optical densities) on seed (caryopsis) germination. radicle and plumule growth revealed that
(table 18) percentage germination was significantly reduced in higher concentration of the
pigment, while lower concentration did not influence the germination significantly. Germination
media with 0.1 and 1.0 O,Ds. had stimulatory effect on radicle growth, while higher conceatration
had a negative effect on root growth. Shoot growth was comparatively less affected,
at higher conentration negative effect was distinct.
Table 18: Effect of different concentration of acylated cyanidin glycoside on seed germination,
radicle and plumule growth of C. ciliaris after 72 hrs,
Concentration in optical densities
Control 0.1 0.6 1.0 1 5 SEM-1-CD at 5%
Germination %
81.25
78'75
75.26
65.75
43.75
2.44
7.51
Root length (mm)
2.37
3.02
2.87
2.35
1.87
0,11
0.36
Shoot length (mm)
2.20
2.0
1.87
1.72
1.25
0,6
0,5
3. Quantitative estimation of Cyanidin glycoside from viable and non-viable seeds
(spikelets).
In view of the vital role of phenolic inhibitors for preserving seed viability for a
longer period of time it was visualised that quantitative estimation of cyanidin glycoside
from viable and non-viable seeds will be useful. Studies revealed that the concentration of
cyanidin glycoside was higher in viable seed as compared to non-viable seeds (table 19).
Table 19: Concentration of cyanidin glycoside in viable and non-viable seeds of
C. ciliaris.
Strain of
C. ciliaris
S-401
S-531
S-325
S-571
S-288
Concentration in opical densities
Viable (one
0.81
0.90
0.80
0.40
0.71
0.5 gram seeds (spkts) in 100 ml of 1% HCI.
. ( 137 )
year old)
Non-viable
0.60
0.75
0.68
0.15
0.68

Seed germination studies with Cenchrus setigerus :
"Bioassay tesl~: 'Like C. ~i1iaris, bioassay tests with the extracted inhibitor of
'C. jet~geruswasconducted to confirm the inhibitory effect on seed germination, radi~le and
plumule growth so as ~b observe the biological activity of the quantified phytotoxin. In case
·ofcC.I~et'igerus also th~ pigment (acylated glycoside of cyanidin in case of C. set igerus also)
had aii' inhibitory \~ffect on seed germination and shoot growth. Lower concentration had an
-stimulatory effect on root growth.
Owing to inhibitory effect of cyanidin glycoside on seed germination of C. Ciliaris
and 9. setigerus, a bioassay test was conducted with the same concentra ion of phytotoxin 10
determine if the Same concentration applied were inhibitory to germination in other kind of
. seeds. Therefore, Siratro (Macroptelium- atroparpurcums seeds were used for allelopathic
. - ..bioassayexperiments, since siratro (a pasture legume) represents a good germination rate.
In case.of Siratro .seeds.alsq, inhibitory. effect on seed germination" plumule growth and
radical growth was quite distinct. However, lower concentration had a stimulatory effect on
radicle growth.
Quantitative estimation: Quantitative estimation of Cyanidin glycoside from viable
and non-viable seed revealed the higher concentration in viable seeds as comparedto non­
. viable. seeds, which confirmed the labile nature or the inhibitor,
4. Studies on isolation and identification of germination inhibitors jn other range
grasses.
. .Inhibition o'f seed 1;ermination, a cornmonlv known allelopathic phenomenon, is of
commonEccurrence I in various range grasses. Therefore, studies were initiated to isolate and
identify t~es~ germination inhibitors present in the diaspores by paper chromatography,
absorption spectra and colour reactions. Chromatographic studies revealed the presence of
flavonoid glycosides in many range grasses viz. Dlchanthium annulatum, Chrysopogon (ulous
and Het eropogon contortus. Alcoholic extract of Dichant.hium annulatum seeds indicated the
.presence of cyanidin and guercet in glycosides. Similar extract of Chrysopogon Iuluus seeds
indicated the presence of guer.:etin glycoside. Alcoholic extract of Het eropogon con ortus
,< seeds gave positive tests for phenolic by ferric chloride and aluminium chloride tests.
4.7 Studies on competitive, adaptive and evolua t.onary economic grassland ecosystem.
(P K Jayan and N. C. Verma)
I ( '1:8 i :

1. Ecological evaluation and management studies of forage species for incorporation in ~he
restructured' grassland ecosystem, ' .
In the. 2nd year of the experiment, Braehiaria brlzantha, Paspalum dilataium, Panicum
cotoratum, Panici.m maximum cv. Gatton, Set~ria spha~e/a'ta and Sty/osaf/tlles, hama:a ,CV.
verano shined regeneration at the onset of monsoon. One each of grass monoculture and
glass/legume m,ixlun: (J:l proportion) were fertilised with 63. kg ~/h~' and. 60 Kg P20 5/ha
respectively. Recommended doses of nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers were applied to
grass and grassjtegume mix lures, respectively so as to compare te nitrogen' econol~y through
growing of grass/legume mixtures.
The studiesrevealed that the grassBraclziaria brlzantha grown as monoculture with or
without 60 kg,N/ha fertilization \;a5 inferior to grass/legume mixtu~e 'with, ot without 60 kg
P205!ha as 'al~, leg~mb'monoculturg, The maximum dry JPatter y~el

legume with grass collections 3133 and 59.1 yielded 63.5 and 57.3 q DM!ha respectively in
which the grass contributed 86.01 and 58.80 percent to total yield. Among the mixtures of
grass cellections studied total herbage yield was the lowest in C. ciliaris No. 358+S. hamata
Harbage production from the above mixture was 42 q DM!ha of which 6l23~-:' was contnbuted
by glass. Total herbage yield from C. ciliaris strains IGFRI 3133, 3108 and 214 with
S. hamata were 63.5, 56.6 and 46.0 q!ha of which the gras- collections contributed 86.01,
85.60 and 90.37 percent respectively to total yield. Here, the contribution from legume was
of the order of 14.09, 14.34 and 9.5 percent respectively. Among the gr\tss collections grown
along with S. hamata, Jodhpur local was for.ad to be g-od with 53.77/~ from grass and
46.23% from legume to total yield.
In another experiment, relative palatability ofCenc:;rus ciliaris collections was studied
using sheep as the test animal during July! August when the grass attained full bloom and
during September when the grass was ready for harvest. Based on the intake of grass collections
during July!August, the order of preterance of collections to animals was 262, 358,
Agra local, 3108, 3132, Pusa giant, Jodhpur local, 3133, 357, 59d, 303 and 214. During
September, the test was repeated and it was found that the acceptability of grass collections
differed from that observed during July!August The order of preference was 358, 3133,
303,262, 3108, 3132, Agra local, 357, Pusa giant, 214, Jodhpur local and 59-1. Further,
it was observed that the intake of forage by animal for all grass collections declined during
. September.
1. The studies on restructured grassland ecosystems with special reference to their consumers
continued for the 'Znd year Cenchrus cliaris pasture was fertilised with 60 kg N!ha
while Ccnchrus ciliaris-rStylosanthes hamuta pasture with 60 kg P 2 0 5 / ha. Grazing "as imposed
from 1.8.1984 which continued up to 6.9.84 znd thereafter the animals grazed on Cenchrus
pure pasture Were stallfed with pure gras: and the other group with mixture of Cenchrus
ciliaris + Stylosantles hamata. The stall feeding .continued upto 15.10 1984. Eight cross
bred calves of equ il body weight and age group divided into two groups of four numbers
each were used for the experiment.
It was recorded that the ::'.verage live weight gain was higher (275.4 g!head/day) in the
gro'-JP of animals gl azed in mixed pasture of grass and legume as compared to the group of
animals grazed and fed on pure herb:.ge of Cenchrus ciliaris. The live weight gain from pure
pasture was 210 grnsjl eadjday, The dry matter consumption was found to be higher (2.0 kg
/100 kg body weight) in the group of animals grazed on C. ciliaris pure pasture whereas in
the mixed pasture the intake was 1.87 kgfl00 kg body weight. During stall feeding the dry
matter intake for grass Cenchrus ciliaris was 2.34 kg/IOO kg body weight while for grass!
legume mixture the same was recorded as 2.24 kg/!OO kg body weight. The herbage utilization
from C. ciliaris pasture was 60% while from mixed posture the same was recorded as
442% only.
140

DIVISION OF AGROSILVIPASTURE
ASP-1
AUTECOLOGY OF FODDER-CUM-FUEL TREES/SHRUBS
1.1 Autecology of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de wit.
(P. S. Pi.lthak)
1. Growth performance of 12 populations in agroforestry,
At the completion of 3 years, K 102 recorded, the maximum collar diameter followed
by silvi-4 which recorded the maximum dbh. Plant height was also maximum in silvi-4.
Due to very high summer temperature and low soil moisture, Lidioersifolia showed apical bud
mortality and few trees dried. K-341 continued to give the poorest growth of all.
The number of flowers produced per head in each of these varieties during March­
.April indicated statistically significant variation between the varieties with maximum flowers
in K-341 (l63.3/heatl) followed by K-6 (l51.4/head) and the minimum in L. dioersiioiia
(65.5/head). Variety K-6 showed very high Cv. (20.9~;';) while K--28 gave the minimum
(5.4%).
The mean pod length was the maximum in K-132 (30.69±2.4 cm) followed by El
Salvador (24.79± 1.6 cm) and the minimum in L. dicersitolia (10.33 ± 1.3 ern). Pod breadth
was the maximum in K-8 (2.61 ±0.1 cmj followed by K-28 (2.52±0.14 em) and the minimum
in E1 Salvador (I.26±O.2 em). Number of seeds per pod were the maximum in K-132
(24.2±2.27) followed by K-341 (23.4± 1.2) and the minimum in L. diuersiiolia (13.5±3.1).
The empty pod weight was the maximum in K-132 (1.29±0.16 g/pod) followed by 1(-8
(l 26±0.13 g/pod) and the minimum in L. dioersifolia (0.18±0.03 g). The test weight of
seeds was also the maximum in K-132 (74.56±3.25 g) followed by K-28 (68.6±2.03) and
the minimum in L. dicersitolia (l2.16±0.59 g). The varietal differences for these attributes
were found to be statistically sg uficant. .
2' Growth comparison of 17 Australian populations with 3 species of Leucaena.
Under life saving irrigation, 20 lines of Leucaena were maintained and at
"
the end of.2
years, the peak height reached in No. 15 (622 ern) followed, by K~8 (621 ern) and the
( 141

mmunum in case of L. puloerulenta (308 em). The collar diameter was maximum in K-8followed~by
No. 14 and the minimum in No.5. The maxi-mum dbh was recorded in No. 15.
The number of flowers per head during March the maximum in No. 12 (164.6 ± 13.9)
followed by No.7 (160.4± 18.4) and the manirnum in L. pul oerulenta (42.8::!:8.1). The
differences between the varieties were statistically significant. The L. collinsii flowered gregariously
but did not produce any pod or seed. L. puloerulenta though flowered well but
could only produce 5 very small and poor pods with a few healthy seeds. K-8 was observed
late flowering t;:pc with more vegetative growth.
3. Growth comparison 01 15 populations: The three plant types of Lcucaena viz., Hawiian,
Peruvian and Salvador with 5 varieties in each were planted in three replications. The
growth studies revealed that Silvi-4 and K-8 were the populations with maximum diameter
and height. The slowest and more vigorous flowering and fruiting ones were the Hawaiian
types.
4. Forage production comparison of 10 varieties: This experiment was in its 6th year.
The population showed 100% survival and good forage production. The peruvian types
continued to give higher forage yield compared to salvador types. The total dry matter
production was the maximum in silvi-4.

at6 years of age (10,000 plantsjha density) while in the 2nd year it was only 0.97 t/h~. In
case of L. dioersitolia, the maximum litter was observed in older plantation 1.25 t/ha (3 years
at 5000 treesj ha density). The maximum frequency of litter fall in all the cases wae observed
during the first forthight of October followed by the same period in December.
Table 20 Growth characteristics of L. ditersitoliz: populations compared with L. leucocephsla
(Silvi-4)
Characters Silvi-4 L. dioersifolia
Natural
hybrids
1. Length of rachis (em) 14.29±2.5 16.59±1.9 18.5±1.8
2; Length of leaflet (em) 567±0.9 3.38±0.6 5.23±0.8
3. No. of leaflet pairs 7A± 1.0 25.6 ±2.1 1O.6± 1.0
4. No, of pinnae pairs 13.1±2.5 35.4±3·6 24.6±2.6
5. Length of pinnae (ern) 1.14±0.2 0.31 ±0.5 0.55±0.1
6. Breadth of pinnae (em) 0.335±0.1 0.O9±0.02 O.19±0.02
7' Distance of cup from the 2.88±0.7 1.89 ±OA 4.07 ±0.5
leaf base (ern)
8. Leaf retention (Nos.) 35 16 30
9. Date of of anthesis 2.3.84 16.4.84 20.3.84
10. No. of flowers/head 95.3±10·3 61.8±6.5 135.6±11.5
11. Flowering stopped on 20.4.84 10.5.84 28.4.84
1.2 Autecologlcal studies on Albizia species and D. cinerea.
(M. M. Roy)
1. D. cinerea.
(i) Studies on the effects of sowing depths in nursery beds have shown maximum emergence
from 1 cm depth.
( 143 )

(ii) Effect of different pH solutions (pH 3-12) on seed germination of D. cinerea indicated
approximately similar germination in pH range of 5-10 with reduction towards less than 5
or more than 10. Development of root hairs and secondary roots was earlier and becter in
the pH range of 6-8.
Albizie: species (A. amara, A. lebbek and procerav.
(i) Effect of ascorbic acid on seed germination and seedling vigour on A. procera inr'icated
stimulating effect in terms of seed germination and seedling vigour with 0.15% concentration.
(ii) Seeds of A. procera germinated under a range of moisture stress imposed by D-Mannitol
solutions. Germination retarded by increasing moisture stress. A. procera indicated its capacity
to germinate upto the range of 5.0 atm. without any significant decrease.
(iii) Effect of different pH solutions (pH 3-12) on seed germination of A. amara, A. lebbek
and A. proccra was studied. Better germination was recorded in case of A, amara in the pH
range of 3-10. Afterwards there was reduction in germination. Development of radicle and
root hairs was better in pH range of 7-6. Seed germination in A. lebbek was more or I-ss
same throughout the pH range. However, the pH range of 8-10 was found to be better for
r idicle growth.
(iv) Effects of KN0 3 and Thiourea (0.1 %, 0.2°{, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0%)
on seed germination of lebbek were studied. O.3%KN0 3 and 0.2% Thiourea were found to
give increased germination. Thiourea was found more effective than KN0 3 .
1.3 Auteeological studies on exotic multi-purpose shrubs [txee«,
(P. S. Pathak)
The project started during July 1984 and Sesbania sesban germplasm (12) obtained
from Australia was studied along with one local check in detail
Seed and its germination' The seeds varied in their colour from yellowish to dark
green and brown with many intermediary shades. The variability was also associated with the
seed germination whereby the yellowish, brown and dark green colour seeds of No.3. 5, 11
and 13 gave 100% germination (table 21).
No.8 and 10 gave more than 9% germination but No. L 2 and 12 gave very poor
germination,
144 )

Seedling growth characteristics e The seedling growth data recorded at 6 months of
age (mble21) revealed that variety No.l1 and 6 recorded the maximum height growth but very
poor basal diameter while No.8 and 12 gave higher diameter but medium height growth.
No.1, 4 and 10 gave very poor growth. Varieties II and 9 produced maximum branching,
while variety nos. I, 5,7,8, 10 and 12 did not produce any branch No. 9 appeared to give a
bushy growth because branches intiatcd at a veay low level.
Table 21 Seed colour, germiiation (%) and seedling growth characteristics of S. sesbat
populations.
0/
10 Ht'i- Collar No. of Leaf Pa(r--l/b ~IoDM Flo~r=ing
S. No. Seed colour ger­
ghi dia. bran- length
leaf- of leaf
of ratio JI1
mll1a­
tion
(em) lets leaf-
(em) (cm) ches
let
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11
1. Greenish black 34 36.0 0.42
1.83 7
4
25.5
2. Yellowish brown 31.4 65.0 0.60
5 3.0 10
5
19.4
3. Yellowish brown 100 65.0 0.70
3
3.5
8
5
19.3
4. Yollowish-]­
Dark brown
mixed
65.747.0 0.40
3
3.1
8
5
24.2
5. Da'k green 100 92.0 0.50
6. Greenish brown68.6 1000 0.26
2.5
2.6
18
14
4
5
25.3
28.0
Val'.
picra
7. Yellowish brown74.5 72.0 0.60
8. Dark brown 94.3 73.0 0.80
3;,8
2.6
12
10
10
7.5
23.4
27.2
Val'.
picta
9. Greenish brown 91.4 68.0 0.60
8
4.0
7
6.2
23.7
10. Yellowish brown48.6 30.0 0.70
6.6
9
10
25.3
11. Bro ..n
12. Brown
100 122.0 0.30
34 65.0 1.20
12
4.6
3.0
11
9
10
6.2
27.0
22.5
Val'.
bicolour
13. Yellowish
100 95.0 0.60
2
4.1
12
10
22.7
( 145

The largest leaf was observed in variety No, 11, 9 and 13 while the smallest in No. 1.
The number of leaflet pairs were more in No, 5 and 6 and the minimum in No.1. The
leaflets were very linear in 7, 10, 11 and 13 while in 1, 2. 3, 4, 5 and 6 it was oval. Wi'hin
this period No.5 and 7 produced yellowish flowers where back of standard was dotted with
purple. No. 11 gave maroon colour of standard and the tip of keel.
The leaf samples showed the maximum dry matter in No.6 followed by No.8 and the
minimum in No.2 and 3. The metroglyph an lysis of leaf and other plant growth characters
indicated that varieties 1, 6, 5 and 4 were of low potentiality and Nos 2, 7, 8 and 10 of
higher potentiality The index score of 9 arid 12 has given maximum value compared to all
others. These were still showing peak vegetative growth perforrnence,
Addition of woody new materials:
Seeds of Calliandra calothyrsus were obtained from nitrogen Fixing Tree Association
Hawaii. Twenty three new woody materials belonging to Mimosoideae pipilionoideae,
Caesalpinoideae, Bignoniaceae, Simarubiaceae and Sterculiaceae have been added from Commonwealth
Forestry Institute, Oxford for their detailed autecological studies So as to identify
more promsing materials for the agroforestry systems aud evolve the management principles
for such species.
ASP-2. EVOLVING SiLVIPASTORAL SYSTEMS FOR MARGINAL AND SUBMA­
GINAL WASTELAND AND ENVIRONMENTS
2.1 Silvipastoral s tudies 011 fodder cum fuel trees.
(R. Dtb Roy and S. K. Gupta)
In a long term experiment on the growth and production of Acacia tort ilis under different
spacings and the association of two Cenchrus pastures, growth parame ters like height,
coller diameter (0. D.) and diameter at breast height (dbh) were recorded and all the trees
of oue replication were harvested for biomass production attributes. Forage production of
the pasture under trees was also recorded,
Height growth; The variation height growth amongst the treatments was not found
to be significant (table 22). However, the maximum height growth (9.47 ern) at 4x6 m
spacing in association withSCenchrus ciliaris followed by the same tree spacing without grass
reseed.ng. The height has more or less even out in the course of long period of growth. The
average tree growth of the felled trees was slightly higher than the average tree growth of the
whole plo t, -
14G

Growth in collar diameter : The maximum C. D. growth of 25.4 em was recorded at 4 x 6m
spacing' when grown in association e. eil iaris pasture followed by 24.00 em in the same
spacing but without grass reseeding and least (16.1 ern) under 4x4 m spacing without
reseeding, The differences amongst different treatments were found to be significant. The C.D,
growth was higher with grass reseeding compared to control (no reseeding) and was higher
with e. eiliaris pasture (23.0 cm) compared to' C. set igerus (20.9 em).
Growth in diameter at breast height :-Similar to the C. D. growth, the dbh was maximum
(27.9 ern) at 4x6 m spacing and in association withe. eiliaris pasture followed by the no
grass control at same spacing (25.5 ern) and the least (15.6 cm) under narrower spacing
without reseeding. Dbh growth in general was higher with wide spacing and also in association
with e. eiliaris pasture. Growth difference in dbh were highly significant.
Biomass production :
(a) Main bole: The maximum air dry (aerial) production (245.9 kg) of the main bole was
recorded at 4x6m spacing in association with e. ciliaris pasture followed by the same spacing,
but in association with e. set igerus pasture (82.1 kg) and the least (36.4 kg) at 4x4m spacing
in reseeding (control). Biomass production in general was higher under wider tree spacing
compared to narrower one and in association with pasture compared to control. Within the
two pastures biomass production of the main bole was higher in association with e. ciliaris
pasture.
(b) Biomass production [rom branches: It was quite interesting to note that the biomass
production from the branches in general was higher compared to main bole biomass and in
some treatments it was more than double. The maximum branch biomass of 245.9 kg was
recorded at 4 X 6m spacing and in association with e. ci/iaris pasture followed by 144.7 kg
at same spacing but in association with e. set igerus pasture and the least (59.13 kg) under
4 X 4m spacing without reseeding.
Biomass production of branches showed the same trend as those of the main bole
except when planted at wider spacing without grasses which recorded lower branch biomass
than the bole.
Total aerial biomass production: The maximum total aerial biomass of 363.6 kg was recorded
under the treatment of 4x6m in association with e. eiliaris pasture followed by the same
spacing treatment but in association with e. set igerus pasture (226.8 kg) and least 98.8 kg
under narrower spacing with no reseeding. Total biomass production was higher under wider
spacing with pasture compared to the control. The pasture biomass was higher with e. ciliaris
147

Table 22.
Growth parameters and biomass production of A. tortilis under different silvlpastoral treatments.
Treatments Ht. CD. DBH Production/tree (kg) Total Production (t/ha) Yield (t/ha)
(m) (em) (em) Bole Branches Bole+Br. taking 80%
survival
T 2S1GO
8.16 16.09 15.57 36.39 61.78 98.17 49.4 3.799
T 2S1G1
8.05 18.21 19.03 40.45 71.83 112.28 56.1 4.318
T 2S1Gg
8.88 20.15 25.53 64.85 136.58 201.44 100.7 7.747
..-.
00
'

compared to C. set igerus. Total biomass production (dry matter jha) varied from 49.4 t/ha
under narrower tree spacing without reseeding to as high as 121.1 t/ha under the wider tree
spacing in association with C. ciliaris pasture. The mean annual increment (MAl) worked
out to be 3.8 t/ha/year under control with narrower spacing to 9.3 t/ha/year under wider
spacing and in association with C. ciliaris, Thus the biomass production of A. tort ilis
improved with C. ciliaris than the no pasture control.
The maximum dry forage production of 3.84 t/ha was recorded from C. ciliaris-:
Stylosant hes pasture at 4 X 6m spacing and minimum 3.22 t/ha from C. setigerus-Stylosanthes
pasture at narrower tree spacing (table 23).
Table 23
Fresh and d rv forage production of Cenchrus ciliaris and Cenchrus set igerus under
silvipastoral studies.
Treatments
Av. yield yield (green)
(kg/plot)
. (q/ha)
yield (dry)
(q/ha)
2.52 63.00
2.32 58.-00
2.65 66.25
2.37 59.25
36.54
32.19
38.42
35.55
2.14 53.50
2.66 66.50
2.10 52.50
2.11 52.75
~
33.11
39.90
32.55
31.65
Forage production in general was higher with wider tree
C, ciliaris-Stylo pasture compared to C. setigerus-Stylo pasture.
spacing and also with
~, It would be interesting to note that under the open canopy the highest production was
3.99 t/ha in C. set i gerus-Stylo pasture followed by 3.32 t/ha in C. ciliaris-SIylo pasture
1'49 )

and lowest 3.17 tlha under C. setigerus-Stylo pasture. Under the open canopy local grasses
like H et eropogon contortus and annual Arlstida sp. invaded the pasture.
2.2 Studies on the establishment and growth of plantation specks under various
sj lvlpastoral combinations.
(R. Deb Roy and S. K. Gupta)
The studies were continued on various growth parameters viz, height, collar diameter
(C D.) and d ameter at breast height (dbh) of H ardwickia binata and Albizia amara in
asseciation with grass-legume mixtures to find out suitable tree-grass-Iegume for optimum
production and stock carrying capacity. Pasture. production studies under the canopy of both
the tree species were also carried out.
Height growth :--Growth in height of A. amara and H. binat a under different pastures and
spacing did not show much variation (table 24). Height growth was maximum 6.53 min
treatment without pasture followed by 6.32 m in Chrysopogon-Sehima pasture and 6.09 m in
C. ciliaris pasture.
Collar diameter growth :-Collar diameter growth in general was higher in A, amara compared
to H. binata. In A. amara maximum collar diameter (19.9 cm) was observed at 4x6m
spacing when grown in association with C. ciliaris followed by 18.9 ern at narrower spacing
without pasture and least in wider spacing without pasture. In case of H. bineta maximum
C. D. growth of 17. '3 cm was recorded ot wider spacing in association with Chrysopogon­
Schima pasture. This was followed by 16.5 em at wider spacing but in association with
C. ciliaris pasture. C. D. growth in general was higher with wider spacing in case of H. binata
except for the control.
Cr iwth in Dbh :--Dbh growth in general was higher in A. amara compared to H. binata
This wuld be due to branching habit of the former which is a typical characteristic of the
species, Dbh growth was.also higher with wider spacing compared to the narrower ones,
In H. binata maximum dbh grow.h of 17.3 ern was recorded in 4 x 6m spacing in association
with Chrysopogon-Sehima pasture followed by 16.5 cm in the same spacing treatment but in
association with C. ciliaris pasture and least 15.1 em at narrower spacing with control (no
pasture). In case of A. amara the maximum dbh growth of 20 ern was observed in case of
wider spacing and in association with C. ciliaris pasture followed by 18.9 em in narrower
spacing but with control and least (17.0 em) in association with Chrysopcgon-Sehima
pasture'
( 1:0 )

Pasture production :--The dry forage production varied from 1.65 to 4.05 t/ha of which the
pasture legume tStyiosanthes hamata) contributed 25-35 per cent. Forage production was
higher under wider tree spacing and in association with Chrysopogon-Sehima pasture,
Table 24 : Growth in height, C. D. and
various treatments.
Dbh of Albizia amara and Hardwickia binata under
Treatment Height (rn) C. D. (ern) Dbh (ern)
H. binata A. amara H. binata A. amara H. binata A. amara
1. C. cifi aris pasture 6.09 6.63 15.44 19'14 12.21 30.27
2. Chrysopogon-Sehima 6.32 5.58 16.26 17.26 12.51 24.75
pasture
3. Control (no pasture) 6.53 5.92 15.83 17.98 12.23 23.94
2.3 Increasing production potential of wastelands through sllvlpastoral system.
(R. Deb Roy, B. D. Patil, P. S. Pathak and S. K. Gupta)
The studies revealed that some of the perennial grasses established as early as 1977
were still reasonably productive. Chrysopogon [uluus showed more persistant growth and
production compared to either Cenchrus ciliaris or Sehima neroosum. Cenchrus ciliaris
pasture could easily be established even under a 7-8 year old Albizia procera plantation.
Silvipastoral system I : Dichrostachys cinerea was established during 1981 in an earlier established
Chrysopogon-Cenchrus pasture and continued to exhibit 80 per cent survival.
Chrysopogon [ulous and C. ciliaris pastures recorded dry forage production of 5.2 and 4.3
t/ha respectively in association with Dichrostachys cinerea. The growth of Chrysopogon was
more vigorous ClS compared to that of C. ciliaris, Dichrostachys cinerea recorded an average
height and collar diame .er (CD) growth of 2.90 m and 4.87 ern respectively. The maximum
height and C.D. were 3.50 m and 3.8 em respectively in association with Chrysopogon-Cenchrus
pasture.
Silvipastoral system II :--Leucaena leucocephala (K8) introduce during 1980-81 in an
established pasture showed good establishment, exhibiting mean height, C. D. and dbh of
151

