7. Floral Resource Utilization by Stingless Bees (Apidae, Meliponini)

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Name /sv04/24167_u07 10/27/04 05:27PM Plate # 0-Composite pg 82 # 10 82 T. Nagamitsu and T. Inoue 2 Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Exp. 3 0.8 1 0.4 T. fimbriata 0 3 0 6 8 2 1 4 2 4 A. koschevnikovi 0 3 0 8 0 2 Visitation rate / min 2 1 0 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 4 0 1 1 0 1 T. laeviceps T. apicalis T. melina 1 0 0 4 0.5 2 T. ventralis 0 3 0 0.4 2 1 1 0.2 T. melanocephala 0 0 0 3 16 25 35 1 25 50 1 19 35 Height (m) Figure 7.4. Rates of visitation to feeders at different heights by six Trigona species and a honeybee, Apis koschevnikovi. Results of three experiments are shown. 1 0 1
Name /sv04/24167_u07 10/27/04 05:27PM Plate # 0-Composite pg 83 # 11 7. Floral Resource Utilization by Stingless Bees 83 HL PL GL HW T. thoracica CW WL TL PL T. erythrogastra GL T. itama -60 -40 -20 20 40 T. nitidiventris T. melina T. canifrons T. apicalis WL T. fimbriata TL 20 10 HL -10 -20 -30 0 T. moorei T. ventralis T. terminata CW HW T. melanoleuca T. collina T. rufibasalis T. laeviceps T. fuscobalteata T. melanocephala Figure 7.5. Morphological measurements and canonical discriminant analysis by seven morphological characters, head width (HW), head length (HL), prementum length (PL), glossa length (GL), clypeal width (CW), wing length (WL), and tibial length (TL). Circles indicate bees on first two canonical variables (C1 and C2); arrows indicate vectors for standardized coefficients for all seven characters (after Nagamitsu and Inoue 1998). C2 C1 tioning within a patch. There are two mechanisms for the temporal partitioning between more aggressive and less aggressive species, which was proposed from studies on Meliponini in Costa Rica (Johnson and Hubbell 1975; Hubbell and Johnson 1978; Johnson 1981). One mechanism is that more aggressive species monopolize rich resources, while less aggressive species that are excluded from the rich resources use relatively poor ones. We observed such partitioning within a flower patch, in which the nectar production rate changed during a day (Nagamitsu and Inoue 1997b). Flowers of a Santiria laevigata opened early in the morning, and the nectar production rate peaked around noon (see Fig. 7.6). Thirteen Trigona species visited the flowers of this tree, and seven of them were abundant. One species, T. canifrons, foraged aggressively and visited most frequently when nectar production peaked. Trigona canifrons excluded three Heterotrigona species from the flowers at midday but did not greatly affect the Lepidotrigona. Although it is not clear why Lepidotrigona were more tolerant to aggression than Heterotrigona, the foraging method observed in the Lepidotrigona species was the same as ‘insinuation’ (Johnson 1982). The other mechanism for temporal resource partitioning results from a tradeoff between finding and defending a resource. This trade-off results in temporal partitioning, in that early-coming, less aggressive species are replaced with latecoming, more aggressive species. To examine this trade-off, we observed ag- 1 0 1
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7. Floral Resource Utilization by Stingless Bees (Apidae, Meliponini)

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