6.50 m, 9.59 em and 6.78 em respectively. The maximum height, C. D. and dbh recorded
were 9.50 m, 14.7 em and 15.1 em respectively in association with Cbrysopogon-Cenchrus
pasture. Similar to system I, the C. tulous pasture exhibited higher dry forage production
(6.53 t/ha) compared to C. ciliaris (4.78 t/ha) pasture under the canopy of L. leucocephala.
Silvipastoral system III :-Albizia lebbek n:cored an average height, CD and dbh growth
of 7.53 m, 17.4 cm and 15.5 em respectively in association with Chrysopogon Ful ous, C.
setigerus pasture which recorded dry forage production of 4.17 t and 3.25 t/ha respec.ively.
Silvipastoral system IV :--In this system A. lebbek was grown in association \I ith Scl.ima
nertosum and C. ciliarls pastures. They recorded forage production of 3.76 and 4.21 t/ha
respectively. The pasture had a mixture of Stylosanthes scabra and S. humara respectively.
A. lebbek recorded an avenge height, CD and dbh growth of 8.35 ill, 20.37 em and 17.23 em
respectively.
Silvipastoral system V :-In this system, pasture production of C. ciliaris was affected by
the intrusion of local perennial grasses like Heteropogon contortus, Eremopogon Fooeolatus
and annuals like Aristida probably because of the gaps provided by initial annual legumes
introduced along with the Cenchrus grass. The pasture production thus, was much lower
(~.36 t/ha) under the canopy of Albizia procera. The tree exhibited an average height, CD and
dbh growth of 9.80 m, 26.2 em and 27.3 em respectively. The maximum height, CD and
dbh were 14.6 m, 38.2 em and 29.4 em respectively.
Silvipastoral VI :--In this system, Prosopis julitlor« erect type (Israeli var.), grown in association
with C. ciliaris recorded an average height, CD and dbh growth of 4.95 m, 8.99 ern
and 9.42 em respectively Pithecellobium dulce however, recorded height, CD and dbh growth
of 4.95 m, 9.85 em and 10.37 em respectively. The forage production of 3.41 and 3.98 t/ha
were recorded in Cenchrus and Chrysopogon pastures respectively.
Acacia nilotica (sub sp. indica) exhibited poor performance in the skeletal soil
compared to A. tortilis whereas in filled soil and under crop with partial irrigation exhibited
much faster growth. In later situation, A. nilotica recorded an aVe rage height, CD and dbh
growth of 9.2 m, 19'54 em and 22.23 em respectively,
Silvipastoral system VIr:-It was qui te interesting to note that under the full grown tree of
A. lebbek it was possible to grow L. lcucocephal« as under crop of fodder without lopping
whereas the grass growth of Cenchrus was poor. A. Iebbek exhibited an average height, CD
and dbh growth much better than that of system IH and IV described earlier. The maximum
height, CD and dbh were 13.0 m, 31.5 em and 24.8 em respectively.
152 )

Natural system : The original undisturbed natural system comprised of perennial
grasses mostly Heteropogon & annuals mostly Aristida with occasional Sehima nertosum with
low productivity. The average production was 1.87 tjha. There was hardly any canopy,
with one or two trees of Azadircaht indica.
2.4 Silvipastoral studies on D. cinerea and Albizia species.
(M. M. Roy)
1. D. cinerea
(a) Mortality of plants over a period of 3.5 years was around 12.5~1g. Various treatments
did not affect the mortality parcentage,
(b) Average growth of plants in 3.5 year period was rated as medium. Flowering
initiated in this period. Average height and collar diameter attained were 219 and
4.2 em respectively.
(c) Average dry forage production during February, 1984 and November 1984 are
given in table 25.
(d)
Performance of C. ciliarls among the grasses and S. hamata among the legumes
was better in terms of establishment and yield. Among grass-legume mixture,
C. ciliaris-s-S, hamata cornbi-ation was better than the other ones.
2. Half lopping treatment at Six-monthly inter val continued to give consistent production
from regenerated shoots. The ratio of fodder to fuel was found to be increased.
3. Regeneration from the cut part of the stem (on complete harvesting) was not encouraging
in the 2nd year also. However, such mother plants exhibited more number of
healthy plantlets around them. This is an indication of the ability of the plant to
expand horizontally even if the main plant was destroyed.
lI-Albizia spp. (A. amara, A. lebbek, A. procera)
1. The data recorded in December 1984 (15 yr. old) is given in table 26.
2. Lopping annually Seems to be feasible, A verage fodder and fuel production, from 6
year old A. procera A. lebbek and 10 year old A. amara may be expected to be- 30.82 kg
153 _ )

Table 25
Forage production from D. cinerea, grass and legumes.
Treatment
Dry forage production (t/ha)
Feb. 1984 N(')v. 1984
D+C. C.
JD+C. D:
1.86 287
).03 1.18
].80 4.26
1.69 3.07
D-trC~ fi.+St·..
D+C: f.+Sii.
D+5L
D+SI.
~veralrmears
SEm::!t.
CD rot .5%
Cpat 1%
1.08 263
0.83 2.32
1.35 2.64
0.59 0.98
1.28 2.49
0.17 0.37
(l.40 0188
0.59 1.29
_._"--_........_"""""'----------------------------
D=D. cinerea: C.C=C. ciliaris;
C. f.=C Iulous; St. =S. hamatu; Si.=M. atropurpureum,
(16.72 kg dry) and 24.6 kg (14.66 kg dry) per tree; 8.51 kg (4.0 kg dry) and 8.61
(5.08 kg dry) per tree; 25.3 kg (12.92 kg dry) and 41.2 kg (23.66 kg dry) per tree
respectively-
( 154 )

Table 26
Growth and forage production in Albizia species.·
Survival Plant growth Dry weight
Species (%) Av. height Av. call ar diameter of natural grass
(em) (em), , (t/ha).
A. amara 68.2 142 1.65 5.20
A. lebbek 65.1 118 1.42 4.92
A. procera 60.2 87 1.38 5.16
Mean 64.5 115.67 1.48 5.12
SD + 3.29 22.51 0.12 0.15
2.5 Silvipastrol studies on Delbergia sissoo, Hardwickia billata.and Acacia species.
(S. K. Gupta, r. S. Pathak and R. Deb Roy)
1. Acacia species.
The experiment planted cn calcareous 1wastelands with two species of Acacia viz.,
A. tortilis and A. nilotica at 3 x 2 m spacing in alternate line versus alternate plant management
system indicated identical response to their arrangements in terms of height and diameter
growth in the first year with greater height and diameter growth for A. nilotica under
both the situations. In the second year, theA. tortilis continued to give uniform growth
under both the systems ef plant arrangement but A. nilotica exhibited a vide difference in its
growth rate under the two plant arrangement system. Under alternate arrangement A.
nilotica gave 6.2 em more height and 0.7 ern more diameter compared to alternate line
arrangements. However, this year also, A. nilotica continued to exhibit more height diameter.
When we compare the diameter growth of these. two species A. tortilis gave
more than 2 times diameter growth than the first year while A. ! nilotica gave only 1.4 times.
2. Hardwicki« binata and Dalbergia sissoo,
The study on Hardwickie binat a and Dalbergia sissoo under moist, marginal wastelands
gave very poor growth under mono and mixed cultures. .N. binata gave comparatively higher
155 )

survival on dry sides while D. sissoo gave it OD the moist sides. The growth parameters did not
show any appreciable difference between the mono and mixed culture. However. H. binata
gave higher growth in association with D. sissoo which also got benefitted by its associates.
ASP-3 AGROFORESTRY STUDIES FOR SELECTION OF
CIES FOR OPTIMUM PRODUCTION
COMPATIBLE TREE SPE­
1.3 Agroforestry studies.
(P. S. Pathak)
(a) Effect of row orientation of leucaena leucocephla on the production of forage, fuel and
grain.
Growth performance of wheat crop: The tillering of plants was studied under all
the treatments. It was found that the maximum tillers in all the direction treatments were at
the P 6oN90 dose with its peak 136Jm in N-S direction followed by NE-SE and E-W. In no
tree treatments the peak was in NE-SW orientation followed by N-S. The crop height at
mau.rity again showed increase with the increasing nitrogen doses with its peak 114.3 cm in
N-S orientation. In the E-W orientation the variation between different nitrogen doses
were very small and it ranged between 104.7 to 109.7 cm. Height in all the treatments was
lowest under NW-ES direction. In the without tree sets the height was low compared to
tree treatments. It was maximum in N-S and NW-ES orientation. The length of ear heads
was more in without tree treatments compared to with tree ones. The peak 12 cm was in
NE-SW orientation. But in the with tree treatments the peak was in E-W orientation.
Production of wheat crop: The peak production under both the sets viz., with and
without tree was in NW ·ES orientation at P 6oN90 dose followed by N-S orientation without
tree and E-W orientation with tree. The yield variability was found to be statistically significant
whereby the line orientation and fertilizer treatments influenced the yield significantly.
Forage production from Leucacna :
Duri 19 the year Leucaena was pollarded 5 times and the total forage produced, ranged
pet ween 5.8 to 9.4 tlha (dry) obtained in E-Wand NW-ES orientations respectively. Half
the population of trees was harvested to produce the tree density of 5000 trees/ha. The
thinning produced dry firewood from 14-16.75 tJha obtained in E-·W and N-S row orientations
respectively. The variations were statistically significant.
Production of Cowpea and Sorghum: At the 4 fOW orientation of the alleys the trees
156 )

were maintained at 2 densities viz" 5000 and 10000 tree/ha. The production in the plots
without trees was more compared to that with trees with peak for Cowpea at N-S and sorghum
at NE-SW orientations' The mirirnum in both the cases was in reverse order.
At 5000 rrees/ha density sorghum g~ve peak production 2.34 t/ha in N-S orientation
followed by NE-SW and cowpea also followed similar pattern with lower production. At
10000 treesj ha density peak for both the crops was in NE-SW orientation followed by E-W
orientation. The differences were found to be statistically significant.
(b)
Year round perennial forage based agroforestry.
Durirg the year Leucaena was pollarded 4 times, guinea grass W1S harvested 7 times
and berseern in the guinea grass inter rows 3 times. The forage produced during the year
was 13.88, 57.19 and 37.23 t/ha respectively. During every harvest, the legume component
addition in the forage improved, the quality besides adding to its per ha quantum by trapping
solar energy at 2 canopy layers.
(c)
Leucsenz leaf manuring and yield of Oats.
The experiment with Alley cropping was conducted to find out the effect of harvested
tree leaves on the production of the following crop in the Alleys. In an earlier
experiment it was found that the cultivation of Leuceenx improved soil fertility.
The experiment hvd 5 treatment combinations viz., control, 30 kg N /ha as
urea, 30 kg N /ha as dry leaf basal, 30 +30 kg/ha as dry leaf basal and top dress and 60+30
kg/ha as basal and top dress The 2 cuttings of Oats were taken at 100 and 170 days after
the sowing when the forage had a dry matter of 17.5 and 41.7%,
The results indicated (table 27) a significant improvement in the forage yield with a
highe. proportion in the lInd cutting. The differences between 30 kg N as urea and leaf
were not statistically significant yet at the same dose, 5% more yield was obtained with leaf
rnanurng. The other increasing doses of nitrogen as leaf equivalent gave the increment up to
178 2%. where the nitrogen equivalence compared to 30 kg N as urea (100) was 153.1 indicating
the use of leaf either as basal or top dress in a crop production system in agrof'oresrry.
After the crop harvest the soil had a pH variation of 7.49, 7.52, 7.38, 7.43 and 7.42 respectively
indicating not much fluctuation. The available nitrogen was mere in the plots applied
wiih higher doses of leaf manure compared to the dose of urea or the control but with minor
differences (0009,0.01, 0.011, .0011, 0.012% respectively),
157 )

Table 27 Dry forage yield of Oats (kg/m 2 ) at various leaf manure doses and its nitrogen
equivalence.
Treatment
1st lInd Total
cut cut yield
yield yield
% Irnpro- Nitrogen
vernent equivelence
1. Control
2. Nitrogen 30 kg/ha
2 3 4
0.25 0.30 055
±.03 ±.02 ±.05
0.32 0.32 0.64
±.01 ±.03 ::1:- 03
5 6
100 0
116.4 100
3.. Leaf basal dose
0.31 0.36 0.67
±.03 ±.04 ±.O6
12l.8
104.7
4. Leaf split-I
0·39 0.40 0.79
±.03 ±.06 ±.05
143.6
123.6
4. Leaf split-II
0.46 0.52 0.98
±.03 ±.04 ±.08
178.1
153.1
SEm ±
0.018 0.015
C.D. ±
0.054 0.047
ASP-5 EVOLUTION OF NEW GENOTYPES!IDEOTYPES OF VARIOUS TOP FEED­
CUM-ENERGY PRODUCING SPECIES.
5.1 Study of genetic architecture and effect of mutagens in Leuczena leucocepltala in
relation to production of forags and fuel,
(V. K. Gupta)
1. Study of genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis for forage and fuelwood
yields and its components.
( 158 )

path coefficient analysis of fodder and fuelwood yield per plant and other attributes
were worked out. Estimates of phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients of 14 yield
contributing characters VIZ., plant height, collar diameter, length of leaf, no. of pinnacle per
leaf, length of middle pinna, no. of leaflets per pinna, length of leaflet, width of leaflet, 100­
green leaves weight, no. of leaves per plant, pod length, no. of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight
and seed yield, with fuelwood and fodder yield per plant showed that plant height, collar·
diameter and no. of leaves per plant had significant positive association with fodder as well
as fuelwood yield. Therefore, ani) these characters were used for path analysis of fodder
and fuel wood yield.
Results revealed that no. of leaves per plant had high magnitude of direct effect on fodder
yield. Plant height and collar diameter which had significant association with fodder yield
had weak negative and positive direct effects with fodder yield, respectively, In both the
cases, correlation was contributed mainly by indirect effects viz., no. of leaves per plant with
minor contribution via collar diameter in case of plant height and fodder yield. Indirect
effect viz., no. of leaves perplant also had high amount of contribution to genetic correlation
coefficient between fuelwood yield and fodder yield per plant..Therefore, emphasis should
be given on the attributes like no. of leaves per plant for high fodder yield in sub-babul.
The estimates of residual effect being low indicated that important fodder .yield contributing
'raits were included in the present study. ..,
Path coefficient analysis of fuclwood yield and other traits revealed that direct effect
of fodder yield was highest followed by no. of leaves per plant and 'plant height. Collar
diameter which had positive and highly significant correlation with fuelwood yield exhibited
negligible effect. In this case maximum contribution was through indirect effect via fodder
yield per plant followed by no. of leaves per plant and plant height. Indirect effect via no.
of leaves per plant and plant height also played an important role besides direct effect in
making high value of genetic correlation coefficient between fodder yield and fuelwood yield.
Thus, it e.ppeared that fodder yield, no. of leaves per plant and plant height are important
attributes for the fue1wood Yield. Magnitude of residual effect was also low in the path
analysis of fuelwood yield and other yield contributing traits.
2. Genetic analysis of forage and fuel wood yield aud their components in L. leucocephala,
Observations were taken on coppiced plants of 15 crosses originated from
6 Y.6 diallel, for fodder and fuelwood yield per plant. Estimates of hybrid
vigour over mid parent and better parent. were worked ou~ in coPpi9~d . yields.
Duration of coppice growth was 8 months. Among the parents, fodder yield and fuelwood
yields ranged from-O.346 ([GFRI 29-5) to 2,091 (IGFRI 18-4) kg dry matter per plant and
159

2.100 (IGFRI 29.5) to 8.404 (IGFRI 18-4) kg dry matter respectively. High yields of fodder
and fuelwood were observed in parents, IGFRI 18-4, IGFRI 24-1, IGFRI 25-3. Among the
hybrids IGFRI 14xIGFRI 18 had maximum dry matter of 9'936 kg and 2 354 kg of fuelwood
and fodder per plant respectively followed by IGFRl 14 xIGFRI 24, IGFRr 24 x
IGFRI 25 and IGFRI 14 X IGFRI 25 for fuelwood yield per plant. Positive hybrid vigour
over better parent was observed for IGFRI 7 XIGFRI 14 (21.87%). IGFRI 7 x IGFRI 24
(35.58%),IGFRI 14xlGFRI 18 (12.56%) and IGFRl 14XIGFR[ 24 (18.02%) crosses for
fodder yield. For fuelwood yield, positive and signifcant hybrid vigour was observed for
IGFRI 14xIGERI 18 (18.23%), IGFRl14xIGFRI 24 (19.51%) and IGFRI 14x[GFRI 25
(19.46%> crosses,
3. Study of genetic parameters and selection of desirable plants in F 2 generation of
L. leucocephala.
F 2
populations of 15 crosses were raised in July 1982 with their six parents and two
checks (K8 and K 28). This year, two and half year old trees were harvested and observations
were taken on fuelwood yield, fodder yield, plant height, collar diameter, diameter at breast
height and reaction to disease. Out of IS progenies. performance of progenies of IGFRI 7 X
IGFRI 14, IGFRI 7xIGFRI 18, IGFRI 7xlGFRI 24, IGFRI 14xIGFR118, IGFRI 14x
IGFRI 24, IGFRI 18 xIGFRI 24 and IGFRI 18XIGFRI 25 crosses was good. Seventy
eight plants were selected for raising F 3 generations in these crosses. Progenies of IGFRI 14
xIGFRl 24 and IGFRI 14xIGFRI 18 were outstanding for the above ground biomass,
4. Effect of gamma rays on forage and f'uelwood yielr! and their components in L.
leucocephala.
M 2 generation of No.8 and No.9 (peru type) strains of L. leucocephala with control,
40, ,60, 80 and 100 kr in n08 and control, 40,60, 80, 100 and 120 kr in No.9 were planted
in tpe year July 1981. Plants were harvested at the age of 3.5 years, observations were taken
,Q!1 collar diameter, diameter at breast height. plant height, forage yield and fuelwood yield.
NQt a single mutant was observed during experimental period. There W[1.S no significant variation
among the doses in both the strains indicating that gamma rays did not have significant
etrect on the growth of L. leucocephola and creation of genetic variability. However, trend in
No.8 was in increasing direction with the doses while in No.9, it was in decreasing direction
for collar diameter. diameter at breast height, plant height, edible dry matter, woody dry
matter. Percentage of pod bearing trees reduced from 100 to 75 rn NO.8 and 80.64 to 54.05
in No.9 from control to highest dose of gamma rays.
5. Evaluation of the performance of hybrids and study of hybrid vigour.
Twenty four hybrids and eight parents were planted in field in July 83 in two environ-
( 160 )

ments Observations were not recorded in experiment running in unirrigated condition due to
fire accident. In irrigated experiment, data were recorded on collar diameter, diameter at
breast height, plant height and disease reaction. Among : the patents, IGFRI 11-4 was
outstanding for collar diameter (18.10 ern) and dbh (5.65 ern) and IGFRI 8-3 for plant
height (615.00 em),
6. Evaluation of the performance of the Leuceene species and inter specific hybrids.
Nine species of genus Leuceene viz., L. leucocephala, L. dioersitolie, L. lenceoleie,
L. shsnnoni, L. esculente; L. t richodes, L. puloerulente, L. macrophylla and L. ret use and two
interspecific hybrids of L. leucocephele x.L. pulverulenta were planted in 1983 with two replications
and checks (K8, K28 and IGFRI 23-1 of L. leucocephala. Data were recorded on
growth characters, viz., plant height, collar diameter, diameter at breast height, leaf and pod
characters. Self incomparability study was also done in the experimental material. Means for
plants height, collar diameter and diameter at breast height ranged from 160.50 (L. pulver-,
ulenta) to 525'00 em (L. leucocephel« xL. puloerulentey, 8.00 (L. pulverulenta) 10 6.65 em
(L.leucocephalaxL. puloerulenteq and 0.85 (L. esculenta) to 4.15 em (L. leucocephele x.L.
pulverulenta), respectively. High magnitude was exhibited by sp. 1 (L. leucocephelecc L. puloerulenta),
IGFRI 23-1, K 28 and K 8 for plant height, collar diameter and diameter at breast
height.
The length of pod, width of pod, no. of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight ranged
from 10.38 (L. macrophylla) - 24.20 (IGFRI 23-1), 1.17 (L. lanceolata) - 2.08 (L. leucocephala
var K 8), 15.80 (L. shannoni) - 28.00 (IGFRI 23-1) and 1.500 (L. diiersiiolie var,
strain K 156) - 4.985 (IGFRI 23-1) respectively. Flowering did not take place in L. puloerulent«,
L. esculent« while in L. t richodes and L. dioersiiolie (CIAT) trees flowered but there
was no seed formation.
Self incornpatability was present in all the species except L. leucocephele identified
based on bagging of 50 buds in each species. In L. ditersifolie: and L. lenceolet« compatable
plants for pure seed production were identified.
7. Evaluation of selected lines of L. leucocephala.
Eighteen Selections with K8 and K28 were planted in July 1983 in irrigated area. The
irrigation was given only first year for good establishment. Observations were recorded on
collar diameter, diameter at breast height, plant height and disease reaction when plants were
one year and six months old. Eight selections i. e. S 10 (8.00 em), S 15 (7.03 ern), S 11 (6.83
ern), S 18 (6.50 ern), S 14 (6.38 cm), S 16 (6.30 em) and S 7 (6.35 ern) were better than best
161 )

check (K 8) for collar diameter. For plant height, eight selections namely S 15 (625.10 em),
S 10 (620.00 em), S 11 (600'00 em), S 17 (598.00 em), S 16 (591.25 em), S 3 (531.67 cm),
S 18 (568.33 ern) and S 2 (560.00 cm) were higher than K 8, s 15 and S 10. All the selections
were free from any disease except minor incidence of gumrnosis was observed in S-13.
8. Evaluation of new lines of L. leucocephelti,
Twenty seven new lines of L. leucocephele received during 1983-84 were planted in July
1984 with K 8 and K 28 and IGFRI 23-1. Observations on collar diameter, diameter at breast
height, plant height, earlyflate flowering and disease reactions were taken when plants were 6
months old. None of them was better than best check (IGFRI 23-1) in respect of collar
diameter, diameter at breast height and plant height. However, IGFRI 88 (EC 157592),
IGFRI 101 (K 340), IGFRI89 (EC 157591),IGFRI 90 (EC 157588) were giving better
performance. Gummosis was observed in IGFRI 8I,IGFRI 85, IGFRI 91, IGFRI 98,
IGFRI 100 and IGFRI 101.
( 162

DIVISION OF SEED
TECHNOLOGY
SPR-l
GENETICAL AND GENE-ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS IN FORAGE SEED
PRODUCTION.
1.1 Genetic analysis and improvement for seed yield and its components in fodder
crops.
(P. N. Mathur)
1. Path coefficient analysis
Oat: The path coefficient analysis for fodder and seed yield components was carried out
by growing 34 genotypes of oat to estimate the direct and indirect effects of plant height,
tilIers per plant, ·number of leaves, length and width of leaf on green fodder yield. The study also
included the direct and indirect effect of length of ear head and number of spikelets on seed
yield.
Tillers per plant have nothing to do directly in the enhancement of green fodder yield
as its direct contribuion was negative (-0.1408). There was also negative indirect effects of
plant height (-0.0519), length of leaf (-0.0713) and width of leaf (-0.084) which have·
masked the positive effects of number of leaves, ultimately resulting in negative association
(-0.1408) of tillers per plant with green fodder yield. Number of leaves which did not show
significant positive association with green fodder yield had high direct effect (0.2382).
However, its contribution through plant height, length of leaf and width of leaf were low and
negative through tillers per plant (-0.0418), which might have resulted into a low correlation
value. Width of leaf which had a high positive correlation with green fodder yield had low
direct effect (0.1748) but showed high indirect effect through length of leaf (0.3131).
Green fodder yield had highest positive direct effect (0.5204) on seed yield, followed
hy tillers per plant (0.3177), plant height (0.3048) and width of leaf (0.1459). It was very
interesting to observe that the indirect effects through green fodder yield was also highest when
compared with indirect effects through other variables except for tillers per plant. The high
direct effects of tillers per plant have been masked by the negative indirect effect via plant
163 )

height, number of leaves, length of leaf, width of leaf and green fodder yield resulting in poor
association between tillers per plant and seed yield. Number of leaves has nothing to do in
the enhancement of seed yield as its direct effect is negative (-0.2214), Moreover, it also had
low indirect effect through other variables.
Length of earhead is otherwise a very important direct yield component having significant
positive association with seed yield has negative direct effect. Length of leaf and
number of spikelets per plant had high indirect effects through green fodder yield and plant
height than their direct effects on seed yield. On the other hand, plant height had high
direct effects on seed yield than it" indirect effect through number of leaves and number of
spikelets.
It was therefore, evident that plant height, length of leaf and width of leaf were the direct
components both for fodder and seed yield for which selection can be effective as these components
also exhibited hight heritability coupled. with high genetic advance. While selecting
high yielding genotypes for fodder as well as seed yield in oat, a compromise must be
reached so that advance in one component is not nullified by another.
Cowpea: Path coefficient analysis was done to estimate the direct and indirect effects
of branches per plant, leaves per plant, pod bunches per plant, flowers per bunch and pods
Fer bunch 0'1 seed yield The analysis indicated that pods per bunch had the maximum direct
effect on seed yield followed by pod bunch per plant.
Branches Fer plant had positive correlation with seed yield while its direct effect was negative.
Its positive indirect effect through pod bunches per plant and pods per bunch were
perhr ps the major artifact of this positive association. It clearly indicates that as the number
of branches increases, total number of pods per plant; will also increase because of the
increased number of pod bearing branches. The direct effect of the leaves per plant was
low compared to its ind irect effect through branches per bunch. It had 'negative indirect
effect through branches per plant and flowers per bunch Hence, it would be rewarding to
lay stress on pod bunches per plant. This can be achieved through increased number of pod
bearing branches in selection programme in fodder cowpea.
2. Breeding high fodder yielding varieties of photo-period sensitive bajra.
Two composites PST-899 and PSL-2151 which bompleted five cycles of selection were
put underpreliminary yield trial. The data on yield trial revealed that these two composites
are superior over giant bajra, Rajko and L-74, checks.
164 )

I
The composite PS-2-l325, which was included in All India Coordinated trial attained
1st position across 13 locations and was identified as a promising variety to be released by the
Forage Workshop. This composite was prepared after allowing the random mating among the
ten lines for 4 generations. The important morphological features of the variety were as
follows:
(a) The duration of flower initiation to complete flowering was very large and hence late
maturity.
(b)
(c)
(d)
Dark green foliage even at seed maturity.
Small ear head.
High tillering with long leaves.
(e) The basal internodes were very short which produced more number of leaves in the
lower half of the plant.
Twenty hybrids along with their parents were raised during kharif 1984 and data were
recorded for various development traits. Some of the hybrids viz., SP-I4 x Giant bajra, SP-63
x Giant bajra, SP-66 X Giant bajra, SP-I8 X Rajko, SP-50 X Rajko and SP-82 X Rajko showed
good performance.
SPR-2
INVESTIGATIONS ON AGRONOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS IN
FORAGE SEED PRODUCTION.
2.1 Maximization of Seed production in pasture and forage plants with the amelioration
of agronomic practices of cultivation.
(R. P. Singh)
1. Cowpea: Varietal seed setting potentiality-s-Twelve promising strains of cowpea
were evaluated for seed yield components and seed yield, The results showed the yield potential
in the order of NP-3 (3.12 q!ha);> UPC 5286 (2.52 q!ha» IGFRI-S-450 (2.4 q!ha» HFC
42-1 (1.43 q!ha) and least in Russian Giant (0.8 q!ha).
The observations on seed setting characters lead to the conclusion that in the agroclimatic
conditions of Bundelkhand the maturity duration of a varietyis an important character
which influences seed yield and as such medium duration varieties were found superior over
late duration varieties. It was observed that number of flower retained, number of pod, number
165 )

of seed/pod and test weight were positively correlated with the seed yielding potentiality of
the cultivar. It was further noted that the flowering to maturity period falling between
September 15 to November 15 was the most suitable for high seed setting in a cultivar.
Seed production potentiality of cultivars under summer and kharif sowing conditions.
The seed of three promising c.rltiv.rrs (NP-3, HFC 42-1 aad Russian Giant) were sown on 4
dates in spring/summer (February 25, Malch 10 and 25 and April 10) and kharif (June 25,
July 10, 25 and August 10) at row spacing of 30 em and seed rate of 30 kg/ha. Uniform
fertilizer application W.1S made with 15 kg N, 30 kg P 20j and 30 k~ K 20/ha.
On the basis of the results the following conclusions could be derived :
(i) The seed production potentiality of some of the cultivars in summer is lzss than as
compared to kharif season. The important limiting constraints which prevailed in
summer seed production were thinner plant population, flower and pod drops. Similarly
the pods were not properly filled (3-4 as against 7-8).
(ii)
In spring. sowing in March was found critical as the later sown crop did not flower and
the earlier sown one was severely affected by Jassids and remained patchy in stand.
Russian Giant did not flower and NP-3 and HFC 42-1 produced only 1.5 and 1 q
seed/ha, respectively.
(iii) The crop Sown on June 25 and July 10 encountered Severe weed infestation
(S20-11l2/m 2 ) ard grEw vegetatively more bulky at the expense of reproductivejphase,
On the contrary, the crop sown on July 25 or August 10 was less infested with weeds,
attained balanced canopy and diverted more energy towards pod production. Under
these sowing dates the reproductive period approached at the proper vegetative growth
'evel ", hich terminated in profuse pod formation and seed development. The average
yields were 1.52, 2.27, 3.46 and 3.36 q/h'l with corresponding dates of sowings. The
maximum yield was obtained from NP-3 and the minimum with Russian Giant.
2. Fodder Sorghum (Rio)
Split application of 80 kg N/ha at sowing and side-dressing at knee-high stage (1/2+
1/2) doubled (12.25 q/ha) the seed production as compared to broadcasting of dose at sowing.
Broadcastmg of full nitrogen at knee-high stage was at par with split (1/2+1/2) application.
It was interesting to note tha: atleast one application in the roorzone (either at sowing or at
knee-high stage) was very beneficial. Three splitting (1/3+ 1/3+ 1/3) at sowing, knee high
stage and flag leaf stage was not necessary.
166 )

3. Berseern
Seed setting behaviour of cultivars-s-Seven promising strains of berseem (Wardan,
BL-·l, JB-2, JB-l, UPB-I0l, UPB-1.02 and Mescavi) were evaluated under two phosphate
levels. The seed yield was the maximum in Wardan (2.01 qjha) followed by M escavi (1.80
qjha) and minimum in JB-2 and BL-l. The dry fodder yield was also highest in Wardhan
(40.5 qjha) followed by Mescavi (41 qjha). The analysis of the plant characters showed
positive correlation coefficient values of flower number (r=+0.777), number of seedjplant
(r=+0.844), seed weight (r=+0'747) and number of tillers (r=+0.579). Plant height
showed negative correlation, Application of 50 kg P 20,j/ha increased fodder as well as seed
yield over 30 kg P 20:;jha.
Effect of height of last cutting on berseem seed production : The treatment consisted
of three cutting heights (of the time of leaving the crop for seed production) and foliar spray
ofatrazine at 0 and 0.1% concentration (after 15 days of regrowth),
The results revealed the superiority of berseem crop which was cut at 10 em height
before leaving it for seed production (IS a result of better gradient of sugar concentration and
transport to active site (Table 28). This treatment also increased the boll number as well "s
the number of seed per boll. Atrazine spray at a concentration of 0.1% a. i. was found
effective in improving number of bolls, number of seed per boll and seed size. A cutting
height of 10 em superimposed with atrazine spray produced the maximum seed yield.
Table 28 : Effect of last cutting height and atrazine spray on berseern (Wardhan) seed
production.
Treatments No. of fertile Bollj Seedj Weight of Seed yield
tillerjplant plant boll 10JO seeds (b) (bjha)
Cutting height
Scm 5.8 8.4 22.7 2.713 1.96
10 cm 7.3 11.6 31.6 2.774 3.16
15 em 6.7 9.8 29.4 2.765 2.49
A .razins spray
No spray (control) 6.4 7.5 24.6 2.714 2.74
0.1% 6.8 10.3 30.8 3.134 3.50
167 )

4 .. Oat ..
Improvement of seed yield through harvesting management and use of
agro-chemica1s:-The experiment was carried out on oat cv. IGFRI-S-3021 with threeharvesting
management lopping/cutting at 45 and 60 days of growth alongwith uncut crop in
association with three treatments of agro-chemaal spray (control, Iinuron 0.25 kg aijha,
Fluchloralio ] l/ha and 4O' 1'

mum (Gatton, Trichoglum and Coloratumi and four levels of nitrogen (0, 40,80 and 120 kg
N/ha) to select suitable variety and optimum level of nitrogen for maximum seed production.
The results showed that variety Gatton gave the maximum seed yield (45.26 kg/hal
fgllowed by Trichoglum (25.11 kgrha) and Coloratum (l8.56 kg/hal. Application of 120 kg
N Iha produced the maximum seed yield (37,36 kg/hal whereas control treatment registered
the minimum seed yiel I (20.23 kgjhaj.
2. Effect of Nand P on seed production of pennisetum polystacltyon.
The experiment was repeated in the second year with five levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60,
90 and 120 kg Njha) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 30 and 60 kg P20s/ha) to select the
optimum dose of fertilizers for cbraining the maximum seed yield of this grass.
The result revealed that the seed yields with 80 and 120 kg N/ha were practically the
same (l44 kgjha) seed yield (111.49 kg/hal was obtained III the control (no nitrogen)
treatment:
The seed yields of 136.38 and 135.66 kg/Ila obtained with 30 and 60 kg P 205/ha
respectively were at par.
3. Effect of inter and intra-row spacing on seed production in grasses.
{i) Setaria sphacelate : The treatments consisted or ten treatment combinations
with four inter and intra spacings of 75, 50, 30 and 15 em on S. sphacelata cv. nandi. A fertilizer
schedule of 40 kg Njha and 20 kg P205/ha was applied at planting time in the middle \
of July to all the plots.
The maximum seed yield (68.85 kg/hal was obtained with a spacing of 50 sm X 30 cm
and the minimum (22.64 kg/hal with a spacing of 75 ern X 75 em.
o (ii) Chrysopogon fuluus: The experiment on inter and intra-row spacing was laid
out on Chrysopogon fulvus cv. Mhow and Chandigarh to know the best spacing for getting
the maximum seed yield. The treatments were the same. as for Setaria species. Nitrogen @
40 kg/ha was applied in the middle of July uniformly to all the plots.
Results showed that the maximum seed yieid (41.85 kg/ha) was obtaided in the spacing
of 50 em X 30 em followed by 30 em X 30 (37.41 kg/hal and 50 em X 50 em (3422 kg/hal
in Chrysopogon [ultus cv. Mohw. The minimum seed yield (15.95 kg/ha) was obtained
with a spacing of 75 em X 75 COl.
( 169 )

As regards Chrysopogon fulous cv. Chandigarh, the maximum seed yield (80.70 kgjha)
was obtained with the spacing of 50 em X 50 em followed by 50 em X 30 em and 75 em x l S
em (78 kg/ha). The minimum seed yield was obtained in narrow spacing of 15 cmx 15 ern,
4. Effect of spacing and seed'rates on seed production in glasses Setaria sphecelat a.
An experiment with three row to row spacings t25. 50 and 75 em) was estnb lished
during the year using five seed rates (2.5, 5.0, 7.5. 10.0 and 12.5 kg/ha).
During the establishment year, the results did not show significant differences among
seed rates and spacings. However, maximum seed yield 03.32 kg/ha) was obtained with
the spacing of 50 cm followed by 75 and 25 ern row to row spacing (12 kg!ha). Maximum
seed yield of 12.53 kg!ha obtained with a seed rate of 7.5 kgjha was at par with 5.0 kg
seed/ha. Minimum seed yield (11.42 kgjha) was, however, obtained with a seed rate of
2.5 kgrha.
5. Pasture plants
Ten entries of Cenchrus and nine of other grasses iPaspalum, Panicum, Setaria, Chrysopogon,
Dichanthium, Guinea & Brachiaria were planted to study their seed setting behaviour
and yielding potentiality. The seed yielding potentiality was found in the descending order
of Cenchrus ciliaris CV, Biloelars: Paspalum plicatulum> Cenchrus-black local> Panicum
aniidotale> Cenchrus S-3108> Cenclrrus-Guynadh.
The seed setting behaviour and potentiality of Stylosanthes hamata, S. humilis, S. qua:
nensis, Glycine and Desmodium were studied.
The production potential was found to be as under.
Pasture species
Styiosanthes hamata
S. humilis
S. quanensis
GFycine cv. Tinaros
Glycine cv . clearance
Seed yield (kg/ha)
152-315
265-4{'5
526-680
186-294
125-186
170 )

Glycine cv, Cooper
Desffiodium
105-165
45-65
It was also found that providing biological support of napier of other plants, the
seed production in Glycine improved by 85/~.
2.3 Agronomical studies for exploiting system based seed production in forage crops
(cultivated).
(R. K. Pandey)
1 . Evaluation of crop cultivation systems for improved seed production in Oat varrety
3021.
Experiment consisted of eight variable systems including six treatments of 40 days cut
crop. After fodder cut, crop recieved 40 kg N /ha in one and two equal splits (at cut and 40
days later) with and without inter-row-tillage and placement of 50 kg P205/ha. Rest two
treatments were of uncut crop, one of which was sown 40 days later coinciding with fodder
cut in early sown crop. Both these stands received 40 kg N/ha as top dressing. A common
dose of 60 kg Nand 50 kg P205/ha was applied as basal fertilizer schedule to all the treatments,
The cultivation system comprising 40 days cut crop receivmg 40 kg N /ha in cornbinanation
with inter-row tillage and placement of 50 kg P205/ha was found to be more promising.
This system recorded an additional yield of 70.0 q green fodder and 2.34 q seeds/ha
over that obtained from uncut crop applied with the same level of nitrogen. The dif'erence
between these treatments was statistically significant. The split application of nitrogen after
cut did not show significant rasponse to seed crop.
2. Evaluation of mixed cropping systems of fodder sorghum and cowpea for improved
seed production.
In all, eight treatments were tried, Cowpea, cv. HFC 42-1 was introduced in 50 em
apart rows of sorghum cv, M. P. Chari by broadcasting 10 to 20 kg seed/ha. In case of line
sowing 20 kg sed of cowpea was harvested for fodder in the mid of the Season while in the
other, the crop was maintained for seed. For comparison, pure crops of sorghum and cowpea
were also grown at 25 and 50 cm spacings' In closer spacing, 50 and 40 kg seedj ha
were USed for cereal and legume. respectively which were reduced to their halves under wider
spacing. 1:-,,,
171

None of the crop mixtures reduced the seed yield of sorghum (MP Chari) significantly.
In pure culture crops, 50 cm row spacing produced higher seed yield over 25 em spacing. In
mixed cropping system, broadcast cowpea (20 kg seed/ha) produced an additional seed yield
of 2.55 qjha without significant reduction in the seed production of 50 ern apart sorghum.
Similarly, an additional green fodder yield of 78.4 q/ha was obtained from cowpea when
grown with sorghum in alternate rows.
2.4 Studies on phosphorus and boron in cowpea, berseem and luzerne seed crops.
(S. M. Mishra)
1. Studies on phosphorus nutrition, on its uptake, use efficiency pattern and sugar synthesis
in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.).
A field experiment with five levels of P205 (0, 20, 40, 60 and80 kg/hal was conducted
-on sandy loam soil to study the uptake behaviour of P and its proportionate availability to
lucerne from two surces viz., native and fertilizer. The result revealed that the translocation
-of water soluble sugars to seeds during reproductive- phase was found to be associated with P
uptake. Lucerne crop, in which several cuttings are taken before the crop is left for seed,
depends for its P requirement mainly on native source.
2. Yield, phosphorus removal and its USe efficiency by cowpea as affected by rateof P
applications.
A field experiment with 5 levels of P 2 0 5 (0, 15.. 30, 45 and 60 kg/ha) was conducted on
.red soil to study the P response, removal and USe efficiency by cowpea var. HFC 42-1.
Increased yields and higher P concentrations were oberved for straw, pod covers and seeds
'with increasing P levels. The fertilizer efficiency was found to be only 13.75 pereent indicating
high P fixing capacity of these soils.
2.5 Physiological variability in forage crops and their manipulation for high seed
yield.
(N. C. Sinha)
1. Physiological variability and source - sink relationship in guar (cluster bean).
Source-sink relationship, among eight varieties of cluster bein were studied Cfable 3J).
In general, sugar concentration was maximum in flower (7.5%) followed b) root (7.2%), leaf
172 )

(5;7%) and stem (5.7%). The high seed yield in varieties GL-~, Guar .80 and GL-12 may be
correlated with higher sugar concentration in flower, ef1iclent functioning of photosynthetic
pigments (as judged by Chla. Chlb) and moderate respiratory balance at anthesis stage of crop
growth. Variety GL 14 stood next in seed production. In this variety most of the sugar was
translocated from leaf to seed directly; even though the sugar cancentration was poor in flower.
Extremely high respiration rate of HFG 119 resulted in poor concentration of sugar in all the
plant partsand thereby adversely affected the seed formation though this variety had high
chlorophyll. Moreover, low dark respiration in variety GL 18 and GL 16 did not favour
the seed yield because of poor translocation of sugar from leaf to stem to seed. Thus it may
be concluded that moderate dark respiration and good accumulation of sugar in flower appeared
to be desirable characters for high seed harvest in cluster bean.
Table 30:
Physiological characters for assessing the source-sink relationship.
Varieties
Leaf
Water soluble sugar %
Stem Root
Flower
Respirat
ion rate
mg Co 2 !
gdmjhr
Chlorophyll
(mgjg fresh wt)
Chl-a Chl-b
GL12 5.1 1.9 5.9 7.3 5.36 0.260 0.153
GL 18 4.8 2.9 3.0 7.0 3.79 0.171 0.143
GL 8 5.3 8.0 7.3 12.2 6.08 0.260 0.152
\
HFG 119 3.1 4.3 6.0 3.7 11.24 0.295 0.255
.Guar 80 5.9 6.2 9.1 13.1 5.89 0.260 0.152
GL 7 7.8 9.7 9.5 6.1 4.06 0.186 0.243
GL 16 5.9 8.4 8.3 4.5 4.86 0.202 0.235
GL 14 8.3 4.2 8.6 6.1 5.03 0.208 0.202
2. Source-Sink relationship studies in bajra,
A field experiment was conducted with seven varieties of bajra (PSB 2, PSB 3, WCC-
75, Gujarat selection, Ar:and selection, JFB 801 and BJ 104) to analyse their yielding ability.
Seed production was higher in moderate tillering varieties i. ~. WCC~75 and Gujarat selection
173 )

ut fodder yield was highest in JFB 801. Gujarat selection appeared to be dual purpose
since this variety produced enough fodder besides yielding maximum seeds. It may be worth
while to mention that poor and high tillering did not appear to be conducive for forage and
seed production, respectively.
The sugar concentration was low upto jointing stage and increased sharply at anthesis,
with sudden fall at postanthesis period. Among the plant parts, stem showed the highest
concentration indicating that it serves as reservoir for sugar accumulation. Sharp decline
in sugar content in leaf from anthesis to post anthesis period indicated rapid translocation
of sugar (newly formed photosynthatesj towards stem and its further utilization in cob formation.
Heavy unloading of sugar from leaves during that period adversely affected photosynthetic
process. The majur difference in sugar content during anthesis period appeared to
favou r the grain growth and development in variety WCC-75. The concentration of sugar
was intially high in JFB 801 which increased gradually at anthesis with 'little fall at post
anthesis period. The data revealed that high sugar content in the begining was favourable for
increased forage production and has comparatively less contribution to cob formation.
3. To study the effect of chemicals on water soluble sugar and seed yield of berseem,
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of chemicals (Sulpur- 15, 30, 45
and 75 gjlitre, planofix 0.2 and 0.4%. Borax 2 and 4 gjlitre. ammonium molybdata-3 and 6
gjlitre, potassium chloride 10 and 20 gjlitre), on the concentration of water soluble sugar
reflecting in seed yield of berseem. Application of potassium chloride @ 10 gjlitre showed
higher (3-4 times) increase in seed yield over control which might be due to higher concentration
of water soluble sugar in leaf and flower. There is also indication that K +is greatly
associa-ed with translocation of sugar from storage organs to reproductive organs. The
higher content of sugar in leaf due to application of KCl revealed the involvement of Kin
photosynthate formation and their use in tiller development, Planofix (0.2%) also increased
the seed yield equivalent to KCI treatment though the mode of action may have been different.
The increased seed yield due to Borax (4 gjlitre) mignt be related with higher sugar content
in flower responsible for seed and boll formation. Tulering was not influenced by Borax
application. The increase in seed yield due to ammonium molybdate was sightly lower than
Borax application and appeared to be related with utilization of sugar in boll and seed formation
as the sugar concentration waS quite evident in flower. Application of sulphur was not
effective in influencing the seed yield of berseem; though higher dose showed some stimulatory
effect on seed attributes.
4. Effect of seed size on germination, seed vigour and physiological potential of cowpea
(Vigna unquiculata)
(N. C. Sinha & R. P. Singh)
174 )

Four varieties of cowpea (Russian Giant, UPC 5286, JC 21 and GFC 3) were graded
into three size groups from mixed lot of 500 g seeds viz., Large (retained over mesh No, 4
of 4.0 mm squares) medium (retained over mesh No. 5 of 3.35 mm squares) and (small through
mesh No.5) alongwith mixed seed as control.
After gradation, the seeds were germinated under controlled condition with a view 10
screening out the varieties bearing good vigour potential to yield good bulk cf forage/plant,
The experiment was conducted at 20 ± lOC'
Cowpea cultivars Russian Giant and UPC 5286 showed high ratio of large seeds in
mixed lot. Only these two cultivars exhibited cent per cent germination with potential vigour
and high germination energy index. In addition, the large seeds had high germination percentage
over other group without influencing the germination energy index. Seed vigour (as determined
by shoot length, shoot ,: root. ratio and dry matter accumulation) was high in large
sized seed followed by medium ones. Water soluble sugar was high with less production of
alcohals in large seeds resulting in relatively high ratio of sugar : alcohal while
it was reverse in small seeds.
5. Studies on Vigour aud viability of fodder seeds under uncontrolled storage condition.
.q.f..~ :.
Seeds of cowpea Vigna unguiculata L. var. HFC 42-1), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor var.
M. P. Chari) and Berseern (Trifolium alexandrium L. var. Wardhan) were stored in bags!
containers (Polythene-P, Do-SutIi-Do, Markeen-M, gunny bagt-ST and seed box-SB) af er
drying in sun for 2-3 days. Similar samples from different stores were taken to study the
effect of storage containers on germination, seed vigour and physiological health after 4, 17
and 26 weeks, Gradual loss on seed vigour and physiological potential occurred during
storage; being minimum with cowpea seed stored in polythene (p) and Markeen (n) and M.P.
Chari in Do Sutli (Do). The vigour and germination of berseem seed were initially poor
(4 week storage) but gradually improved during 26 weeks storage. There was no effect of
storage container on berseeru'seed vigour and showed an indication of after ripening phenomenon
in it.
SPR-3 INSECT-PEST-PATHOGEN INFLUENCES AND THEIR CONTROL IN
FORAGE SEED PRODUCTION.
3.1 Integrated post management in forage seed production system.
(Shri Ram)
175 )

1. Effect of dates of sowing and varieties on the incidence of insect pests vis-a-vis green
fodder and ~eed yield of mustard.
An experiment was conducted for the second year with four dates of sowing (October
13 and 23, November 3 and 13) and three varieties (Chinese cabbage-early maturing, 1M 145
-medium maturing and 76-103 late maturing) in split plot design replicated three times. The
results revealed that the crop sown on November 3 had minimum incidence of mustard saw
fly (1.409 larvaejm'') followed by October 13 sown crop whereas minimum popuhtion of
mustard aphid was observed in the crop sown on October 23 (5.968 per twig of 4 em).
Maximum green fodder (227.8 qjha) and seed (11.4

susceptible variety (EC-4216), two weedings (after 15 and 30 days of sowing) and balanced
fertilizer schedule (15 kg N+60 kg P205+20 kg K 2 0 jha, can minimise the incidence of
insect-pests can give higher seed yield over conventional cultural practices (late sowing, local
variety-and no fertilizer).
By integration the improved cultural practices with insecticide endosulfan,.-0.08% ai
(being applied at 50 days of crop growth, the incidence of pests was further reduced, and seed
production was increased.
5. Efficacy of different insecticides and their frqeuencies of application for the control of
insect-pest complex of c.)wpea in inter cropping system (With M. P. Chari).
A replicated trial was conducted with insecticides endosulfan 35 EC (0.08% a. 'i.),
Carbaryl 50 w. p. (0.1 % 11''i.), monocrotophos (0.06% a i.) and malathion 50 EC (0.05%) in
two frequencies (once at 55 dsys and twice at 45 and 60 days of crop growth) to see their
effectiveness against insect-pests of vegetative stage when the cowpea crop was intercropped
with M. P. Chari. The results indicated that the crop sprayed only once either with endosulfan
(0.08% a. L) or carbaryl (0.1% a. i.) gave satisfactory control of leaf-hoppers, defoliators,
blister beetle and lycaenid butterfly and produced maximum seed yield (10.0 qjha) as
compared to control (5.9 qjha).
6 Screening of promising cowpea varieties' agai nst its major insect-pests for seed prodiction
potentiality.
Twenty one varieties of cowpa were sown in a replicated trial to study the resistance
against major insect-pests like leaf-hopper, defoliators, blister beetle and lycaenid butterfly:
The results showed that varieties lL-89, IL-132, IL-307 and IGFRI-450 were comparatively
least susceptible to insect pests and gave higher seed of 11.7, 11.3, 10.9 and
10.4 qjha respectively.
3.2 Seed borne diseases and their control in forage crops.
(S. N. Singh)
1. Isolation and identification of different micro-organism associated with forage crops.
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorusy : Mecrophomimi phsseoline, Alternaria csrthemi,
Aspergillus {favus, Drechslera spp., Scletotium roltsii, Fusartum monillforme, Collectot richum
177 )

earthami and Rhizopus nigricuns were found dominant seed pathogens in all cultivars and
resulted in seed rot and seedling mortality. Mecrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotium rot/sit
were found severe seed-borne pathogens allowing only 15-20% seedlings to emerge.
Stylosanthes species: Seeds of S. hamata, S. humilis, S. scabra, and S. »iscosa
were collected from different locations. Planting of seed component showed Phoma spp.
Curoularia lunata, Fusarium monilitorme, Collectotrichum glocosperioides and Drechsera spp.
as seed associated pathogens, out of which Colletotrich urn glocosperioides and Curvularia
lunata were found in all species. These affected germination and seedling growth. The incidence
ranged from 8 to 82.5% in S. humilis and S. hamata..
') "
Evaluation of fungicides for controlling seed-borne diseases.
Berseem & Lucerne: Soaking treatment with Bavistin @ 0.75% for 24 hours gave the
best seedling emergence in berseem wardhan and Lucerne IGFRI-S-244 with drying at room
tern peratu re.
Anthracnose in Stylosanthes : During first year the trial was conducted on S. hamata,
S. humilis, S. scabra and S. uiscosa after Seed treatment with Bavistin and Vitavax @ 0.3%
to prevent the introduction of new races of Collectorichum glocosporioides and to limit the
spread Of infection in fields. In all the species Bavistin was quite effective in reducing the
seedling diseases and seed rots upto 30%. S. hamata and S. humilis species responded more
to this treatment than S. scabra and S. »iscosa.
Testing of proven results: Best fungicides viz. Bavistine @ 0.25~~ and Dithane Z-78
were tested. The pre-emergence mortality due to Maerophomina phaseolina, Fusarium
semitectum and F. equiseti was only 5-10% with the treatments against 25-38% in control.
The growth and seed yield was maximum in Bavistin treatment.
Lucerne (IGFRI-S-244) and Berseei.r (Wardhan). The fungicides Dithane M.45,
Vitavax, Benlate, Brassicol, Thirarn, Bavistin, Dithane Z-78 and csresandry @ 0.25% ~were
applied as a seed dressing before sowing against root rot (Fusarium oxysporum) in lucerne.
Bavistin and vitavax @ 0.25% treatments checked the disease to the extent of 92% These
fungicides also checked downy mildew (Peronospora trifoliorum) and leaf rust Uromyces
striatus, Bavistin and Vitavax treatments significantly increased green forage and seed yield by
35-58% and 48-68%, respectively.
Diseases,' Earlier observation in berseern crop showed the effect of pre-emergence and ­
post-em~rgence damping-off (caused by seed-borne pathogen Fusarium-oxysporum, Curoaula
178 )

ia lunata and pythium rot: There was significant decrease in the number of seed per boll,
test weght and ultimately the seed yield. The maximum loss in plant population was recorded
in non-treated seeds while least in fungicides treated plots despite low infection. Wilt
(F. oxysporum) and seed rots cause considerable reduction in yield. The mortality ranged
from 15-32% in sick non-treated plots. The treatment u-ith Thiram and Bavistin @ 0.25%
improved the plant population by 30-58% and seed yield by 48-73%.
3. To device suitable measures for maintenance of seed health during storage.
Cowpea seed: Among the fungisides tested during the year by 1STA method,
Dithane Z-78 and Thirarn @ 0.25% proved to be the best in eliminating the Mncmphomina
phaseolina and Fusarium fopp. These fungicides proved to be an excellent for term storage
with good germination and planting value in fields when Kcpt in laboratory after required
m, c. drying temperature in sealed containers.
Berseern and Lucerne seeds: In the test for storage, these eeeds were kept at 20-25 0 C
with 30-45% R. H. in CaO and Cacl 2 treatments. Eleven percent m. c. gave more germination
during long-term storage of one year.
3,3 Plant factors influencing resistant to insect pes ts (Insect -Plant Reiationshlp)
rv. J. Shivankar)
Screening of sorghum gerrnplasm against
insect pests;
Fifteen sorghum germplasms were sown on 3.7.84 to study the
with insect peasts,
host plant relationship
}olerance--The crop was under observation upto 30 days (seedling stage) for shootfly
(Atherigona soccata) infestation and for stem border tChilopartellusv, thereafter. The germplasms
stood as follows in tolerance order for both the pests.
Shoot fly infestation-3225-1 < Shankar < 3323 < 3228 < 1-3-8-12 < 2-2-10-3<
3199-1

(ii) Less susceptible (20 to 35% infestation and (ii) tolerant (10 to 20 per cent infestation).
Stem borer infestation.
(1)
Susceptible ; 1, Shankar, 3323, Pioneer and PC-6,
(2)
(3)
Less susceptible
Tolerant :
3228,777,2-1-4-2, 1--1-24, 2-2-9-3, 3199-1 and 2-2-10-3.
3225-1 and 1-3-8-12
Green fodder yield-s-Seventy days old crop was cut for geen fodder yield ar.d the
gr~mplasms ranked as follows.
2-2-10-3>3199-1 >2-1-4-2>3228>3323>3225-1 >2-2-9-3> Shankar> 1-3-8-12
1-1-2-4>777.
The forage yield varied from a minimum of 251 to a maximum of 387 qjha.
Screening of safflower germplasm,
Eleven germ plasm of Carthamus aphid (Macrosiphum sonchi). Mid January onwards
the aphid population started building-up: Within a fortnight period, it assumed dangerous
proportions covering entire plant, right from base to the top. The population was kept under
continuous conservation, based upon which different gerrnplasrns with accession numbers stood
in the following tolerance order.
130>118>74>96>20>117>9>1>116>7>95.
3.4 Toxicological studies in relation to insect pests of fodder crops.
Under this project various new insecticides were tried against the insect pests in search
of t~e promising ones, which could be included in the programme to determine their residual
persistance.
Promising insecticides for safflower aphid Eleven gerrnplasms of Carthamus were
sprayed with higher dose of monocrotophos (0'08%) at 60 days of growth when heavily
infested with Carthamus aphid. Macrosiphum sonchi (aphid population of 76-300 jtwig!plant.
The insecticidal treatment almost whiped out the aphid population, knocking them down on
the gr~)lind, It provided complate safety to the plant from the pest for a fortnight. However,
the population build-UP started again within a week's period. At this stage, the second
treatment of monocrotophos (0.08~;';) was given to the crop, It repeated its earlier performance.
The third spray of the insecticide was however, needed a fortnight later.
Thus three insecticidal sprays (monocrotophos at 0.08%) at 20 days interval starting
from 60 days of growth needed to keep the crop free from aphids.
ISO )

DIVISION OF PLANT ANIMAL
RElA-IONSHI
PAR-l
NUTRIENT LEVELS AND ANTIQUALITY FACTORS IN HERBAGES,
1 1
Investigations to evaluate histochemical technique vis-a-vis other procedures:
(L. K. Karnani)
The samples of 6 grass species, viz. C. ciliaris, C. sitigerus, D. annulatum,
S. nertosum, H. cont ortus and I. wightii were collected from the C. R. Farm at an interval
of one month from August to October, 1984. The samples were collected in triplicate. Two
samples were oven dried at a temp of 600C and the dry matter was caculated. The third
sample was kept for histochemical studies.
Histochemical studies: The plant was divided into four parts, namely, leaf blade, leaf
sheath, top stem and bottom stem. Thin sections of all the plant parts were cut and stained
with acid phluoroglucinol and chlorine-sulphite.Microscopical examination showed that in leaf
blade, lignified tissue stained with acid phluoroglucinol was observed in the inner bundle
sheeth and xylem of the large vascular bundle, while the sclerenchyrna got stained with
chlorine sulphite.
In leaf sheath, lignified tissue stained with acid phluoroglucinol was found mostly in
small layers around phloem and xylem of the vascular bundles. The sclerenchyma connecting
the bundles to the epidermis was stained slightly with acid phluoroglucinol but more so with
chlorine sulphite. The sclerenchyma cells at the adaxial side were stained with chlorine
sulphite. Parenchyma bundle sheaths surrounded vascular bundles and mesophyll in between
the epidermises.
In the stem portion, lignified tissue in the epidermis and in a thick band of sclerenchyma
and vascular bundles stained positive with acid-phluoroglucinol. Parenchyma cells stain
positive for lignin with chlorine-sulphite only after keeping for some time. The variation in
the distribution of lignified tissues in different portions studied is very significant and reflects
the nutritional value.
181

In another experiment, 5 mm sections of the plan t parts were cut and incubated with
cuffer solutions alone (control) and with stained rumen liquor for 72 hours. The sections
were thoroughly washed with distilled water and studied histochemically. These histochemical
studies undertaken in conjuction with other nutritional techniques would facilitate rapid
screening of forage samples and avoids tedius animal experiments.
1.2 Invitro studies on the digcstibi ity of important fodder and fot agIO crops.
(S. C. Gupta)
1. Prediction of IVTDMD values using simple laboratory analyses data.
Detailed investigation were undertaken to develop simple multiple regression equations
for the prediction of IVTDMD at appropriate stage were used in digestibility trials and the
results showed that:
(i) The laboratory parameters of choice for the prediction of IVTDMD were: %CP,
fibre (either in terms of % NDF or %CF) and % T.A. CF (%) was observed to be
more promising than % NDF. The values of simplecorrelation coefficients were 0.90
(S.E.=3.22) and 0.70 (S.E.=5.30) respectively.
(ii) In comparison to the use of single laboratory estimate (CP or NDF or CF), the efficiency
of the prediction of IVIDMD was not much improved in most of the cases and
where morethan one chemical constituent were employed and the best fits were as
follows.
(a)
IVTDMD=-I.25 CF % +11466 (N=30;Y=0.90: SE=3.22)
(b) IVTDMD=--=-1.21 CF ~~ +0.42 CF ~~ t 109.13 (n=30, r=0.92; SE=2.90)
Twenty one observations on actuallv ingested herbage oat and three similar observation
each on fodder matha (dough stage), cowpea (100;;:' flowering) and M. P. chari (Milk stage)
were utilized in the computation of the above equations.
1.3 Ensilage of herbages and crop residues.
(A. P. Singh)
182 )

Studies on guar silage.
5, varietes of guar (viz., IGFRI S-212, HG 75, F.S. 277, HFG 119 and HG 182) grown
during summer were ensiled either as such immediately or after wilting for 24 hrs in shade.
After 60 da, s of ensiling, silos were opened for organoleptic tests and biochemical
evaluation for quality traits. Organoleptic tests revealed that all the treatments gave ammonical
odour. Due to more moisture, the texture of the sihg:s was not good in unwilted material as
compired to willed herbage.
Biochemical observations revealed that pH or all the silages was exceptionally high
(6 ',7 to 8.:6). Wilted Sil.lgCS had higher pH (8.19 averagejthan unwilted ones (7.16).
N;-{3-N: The production of a'lll11onical-N was very high in ali the treatments and this
constituted 25.8 to 50.0~1a of total nitrogen. It was observed that wilting reduced NH3-N
p:oduction.
Acids and alcohol: There was very high production of volatile fatty acid (range 7.59
--14.88~'t) and it was not significantly dfferent in varieties under test (range 10.36-12.03%):
However, wilting reduced drastically its production from 14.2% to a net 8.53%. Alcohol
P" !t ction varied between 0.88% and 2.65%. Wilting increased alcohol production from
1.20% to 2 47~{
In the absence of lactic acid and vary high production of butyric acid and acetic acid, the
flieg index was zero; as such the quality was very bad. The main reason, which was thought to
be responsible for p09r quality of Silage even at high dry matter (between 32.33%) was high
concentration of water soluble N in the ingomg material.
2. Quality of silage of hybrid napier (variety No.3) harvested at two stages of growth
and grown under high f.rtiliry conditions.
Hybrid napier (variety IGFRI No, 3)
grown ncar cattle sned area containing 0.14 total
nitrogen (soil rich in organic matter) was harvested at about 1:25 Oland 2.50 m heights and
ensiled after chopping in laboratory glass silo immediately and also after over night willing.
Wilting has reduced the buffering capacity and increased the water soluble carbohydrates
at both heights. Crude protein was more at 1.25 m height than at 2,5 m height (12.47 &
10.68% respectively) while NDF content had reverse trend (63.96~~ and 5.86% at two different
stages).
After about 60 days ( f storage, organolaptic tests revealed that all the four trcatments :
183

gave good aroma and colour. Intensity of smell was less in wilted silages than unwilted ones,
Perusal of the (table 31) indicated that all the silages were gcod in quality and wilting has not
improved the quality of silage.
3. Quality of hybrid napier (N. B. 21 variety) silages prepared at two stages of growth
irrigated by sewage effluent.
Hybrid napier (variety N. B.-21) grown in campus (Krishi Nagar colony) near a septic
tank was harvested at 2 heights (1.5 and 3 m) and ensiled after chopping Immediately or after
wilting over night in glass silos.
Crude protein content was quite low. NDF content at both the heights remained more
or less similar.
After 60 days of ensiling organolaptic tests revealed that wilted material gave good
aroma and texture compared to unwilted material. The data regarding biochemical parameters
(table 33) indicated that unwilted silages were very poor (at both the heights) while wilted
material gave "good" and 'very good' silage at 1.5 and 3 m heights respectively,
This finding is contradictory to the observations of earlier experiment where hybrid
napier No.3 had given good silage even at 16.8% dry matter. In the present case at 23% dry
matter level it has given very poor silage.
Data of these two experiments clearly suggests that when the protein content is high,
wilting has no influence and is of nO advantage. But when the CP content is low wilting
improves the quality of silage.
4. Quality of silage prepared from the meterial grown under a system (System: Stylosanthes,
Hybrid napier and Sesbania).
Stylosanthes and hybrid napier were grown in alternate rows. After 3 rows of Stylo
and 3 rows of Hybrid napier one row of Sesbania was planted. Approximate heights of these
material when harvested for ensiling were as follows:
Crop
Sesbania
Hybrid napier
Height
6-7 m
3-4 m
1 m
Colour of leaves
Leaves were dark green.
Pale yellow in colour.
Dark green in colour.
184 )

Table 31 Biochemical aspects of hybrid napier (variety No.3) silages made at different heights with and
without wilting.
Height %DM pH %NH 3-N %NH 3-N %water %water %WSC Ac-ne BlIcj- Lactic Aleo- L%T Flieg
(em) of total soluble soluble acid ric acid hoi index
N N N of (%) acid (%) (%)
total N (~~)
Unwilted 16.8 4.48 0.248 12.8 1.342 69.0 0.64 1.95 0.05 284 1 94 58.1 60
125 Wilted 38.8 5.29 0.236 13.4 0.902 51.4 0.72 1.64 0.00 1.34 0.94 45.0 60
Unwilred 17.6 4.18 0.180 13.9 1.002 77.7 099 2.06 0.00 2.90 0.74 58.6 69
250 Wilted 37.0. 4'73 0:130
,
9.8 0.582 43.4 0.88 1.50 0.00 2.00 0.48 57.2 70
Table: 32 Biochemical aspects of hybrid napier (variety No B. 21) silages m.lue at two heights with and without
wilting]
---
Height %DM pH %NH 3-N %NH 3-N %water ~~water ~~WSC Acetic Buty- Lactic A leo- L&T Flieg
(em) of total soluble soluble acid ric acid hoi index
N N N of (%) acid (%) (~~)
total N
(%l
"
Unwilted 23.2~4.61 0.165 14.1 0634 54.6 0.64 4.36 1 11 0.88 t 2.65 139 4
150 Wilted 55.0 5.58 0.062 5.13 0.292 24.7 1.12 0.66 0.02 0.98 1.07 59.0 61
Unwiltcd 27.2 4,47 0.082, 15.0 0.352 57.2 0.64 2.59 1.37 0.50 2.96 11.3 11
300 Wilted 53.5 5.02 0.034 6.8 0.210 41.9 1.25 0.43 0'00 0.98 1.58 69.6 86

Table : 33
Biochemical aspects of style, hybrid napier and Sesbania silages grown in a system.
Tret- %DM pH %NH 3-N %NH 3-N %water %Water %WSC %CP %Acetic Buty- %Lac- AJco- L&T Flies
rnent of total soluble soluble acid ric tic hoi inde~
N N N of acid acid
total N
1. Mixture 33.4 5.28 0.314 25.1 0.748 59.8 2.46 7...82 1.61 2.63 0.48 1.80 10.1 3
of Style,
hybrid
napire &
Sesbania
(3:5:1)
2. 5tylo 38.0 5,59 0.410 21.4 0.914 47.6 2.74 12.00 1.50 2,00 0.07 0.52 2.0 0
3. Hy~rid 31.6 4.94 0.089 21.2 0.295 70.2 2.28 2.62 1.02 2.08 0.21 2.46 6.4 0
NapIer
4. Sesbania 32.8 7.94 1.118 31.3 2.324 65.1 1.76 22.34 2.44 4.42 0.03 3.88 0.4 0

These were ensiled after chopping separately in laboratory glass silos. In one treatment
these were mixed in the proportion of their production as given bolow:
Stylo 600, Napier-IOOO, Sesbania-200 (3:5:1). The dry matter of all the meterials
varied between 31.5 to 33.0 per cent. Buffering capacity was similar in Stylosanthes and
hybrid napier. Crude protein content was very high in Sesbania (23.6 per cent) and least in
hybrid napier (2.7 per cent). Water soluble N fraction of total N was very high in hybrid
Napier (42.0 per cent of total nitrogen).
After 6) days of storage, silages were opened and the organoleptic tests revealed that
the silages made of stylo and hybrid napier were of moderate quality and that of Sesbania
mixed herbrges Was of poor quality. Chemical analysis of rhese silages (table 32) revealed that
all silages were of very poor quality. Production of NH 3-N and butyric acid was very high
and lactic acid production was very low in J.Il the four silages. The Flieg indices of these
silages were almost 'zero'.
1.4 Influence of different additives/supplements in silage making.
(A. B. Mojumdar)
1. .Studies on the addition of Formaldehyde and Formic acid on fermentation pattern of
Silage (In Vitro).
Oat fodder cut at an early stage is leafy and is of high nutritive value (crude' protein
in 16.58% and WSL 6.2 percent, AOF 44.36 percent, NOt

treated silage. Low ammonia levels 'in 1 per cent treatments produced good-quality silage.
The sillage with no additive was badly preserved. Lower rate of application of formaldehyde
did not appear to prevent the clostridial type of fermentation as seen by higher levels of butyric
acid (2.60) and acetic acid (3.85). Thequality of this silage was poorer than the Control
and the Flieg index was just 4. Higher rate of application of both the additives suppressed
the acid fermentation gretly and there was no butyric acid formation and resulted in good
quality silage (table 34)
Table 34,.
Fermentation characteristics of the silages,
Ma rial pH Lactic Acetic Butyric NH 3 Flieg L%T
acid acid acid N'j,TN index
Control silage 47 4.25 4.05 2.80 14.68 12 35
Low formaldehy de 4.8 2.60 3.85 2.60 14.26 4 28
Low formic acid 4.5 5.22 '3.64 0.55 13.16 35 55
Medium formaldehyde 4.9 1.72 2.05 0.45 10.48 18 42
Medium formic acid 4.0 2.84 1.92 0.05 8.22 68 58
High formaldehyde 5 1 0.92 0.96 0 6.44 62 49
High formic acid 3.6 1:65 0.82 0 3.65 81 67
A II valueson per eerie d. m. basis.
2. Quality of cowpea silage (In Vitro) ~s affected by addition of formaldehyde, sulphuric
acid either alone or in mixture.
. Silage. was made from fresh cowpea fodder with the addition of different levels of
formaldehyde and sulphuric acid either alone or in different combinations to see their effect
." 9n·-.~i!(W~ fermentation pattern. The green material was chaffed and mixed uniformly with
"~dclitjyes in detailed in following treatments and ensiled for 90 days: (1) control (2) low
formaldehyde at the rate of 3.0 lit/ton (3) low sulphuric acid at the rate of 20 lit/ton (4)
high formaldehyde at the rate of 5.0 lit/ton (5) high sulphuric acid 4.0 lit/ton (6) low
formaldehyde-l-Iow sulphuric acid (3 1+2 I) (7) high forrnaldehyde-l-Iow sulphuric acid
(61+21) (8) low forrnaldehyde-]- high sulphuric acid (31+ 41) (9) high formaldehyde-lhigh
sulphuric acid (61+41] (10) high formaldehyde-t-high sulphuric acid 1.61+41).
188 )
'.

Organolelptic tests revealed that all the silages were ensiled well and found in good
texture except, the control. The control and low additive treated silages had vinegar smell
while ethers had pleasant smell. The physical state and texture of

The material was allowed to farrnen; for 90 days and then opened for sampling for
organoleptic tests and biochemical analysis. Physical appearance of all the silages were good.
Control silage had little offensive smell, low treated (upto 0.2 per cent addition) silage had
little vinegar and rest had pleasant smell. All the silages were green in colour. The untreated
silage had high pH (5.7) and treated silage had lower pH than sulphuric acid treated
silage and this indicated little undesirable fermentation in former silage than the later.
In all cases, the addition of formic acid and sulphuric acid resulted in lower values
for ammonia than control (table 35).
Table 35 Showing the effectiveness of sulphuric acid ro formic acid in suppressing silage
fermen ration.
Silage
Lactic
acid
Acetic
acid
Butyric
acid
Total
acid
L&T
Flieg
index
Untreated 5.7 16.58 2.3 4.50 1.45 8.25 28 6
0.1% HCOOH 4.75 12.04 2.9 4.02 0.80 7.7 38 14
0.1% H 2SO4 5.0 13.88 2.63 4.22 1.24 8.9 32 10
HCOOH 4.25 9.66 2.55 2.72 0.1 5.37 46 0
0.2% H 2SO4 4.8 10.25 2.42 3.38 0.4 6.2 39 0
HCOOH 4.2 8.12 2.02 1.25 0 3.2 62 0
0.4% H 2SO4 4.6 8.70 1.95 1.31 0 3.26 60 70
HeOOa 4.1 0.31 1.52 0.68 0 2.2 69 84
0.6% H 2SO4 4.2 0 1.56 0.80 0 2.36 66 81
( 190

It was concluded that both organic as well as mineral acids were found to be equally
good as preservatives in making good silage but former being slightly superior to later in
suppressing tl.e fermentation. More equivalents of sulphuric acid is therefore would be required
to check the fermentation effectively.
4. Usefulness of formaldehyde and formic acid as silage additive for ensiling cereal crop
like M. P. Chari.
In this experiment, possibilities Were explored to make good silage of M. P. chari cut
at an early stage of growth with out wilting by the use of two additives formic acid and
sulphuric acid.
M. P. clari at 60 days of growth after sowing (pre-flowering stage) was cut, chaffed
and ensiled directly with the following treatment (i) Untreated (ii) 0.25 % formaldehyde
(iii) 0.25% formic acid (iv) 0.5% formaldehyde (v) 0.5% formic acid (vi) 10% formaldehyde
(Vii) 10 %formic acid. All the additions were added on fresh weight basis.
The silage were opened after 60 days of ensilment, All the silages were of yellowish
green colour and good tex.ture with no mould formation.
The results of biochemical analysis summerised in table revealed that all of them had
ION pH (3.5-4.1). Protein breakdown was meager in all the silages including (he untreated
(9.82) as indicated by the low ammonia value. This could be either due to low levels of
nitrogen in original herbage or low prorolytic clostridial activity because of additives both
formaldehyde as well as formic acid, the later being little more effective than the former.
Lactic acid content was reduced by both additives.
There was almost no butyric acid production with 0.5 % or higher rate of
applications of both the additives.
Thus all the acid treated silages were more stable than formaline treated silages. The
quality of acid treated silages were also superior to other silages. 0.25 % added formic
acid treated silage was of good quality while higher rate treated silages were excellent in
quality as seen by Flieg index (88-96). The silage was of medium quality while 0.25%
formlene treatment improved it to satisfactory quality. The higher rate of application of formaline
produced good quality silage.
It was concluded that good quality stable silage could be prepared from early harvested
M. P. chari with lower rate of application of formic acid @ 0.25 to the fresh crop
191

whereas the quantity of Iormaline required is more than of formic acid i. e. 0.5% to fresh
crop for producing good quality silage.
1.5 Micro nutrients in pastures and forage crops and their utilization.
(K. S. Ramachandra)
1. A study was conducted with growing calves to find, out the effect of zinc supplementalion
on the digestibility of proximate principles hematological paramet~rsand growth
performance of Zebu calves.
15 growing calves used for the study were divided into 3 groups 0[,5 calves each,
according to their body weights. The animals in group 1 Were. offered a basal diet (35 ppm
zinc) whereas, the animals in group 2 and 3 were given the basal diet, supplemmted with 65
and 80 ppm of zinc as zinc sulphate. The study was conducted for. 90 d1J.Ys a.,np the last Seven
days of which constituted the collection period.
Zir;c supplementation increased the levels of hemoglobin content, packed cell volume
and zine concentration in the blood. The results were however, not statistically significant. The
results are presented in table 36.
Table 36
Effect of zinc supplementation on hematological parameters.
At the start of expt.
At the end of expt,
Group Hb PCY Blood zinc Hb PCY Blood zinc
(g/100 ml) (%) (mg/lOO ml) (g/100 mlj (%) (mg/lOO ml)
._--'.,-_.'----'--
1. 9.95 36.0 110.0 10.30 39.3 115'6
2. 10.20 38.2 108'5 11.32 44.0 144.8
,.,
.J.
9.26 36.0 115.4 '.98 41.4 123.8
The supplementation of zinc did not have any significant effect on the digestibility of
dry matter, ether extract, crude protein, crude fibre and nitrogea free extract.
192 )

The effect of zinc supplementation on tissue protein deposition was also studied. It
was observed that zinc influences the tissue protein deposition. The percentage of nitrogen
consumed which was deposited as tissue protein was 6.21%, 9.29% and 8.9% for groups I, 2
and 3, respectively. It was inferred that zinc plays a role in protein metabolism at the tissue
level, However, the exact mechanism by which zinc influences the protein metabolism is yet
to be studied.
Satisfac: ory growth rates were obs rvcd in the animals of all the three groups. Zinc
supplementation reduced the average dry matter intake but influenced the efficiency of feed
conversion.
From the above study it was conclud ~J that zinc has a vital role in the growth and feed
utilization efficiency in growing calves and the optimum requirement of zinc for growing calves
is around 90-)(0 p,)m. In an earlier study, it was observed that the zinc content ,of the natural
grazing areas of Bundelkhand region is below the normal suggested levels and there is a need
for the region with zinc. The present study has supported the earlier views.
2. Micro element status of Leucaena leucocephala fodder tree leaves;
Three types of Leucaena leucocephala viz. Salvador, Peruvian and Hawain were studied
(the leaves Were collected from the fodder trees grown in the field of Dr. V. K. Gupta,
Scientist S-:2 of ASP Division). The leaves were analysed for the levels of zinc, copper, iron,
cobalt and manganese. The results are presented in table 36).
Table 37 Trace mineral composition of Leucaena leucocephala (leaves) types of D. M. Based:
Type
Zn Cu Fe Co Mn
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
Salvador
Peruvian
Hawain
9'84 12.8 508.0 LO 50.0
10.50 15.2 625.0 0.7 33.0
11.20 13.7 435.0 0.8 47.8
The observations recorded has revealed that Leucaena ieucocephala fodder tree leaves
have an adequate supply of theimportant trace minerals. It appeared that the fodder tree leaves
193

are an excellent source of copper, cobalt, manganese and iron. The zinc content appeared to be
in the lower range.
PAR 2: NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF FORAGES AND FORAGE PRODUCT­
ION SYSTEMS.
2.1 Investigations on various chemical and physical attributes of forages on the
intake as well as digestibility coefficients of various nutrients.
(V. C. Pachauri)
1. Nutritive value of Para grass.
Two experiments were conducted to de-termine nutritive value of paragrass
(Brachcria mutica) at two stages of growth i. e. green (45% OM) and partly dry (73% DM)
on growing cow calves and buffalo calves (3+3). The ration was computed in such a manner
that the protein requirement of the animals was met by concentrate mixture and paragrass in
the ratio of 75:25.
Three growing buffalo calves and cow calves were selected and distributed into two
groups They were offered ad-lib green paragrass and required quantity of concentrate. Metabolism
trial of seven day period was conducted after about 45 days of preliminary feeding. At
the time af feeding trial paragrass had 45% dry m uter. Frorn the data of chemical composition
it was seen that C. P. content of the grass (3.16%) was low and NDF content (58.04)
was high.
Intake and digestibility coefficients of nutrients have been given in table 38. Average
intake of dry matter (DM). digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients
(TON) in buffalo calves and cow calves was 340 kg, 3.98 kg; 0.16 kg, 0.24 kg and 1.49 kg,
231 kg (per 100 kg live weight) respectively. Perusal of the data indicate that the digestibility
coefficients of the nutrients were higher in cow calves than buffalo calves. The study showed
that this forage was utilised more efficiently by cow calves than buffalo calves, especially, when
the dry matter content of the paragrass was about 45~~. The nitrogen retention (g per head per
day) was higher in cow calves (+29.12) than buffalo calves (+10.99). However, the daily
weight gain recorded by buffalo calves was (kg per head per day) @ 0.40 kg while that of
cow calves was @ 0.38 kg in 58 days.
2. Nutritive value of paragrass (spring growth) in buffalo and cow calves.
The animals of experiment 1 were continued in experiment 2 and were fed ad lib
paragrass and 75% of the protein requirements of the individual calves were met through
194 )

Table 38 ; Intake and digestibility coefficients (%) of nutrients of paragrass with two stages
of growth (period I and II)
Period 1
Period II
Intake of nutrients Group 1 2 Group 1 2
(Buffalo) (Cow) (Buffalo) (Cow)
Dry matter (kg/IOO kg L W) 340 3,98 2.90 3.16
Dry matter (g/kg W 0.75) 105.16 119.39 98.87 103.32
Digfs'ible crude protein (g/kg W 0.75) 5.11 7.30 6.18 5.60
Total digestible nutrients (g/kg W 0 75) 47.64 71.29 51.00 78.33
Digestible energ.y (K cal/kg W 0.75) 199.80 272 21 169.23 150.85
Metaboli:: ble energy (K cal/kg W 0.75) 16384 223.21 138.77 125.34
Digestibility coefficients and N balance
Dry matter 48.73 64.85 65.86 58.76
Organic matter 50.71 66.74 61.03 57.01
Crude protein 49.58 62.29 56.74 51.02
Ether extract 60.48 66.83 64.40 59.81
Crude fibre 50,68 67.34 58.15 53.11
Neutral detergent fibre 37.61 58.05 58.72 54.17
Acid detergent fibre 28.16 51.38 52.71 46.74
Nitrogen free extract 50.33 67.03 68.95 75.89
Cell censtituents 67.33 75.82 95.06 94.72
Energy 54.18 64.67 56.28 47.86
N balance (gjheadjd) +10.99 +29.12 +27.46 +24.48
-g-
r_
( 195

Table 39:
Nutrient composition of para grass at two stages of growth.
-
Period I (Green)
Period II (Partly dry)
Nutrient Para grass Para grass Concentrates Forage Residue Concentrate;
offered residue offered
---
Dry matter 88.92 90.44 88.82 89.63 90.32 79.20
Organic matter 89.90 89.49 84'96 89.24 89.14 83.93
Crude protein 3.16 3.06 21.64 3.45 2.42 21.07
Ether extract 1.08 0.87 1.14 O~ 79 0.76 0.97
Crude fiber 25.85 26.04 13.00 33.77 32.96 15.04
Nitrogen free extract 59.81 59.52 49.18 51.23 52.96 48.85
Neutral detergent fibre 68.04 69.66 50.78 79.92 79.87 45.40
Acid detergent fibre 42.25 43.35 30.31 50.62 53.15 34.85
Cell constituent 31.96 3034 49.22 20.08 20.13 54.60
Ash 10.10 10.15 2.80 JO.76 10.86 ro.or
GE (K ~al/g) 3.87 3.76 2.82 3.87 4.67 2.82

concentrate. The herbage at this stage of growth contained very high DM, the CP was 3.45%
and NDF 79.92%. The experimental feeding lasted for about 90 days followed by seven
day metabolism trial. The intake and digestibility coefficients of nutrients have been presented
in table 39. Intake of DM, DCP and TDN in buffalo and cow calves was 2.90 kg, 3.16 kg,
0.18 kg, 0.17 kg, 1.70 kg, 2.44 kg (per 100 kg L W) respectively.
The perusal of the data showed that the digestibility Coefficients of the nutrients were
higher in buffalo calves than cow calves, while in experiment I when grass was green the digestibility
coefficients were higher in cow calves. Live weight gains (kg per head per day) in
buffalo and cow calves were 0.39 g and 0.29 kg respectively. The nitrogen retention was
higher in buffalo calves than cow calves (27.20 g and 24.09 g respectively). The ration in
experiment I supplied in buffalo and cow calves 4'86%, 6.11 ~~ DCP and 45.30%, 59.79% TON
whi'e in experiment 2 they were 6.27%, 5.28~~ DCP and 51.54~1o and 75.85% TDN respeclively
Tne results of this experiment have conclusively shown that buffalo calves utilized nutrients
better when the fodder became fibrous or lignified.
2'3 Evaluation of protein quality of forages
(P. Kumar)
1. Evaluation of sweet sorghum fodder (Rio) based feeding system in cattle and buffaloes.
In post monsoon months, when grazing does no, provide adequate nutrients, in some
organised farms of Uttar Pradesh lactating animals are given sweet sorghum fodder (Rio-Sorghum
bico lor) alongwith limited concentrate supplement. An experiment was undertaken
at state Government Livestock Farm, Bharari, Jhansi on 18 Tharparkar cow') and 12
murrah buffaloes of first lactation during the months of September-October to evaluate the
fo Ilowing feeding practice.
The animals were offered concentrate mixture in two instalments at the time of milking
mixed with wheat bhoosa and moistened with water. The quantity of mixture was at the
rate of 0,75 kg per cow and 1.25 kg per boffalo in the morning and same quantities in the
evening. Chaffed Jowar fodder was offered ad libitum twice a day to ensure that the manger
is never empty. Depending on the residue left in the manger, the quantity of roughage was
regulated and the feed consumed was recorded, Water was offered twice a day, After a
preliminary feeding period of 3 weeks, a digestibility trial was conducted choosing 4 cows
and 4 buffaloes to determine nutrient intake and utilisation for milk production'
( 197 )

Table 40 ; Nutrient digestibility (%) and plane of nutrition (gJkg W 0.75Jday)
Parameter Cattle Buffaloe '1' value
Digestibility (%)
Dry ma~ter
53.03±4.30 63.99±4.82
3.46S
Crude protein
69.50±3.06 66.07 ±3.28
1.60 NS
Ce lhilese
51.10± 5.92 64.33±2.80
4.00HS
1I.th.e1t extlrac.tt
4.70±4.37 38.97±3,67
6.54HS
Plane of nutrition:
(g/kg W O.75/day)
IDry matrerr
)07.94 ± 7.99 127.26± 14.1
2'38 NS
II> e; P~.
5.55±O.36 627±0.25
3.42 S
62.96±8.54 88.90± 12.07
3.72 S
Milk production (lit/day)
Before trial
After trial
'to value
Cattfe
2.58±0.69
2.19±0.58
0.87 NS
Buffalo
3.54±O,47
3·40±0.62
0.39 NS
NS=non significant, S=s'gnificant (5~~). HS=highly significant (1%).
( 198 )

The results summarised in table 40 have shown that there was no significance betWeen
the species in dry matter consumption when it was expressed on the basis of metabolic body
size (t=.=2.38 NS).
The digestibility of dry matter, cellulose, ether extract was significantly higher in buffaloes.
protein digestibility was not significantly different III cows and buffaloes. On the whole
buffaloes have utilized nutrients better than cattle from Jowar fodder. This feeding regime
did not significantly effect milk produced in both species and supported 3-4 litres of milk
production/day.
2, Nutrient status of pastures/grasslands in Bundelxhand.
In Bundelkhand region, the availability of green fodder from natural grasslands to the
grazing livestock is restricted to monsoon and early post monsoon months only, so also the
availability of nutrients. It would be possible to obtain optimum satisfactory levels of production
into minimum levels of supplementation during this part of the year. The farming
communities which are predominantly poor can be helped to get better returns from their
livestock with minimum expenditure on supplemental feeding if the nutrient status of grasslands
ale determined. Therefore this investigation of nutritional survey was undertaken
during the months of October-November,
Samples were collected from 6-8 locations (villages) in each district and in each lceation,
samples were drawn from four different points and pooled to make it representative of
that location, Botanical classification of two common/predominant species of each site were
identified with the help of a Botanist and were recorded, Samples were first air dried and
subsequently dried in an oven to constant weight. Dried herbage samples were powdered
with precaution to avoid contamination and were utilzed for analysis, The average composition
of all samples of each district were given in the table 41 perusal of the data shows that the
protein content varied from 5.33 ± 1.29 to 9.37± 1,59 : the lignin was between 6,68%± 1.30
to 8,48%±2.06, The protein level was just adequate for maintenance. The structural carbohydrates
(NDF, Cellulose and lignin) did not differ significantly from district to
district,
The levels of copper zinc were much lower than the normal and therefore supplernentation
of these two elernen ts is considered essential for grazing animals of this region. With
regard to iron its availability is more or less satisfactory as compared to its requirement.
(Dr. R. K. Tyagi and Shri K, S. Ramachandra were
associated in this experiment)
199

Sable AI.
District wise nuu iti onal quality (on dry matter basis)
District %
% % % % % % % %
Ash CM Insoluble C.P. NDF ADF Lignin Cellulose E.E.
Ash
PPm PPm PPm
Cu Zn Fe
Chhatarpur 11.80 83.78 5.75 7.49 73.83 45.83 8.48 39.07 lAO 37.65 21.60 139.90
± 1.33 ±2.19 ±1.94 ±4.14 ±2.79 ±2.06 ±4.45 ±0.32 ±7.26 ±2.29 ±22J ± 129.38
S:.1.gar 11.50 84.32 6.04 5.33 70.76 42.74 6.68 35'85 1.41 5,12 16.37 146.11
±3.03 ±3.19 ±2.4 ± 1.29 ±4.69 1:2.63 +1.30 ±2.47 ±0.29 :1:3.13 ±6.58 ± 205.80
Panna 11'84 84.98 5.85 S.54 72.32 42.50 7.43 35.06 1.26 5.60 11.93 154,82
±3.49 ±3.60 ±2.79 ±1.44 ±4.42 1:4.13 ±1.18 ±3.18 ±0,38 +1.55 ±4.61 ± 145.47
Damoh 13.99 81.68 3.16 9.37 72.2 42.81 7.D ~5,68 1.02 31.26 17.96 218.33
±1.58 ±2.14 ±2.65 ±1.48 +4.32 ±3.56 +1.75 ±2.8S ±0.31 ±4.58 1:5.32 ± 115'32
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NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF GRAZINGLANOS IN BUNOELKHAND
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CHH !'.V~RPUR SAGAR PANNA DAMOH
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2.4 Evaluation 'of pastures 'for growth 'in calves.
(N. C. Verma and V. S. Upadhyaya)
1. Evaluation of mature dry grass supplemented with Leucaena leucocephala and concentrate
mixtur~ for growing cross-bred calves.
Twelve cross-bred calves (3/4 Hariana-l- 1/4 Holstein) between 1-2 years of age weighing
on an average 121 kg (90-171 kg) live weight were div.ded into three equal groups'
Group I was maintained ad-lib feeding of mature chaffed dry gr:lss tSehlma neriosuni­
Heteropogon contortus dominant) .Group II was maintained on ad lib feeding of dry grass
plus 4 kg Leucaena leucoccphala foliage (leaves with soft twigs) per animal per day and Group
III was maintained on ad lib feeding of dry grass plus 2 kg concentrates per animal per day.
The experiment was conducted for 105 days. The digestibility trial and haemoglobin estimations
were carried out at the end of the experimental feeding period. The dry ijrass was of
very poor quality having only 3.1~~ CP and 28.7& C. fibre. Leucaena leaves supplied 16.5% CP
and 22.8% C. fibre. The concentrate mixture was supplying 21.8% CP and 8.5% C. fibre.
The proximate chemical composition, digestibility coefficients of different nutrients and
nutrient intake by calves have been presented in table 42 respectively.
The dry matter digestibility of dry grass was low. The addition of Leucaene (about
37.5% of total DMI) slightly improved the dry matter digesti bility, whereas addition of
concentrate (about 32% of total OMI) increased the overall dry":matter digestibility (42.4% to
47.8%) The addition of Leucacna and concentrate both reduced the crude fibre digestibility.
No significant difference was recorded in the digestibility of ether extract and nitrogen free
extract (NFE).'
Dry matter intake was not increased due to Leucaena supplementation (Table 43)
whereas it was increased due to concentrate supplementation.
The OCP intake increased substantially due to Leucaena supplementation in group II
but little difference was observed in supply of TON. The concentrate supplementation increased
the availability of both DCP and TON in group III.
III.
The increased intake of protein and energy increased the haemoglobin level in group
1
The animals of group I lost on an average 240± 39 g live weight/day while the animals
of group If miinained their live weight and the animals of group III gained on an average
, ~
( 202 )

Table 42
Digestibility coefficients of nutrients and nutritive value
Group
Type of feed
Digestilibiity coefficients
D.M. C.P. C.E. E.E.
Nutritive value
N,P. E. D.C.P. T.D.N.
I Mature dry grass 42.1 9.94 42.6 86.7 486 0.3 43.6
±8.9 ±5.37 ±9.48 ±0.57 ±7.4 ±0.16 ±8.11
II Mature dry grass + 44.0 56.80 30.6 81.1 49.8 4.6 45.5
•
L. leucocephala ± 1.1 ± 1.86 ± 1.83 ±0.68 ± 1.24 ±0.20 ±0.95
c
III Mature dry grass+2 kg 47.8 55.80 30.5 87.2 57.2 5.0 49.5
concentrate ±3.7 ±2.60 ±4.18 ± 1.13 ±3.6 ±O.27 ±3.15'
Table 43 Nutrient intake, live weight gain and haemoglobin level of blood
Group
D. M. Intake Nutrient intake Live weight Haemoglobin
gain/day
g!100 ml
%B.W.
.....',1 0.75 DCP~~ TDN%
g
kg g B,W. B,W.
g kg
I 3.4 110,3 . 10.14 1,50 -240. 8.7·
II 3.4 114,3 156.74 1.55 10.3
III 4.1 140.5 205.00 2:03 +285 Il,S
7

"
285 g/animal/day. The loss of live weight in group I can be attributed to dificiency of DCP
availability as per NRC (I971). Supplemental feeding of leucaena which is a rich source of
protein and B carotene checked the loss in live weight in group II. Better growth performance
in group III could be attributed to increased intake of DCP and TDN as compared to group
I and II.
2. Evaluation of Cenchrus ciliaris grass with and without Stylosanthes hamata for growing
~ross bred calves.
Eight cross bred calves (102-122 kg live weight) were divided into two groups of four
animals each and allowed to graze 0) Cenchrus ciliaris (IGFRI-3108 and (ii) C. ciliaris grass
+ Stylosanthes hamata (val'. Varano) during the month of August 1984. It was recorded that
the dry matter consumption was found to be 2.0 kg body weight in C. ciliaris grass and 1.87
kg/lOa kg body weight in C. cilicris-vStylosanthes hamata group. The herbage utilization by
the animals was 60.0% from C. ciliaris and 44.2% from mixed pasture of C. ciliaris +
S. hamata.
"
After about a month the animals were stall fed during the months of September and
October, 1984; group I was offered C. ciliaris grass and group II was offeredC. ciliaris grass
-s-Stylosanthes hamata (in the ratio of 1:1 fresh basis) which were harvested from the same
plot. The body weights of the animals were recorded at fortnightly intervals. At the end of
the feeding experiment digestibility trial was conducted to determine the DM intake, and the
digestibility coefficients of different nutrients to assess the nutritional status of these harbages.
The haematological constituents were determined at the start and end of the experimental
feedi~g period.
The Cenchrus grass supplied 5.2% CP, 42.43% CF and 10.73% Ash and Cenchrus­
Stylo mixture furnished 8.82% CP, 39.94% CF and 9.34~~ Ash. Digestibility coefficients of
nutrients of feeds have been presented in table the data about nutrient intake, live weight gain,
haemoglobin and packed cell volume of blood of experimental animals has been presented in
table.
On the perusal of data in tables 45 and 46 it was observed that there was no difference
in dry matter intake and digestibility in group I and II. However the crude protein and NFE
contents and their digestibility were found higher, in mixed herbage as compared to C. ciliaris
grass alone. Crude fibre and ether extract intake and their digestibility csefficients were found
higher in group (C. ciliaris grass) as compared to group II from the mixed herbage of
( 204 )

C. ciliaris and S. hamata. Availability more digestible crude protein (group II) resulted in
their better performance than group-l (pure C. ciliaris grass}.
The average growth retes recorded in group I and II were 210 g and 2.75.5 g/head/day
respectively. The haemoglobin and packed cell volume of blood was found- to be 10:25% and
43.3 per cent in group I and 1O.62~~ and 13.4 per cent in group II. '
The results have shown that the performance of growing calves was better when fed
mixed herbage of C. ciliaris grass and Stylosanthes hamata (1:1 ratio as compared to C.
ciliaris grass alone).
3. Evaluation of Sehima neroosum dominated natural grassland for growing cross bred calves.
Eight cross-bred calves (94-155 kg live weight) were allowed for grazing in Sehima
neroosum dominated natural grassland from 1.9.84 to 15.12.84. The utilization of herbage
from the above mentioned grassland was found to be 1.16 per cent. The average dry matter
consumption by the animals was found to be 2.52 k~/IOO,kg live weight. The average live
weight gain was found to be 280 g/head/day in cross bred calves grazing S. neroosum
dominated natural grassland without any supplementation.
Table 45
Digestibility coefficients of different nutrients of feeds andnutritive value.'
Group/Type of feed
Digestibility coefficients
Nutritive value
Dry Crude Crude
D.C.P.
matter pro- fibre Ether NFE %
tein
extract
T.D.N.
%
I C. ciliaris grass
53,00
62,83 46.44 49.07. 2,42
50.32
II C. ciliaris grass],
st ylosanthes
hamata (I: I)
54.10 60.90
48.57 34.56 58.24 5.40
50.08
205' )

Table 46:
Nutrient intake, live weight gain, haemoglobin and packed cell volume of blood.
Group D. M. Nutrients intake Live weight Haemoglobin PCVof
of intake gain content blood
animals per D,C,P, T.D,N.
100 kg g/lOO kg %kg/ (g) (gjhlood) (%)
B. \',7. B.W. B. wt,
1 2.34 56,63 1,18 210,0 10.25 43,3
5 2,24 120.96 1.12 275.5 10.62 43,4
~~ B, W, = per 100 kg body weight.
4, Evaluation of two varieties of hybrid napier grass (variety IGFRI-3 and NB-21) for
growing cross-bread calves,
Eight cross-bred calves (l04-144 kg body weight) were divided into two groups of
four animals each. Group I was offered hybrid napier grass var. NB-21 (harvested at flowering
stage in the months of October, November 84) and group 4 was offered hybrid napier.
IGFRl-3 ad-lib at the same stage of growth. A digestibility trial was conducted for 5 days
after a preliminary feeding period of IS days.
The dry matter intake and digestibility was found to be higher (2.24 kg/lOO B. W,
and 51.4% respectively in group II fed with hybrid napier No. 3 as compared to the its
group fed with hybrid napier NB-21 (D M. 1. 1.22 kg/100 B. W. D. M. Dig.
26.7%). The animals of group I lost their body weight whereas the animals of
group II maintained their live weight. The further analysis is in progress to determine the
proximate composition and nutritive value of the two varieties of hybrid napier grass.
The results indicated that h)brid napier grass (variety NB-21 and IGFRI-3) need
supplernentat ion.
2.5 Evaluation of forages fOI milk production in catt:e,
(V. S. Upadhyay)
1. Evaluation of Bermuda grass pasture for milk production.
~ 205 )

An experiment was conducted to evaluate unfertilized Bermuda grass pasture for milk
production under grazing condition. Three milch cows of l st lacraticn having on an average
250 kg live weight and had completed 77 (65-95) days of lactation were used as experimental
animals. All the animals were given concentrate @ 1 kg/animal/day for let down of milk in
addition to grazing of Bermuda grass paddock for 8 hours daily.
The animals produced or. an average 4.0-5.0 kg milk daily containing on an average 5.6
per cent fat, 14.14 per Ce1'1t total solids and 8.51 per cent solid-not-fat with satisfactory live
weight gain.
The animals of above mentioned experiment were further continued on same pasture
but I kg concentrate was replaced by 10 kg Leucaena foliage. Two weeks adjustment period
was followed by two weeks experimental period. The results of the experiment showed that
animals producing upto 4 kg milk per day could be maintained on unferulized Bermuda grass
pasture plus 10 kg Leucaena foliage during the month of September.
2. Evaluation of Iseilema laxum grass at mature stage for milk production.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the natural Iseilema laxum grass at mature
stage for milk production under stall fed condition. Three first calvers in their mid stage of
lactation were used as experimental animals. The experiment lasted for two week adjustment
followed by three weeks test period. The animals were given I kg concentrate per animaljday
for let down of milk in addition to ad lib feeding of unchaffed grass.
The average dry matter intake, digestibility, milk yield and fat percentage is given
below:
A.N.
Total
DMI/day
(kg)
DMI/
100 kg
WL
(kg)
DMD
0/
/0
Av. milk
yield
daily
(kg)
Av.
%
fat
190
8.92
3.40
56.78
3.08
7.1
213
8.74
3.45
51.27
3.18
5.1
184
10.52
3.74
57.50
2.98
5.6
( 207 )

The animals produced on an
weight during the month of October.
average 3 kg milk per day without any gain or loss in live
The animals of above mentioned experiment were further continued on Lseilema feeding
during the month of November ~ut an additional 5 kg Leucaena foliage per animal/day was
given to compensate the loss of nutrients due to the "averaging stage of maturity of the grass.
One week adjustment followed by two week .est period was allowed in this experiment.
weight.
Animals produced on an average 2.7 kg milk per day without gain or loss in live
Thus, the above findings indicate that animals producing upto 5 kg milk in The
beginning ofJuly could be maintained on Bermuda grass pasture with supplementation of 1 kg
concentrate of 5-10 kg Leucaena upto September. Mature naiur..l Iseilema grass could sustain
upto 3 kg milk per day upto November with supplementation of 1 kg concentrate and 5 kg
Leucaena foliage per animal per day.
3. Evaluation of mixed forage silage and green hybri,d napier for milk production.
A mixed forage silage prepared from unchafl'ed hybrid napier para grass "plus (proportion
non-specified) obtained.. from post-harvest technology unit (T 1
) and green hybrid
napier obtained from system synthesis of karari block (T 2 ) were evaluted for milk production
using eight lactating cows, The animals were divided into two groups consisting of four animals
in each group based on their .lactation number and milkyield etc, ·Animals of treatment lst
group were given 3 kg dry grass, 1 kg concenrrate+ad 'lib silage ~hile animals of treatment
lInd group received 3 kg dry grass+l kg concentrate-l-ee" lib green hybrid napier (unchaffed).
Results indicate that animals of silage group produced on an average 3.4 kg milk/animal
/day while animals of hybrid napier group produced 4.8 kg milkjarumaljday. However,
animals of both the groups lost their live weights. Animals of hybrid napier group consumed
about 1 kg dry grass per day.
4. Evaluation of dry glass plus concentrate for milk production.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of mature dry grass ad lib
pk,s concentrate during summer Season. The concentrate was given @ 1 kg for maintenance
plus 1 kg for every two kg milk produced. Four milch cows giving 3-6 kg milk/day and of
late stage of lactation used as expr rimenta l animals.
208' )

The dry mateer intake, digestibilty, milk
napier group is given below:
yield and fat percentage of animals of hybrid
DMII Av. Eve DMII DMD Av. daily Av.
A. No. day weight 100 kg % milk yield fat
(kg) (kg) LW (kg) %
(kg)
60 8.03 320 2.50 31.63 5.2 3.9
66 7.91 272 2.90 27.82 5.1 4.0
95 8.06 395 2.04 19.35 5.9 4.4
199 7.92 282 2.81 33.96 3.9 4'4
------
The details of the experimental animals and results are given below:
Lact Days Initail Final Amount of Av. milk
A. No. No. after live LW concen- yield
calv- weight (kg) trate daily
ing (kg) given (kg)
daily (kg)
-------
60 VI 68 309 312 3 3.6
66 III 131 270 254 4 4.7
95 IV 330 380 365 4 4.9
199 I 247 278 257 3 3.1
Results indicated that animals produced on an average 4.1 kg milk per day but coulc
not maintain their live weights.
( 209 )

5, Evaluation of fodder oat at dough stage for milk production,
An experiment was conducted to evaluate fodder oat at dough stage (unchaffed) for
milk production, All the animals were given 1 kg concentrate daily for let down of milk,
The details of the experimental animals and milk yield is given bolow ~
Lact. Days Live wt, Live wt, Av. milk
A. No. No. after in the in the yield daily
calving beginning end of (kg)
of cxpt. (kg) expt. (kg)
95 IV 230 384 385 6.9
107 IV 240 328 327 4.0
52 VI 210 297 299 5.3
66 III 30 251 251 6.3
Results indicated that animals could produce upto 7 kg milk per day with the system
of feeding followed in present case if genetic potential of animal is not a limiting factor.
PAR 2.3
Evaluation of pastures and top feeds for small ruminants,
(V, S. Upadhyaya)
1, Evaluation of Leucaena leaves for growing Barbari kids,
An experiment was repeated to confirm the previous year's finding on the feeding value of
Leucaena leaves for growing Barbari kids. Five growing kids between the age group of 3.5 to
. re u~c:u

The dry rnatter intake, digestibili ty, urine output and live weight gain are as given
below:
DMI DMD Urine In ual l-rnal Total LWG/
A. No. 100 % output LW LW LW day
kgLW per per day (kg) (kg) gain (g)
(kg) day (nil) (kg)
(rnl)
------
298 3.77 61.45 709 17.2 20.7 3.5 39
299 4.50 56.00 424 13.4 17.6 4.0 44
300 4.42 55.43 500 11.8 14.0 2.2 24
301 480 59.85 315 7.2 9.5 2,.3 25
302 4.63 62.31 350 8.3 10.9 2.6 29
Resuts indicated that kid Nos. 298 and 289 performed better than rest three kids
which were of lower age group and not fully developed ruminants. No apparent ill effects of
Leucuena feeding as sole diet were recorded. Thus, results confirm the previous years finding
that growing kids can gain live weight satisfactorily without any adverse effect, even as a
sale diet, if about 1 year old leaves are fed'
The mimosine percentage in feed
urine was neglible.
offered was about 2 per cent and IHP excretion in
2.8 (A) Nutritional studies of some tropical forage with special reference to Sesbania
aegyptica
(A. Rekib)
1. Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of Sesbania aegyptica as
affected by seasonal changes.
Leaf samples of S. aegyptica were collected round the year at hi-monthly intervals, to
study the effect of seasons on the chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility
values. They were dried and grounded co pass 40 mesh seive, The' leaf meal was then alialysed
by following the stan dared methods. The detailed results are given in table 47,
( 211 )

Table 47
Chemical composition and IVTDMD as influenced by seasonal changes.
(

From the chemical composition detailed in the above table it is indicated that this
fodder could be harvested for maximum nutrient content either in January or in July. But
being a tropical shrub it would be advisable to harvest S. aegypt ica in the month of July.
2. Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of some tropical pasture
legume in comparison with S. aegyptica.
Sesbania aegyptica, 7 entries of siratro; Stylosanthes hamata, S. gracilis S. oiscosa,
S. scabra (40205) and S. scabra (40289) were harvested and dried in < hot air oven. These
were then grounded to pass 60 mesh sieve. D~tail~d chemical composition. in vitro true dry
matter digestibility and % digestibility of N OF was determined and presented in
table 48.
Perusal of the data in table 48 shows that S. aegypt ica has higher level of protein and
lower levels of lignin, cellulose and other structural corbohyr'rates, The IVTOMD value
also was higher in Sesbania than the other forages.
3. Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of fodder tree leaves.
Leucacna Ieucocephcla and Sesbania aegyptica are considered to be important fodder
trees/shrubs grown in the humid tropics. These two species could be fed to the livestok primarily
as a protein supplement. It was, therefore. considered to compare their nutritive value
when grown and harvested under identical conditions.
Both L. leucocephala and S. oegyptica grown in the same plot and their leaves were
harvested in March, 84, dried at 800C and grounded to pass 60 mesh shieve. Detailed chemical
composition and in vitro true dry matter digestibility were determined.
Average chemical composition, in vitro true dry matter digestibility and % digestibility
of cell wall fraction are presented in the table 49. The results indicated that S. aegyptica
was superior to L. leucocephala.
4. Comparision of the nutritive value of S. aegyptica with cultivated legume fodders.
Sesbania aegyptica was found to contain higher percentage of essential nutrients, but in
some experiments, conducted earlier with growing goats, it gave lower body weight gain than
berscem fodder.
In order to see if there is any basic difference in these chemical constituents, this
experiment was uidertaken.
213

Table 48 Comparison of chemical composition and IVTDMD of Sesbania aegyptica with
tropical pasture legumes.
Parameter
species of torage
S aegyptica Sirarro Stylo
gracilis
Others
Dry matter (%)
Crude protein
NDF
ADF
Lignin
Cellulose
2390
25.04
30.02
19.91
8.90
11.22
15.70
1968
50.26
49.19
16.53
29.64 to
32.66
36.2 41.25-47.61
11 39-12.57
58.51
42.96
9.63-12.55
---------------------------------
Table 49
----------------;:-----------------
S. aegyptica
C. r,
'NDF
Cell content
ADF
~igrrin
Cellulose
22.8 16.9
Ash
JVTDMD
~ 'Die. of NDF
\:

Leaf samples of S. aegyptica COII'P~:J and berseem fodder were collected, dried at 800C
and processed further for detailed chemical analysis and determined their in vitro true dry
matter digestibility.
Crude protein varied from 14.59-22.80 with an average value of 18.49%. Maximum
CP% was recorded in S. aegyptica and cowpea fodder had lowest content of crude protein
(14.59%). Thus S. aegyptiaca was considered better than other two legume fodders.
Cell well (NDF) and cell contents ratios are considered to be of much nutritional
significance. Greater quality of cell contents is always associated with greater utilization. In the
present experiment both S. aegyptica and berseern fodder were found to contain 31.21 and
32.33% NOF and 68.79 and 67.66~~ cell contents respectively while cowpea contained higher
NOF content.
Fraction of cell wall (Lionocellulose (AOF), lignin cellulose and Merni cellulose)
content was further fractionated to know greater details about these legume forages:
In the present study. S. aegyptiaca found to contain lowest ADF (19.78) and higher
lignin (7.61) levels as compared to two other fodders, Cellulose content (AOF-lignin) was
found to be very low, On the contrary, cowpea contained highest AOF (39.32) and cellulose
(32.18). Berseern fodder contained lowest amount of lignin and Hemicellulose (4.37 & 5.32)
and was therefore considered superior to the other two fodders.
Ash and silica: Little variation in the ash and silica content of these three fodders was
recorded. The average value of ash and silica was found to be 13.52 and 0.75% respectively.
It has also been observed that the acid soluble mineral content was quite high (12.77%).
In vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTOMO) : It was sound that there was not
much difference in the IVTOMO value of these three legume forage. Average value was 83.12
and cowpea· contained slightly lower IVTOMO'value (80.03). These observations show that
all the three legume forages are highly digestible (in vitro).
NOF digestibility: In the present experiment NOF digestibility of cowpea was found
to be higher (61.75) than S. aegyptiaca and berseem fodders.
S. Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of low grade roughages.
Being a cereal producing country, large quantities of straws are produced in the country,
They are fed to the ruminant as a major feed resource,
215 )

In this experiment detailed chemical and in »it ro digestibili ty of 5 cereal straws was
determined and presented in the table 50.
Table: 50
Parameters W. bhusa Oat Paddy Sorghum Mixed Average
straw straw kadbi grass
-_. ._--_.- ----------------
Crude protein 2.81 6.52 3.65 5.30 5.35 4.7
NDF 78.50 66.40 69.70 77.4 79.8 737
Cell content 21.50 33.60 30.30 25.6 20.2 26.3
AOF 52.40 40.70 53.70 50.2 48,6 49.1
Lignin 8'40 5.59 5.82 8.96 9.50 7.7
Cellulose 44.00 35.00 47.90 41.3 39.0 41.5
Hemicellulose "26.1 0 25.60 15.90 24.1 31.2 24.6
Ash 9.99 6.64 18.00 10.8 9.52 11.0
Silica 6.85 235 14.02 5.88 6.59 7.1
IVTDMD 61.00 68.90 62.80 61.0 50.5 60.8
% Dig. ofNDF 50.3 53.20 46.57 47.6 37.9 46.9
From the above table, oat straw was considered to be superior to other straws/grass.
It.is rich in CP, cell content and in vitro digestibility of dry matter as well as NDF.
Wheat bhusa, paddy straw and sorghum kadbi could be grouped togather though
sorghum contained greater quantity of crude protein while paddy straw was found to have
high of silica, an antinutrition factor.
Mixed dry grass though contains. highest amount of crude protein also contains other
antifactors in greater quantity as well. IVl DMD and % digestibility of NDF is lower than
other crop residues.
( 216 )

6. Comparison of nutritive value of berscern fodder and its bhusa.
In order to know the nutritive value of bersezm bhusa in detail, chemical composition
and in viiro true dry matter digestibility value was determined and compared with that of the
berseem fodder harvested from the same field in January 1984:
Crude protein content of berseern bhusa was found to be 8.68 and that the fodder was
18.09%. This was considered to be well within the critical level of CP% as was reported
earlier from this laboratory.
7. Comparison of nutritive value of berseern bhusa and cereal straw.
In the present experiment, chemical composition in vitro true digestibility of dry matter
and that of cell wall fraction of berseern bhusa and five other cereal straws was determined and
detailed in table 51.
Table 51
----'-- - ~ ".....'-
Feed CP NDF Cell ADF Lignin Ce:lIu- Hemi Ash
content lose cellulose
Berseern bhusa 8.7 64.9 35.1 52.0 12.3 39.7 12.9 11.2
Cereal straws 5.7 73.7 26.3 49.1 7.7 41.5 24.6 11.0
(Average of 5) Silica IVTDMD % dig. of ADF
Berseem bhusa 2.1 57.0 33.7
Cereal straws (Average of 5) 7.1 60.8 49.9
----
Results shows that berseem bhusa contains 8. 7~% crude protein which is considered
sufficient for providing the maintenance r-quirernen t of a ruminant. It was also found to
contain lower amount of NDF, hemicellulose and silica with high cell contents than that of
cereal straws. But it contained higher amount of ADF and lignin. This however, was quite,
expected since legume forages are known to contain higher amounts of lignin and ADF. It was
found that the IVTDMD and % digestibility of NDF of berseern fodder was lower than that
of cereal fodders. This might be due to high lignin content of berseern bhusa which might have
inhibited in vitro digestibility of both dry matter and cell wall fractions.
8 Nutritive evaluation of Stylo species as influenced hy phosphatic fer tillzer
appl lea tion,
(A. Rekib and K. C. Kanodia)
Nutritional evaluation of 6 species of Stylo was done in collaboration of OM Division
when they were grown with three phosphate levels and harvested in February and September,
1984. From the available data it may be stated that phosphatic fertilization did not influence
significantly the chemical composition and nutritive value of Stylo species but the differences
between specie'> and month of harvest were apparent,
PAR 6.1 Economic exploitation of weeds.
(B. K. Bhadoria and R. K. Gupta)
1. Investigation on Rhyniosia minima.
( 217

Rhyncosia minima is a widely occur.ng forage legume in natural grassland area. Detailed
chemical investigations were undertaken to characterise its chemical constituents to assess
their effect on utilization of this forage by livestock. Rhyncosia minima was found to contain
15.9% of CP hentricecontane myricyl sp alcohol, B-sito, sterol, B-si to sterol-D glucoside,
Isovitexin, Vitexin, Vicenin-Z and pinitol, In continuation to these studies, further investigations
were undertaken on the amino acid make-up of leaf-protein. The powdered leaves
of Rnyncosia minima were defatted and extracted with 70% ethanol in soxhlet extractor. The
solvent was removed under pressure and extractive was disolved in minimum quantity of butanol.
It was examined on paper chromatography using Butnol. Acetic acid-water (4:1.5) and
phenol saturated with ammonia. Ninhydrin in acetone was used as detect ing agent. The
amino acids were identified by comparison of their Rf value with those of reference amino
acids, The identified amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, alanine, Valine,
Threonine serine, histadine, Isoleucine, phenyl alanine, proline and arginine.
The bound amino acids were also examined, on paper chromatography, after hydrolysing
leaves powder with 6 NHCl; 80~~ Fomic acid (1:1) in sealed tubes at 100~ till it gave
the -ve biuret test. The hydrolysate after usual work up, showed the presence of Valine,
arginine. glutamine, metheonine, alanine, Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, aspartic acid, trytophan.
preline and cystine.
Rhyncosia minima was found to possess most of the essential
acids required for nutrition. The compounds of flovinoid group
have been reported to cause reproductive disturbances.
and non-essential amino
were also present, which
PAR-6.2 Investigation on non-conventional feeds and additives.
(t~. K. Gupta and B. K. Bhadoria)
I. Investigation on Indigot'era astragalina.
In continuation to earlier studies, a detailed investigation was conducted on forage
legume Indtgoter« ast ragalina commonly occurring in natural grasslands. It contained 13.78%
C. P., 2'08% Ca and 0.18% P. The plant did not contain oxalates, nitrates or nitro compounds,
of indospicine (a hepatotoxin present in I spicatav The foliage did not give positive
tests for cyanogenic glycosides and saponin. Extraction of powdered dry leaves (6 kg) with
rectified spirit and fraction with petroleum ether, benzene, ethyl acetate and exhaustive chromotography
on silica gel columns yielded hentriacontanol, triacontanol fatty esters. ethylcaffeate,
P-sitosterol glucoside, free B-sitosterol, gallic acid, quercetin and apagenin. These
organic constituents were isolated and identified using physico-chemical instrumentation
techniques. However, none of these constituents are likely to possess any physiological
action at the existing level. This leguminous forage possesses good potential for utilization
as livestock feed.
( 218

DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERll\I~
AE-l.-PROCESSING, CONSERVATION, STORAGE AND HANDLING OF FORAGE
CROPS AND SE3DS.
1.1 Mechnical contrivances in hay quality amelioration.
(Jai Singh)
Equilibrium moisture content:
Equilibrium moisture contents (EMC) of a mixed stand range grass Het eropogon contortlls-52.7%,
Sehi rna nervosurn-20.2% range grass and Dichant Mum annulatllm-ll.2%) and ber­
Seem (Trifolium alexandriumy were determined at temperatures and relative humidities ranging
from 303-3330K, 30-80% and 293-308 0K, 30-80%. The desorption isotherms for grass and
berseem showed conformity with the Henderson's equation
Where,
rh-eequilibrium moisture content of air which is in contact with the material, in decimal
T=absolute temperature at which equilibrium is reached. OK
Me=equilibrium moisture content of the material pel cent, dry basis.
and C and n=emperical constants depending on the material and the temperature at with
drying is done.
The values of constants C and n, obtained through the least square method, showed
temperature dependence for both the crops. The value of C increased with the increace in
temperature, whereas the value of n followed a reverse trend. The following exponential
equations of the form :
and were determined by linear regression of calculated values of C and n for
different air temperatures in respect of both the products.
For grass,
C=7.6129 X 10--15XeO'0701 T , .....2
r=0.990
219

n=27.3231e--O,oo88T .
For berseem,
.... . •...3
r=0.958
C=L8223xlC--32xe O·2126T ....•• ,4
r=-0.968
n=-=1.2078 x 166 xe--O'0462~
..••..•5
r=-0.968
putting the respective values of C and n in equation 1, generalised expressions for the
des.Jrption isotherms of grass and berseem were obtained, The correlation coefficient between
observed and predicted values for grass and berseem were 0.996 and 0.994, respective] y. T'he
Chi squar test showed highly non-significant variation at 0.99 probability level.
The higher EMC values of grass upto 60%rh and of berseern beyond that indicated that
desorption isotherm was influenced by the inherent plant characteristics.
Vapour pressure of forage moisture:
The values of vapour pressure of grass and berseem moisture were calculated for ihe
range of temperature and moisture content from 30-60 0C, 10-40/~ (d.b.) for grass and
20-350C, 15-40~{, for berseern. The vapour pressure of both the product increased with the
temperature and moisture content.
Latent heat of vaporisation of forage moisture.
The plots of vapour pressure of grass and berseem moisture against the saturation
pressure of water vapour (taken from steam table at the same temperature) at each level of
moisture content yielded straight lines. These plots are called othrner plots, and thus are
expressable by the equation of the from.
where,
log Pf=LjLJ log ps+C . , .••. ,6
Pr=Vapour pressure of forage moisture. kgjcm2,
Ps=Vapour pressure of water vapour, kgjcm2.
LjLI=slope of the straight line (ratio of the heat of vaporisation at' forage moisture to
that of free water)
and, C==intercept of the straight line on Yaxis.
220 )

In all cases, the latent heat ratio (LjV) was found greater than unity showing that the
heat of products moisture is higher than that of water. The value of LjLl decreased with the
increased forage moisture. The latent heat ratio at a given moisture content was higher for
grass than that of berseem. The plot of LjLt Vs. M. C. showed linear relationship on semi-log
scale thus showing a relationship of the form of :
For grass
LjLl=I+a exp (b'Mj 7
Putting the computed values of constar t : a and b the equation became:
-0.0657Me
L,L'=1+ 1.2094 e
(r=0.986)
.. 8
For berseern
-0.0595Me
LjLl=1+0.8402 e •...• 9
(r=0.995)
The LjLl of grass is higher than that of berseern at all the moisture contents, but the
difference between the two decreased with the increase of M.C. The above relationships between
LjU and EMC showed an excellent correlation (r=0.994 ana 0.986 and Chi square 0.99)
between the observed and predicted values of LjLl.
Specific heat
The following relationship has been developed to predict the specific heat of grass (SIl)
at different moisture contents (m),
Sg+0.0076 (m+32.1447) 10
(r=0.995)
Effect of air flow and packing density of hay on staiic pressure.
The resistance of grass and berseem hay to air flow rates of 0.03-0Am3jsec-m2 and
packing densities of 26.4-100 kgm-- a have been determined. The results indicated that the
static pressure-air flow relationship tend to fit the model.
1.2 To deter mine the material and processing characteristics of grass and grass silage.
(Jai Singh)
( 221

Density of stored material and degree of filling are the main factors determining the
proportionate. cost load on the silage. The chop length, height of filling and DM content affect
.the silage density. The following relationship have been developed for pit silo.
D=638.5 X 29.2 h
D=290.75 +27.94 h+5.78L-6.05 M
Where
D=densiry of silage, kgjm3 ; h=height of filling, M=dry matter content, %
The results presented revealed that higher density, both on the fresh and dry weight
basis can be obtained in pit silos. It was also observed that as the chop length decreased
chopper capacity reduced significantly but the density did not increase to that extent.
1 3 Development of Processes and techniques for herbage pelleting and waferlng ,
(lai Singh)
The main task of the laboratory investigation was to establis.i the optimum specific:
pressure and moisture content of wheat Bhusa and grasses for wafering, magnitude of ~xpansian
and other parameters required for designing a wafering machine.
Wheat Bhusa : Wafers were prepared at four moisture contents, 10.12,12.22,15.22,
22.22 and 46.67 per cent. w. b. The results indicated that in the given range of MC the
expansion increased with the M. C. The handleability test indicated that the wafers prepared
at 10.12, 22.22 and 46.67% MC disintegrated on slight handling and the water formed at
15.22~~ MC disintegrated at 3rd fall. Heating of bhusa before wafering also did not improve
the water stability. Addition of molasses at the rate of 5% and 22.22% MC gave the least
reduction in density (28.57%).
Grass: None of the wafers prepared at
disintegrated on handling.
different MC was found handleable. All these
AE-2. Feasibility testing of farm implements on farmers fields.
(Jai Singh)
The results contained on farmers fields in village Behta, Isagtrh, Lakara, Ad and
Kesopur of Jhansi district and Chirula of district Datia (M.P.) are detailed.
( 222 )

Table: 52 Effect of temperature and moisture content 0'1 vapour pressure and latent heat
of vaporisation of grass and berseern moisture.
Moisture Tempe- ERH VPFM Ratio HVFM
content rature % kg/cm 2 L/Ll K-cal/kg j
2 3 4 5 6
Grass
10 30 20.38 .00879 1.7156 995.618
35 31.33 .01796 990.815
40 39.00 .02808 985.840
45 46.67 .04560 980.952
50 53.33 .06709 976.063
55 60.00 .09630 971088
60 66.67 .t 3541 966.1'13
15 25 30.00 .00969 1.448 844.474
30 51.00 .02206 840.419
35 :-6.70 .03251 836.365
40 62.50 .04700 .. ~32.166
45 G8,33 .066.80 828.039
50 71.70 .09020 823.912
55 77.70 .12479 819.713
60 81.00 .16450 815.514
20 25 50.00 .01615 1.26 . 734.832
30 68.00 .02976 731.304
35 73.33 .04204 727.776
40 77.50 .058.28 724.122
45 81.70 .079.88 720531
50 85.33 .0173~ 716.940
55 87.10 .13996 713.286
60 89.00 .18076 709.642
30 25 73.33 .023.68 1.18 (J88.176
30 85.33 .03690 684.872
35 88.30 .05062 681.568
40 91.30 .06866 678.146
45 94.00 .09185 (J74,78l
50 95.80 .12052 67L420
223 )

1 2 3 4 5 6
40 25 82.20 .02655 1.09 635.688
30 93.80 .04057 632.636
35 95.00 .05446 629.584
40 97.50 .07332 626.423
45 9830 .09605 623316
50 99.30 .12492 620.210
Berseern
Jl5 20 45.40 .01082 1 372 803.992
25 50.50 .01631 800.150
30 57.50 .02487 796.309
35 62.50 .02583 792.467
20 56.50 .01346 1.234 723.124
25 60.00 .01937 719.669
30 65.50 .02333 716.214
35 69.00 .03956 712.758
20 69.~ .01656 1.138 666.808
25 72.50 .02341 663.682
30 76.00 .03287 660.495
35 78.30 .04490 657.809
40 20 , I 78.00 .01859 1.080 632.880
25 80.00 .02583 629.856
30 82.50 .03568 626832
35 83.50 .04787 623.808
0.99
ERH--Equilibrium relative humidity, per cent.
VPFM-Vapour pressure forage moisture.
HVFM-Heat of vaporisation of forage moisture.
224 )

1. Investigation of a set of improved implements on farmers fields,
The set of improved implements (tillage and seeding) consisted of sabsh plough, bukhar,
animal- drawn disc harrow, Igfri country plough mounted seed drill and a 3 row seed-cumfertilizer
drill. The set was used in Rabi, 84 for wheat crop. It was tried in comparison to
the local bukhar pat ela and sowing behind the plough. The total cost on tillage and seeding
operations were Rs, 926.80, 636 80 and :02.90 per hectare in local, improved with Igfri drill
and improved with 3 row drill, respectively.
2. Field evaluation of animal drawn seed-cum-fertilizer drills]
Igfri country plough seeding attachment: Use of the drill resulted in 9-11% higher
mean values of total yield (grain -l-straw) in wheat over the traditional method of sowing.
The differences, however were not statistically significant. Similar results were obtained on
seed germination and establishment in Rabi, 1984.
4, Studies on the positional placement of seed and fertilizer.
Test were conducted to investigate the effect of showing the mixture of seed and fertiiizer
on germination, plant establishment and yield in both the, black and sandy loam soils
under irrigated conditions. The basal doses for T 1 , T 2 and T 3 were urea 100 kg+ DAP 20 kg
-l-Potash 100 kg+S.S.P. 400 kg. Urea 60 kg+DAP 20 kg-l-Potash 100 Kg+SSP 240 kg and
Urea 20 kg+ DAP, 20 kg+Potash 10 kg+SSP 120 kg per hectare.
In addition, similar trials were conducted 00 farmers fields in wheat crop in black and
sandy loam soil. The farmers used a basal dose DAP varying from 50 kg per hectare.
The no. of seeds germinated and established and the crop yields increased with the
increase in fertilizer dose on the farmers fields The trials under controlled conditions
also showed similar results regarding plant population. The data generated on farmer's fields
exhibited that the seed and fertilizer can be mixed together for sowing. These findings would
enable reducing the cost of seed drills.
4. Development of seed drill furrow epeners for Bundelkhand soils.
Two 'ypes of furrow openers (shovel and shoe type) were evaluated in comparison to
Nari (Country plough bottom used for sowing purpose) both in irrigated and rain fed areas;
Significant difference in plant stand. establishment and yield was noted under rainfed condition
The difference under irrigated condition was not significant. Use of the extended shoe type
furrow opener (similar to the desi plough bottom) resulted in 1.5-2.5 per cent higher yield
gain fed black soils.
( 225

AE-3
EVALUTION OF EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF IRRIGATION
IN RELATION TO FORAGE CROPS.
3.1 Studies on the effect of different mechanical energy input level.. on the production of
forage crops.
(R. B. Varshney & Ja i Singh)
The experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil having 78% sand, 6.8% silt and
19.4% clay. The average bulk density of the soil was 1.5 gm/cc and average infiltration rate
of the field was 5 em/hr. The average slope of field was O. 57~
The experiment was conducted in 100 sq. M plot size. The fertilizer was applied @
Urea 75 kg/ha and SSP 150 kg/ha. Seed rate was 2.5 kg/ha. The treatment consisted T 1 ­
No tillage i. e. direct sowing with IGFRI seed drill with plank, T 2-Optimum tillage i. e,
ploughing once and sowing with 'IGFRI seed drill with plank, T 3-Optimum tillage i, e. ploughing
twice and sowing with IGFRI seed drill and T 4 - High tillage i. e. ploughing thrice
and sowing with IGFRI seed drill. The energy required for various operation is given in
table 53 and the energy ratio in table 54.
Table 53 :
Energy for various operations (in Mega Jules)
T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4
(i) Operational energy per 124.0
ha (bullock drawn seed drill)
192.3 232.0 288!0
(ii) No. of weed intensity per 400
sq meter observed
300 250 200
(iii) Energy in weeding operation 171.0 158.2 145.5 125,0
(iv) Energy in irrigation 80.0 86.8 93.0 125.0
(v) Energy in harvesting 65.0 80.0 95.0 105.0
(Vi) Energy in threshing, winnowing 90.0 92.5 122.5 125.G
bagging & transportation
(Vii) Energy per ha in fertilizer 1150.0 1150.0 1150:0 1150.0
(50 kg Urea & 100 kg S.S P.)
Total encrgy input 1680.0 1760.0 1838.0 1918.0
226 )

~'able
54 : Energy-Ratio.
S!. Energy Grain Kadbi Total Ratio in
No. Treatment (KJ) yield yield yield yield
(q/ha) (qj ha) (qjha) Energy
1. T 1 1680 8.00 5200 60.00 52.3:1
2: T 2 1760 8.20 55.80 65.00 54.8: 1
3. T 3 1838 8.45 60.00 68.45 56.4; 1
4. T 4 1918 8.80 62.00 70.80 57.5:1
On the perusal of the results from above table it is seen that the heighest yieljj total
energy ratio was obtained in ploughing thrice & sowing by IGFRI seed drill.
3.2 To study the effect of different slops and vegitativo cover on ruu off & soil loss.
(R. B. Varshney & Jal Singh)
The run off and soil loss on micro watershed (5 m X 5 m) was measured. The characteristic
ofJ the area were Bulk density) 1 5 gmjcc lenghth and width ratio 1:1, type of
area as range land, Depth of soil (partly bolder and partly soil) as 30 em, soil texture as sand
73.8~~. silt 6.8% and clay 19.4% and drainage of the area was good,
Vegita tion,
3% slope: Borrerie st rice, Zizyphus retudetolia, Themada, Hetropogon, Seteria,
Penicum, Dicanthium, Celocia, etc.
5% slops: Sehima neroosum, Het ropogon, Seteria, Borreria, Zizyphns, Vernonia,
Celosia, Themada, etc.
10% slops' Celocia, Themada, Vernonia, lepidogathis, Zizyphus, etc,
Effect of vegitative cover and degree of slops on run off and soil loss on 3%, 5%, 10%
is given in table 55.
The average run off coefficient was found 0.07, 0.11, 0.15 and the average soil loss 1.6
tlha, 2.5 tlha, 43.6 tjha for 3%, 5% and slops, respectively,
C 227 )

Table 55': Effect of vegetative cover and degree of slope on run off and soil loss on 3%,
.----5% and 10%.
It
;.,.
S. no. Date of run Rainfall Total rainoff Runoff eoetT- Soil loss
off in em. in icent III the
3°/ 5% 10% 3% 5% 10'~ 3% 5°/ 10%
/0 /0
1: 2.7.84 .70 .068 .098 .113 .097 .014 .16 1.2 3.6 4.8
2. . 5.7.~4 .66 .009 .10 .11 .136 .15 .16 1.2 1.3 1.8
3. 67.84 .42 '039 .04 .084 .08 .08 0.2 3.2 3.4 42
4. 7.7.84 1.8 .082 .109 .113 .04 .06 .06 2.4 3,6 4.0
5. 8.7.84 .58 .06 .09 .115 .025 .168 .198 1.2 2,6 3.0
6. 9.7.84 .016 .021 .03 .05 .15 1.0 I 5 1.2 1.2 1.6
7. 14.7.84 .762 .07 .009 .113 .09 .12 .148 1.2 2.8 3.9
8. 18.7~84 .74 .07 .096 .110 .102 .12 .148 1.2 2.5 3.9
9. 1.8.84 .70 .072 .092 .no 1.02 .138 .142 1.0 2.2 2.9
10. 2.8.84 .17 .048 .062 .082 .28 .36 .48 .5 2.5 30
II. 3.8.84 .50 .068 .097 .112 1..36 .194 ·.224 2.8 3.4 4.7
12. 8.8.84 1.5 .084 .102 .ll5 .056 .068 .076 2.9 38 4.9
13. 9.884 .08 .016 .03 .08 .12 .37 1.00 1.2 3.6 4.8
14. 10.8.84 .3 .037 .042 .045 .12 .14 .15 28 3.4 47
IS. 12.8.84 .65 .068 '095 .115 1.04 '14 .117 1.4 2.8 3.9
16, 16,8.84 .30 .035 .042 .045 .116 .123 .15 28 3.6 4.8
11. 17.8.14 1.15 .082 .895 .110 .07 .38 .09 2.8 3.8 4.8
18. 19.8.84 .16 .045 .062 .083 ,106 .112 .118 1.2 2.5 3.6
19. 21,8.84 .32 .034 .036 .038 .266 ,35 .45 1.2 2.4 3.3
20. ,22.8.84 .18 .048 ,062 .082 .136 ,196 .23 1.3 1,5 1.9
21. 23.8.84 .50 .068 .098 .115 .136 .196 .23 1.3 1.5 1.9
22. 25.8.84 .24 .024 .03 .056 .3 .095 .19 1.4 1.6 1.9
23. 26.8.84 .4 0.38 .042 . .068 ,09 .052 06 1.9 2.5 3.6
24. 28-:8.84 1.8 .094 .103 .118 .052 .089 .148 2.0 3.0 3.6
25. 29.8.84 . 1.01 .090 .12 .15 .089 .100 .124 2.0 2.8 3.7
26. 30.8.84 .37 .037 .042 .046 .100 .09 .200 1.2 2.7 3.8
27, 1.9.84 .8 .075 .12 .16 .09 .09 .200 1.2 2.6 3.0
28. 2.9.84 1.4 .092 .14 .20 .065 .100 .14 2.0 3.1 3.5
( 228 )

DIVISION OF RURAL ECONOMICS AND BIOMETRICS
REB-I ANALYSIS OF FARM MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS OF FORAGE
PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION SYSTEM.
1.1 Economics of forage production and forage based animal production systems-studies
based on data from experiments and demonstration trials laid out at C. R, Farm.
(I. P. S, Yadav)
. Economics of the establishment of mixed pastures of Cenchrus species and Dolichos lablab.
The field experiments were conduted at IGFRI. Jhansi during 1983 on loamy red
. rakar soil which was poor in fertility. The grasses, Cenchrus ciliaris and C. setigerlls were
planted at 50 em row spacing and planting of one row of Dolichos lablab after everyone, two
or three rows of Cenchrus ciliaris and C. setigerus grass was done.
Total dry matter production (grass and legume mixtures) was maximised in the field of
C. ciliaris-s-D, lablab planted in 1:1 ratio. During the study period, pure C. ciliaris producced
maximum dry matter.
The dry matter yield of grasses was reduced due to mixed cropping with D. lablab in
the first year. The reduction in yield was due to low plant population of grasses as the seed
rate was reduced proportionately; However, in the second year, the lesume population was
very less and grasses covered the whole space. The dry matter yield of legume varied from
11 .99 to 1.84 q/ha during the first year and 1.80 to 2.84 q/ha in the second year. The low
yield of legume in second year was due to very less population of legume left in the field.
Thus, it can be concluded that mixed pastures of Cenchrus species and D. lablab in 1:1
ratio may be established for increasing the population of high quality forage from pastures;
Further, it is suggested that under arid and semi-arid condition. D. lablab should be planted
every year in the established pastures to mainain requisite population of the legume. cropping
of D. lablab had no adverse effect on the forage production of grasses. There was improvement
in the protein content in the mixed forage.
( 229

.12 Marketing of milk products in Babina block of Jhansl district.
(Mallayya)
Marketing of milk and milk products in Babina block of Jhansi has been carried out.
The marketing of Ghee, Curd and Khowa have been worked out separately, the study
carried on total farmers on an average of the selected villages of Babina block revealed that the
total quantity of milk used for curd was 12.44 litre with the cost of milk of Rs. 39.84.
The revenue received was Rs, 42.47 after sparing 3.35 kg of curd for consumption. The study
of marketing of curd revealed that the farmers are getting low rate profit because of nonremunerative
price of curd.
The study of marketing of Ghee of selected villages of Babina block revealed that total
quantity of milk used forGhee was 6.73 litre and total cost of milk was' Rs, 20'39. 1 he
total re venue received of sold Ghee was Rs. 23,40 after sparing 88 g of Ghee for consumption.
The study of marketing of Ghee showed that very little quantity of Ghee was produced and
marketed in comparison with marketing of curd and milk. The stndy of marketing of Khowa
in selected village'> of Babina revealed that the total quantity of milk used fer Khowa was 7.06
litre and total cost of milk was Rs. 27.97 after sparing 121 g of Khowa for family consumption.
The study revealed that marketing surplus and marketable surplus of khowa in Babina
block were very meagre.
1.3 A study on the economic a,,ct of milk praduction in milkshed areas of Jhansi
district of Bundelkhand,
(I. .P. S. Yadav)
The study was conducted in five villages of Baragaon block of Jhansi district. The
study of the socio-economic profile of milk producers revealed that the milkshed area was
dominated by illeterates and majority of them depend on agriculture as their principal means
of livelihood. None of house hold had taken up dairying as their main occupation. Majority
of them reared only one/two milch animals and they belong to the category of land less
labourers, rrarginal farmers and small farmers. The majority of milk producers were aware
of milk production enhancement inputs, their urilization was very poor, which indicated that
milk producers were showing some reluctance towards adopting improved dairying practices.
It may be due to their poor socio-economic background.
( 230 )

The milch animals maintained in the milkshed area were of local type characterised by
low productivity, low lactation length, high dry period and later maturity. 'On an average
buffaloes were attaining firstcalving at 46th month and cow at 47th month. The total number
of lactations were observed to be six in the case of both cows and buffaloes. Theavervge
lactation length was 9 month for cow and 10 months for buffaloe, The average dry period
found to be 10 months in the case of cow and II months in case ot' buffaloe. Theeve~ag~
yield per day per animal was 1.40 litres in c.ise of cow and 2.04 litre in case of buffaloe.
The irrigation facilities in the milkshed areas were inadequate having a significant
bearng on the supply of bovine feed. The bovine feeds are broadly classified nuder three
heads, namely, dry fodder, green fodder and concentrates. Only 4 types of dry fodderjnamely,
paddy straw, bajra kadbi, jowar kadbi and bhusa were fed to milch animals in the study area.
The major source of green fodder was the local grass and weeds. Few farmers were also found
feeding cultivated fodder to their milch animals but.vin general, they showed reluctance to
improve the fodder resources. The quantities of the different types of feed, fed to the milch
animals, was very less conpired to a standard Ieeuing schedule, AroundS kg of dry fodder,
6 kg of green fodder and 0.5 kg of concentrtes were fed per animals per day in case of c0'o/s
in milk and 7 kg of dry fodder, 7 kg green fodder and 0.75 kg of concentrates per animal per
day in case of buffaloes in milk. The quantities of these three types of feed to dry animals was
almost half of the feed fed to animals in the milkshed area of Jhansi district.
The studies revealed that level of literacy had a very high impact on scientific breeding
and management of dairy animals. Inadequate availability of irrigation also had a bearing on
feed supply. Milch animals with a 1.lrge intercalving period, low lactation length and low
yie Ids were considered poor.
The average cost of maintenance was Rs. I 65 per day for lactating cow and Rs. 0.90
for a dry cow when family labour was included. 'In case of buffaloe, these figures were Rs.
2.14 and Rs, 1.11 per day respectively In .het~tal maintenance cost, the major component
was the feed which accounted for 75°1" . of the total maintenance cost for both lactating -cows
. -
and buffaloes and 60% in case of dry animals. The family labour cost Was onlv around 10%
of the maintenance cost. The returns of dairy enterprise included income from milk, dung and
sale of calves. The income from milk over the entire life span of a milch animal was Rs,
3590 in case of cow and Rs. 6598 in case of buffaloe. The income from the dung during the
entire life span of a milch animal was Rs. 600 in case of cow and Rs. 800 in case of buffaloe.
Therefore, the total income from a cow over the entire life span was Rs, 4190, while in case
of buffaloe, it was Rs. 7398,
( 231

1,4 Studies on relative economics of forage crop production on cultivators fields.
(Ram Asray Singh)
Studies on the relative economics of the year round fodder production under demonstration
trials through improved technology as compared to the crops (forage or other) grown
by the farmers included the following forage crop rotations in overlapping systems:
1. Berseem+ mustard-s-hybrid napier+ cowpea
1. Berseem+mustard--Setaria sphacelata+cowpea
Three farmers preferred to grow wheat crop and two potatoes. The result was overwhelmingly
in favour of cultivation of forage crops in overlapping systems with recommended
package of practices. However, potato crop on one farmer field gave slightly higher than other
crops Rs. 20593.69 (demonstration or farmers crops) but input-c utput ratio was less than
the forage crops berseem-l-rnustard intercropping either wi.h hybrid napier or Setaria
sphacelata,
For rabi 1983-84 Season the forage crop berseem-l-rnustard under demonstration,
yielded on an average 925.15 q /ha of green fodder with a cost of production of Rs. 6239.56
and net profit of Rs. 12266.16 perha at prevailing market price (Rs. 20.00). The average
input-output ratio worked out to be 1:2.98.
In demonstration trials of berseern + mustard green forage yield ranged from 753.51 to
1079.00 q/ha and the input-output ratio varied from 1:2.47 to 1:3.51. The net profit ranged
from Rs, 8971.30 to Rs. 1438836/ha.
The maximum green forage yield (1079.00 q/ha) was produced with an input of Rs,
7205.44 and the net profit of Rs, 14388.36/ha. The input-output ratio was 1:2.09 and the cost
of production per quintal green fodder was Rs. 6.67. In all the demonstration trials cost of
production of per quintal green fodder was Rs, 5.68 and the minimum cost of production
was Rs, 5142.28/ha. The input output ratio was 1:3.51,
The seed and fertilizer irrigation charge, human and bullock or tractor power cost
ranged from Rs. 1182,70 to Rs.2130.30; Rs, 1100.00 to Rs. 2000.00 and Rs. 1387.50 to
2091.66/ha respectively.
( 232 )

The maximum cost of production per quintal green fodder was Rs, 8.09. It was due to
lower yield (753.51 q/ha) of green forage and more irrigation charge Its. 2000.00 per ha,
Irrigations we re done by the diesel pump.
The return obtained from potatoes by the farmers were Rs, 14627.09/ha against Rs.
10952.51/ha under the demonstration crop of berseem+mustard. The input-output ratios
were 1:2.39 and ~:2.99 under corresponding systems of cropping. The average yield of potato
on two farmers fields was 250.03 q/ln with tha cost of production of Rs, 11176.36. The
maximum yield of 303.57 q/ha was obtained with the investment of Rs. 9763.31/ha.. This
resulted in a net profit of Rs, 20593.69 and input-output ratio of 1:3.10. On the other farmers
field potato yield of 212.50 q/ha was obtained from Rs. 12250.00 as cost of production. This
gave a net profit Rs 8660.50/na. The input-output ratio for this crop was only 1:1.68.
In the case of wheat crop grown by the farmers the grain yield of wheat, ranged from
21.87 to 24.00 q/ha with corresponding input-output ratio of 1:1.19 to 1;1.24. The maximum
net profit was 913.98 per ha and the minimurilnet profit was Rs. 695,86/ha. The average cost
of production was Rs, 3723.81/ha and the cost per quintal of wheat grain worked out to be
Rs. 125.60. The cost of production of wheat bhusa was Rs. 24.57 per quintal.
1.5 Economics of dairy units in rural and urban areas of Gwalior district (M.P.)
(A. K. Sharma)
Most of the sampled families (57.5%) belonged to backward caste co'mml.tllity and the
remaining 42.5% were socially advanced caste families. 12.5% families con.sisted oTl-3
members, while 62.5~{ families consisted 4-12 members and remaining 25% were big.families
with member ranging from 13 to 21. The study indicated low educational status as 40 dairy
members were illiterate, 22.5% had studied upto primary, 30% either middle pass or secondary,
whereas only 7,5% had studied beyond secondary level.
Family composition of sampled households revealed that percentage of adult and
children was 44.57% and 55.43% in urban area, 52.70% and 47.3G% in semi-urban area: and
51.95% in rural areas, respectively. Percentage of illiteracy is 54.08, 55.44 and 51.71 in urban,
semi-urban and rural areas respectively. There was no marked difference between different
locations in case of illiteracy as dairy households in urban area, too, have migrated fromrural
areas. Percentage of school going children was 78.91, 92.15 and 77.55% in urban semi-urban
and rural areas respectively.
( 233 )

Occupationaldistribution of these families indicated that 67' 5% families were having
agriculture as main occupation, 25% were having dairy as main occupation, whereas 2.5% and
5.0% families were having business and service as main occupation respectively. As regards
subsidiary occupation, 75% and 2.5% families are having subsidiary occupation namely dairy
-and agriculture respectively, whereas 22 5% families were dependent either on agriculture or
dairy with. no subsidiary occupatien,
Also all the rural dairy households (75% were having cultivated landand among them,
8% were subsistence type dairy units and 92~;'; were commercial units most of d.iiry
(90eyo) were selling milk, only 47% units in urban and semi-urban areas sell milk directly to
consumers, 33% to milkman, 15% to Gwalior Dughad Sangh and remaining 5% were wurking
on purely subsistence lines. Most of dairy units were buffaloe oriented units,
Among all the units in semi-urban and rural area, 75% dairy 'owners were landless
.. '
32.5% were small and merginal farmers, whereas 12.5% were medium farmers and remaining
22.5% were having land beyond '10 acres. . The position as regards holdings become adverse
if only irrigated area was taken into account. 12.5~~ milk producer households having no
irrigated land, 37.5% were having irrigated land upto 5 acres, whereas. remaining 25% were
having irrigated area more than 5 acres of land. Land utilization statistics indicated that
percentage of area under Ioodgrain crops, cash crop and fodder crops was 49.15%, 34.99~;';
and 15.86% respectively while in rural area this percentages 33.97%,' 74.84% and 21.40%,
respectively with 4.43/0 and 25,36% of area under farm building and pasture land respectively.
The cropping pattern indicated that Mustard, Berseern, Gram, Jowar, Bajra and Chari predominated
in the area. Potato WJ.S v;:ry popular as commercial crops in semi-urban area of
Gwalior. .
11.6 Level and pattern of investment on small far~ers in Ajmer district.
(A. K. Sharma and D. P. Handa)
The study revealed that with the increase in size of holding, total expenditure per farm
increased (from Rs. 5827 to Rs, 12785) whereas per acre capital expenditure diminished
from Rs. 7756 to-Rs, 2174/-). Analysis of different components of fixed capital indicated
that land and its improvement was the major component of investment which accounted
57.4% followed by livestock (32.43~~) and household property (6.68%), respectively. It has
been found that investment was positively and ~ignificantly correlated with irrigation (R=~0.64)
with family size (0.53) with gross annual income (0.36). It has been shown by multiple
234 )

correlation (R=0.80) that irrigation, land holding, family size and annual
income was highly
correlated with investment. Multiple regression equation . was Y=34.46+1268.21X +-111865
X 2+225.65
X 3+1.19X4
indicating 64.99% of total variation. Impact of irrigation was higher
in investment as compared to other factors influencing investmeat. .Family size had the least
impact on investment as there was very significant change in variation (Viz. 64.99.%) onexclusion
of family size factor. .
REB-2: BI0METRICAL STUDIES IN FORAGE PRODUCTION AND UJILIZAnON
2.1 Uniformity trial on Stylo.
(D. P. Handa)
In the uniformity trial, the coefficient of variation for the plot size 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8; 9,
12, 16, 18, 24, 27, 36, 48, 54, 74, 108, 144, 162 and 216 m 2 were calculated without blocking
and also with blocking size of 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 18,24, 27, The calculated C. V. value
decreased with the increase in plot size in either direction, The C. V, value decreased from
29.90 to 9.02 as plot size increased from I m 2 to 216 m 2• Similar jrend was ,also obtained
with blocking, The average C. v. e;.;) obtained for different plot size with and without
blocking showed that there was sharp decline in C. V. value as plot size increased Which
remained upo 9-12 m 2 after that decline was gradual specially when blocking was adc pi~'d,:
2,2 Rainfall pattern and their role in forage production in Bundelkhand, region.
(D. P. Handa)
I, Expected number of dry and wet days (Hamirpur)
At Harnirpur, average number of wet and dry days were 35.55 and 86.45, respectively
with maximum of 44 days in 1971 and minimum of 29 in 1964 and 1972. The X2 test indicated
significance of 3 years (58 -60) in 15 years indicating weather is not influenced by immediately
preceding -day s weather but also on the weather of immediately two proceeding days.
The 9 years indicated non-significance which implied that we ither of the
day was independent of the wheather of the day proceeding the immediately
preceeding days The variability of wet days remained in the range of 15 to 25.7 of the
mean with the year While from year to year variability of wet days was 15.73%. The probability
11 2 of a unit being wet at the state of equilibrium, was less.than the probability III a
unit being dry at the state of equilibrium' The.same was highest in 1964 for 1I 1=0.7623
and
1971 11 2 = 0.3607.
235 )

2. Expected length of dry runs, wet runs and dry wet cycle of one day size (Hamirpur)
The expected length of day rum, wet runs.land dry wet cycle were found out for the
period of 1955 to 1977. The data for the year 1961, 65, 66, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75 were not
available The years 1958-60 years indicated the significance of XLtest which implied that
occurence of wet or dry days was not influenced by the immediately proceeding days weather
but also immediately two preceeding days. The average length of dry run was 5.47 &
wet run was 2.23. The average dry wet cycle was 7.70 units. It was found that expected
length of dry run was always greater than wet run. The variability of dry run from year to
year was 18.70, while of wet run was 18.26 indicating the change more or less same in dryas
well as wet runs.
3. Expected number of wet and dry days at Jalaun.
The expected number of wet and dry days was 3456 and 87.44 respectively. The
maximum number of wet days was 46 in 1967 and minimum 21 in 1968. The coefficient of
variability of wet days within the year ranged from 17.20% to 27.35% while be tween the year
it was 23.47%" The X2 test, out of 12 years was found to be significantly different during
1958 and 1959. From 1960 to 1977 data was non-significant which indicated weather of
the day was independent of weather of immediately proceeding day. The probability III of
unit dry at the state of equilibrium was greater than II 2 of unit being wet was the state of
equilibrium during all the years.
4. Expected length of dry run. wet run and dry wet cycle of one day (Jalaun).
The expected length of dry run wM' found to be 5.20 and wet run to be 2.07 compared
to the dry wet cycle of 727 units indicating that after every 5.20 units of dryness there was
wetness. The variability as indicated by standard deviation of 1.32 in dry run and 0.41 in wet
run was not much more. 1958-59 indicated significance of X 2 test mean occurrence of wet
dry day is not influenced.
5. Weather analysis ana climatological classification of Banda district.
(D. P. Handa and R. M. Sood)
From the climate' of this place it was seen that th e July and August was most wet
period where water surplus measured as 42.85 and 49.32 mm, respectively and rest the 10
months were in deficit to the tune of about 431 mm and 378 mm, respectively, The probability
analysis indicated that the maximum weekly rainfall which could be expected with 50%
probability in the month of June, July, August and September was 41, 116, 135 and 63 mm
respectively and also maximum weekly rainfall which could be expeeted with 50% probabilities
in their standard week of June 32 mm, July 71 mm, 107 mm in August and 34 mm in
September.
( 236 )

DIVISION OF EXTENSION & TRAINNING
A. Ex-I: ADOPTION AND DIFFUSION OF FORAGE INNOVATIONS AND FEED­
BACK INFORMATION.
1.1 Studle.. on the factors (Socio-economic, psychological and communication) associated
with adoption behaviour of Bundelkhand farmers.
(M. R. Lokhande & Dalaur Sinnh)
Preparation of some of the measuring tools such as irrigation potentiali ty, cropping
intens.ty, market orientation, social participation, age an d education of farmer, knowledge
about the forage crops, risk orientation, etc., have been initiated. Additional information
about the selection of villages have been gathered from the local administration. Simultaneously
construction of the questionnaire schedule for the present study was undertaken.
1.2 A study of information source-utilisation patterns of the big and smaJI farmers in
rela tion to forage crops.
(M. R. Lokhande & Maharaj Singh)
A comprehensive list of the sources of information utilised by the villagers in relation
to forage crops was prepared. Preliminary information for selection of the villages was
g athered from the Badagaon and Chirgaon block offices. The big and small farmers from
these blocks will constitute the sample of respondents. Preparation of the questionnaire
schedule has also been undertaken.
1.3 Attitude of small and big farmers on adoptien of fodder crops in Jbansi. (U. P.)
(Maharaj Singh)
The selection of villages and respondents have been undertaken.
( 237 )

1.4 Prediction of growing needs of Bundelkhand farmers with special reference to for- ....
age production at their own farms.
(Dalaur Singh)
., A list of some need areas was prepared and than same was circulated to staff members
for selecting the most. suitable areas to be included in the study. The staff members were requested
to give their opinion on five point suitability scale. The response of the judges has been
collected back. Schedule for data collection was under preparation.
( 238 )

SUB-STATION, MANASBAL (J&K)
SST, 1 : FERTILIZER RESPONSE OF RANGE GRASSES AND CULTIVATED
FODDERS UNDER TEMPERATE AND SUB-ALPINE CONDITIONS.
1.7 Fertlllzcr management trial on Onobrachys and Lotus corniculatus.
(B. K. Misri)
The exotic collections of two species viz., Onobrachys and Lotus corniculatus were
received and evaluated at the sub-stauon. The sewings were made in October 1984, however,
the germination was very poor. Lotus corniculatus exhibited a germination rate of 43% while
Onobrachys exhibited a germinatiun rata of only 27%. The gaps in the lines were re-sowed
in spring. The early establishment of the plants was very slow and therefore it was not worthwhile
to evaluate the material. Detailed evaluation will be done next year,
SST.-3 . EXPLORATION, COLLECTION, ECOLOGY AND EVALUATION OF INDI­
GENOUS AND EXOTIC MONTANE FORAGE AND TOXIC PLANTS IN
GRASSLANDS.
31 Introduction of exotic forage flora for preliminary evaluation.
(E. K. Mini)
Following collections were received by the sub-stotion during this year, which were
,sown in nursary beds to find out their suitability for forage production.
-Lotus corniculatus : 7 collections IL 1971-1977.
Other Lotus : EC 154027-154035, 154039 & 159370-159376.
Trigonella
Trifolium
EC 154040
EC 158958
( 239

Trifolium repens : IL 1963
Melilotus 11 collections IL 2025-2035
Eroilia sativa : 8 collections IL 2036-2043.
3.6 Introduction of indigenous forage flora for preliminary evaluation.
(B. K. Misri)
Following indigenous collections of various grasses and legumes were received by the
sub-station from NBPGR, New Delhi for evaluation.
From Lahul Spiti :
sweet clover : 2 collections NC 60812 & 13,
V.'ild legumes: 8 cel lections 1'\C 60814· 21,
Wild grasses: 5 collections NC 60822-26.
Wild grasses : 1 collee.ions NC 60889
FrOl,1 Ladakh :
White colver: 1 collection NC 64124
,
All these collections were sow n in plant introduction nursery in plots: Out of all the
collections one NC 64124 and NC 60815 and 60818 germinated: The germinated one survived
till April 1984 but in Mayall these started withering and vanished. The root stocks are
being maintained to observe regeneration, if any. It is persumed that these collections from
the colder parts Lahul Spiti and Ladakh could not withstand the rising temperatures.
Plant exploration and collection'
The plant exploration and collection trip was made to collect the germplasm of fodder
crops from various places in Ladkh region. Gerrnplasm of crops like wheat, bariey, Setaria
and Lathyrus were also collected to evaluate these at the lower elevations in Kashmir valley.
The present collection activities were confined to the Indus, Dras and Zanskar valleys
only. Most of the agricultural activity in the region is confined to these areas. The vegetation
cover is only 5% and the agriculture is totally irrigated. All the agricultural acti vity is
confined along Indus and Suru Rivers.
( 240 )

Collections were made from fields, threshing yards, farmers house, market and wild
vegetation, .
Following collection were made during this collection trip:
Species No. of collections Species No. of collections
Calamagrostis 4 Iris 3
Trifolium 8 Fagopyrum 8
Agropyron 12 Rumex 1
Medicago 64 Peas 23
Dactylis 3 Triticum IS
Meli/otus 12 Bariey 35
Stipa 4 Bromus 2
Sorghum 9 Oats 1
Agrostis 2 Elymus 3
Pennisetum 3 Prangos 10
Setaria 23
Out of all these collections, the winter species, viz., Calamagrostis, Trifolium, Agropyron,
Medicago t Dactylis, Me!ilotus, Stipa, Agrostis, Pannisatum, Iris, Rumex, Peas, Triticum,
Barley, Bromus, Oats, Elymus, Prangos have been sown in the nursery. The seeds of
wheat, barley and peas have germinated.
3.7 Evaluation of different cultivars of oats in temperate regions.
(B. K. Misri with R. N. Choubey and S. K. Gupta)
Five new strains of oats viz.,JHO SOl,JHO-803, JHO 810, JH0815 and JHO 819 alongwith
kent as check were evaluated at the Sub station. The strain JHO 810 exhibited highest forage
production potential in comparison to all other strains. It produced 49.4% and 48.55% more
green and dry matter respectively at 50% flowering stage than the check variety kent. Data
on various herbage attributes are presented in table 56.
( 241

Table 56', Performance of some oats strains for different forage
attributes.
-
S1. Height Tiller No/ Leaf/Stem G.F.Y. DMY
No. Strain tcm) m. row ratio (q{ha)' (qjha)
1. JHO-80l 90.93 120 0.491 118.9 28.98
2, JHO-802 78.50 102 0.701 91.3 25.40
3. JHO-8l0 87.37 145 0.421 287.1 69.91
4. JHO-8lS 83.99 99 0.S49 189.3 49.17
5, JHO-819 98.93 107 0.519 136.2 27.72
6. Kent 102.23 108 0.615 192.3 47.60
-_._~-- ........
-
3,8 Evaluation of Chicory (Chichorium intybus) as a multicut fodder crop.
(B. K. Misri)
In order to determine the best time for the 'lowing of this crop two sewings were made;
one in autumn and another in spring. The sf'ring sowing showed very poor germination
(5.3%), while incase of autumn sowing the germination was 89%. This indicated that the seeds
can not withstand sub zero temperature.
S.ST.7 INTENSIFICATION OF FODDER CULTIVATION DURING WINTER IN
PADDY FALLOW AND OTHER AVAILABLE SITES IN TEMPERATE
REGIONS.
7.4 Cultivation of turnips as a multieut gap erop during winter.
(B. K. Misri)
This experiment. started in 1982, was repeated this year and the observation recorded .
C 242 ):

confirmed the results' obtained during last two years. The herbage figures

The grass component were oats (Kent) and
was 100 per cent.
Triticale. The germination in all the combinations
7.6 Intercropplng of Kale with various perennial range legumes.
(B. K. Misri)
This experiment was initiated to utilize the interspaces between the rows of perennial
legumes during winter. Since all the perennial legumes go dormont during winter the whole
land under these remains unproductive. The transplantations were made with the legumes viz,
white clover cvs. Ladino and Lousiana, red clover cvs. Montgomari, Cowgrass and Tet.ri. One
harvest was obtained during the month of February. The average yield was 158 q/ha. The
Kale plants were still surviving and the legumes have also started regeneration. It was estimated
to get another harvest from Kale in the month of April-May.
( 244 ,

PUBLICATIONS
I -
Papers published.
Azrni, M. I. (I 984). Effect of Pratylenchus zeae on seedling growth of su-bahool iLeucaena
leucocephalay ard its control with phonate. Nernatologica, 30: 105-107.
Azmi, M. I. Singh, A and Patil, B.D (1984) Csutrol of Tylenchorhyncehus vulgaris 00
caribean stylo (Stylosanthes hamata). Indian J. Nematol 14:300-201.
Azmi, M. I.
and Singh, A (1984). Pathogenicity of Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris on Aojan grass.
Cenchrus ciliaris cv. IGFRI-S-3108. Indian J. Nematol. 14: 184-185.
Bhag Mal, Patil, B. D. and Mishra, D. S. (1984). Performance of some newly developed
strains of sorghum. Sorghum Newsl. 27
Bhag Mal, Mishra, U. S. and Patil, B. D. (1984). Heterosis for fodder yield and its
components in sorghum. Sorghum Newsl. 27:9-11.
Choubey, R,N., Premchandran, M. N. and Gupta, S. K. (1984) Effect of Avena sativa
genotype JRQ 801 on chromosomal association in intel"l'pecific hybrid with Avena
magna Indian J. Cenet (accepted).
Faruqui, S. A" Pandey, K. C. and Singh, Q. P. (984) Relation of crop density and fertilizer
rates on shoottly incidences in fodder sorghum. Indian J. Plant Sci. 2 (1)
:35-38.
Gill, A. S. and Patil, B. D. (1984) Crop association studies in Leucaena under rainfed
conditions. Leu, Res. Report 5:24-25.
Gill, A. S. and Patil, B. D. (1984) Leucaena leaves as a source of manure. Leu. Res. Report
5:26.
Gill, A. S. and Patil, B. D. (I 984) Subabool for forage production under intercropping, a
new approach. Ind. Fmg. (Published)
( 245

Gupta, S.K. and Choubey, R. N. (1984) Comparison among two intrapopulation improvement
procedures for forage yield and yield attributes in pearl millst, Genet.
Agr.39:415-424
Gupta, S.K., Premchandran, M. N. and Choubey, R. N. (1984) Inheritance of a new source
of dwarfism in P~aI I millet. Z. Pfianzenzuchtg (Accepted).
Gupta, S.K. and Choubey, R. N. (1984) A selection i n Jex for high for.ige yi~ldin:s pint type
in pearl millet. Pl.m t and Nature (In press}
Gupta, V K. and Patil, B. D. (1984) A simple technique' of hand emasculation in Leucaena
leucoccphala. Leucaena Research Report. Vol. 5:29-30.
Gupta, V.K. and Paril, B, D. (1984) Performance of the Leucaena species and hybrids.
Leucaena Research Report, Vol. 5:27-28.
Hasan, N (1984) Biotoxicity of Parthemum hysterophorus L. extracts against M. incognita
and H. dilngst era. Nernatol. Mcdit 12:239-242:
Hasan, N (1984) Effect of soil amendments on fodder production, photosynthetic pigments
and i.ematodes associated with berseem. Agric. Sci. Dig. 4:12-14.
Hasan, N (1984) Toxicity of Su-Babool (L. leucocephala extract to M. incognita and
H. dibyst era. Ind. J. Nernatol, 14:179-181.
Hasan, N (1984) Increased sx-d p-oducion of cowpea with low dose of Phenamiphos
Pesticide 18:49.
Hasan, N (1984) Increased fodder production by chemical control of Pratylenchus zea
all maize. pesticides 18:48.
Hazra, C.R. and Tripathi, S. B. (I 984) Forage yield, phosphorus uptake and soil properties
as influenced by phosphate application and photosynthtically active radiation
under tree and open canopy. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci.
Jain, R and Gupta, R. K. (l984)Structure of phagopolin from Alysicarptus Iengitolius. Indian
J. Chern. 23 : 999-1000.
Kanodia, K C. (i 984) Research on tropical legumes in India- A review. Plant and Nature 2
(1):23-35.
( 246,)

Menhi Lal, Shukla, N. P. and Saxena, D. C. (1984) Studies all water use and irrigation
scheduling in mixed cropping of forage involving different canopy surfaces.
Indian J. Agron. 29 (1):68-71.
Menhi Lal, Shukla, N. P. and Saxena, D. C. (1984) Influence of different stubble heights
and soil/water management techniques on regeneration and forage yields of
oats in two cut system. Indian J. Agron 29 (2) : 156-161.
Minhas, P.S. and Gill, A. S. (1984) Forage production in sorghu;n- oats rotation as affected
by tillage and method of fertilizer application under rainfed conditions. Iaternational
J, Tropical Aglic. II (3) : 245-2'::0.
Mishra, S.N., Patil, B. D, and Sinha, N. C. (1984) Effect of molybdenum and cobalt on
morphological determinants and seed production potential of cowpea with and
. without nitrogen. Plant and Nature 2 (1) : 95-98.
Pandey, K.C., Faruqui, S. A., Arnar Singh and Pati!, B. D. (1984) Effect of various modes
and time of pollination on pod seeting in lucerne. Ind. J. Plant Sci (2) : 65-68.
Pandey, K.C., Faruqui, S, A., Amar Singh and Patil, B. D. (19841. Screening of Medicago
species for resistance to alfalfa weevil. Indian J. Agric, Sci. 54 (3) : 196-199.
Pandey, K.C.. Arnar Singh and Faruqui, S: A. (984) Sources
aphid in medico. Indian J. Genet 44: (In press)
of resistance of spotted alfalfa
Paudey, K. C. and Amar Singh (1984) Laboratory evaluation of medics for resistance to
lucerne weevil. Indian J. Genet. 44 : lin press).
Parihar, S.S. and Kanodia, K. C, (1984) Seed germination studies with Cenchrus setigerus
Vahl II Inhibition of. seed germination by spikelet Leachate a rd identifications
of inhibitions plants and Nature 2 : 71-75.
Parihar, S.S., PatiI, B. D. and Kanodia, K. C, (1984) Influence of seed weight and cornparision
of seedling growth in Cenchrusciliaris. Van vigyan 22: 20-22.
Parihar, S.S. and Pati!, B. D, (1984) Seed germination studies with Cenchrus ciliaris Ii-Isolation
and characterisation of germination inhibitions from the spikelets, Curr.
Sci. 53 : 387-388.
247 )

Parihar, S. S., Kanodia, K. C. and Singh, K. A; (1984) Effect of pH on germination of range
grasses Forage Res. 10 : 43-44,
Parihar, S. S., Kanodia, K. C. and Rai, P (1984) Effect of age (Storage) and removed of
glumes on germination of Cenchrus ciliatis Linn. Indian. J. Ecol. 11 (2) :
313-316.
Pathak, P.S., Gupta, S. K. and Deb Roy, R. (1984) Autecology of Leucaena leucocephcla Ill,
Meteroglyph analysis of seedling characteristics. J. Tree Sci. (I & 2) (15-19).
Pathak, P. S., Gupta. S. K, and Deb Roy, R (1984) Productivity of Leuraena leucocephala
on moist wasteland. J. Tree Sci. (In press).
Pathak P.S. and Gupta, S. K. (1984) Seed germination and seedling growth of Hardwickia
binat a Roxb. NFTRR, 2 : 7-8.
Patil, s.n., Premchandran, M. N., Gupta, S. K. ond Choubey, R. N. (1984) Inhibition of
hrachytic dwarfing gene in Pennisetum lyphoides (Burn) S & Hx P. pl.4rpureum
schum crosses Indian J. Genet. 44 (Accepted).
patil, B, D.
Patil, B. D.
and Gill, A. S, (1984) Shevrj-a multipurpose shrub, Ind. Fmg. (Published),
and Pathak, P.S. (1984) Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de wit; for India-Prospects
and Problems. My Forest. 20 (I) : 13-18.
Prasad, J. (1984) Note on some observations of bovine epiphora. Indian Vet. Med. J,
8:188-189.
Prasad, J, (1984) Studies on some aspects of scabies III goats and calves. Indian Vet. J.
61 :339-343.
Premceandran, M. N., Choubey, R. N. and Gupta, S. K. (1984) A spontaneous mutant with
three single pistls in Avena sativa L. Curro Sci. 44 (1) : 51.
Rai, P (1984) Pattern of vagetative growth of Dichanthium annulatum plant types.
Indian J. Eco. II (I) : 57-61.
Rai, P. and Kanodia, K. C. (1984) Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on seed production of
Macroptillum at ropurpureum (DC) Urb. cv, siratro, Ag. Res. Comrnun. Life Sci.
adv, suppl, 3 (I) 13-15.
( 248 )

Rekib, A (1984) Livestock-Fodder resource analysis for 2000 AD. Magazine, B. C, K. V,
V., Calcutta.
Roy, M. M., Pathak, P. S., Moitra, A and Deb Roy, R (1984) Seed polymorphism and
germination in Vigna unbillata. Indian J. Range Mgmt. Vol. 4 (I) (In press).
Roy, M.M" Pathak, P.S. and. Deb Roy, R (1984) Dichrostachys cinerea with special reference
to its potential on wastelands. Myforest 20 (4) : 2l3-224.
Roy, M.M., Karihaloo, J. L. and Deb Roy, R ([984) Seedling growth and performance in
some fodder Acacias at Jhansi, Journal of Tree Sciences 4 (2) (In press),
Roy, M. M., Pathak, P. S. and; D~b Roy, R (1984) Seed Scarification requirement of
Dichrostachys cinerea. J, Tree Sci. 3 (l & 2) : 243-45.
Shankarnarayan, K. A. and Rai, P (1984) Effect ot'rate and method of nitrogen and phosphorus
application on seed production in Lseilema laxum Hack. Ann. Arid Zone
28 (4) : 323-320.
Sharma, A. K. & Handa, D, P' (1984) Socio economic statistics of marginal farmers. Rural
India, J une.
Sharma, B. R. and Hazra, C. R. (1984) Response of fodder oats 'to nitrogenous fertilizer as
influenced by tillage techniques. Bull, Ind. Soc, Soil Sci. 13
Sharma, N and Gupta, R. K. (1984) Constituents of Atylcsia scarabaeiods. Fitoferopia
(In press)
Shivankar, V. J., Shri Ram and Patil, B. D. (L984) Evaluation of some insecticides against
insect pests of fodder mustard (China cabbage). J. Ent. Res. 9 (I) : 36-42.
Shivankar, V, J. and Shri Ram (l984) Estimation of insecticidal residues on lucerne J. Ent,
Res. (Accepted).
I
Shivankar, V. J. and Shri Ram (1984) Residual fate of phosphamidon and monocrotophos on
fodder mustard (China cabbage) J. Ent. Res. (Accepted)
Singh, A. P. and Rekib, A (1984) Effect of wilting and mixing berseem and oat fodders on
the fermentation pattern of silage (a laboratory study). Indian J. Animal Science
(In press).
249 )

Singh Jai, Satyanarayan, V. V. and Patil, B. D. (1984). Effect of temperature on drying rate
of grass in this layer J. Ag. Engg Vol. XX (1) ,'.
Singh, K. A. and Rai, P (1984) Response of forage Panicum species to nitrogen fertilization
on semi arid lands. Indian J. Agric. Sci 54 (5) : 382-386.
Singh, K. A., Pati!, B. D. and Rai, P (1984). Integration of forage food production through
intercropping in semi-arid region Indian J. Agron. 29 (4) : 510-515.
Singh, K. A., Menhi Lal, Dwivedi, G. K., and Kanodia, K. C. (1984) Effect of N-Nutrition
on dry matter nutrient composition and nodulation in Siratro. Forage Res. 10
(2): 1.31-134.
Singh, O. P., Singh. R. P:and S'nha, N. C. (i 984) Agrophysiological variability of barley and
selection of components associated with seed yield potential S~i.& Cult.
49: 370-72_
I.
Singh, R. P. and Sinha, N. C. (1984) Effect of irrigation frequency and poheduling on seed
yield of berseem Ind. J. Seed Research (Accepted).
Singh, R. P, and Sinha, N. C. (1984) Nature of chickory competition in Berseern. Ind. J.
Agric, Sci. (Accepted).
Sinha, N. c., Mehrotra,O. N. and .Mathur, .R. K. (1984) Physiological performance of tal1
and dwarf varieties of barley. 153: 181-185'
Sinh, N. C. and Singh, J. N. (1984) Influence of potassium deficiency aud seasonal variation
on nitrogen metabolism, respiration rate and essential oil content Plant and Soil
79 :~ 51-59.
Sinha, N. C. and Singh, R. P. (1984) Agrophysiological suitability of weedicides on moong.
Ind. J. weed Sci. (Accepted).
\
Sinha. N.C. and Singh R.P.(984)Agrophysiological selection of linuron in oat. Ind. J. Weed Sci.
(Accepted).
Shukla, G. p., PatiI, B. D. and Tripathi, S. N. (1984) Effect of gamma rays on an elite lint of
Egyptian Clover. Forage Res. 10: 51-55.
ShUKla, G. P., and Tripathi, S. N. (1984) 'Fertility studies in Egyptian clover with particular
reference to pollen stability. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 63 : 161-64.
( . 250 )

Shukla, N. P., Menhi Lal and Saxena', D. C. (1984) 'Effect ~fsoil moisture regimes on water
use and forage production by oat, barley and triticale. Indian J. Agron, 29
. (30) : 274-276..
Tripathi, S. N. and Patil, B. D. (1984) Inter specific cross between Atylosia albicansar.d
Atylosia scarabaeoides. Curr. Sci. vol. 53 No. 14: 755-757.
Tripathi, S. N .• Patil, B. D. and Shukli, G. P. (1984) Phylogenie and hybridization potentials
in Atylosia and Cajanus speciesForage Res. 10: 5-9.
Tripathi, S. N., Singh. R. A. a-id Gill, A. S. (1984) Evaluation of cowpea varieties for fcr.ige
and seed yields under different row spacings and levels of phosphate Agric, Sci.
Digest 4 l2) : '102-104.
Tripathi, S. N.; Singh, R: A, and Gill, A. S: (1984) Forage production potential of grasslegume
crop sequence. Forage Res. 10 (I) ; 45-47.
Tripathi,S. N., Singh, A. P. and Gill,' A. s, (1984) Effect of pure and mixedcropping of
pennisetum pedicellatum with forage legumes on. forage and crude protein yields;
Indian J. Agron. 29 (3) : 351-355.
Verma, N. C. and-Majumdar; A. B. (1984) Quality andfeeding value of maize as influenced
by formaldehyde treatment Indian J. Animal sc, 54 : 568-570,
Yadava, R. B. R. and Patil, B. D. (1984) Screen ing of cowdea- (Vigna unguculata.s Varieties
for drought tolerence J. Genet & pI Breeding. Germany, 93 : 259-262.
Yadava, R, B. R., PatH, B. D. and Verma, O. P. S. (1984) Seed production technology in
forage through .chernical regulants-A review. Seed Res. 12: 1-18.
Yadav, R. B. R., Verma, O. P. S. and Sastry. J. A. (1984) Response of lucerne (Madicaga
sativa L.) to planofix. Farm and Seed 9 (5) : 22-24.
Zadoc, 'S. N. (1984) Chromosomal interchange stocks in Sesbania aegyptica (PIOR)
PERS Curro Sci. 53 : 993-94.
Zadoo, S. N. (1984) Cytogenetic observations on a monosomic in Sesbania Macrocarpa
Muhl, Experientia 40 : 1414.
. ',.
Zadoo, S. N. (1984) Cytological analysis of Pennisetum Pedicellatum Trin. accessions
Cytologis (In Press).
( 251

II.
Papers presented in seminars!workshop /symposia.
Bhagmal (1984) Genetic resources for varietal improvement in fodder oats, Presented at
All India Forage Workshop held at IGFRI. Jhansi on 23-25 Sept.
Bhag Mal
(1984). Identification of promising varieties of fodder oats-a critical appraisal.
Presented at All India Forage Workshop held at IGFRI. Jhansi on 23-25 Sept.
Bhag Mal (1984). Progress Report on breeding trials conducted during 1983-84 at different
centres in Central Zone. Presented at All India Forage Workshop held at
IGFRI. Jhansi on 23-25 Sept.
Deb Roy. (I984). Top feed - an important source of fodder production under rainfed
conditions, Proc, workshop on Forage Production Tec.hnology, IGFRI, Jhansi
22-29 August.
Deb Roy,_ R (1984) Importance of trees/shrubs and their suitability for various agrc--climatic
regions of our country. Xth Annual Workshop on AICRP (Forage Crops)
IGFRI, Jhansi 23-25 Sept.
Handa, D.P., Hazra, C. R., Sood, R. M. (1984) WeatJ:er analysis and climatological characterisation
in Jalaun district of Bundelkhand, India Society of Ag. Statistics New
Delhi, December.
Gill, A. S'. (1984) Foroge production under various cropping systems. Workshop-cum­
Seminar on Fodder Production Technology held at IGFRI, Jhansi 22-29
August.
Gill, A. S. (1984) Studies on agro-forestry system. Workshop-cum-seminar on Fodder
Production Technology held at IGFRI, Jhansi, 22-29 August.
Gill, A. S. (1984) Seed production problems in forage crops. Workshop-cum-seminar on
Fodder production Technology held at IGFRI, Jhansi, 22-29 August,
Hazra, C. R. and Patil, B. D. (1984) Role of Subabool in Agroforestry system. Seminar on
(Alternate Land use in Dryland): 18-21 December at CRIDA, Hyderabad,
Kanodia, K.C. (1984). Pasture and its development, Presented at (Workshop-cum-seminar
on Forage production technology under irrigated and rainfed conditions) held at
IGFRI, Jhansi. 22-29 August,
252 )

Menhi Ln.1
Menhi Lal'
Patil', B. D.
;'
(1984). Water management in forage crops. workshop-cum-semlnar on Forage
Production Technology held IGFRI, Jhansi, 22-29 August.
(1984). Forage production in desert soils. workshop-cum-seminar on Fodder
Production Technology held at IGFRI, 22-29 August.
and Bhagmal (1984). Concepts in Plant ideotype development for agro-forestry
Presented at Group meeting of All India Coordinated Research Project on
Agro-Forestry held at IGFRI; Jhansi, 3-4 April'
Pahwa, M,R. and Pati!, B D. (1'98A) Response of forage crops to Azospirillium brasilense
inoculation. Golden Jubilee and 49th Annual Convention, Seminar on Soil
Resources and Productivity hel I atIa Rl, New Delhi, 7-10 Dxember.
Pahwa, M.R. (1984). Soil Microbiology in relation to for ige crops.
on Fodder' Production Technology under irrigated
IGFRI, Jhansi, 22-29 August.
Workshop-cum-seminar
and rainfed conditions,
Pahwa, M.,R. (1984) Natural nodulation growth'and herbage productivity of some perennial
tree legumes in different soils. Group meeting of Ali India Coordinated Research
Project on Agroforestry, IGFRI, Jhansi, 4-5 April,
Pahwa, M.R. (1984) Effect of different, rhizobial cultures of nodulation growth and herbage
yield of Subabool. Group meeting of AIl India Coordinated Research Project
on Agroforestry, IGFRI, Jhansi:
Shri Ram and Shivaikar, V. J. (19lf4) R-odent problem in North-Eastern Region and its
management National symposium on Impact of Non-insect pests and predators
on food production and enviornrn ent, Held at NRL., New Delhi, 19-14
March.
Shulka, N. P. (1984) Forage production under water Jogged. Workshop-cum-seminar on
fodder production technology held at IGFRI, Jhansi. 22-29 August.
Singh, A, P. and Rekib, A (1984) Feeding value of grass silage prepared with different levels
of Urea, Seminar organised by animal Nutrition Society of India.
Singh, Jai (1984), Statm paper on Agricultural Engineering Research, Development and
Testing Programme of IGFRI, Jhansi, Head of Engineering divisions meeting
held at ICAR, Krishi Bhavan. New Delhi, 20-21 March.
( 253 )

Singh, O. P. and Singh, R. P. (1984) Effect of N levels and seed rates on seed production of
oats under late sown conditions, Symposium (Agronomy 2000 AD looking
ahead).
Tripathi, S.N. (1984). Package of practices for important fodder crops, Workshop-cum-seminar
on Fodder Production Technology held at IGFRI, Jhansi, 22-29 August.
Gupta, J. N., Gupta, S. R., Singh, U. P., and Dixit, O. P., (1984) Forage Plant Introduction
Reporter series E-I, IGFRI. pp 71.
Gupta, J. N , Gupta, S. R. Singh U. P., and Dixit, O. P., (1984) Forage
Reporter (1980-83) Series CR-2, IGFRI. pp. 10.
Plant Introduction"
Hazra, C. R. and Kurothe. R. S. (1984) Master Plan of Watershed Tejpura-IGFRI (Memio)
Patil, B. D., Faruqui S. A., Hazra, C. R., Tyagi, R. K.., Pathak, P. S. and Srivastava, A. K,
(1984) A Core peoject on approach for fuel-forage production system for
community grazing lands of Shivpuri district. (Mernio}.
PatH, B. D.,
Faruqui, S. A., Hazra, C. R:, Tyagi, R. K., Pathak, P. S. and Srivastava, A.K.,
(1984). Core project on appro ach for fuel-forage production system for
community grazing lands of Guna district (Mernio).
PatH B, D. and Hazra, C. R. (1984), Village community grazing area-its management and
improvement for the f:Jrage and fuel production for the common benifit of the
villagers. (Mernio)
Patil, B. D.. Hazra, C. R" Deb Roy. R and Gill A. S. (1984). Agroforestry-a compilation
of Institute based research with an accent on fodder-fuel-fertilizer producing
biomass IGFRI, Jhansi (Mernio).
254 )

Director
B. D. Patii, Ph. D.
I. Scientific
Division of plant Improvement
APPENDIX-I
LIST OF STAFF
(as on 31, December, 1984)
R. B. R. Yadav, Ph. D.• S-3 (Plant Physiology) & Head of Division
Bhagmal, ph. D, S-3 (Plant Breeding)
S. R. Gupta, Ph. D , S-2 (Economic Botany)
S. T. Ahmed, Ph. D., S-2 (Plant Pathology)
C. B. Singh, M.Sc., S-2 (Plant Breeding)
S. K. Gupta; Ph. D., S-2 (Plant Breedingj
R. N. Choubey, Ph. p., S-2 (Plant Breeding)
n. S. Katyar, M. Sc., S-2 (Plant Breeding)
G. P. Shukla, Ph. D., S-2 (Plant Breeding)
S. N. Zadoo, Ph. D., S-2 (Genetics & Cytogentics)
S. N. Tripathi, Ph. D., S-2 (Genetics & Cytogenetics)
M. G. Gupta, Ph. D., S-2 (Genetics & Cytogenetics)
S. A. Faruqui, Ph. D., S-2 (Entomology)
K. C. Pandey, M. Sc., S-2 (Entomology)
M. I. Azmi, Ph. D., S-2 (Nematology)
R, K. Jain, M. sc., S-2 (Nematology)
N. Hassan, Ph. D., S-2 (Nema tology)
K. S. Kohli, Ph. D., S-l (Plant Breeding)
o P. Dixit. M. Sc., S-1 (Plant Breeding)
r
D. N. Singh, Ph. D., S-1 (Plant Breeding)
U. S. Mishra, M. Sc., s-t (Plant Breeding)
M. N. Premachandran, M. sc., S-1 (Genetics & Cyto Genetics)
R. B. Bhaskar, M. Sc., S-1 (Plant Pathology)
Arun Kumar, Ph. D.-, S-1 (Plant Pathology)
H. K. Joshi, M. Sc., S-1 (Plant Pathology)
O. P. S. Verma, M. se., S-1 (Plant Physiology)
J. N. Gupta, Ph. D., S-1 (Economic Botany)
U. P. Singh, M. Sc., s-i (Economic Botany)

Division of Agronomy
A. S; Gill, M. Sc., S-3 (Agronomy) & Head of Division
Menhi Lal, Ph. D., S-3 (Agronomy)
Shivaji Prasad, M. Sc., S-2 (Agronomy)
N, P.. Shukla, M. Sc., S-2 (Agronomy)
Fateh Singh, M. Sc., S-2 (Agronomy)
M. S: Raut, M. Sc., S-l (Agronomy)
S. N. Tripathi, M. sc., 8-1 (Agronomy)
R. S. Kurothe, M. Sc., 8-1 (Soil & Water Conservation)
Division of Soil Science
C. R. Hazra, Ph. D., S-3 (Soil Science) & Head of Division
N. D. Mannikar, Ph. D., S-4 (Soil Science)
C. R. Rawat, M. se. 8-2 (Agronomy)
Dashrath Singh, Ph. D.,
S-2 (Soil Science)
M. R. Mahwa, Ph. D., S-2 (Soil Microbiology)
B. R. Sharma, Ph. D., S-2 (Soil Science)
R. K. Tyagi, Ph. D., S-2 (Geography)
O. P. 8. Panwar, M. sc., S-l (Soil Science)
S. B. Tripathi, M. SC" S-1 (Soil Science)
I. Y. L. N. Murthy, M. Sc., s-i (Agriculture Chemistry)
Mrs. N. Kewalramani, Ph. D., 8-1 (Animal Nutrition)
P. B. Modwell, M. se. S-1 (Physics)
Division of Grassland Management
K. C. Kanodia, Ph. D., 8-3 (Economic Botany) & Head of Division
P. K. Jayan, Ph. D., S-2 (Economic Botany)
B. K. Trivedi, Ph. D.,S-2 (Economic Botany)
P. Rai. Ph. D., S-2 (Agronomy)
K. A. Singh, M. sc, S-2 (Agronomy)
G. K. Dvivedi, M. Sc., S-1 (Agronomy)
S. S. Parihar, M. sc., S-1 (Economic Botany)
Division of Agrosilvipasture
R. Deb Roy, M. se., 8-4 (Economic Botany) & Head of Division
P. S. Pathak, Ph. D.,S-3 (EconomicBotany)
D. 8. Chauhan, Ph. D., 8-3 (Agronomy)
V. K. Gupta, Ph. D., 8-2 (Plant Breeding)
( II )

R. C. Singh, M. Sc., S-2 (Agronomy)
M. M. Roy, M. Sc., S-l (Economic Botany)
s. K. Gupta, M. Sc., S-l (Economic Botany)
T. A. Khan, M. se., S-l (Statistics)
Division of Seed Technology
R. P. Singh, Ph. D., S-3 (Agronomy) & Head of Division
Shree Ram, Ph. D., S-3 (Entomology)
o P. Singh, Ph. D., S-2 (Agronomy)
P. N. Mathur, Ph. D., S-2 (Plant Breeding)
S. N. Singh, Ph. D., S-2 (Plant Pathology)
N. C. Sinha, P:l. D., S-2 (Plant Physiology)
K. P. Niranjan, M. Sc , S-l (Agronomy)
K. P. Singh; M. sc , S-l (Genetics)
V. J. Shivankar, Ph. D., S-l (Entomology)
S. M. Mishra, Ph. D., S-l (Soil Science)
Division of WEe
T. R. Dutta, Ph. D" S-5 (Plant Physiology)
R. K. Pandey, M. Sc., S-2 (Agronomy)
Division of PAR
R. K. Gupta, Ph. D., S-4 (Organic Chemistry) & Head of of Division.
A. Rekib, Ph. D., S-4 (Animal Nutrition)
V. C. Pachauri, Ph. D., S-3 (Animal NUtrition)
P. Kumar, Ph. D. S-3 (Animal Nutrition)
A. P. Singh, Ph. D., S-3 (Agriculture Chemistry)
S. C. Gupta, M. Sc , S-2 (Analytical Chemistry)
V. S. Upadhyay, M. Sc" S-2 (LPM)
J. p. Varshney, M. V. sc.• S-2 (Veternary Medicine)
R. S Upadhyay, M. V. se., S-2 (Animal Nutrition)
N. C. Verma, M. sc., S-2 (LPM)
A. B. Majumdar, M. ·SC., S-2 (Bio Chemistry)
S. Rangaswami, M. sc., S-l (Organic Chemistry)
L. K. Karnani, M. se., S-1 (Agriculture Chemistry)
K. S. Ramachandra, Ph. D., s-r (Animal Nutrition)
J. N. Sebastien, M. Sc., S-l (Organic Chemistry)
B. K. Bhadoria, M. se., S-1. (Organic Chemistry)
Division of Agricul ture Engineering.
Jai Singh, Ph. D., S-4 (Agriculture St. & rroc. Engg.)
R. B. Vershney, B. Tech., S-2 (Soil Water Engg.)
( iii.

J. K. Singh, M. Tech., S-1 (F. M. P.)
J. M. Sood, M. Tech., S-1 (S.W.E.)
Division of REB
D. P. Handa. M. A., S-2(Stat.) & Head of Division
P. R. Sreenath, M. A., Dip. Agriculture Stat. S-3 (Statistics)
I. P. S. Yadav, M. se., S-2 (Economics)
Mallayaswami, M. A" S-1 (Economics)
A. K. Sharma, M. A., S-1 (Ecenomics)
Ram Ashrey Singh. M. A.,.S-1 (Economics)
Ashok Kumar, M. SC" S-1 (Statistics)
R. M. Sood M. sc , S-O (Statistics)
Inder Singh, M. Sc.,S-O (Statistics)
Division of Extension
M. R. Lokhande, Ph. D., S-3 (Ex tn.) & Head of Division
W; L. Barwad, M. se., S-2 (Entomology)
H. L. Gazbhie, M. Sc .• S-2 (Entomology)
Dalaur Singh, M. Sc., 8-1 (Extn)
Maharaj Singh, M. Sc., S-1 (Extn)
Forage Project
Khubi Singh, M. A., S-1 (Statistics)
S. D. Gupta, M. se., (Ag) S-O (Agronomy)
Sub-Station Manasbal (J &K)
B.K. Misri, Ph. D., S-2 (Economic Botany) & lie Sub-Station
II. Technical
A. K; Srivastava, Sr. Technical Assistant
M. M. Rastogi, Sr. Library Assistant
C. B. Mishra, Photographer-cum-Artist
H. B. Dhingra, Land Surveyor
S. K. Rajpali, sr, Te::hnical Assistant
Mahavir Singh, Farm Assistant
III Administrative
A. S. Bhati, Administrative Officer
J. K. Kewalramani, Administrative Officer
R. S. Chauhan, Superintendent
H. C. Saxena, Superintendent
IV. Auxilliary
V. K. Litoria, Jr. Medical Officer
( iv )

APPENDIX-II
Statement showing the total number of employees in the Institute and the number of Scheduled
Castes/Scheduled 'I'ribes amongst them as on 31st July, 1984.
S. No. Class of posts Total number of Total number of Total number of Total number of Remarks.
posts sanctioned employees in S/C among them SIT among them
(Viable) position.
1. Scientific posts
Scientist S-O 7
7
1
- In rolling plan
Scientist S-1 81
53
5
- some of the posts
Scientist S-2 46
33
2
1 which could not
Scientist S-3 13
13
- remain viable during
2. Technical posts:
Vth plan could
Category I 49
29
9
2 not be considered
Category II 34
18
4
- as sanctioned, and
Category III 4
continuing. The
3. Administrative posts
same had been
SAO/AD/Accounts Officer etc. 4
2
- reflected in VIth
AAO/Supdt/Supt (A&A) 7
2
- Plan proposa1s
Assistant 9
5
2
- and these could
Stenographers (Sr. and Jr.) 15
6
- not be non-plan
Senior Clerks 27
25
7
2 posts.
Junior Clerks 17
14
4
4; Supporting staff
Grade IV 7
Grade III 13
Grade II 26
Grade I 119
2
10
16
38
1
6
15
1
5. Supporting staff (Safaiwala) 7
7
7
6. AuxilIary posts 15
15
4