7. Floral Resource Utilization by Stingless Bees (Apidae, Meliponini)

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Name /sv04/24167_u07 10/27/04 05:27PM Plate # 0-Composite pg 86 # 14 86 T. Nagamitsu and T. Inoue true in LHNP, nest density would track the fluctuation of floral resources. To examine change in nest density, we surveyed subterranean Trigona nests (which are located reliably) within the 8 ha Canopy Biology Plot. We found 14 nests of five Trigona species, which were naturally aggregated at the bases of large trees on ridges (see Fig. 7.8). This distribution agreed with observations in Brunei and Sabah (Roubik 1996a; Eltz et al. 2001) but contrasted to uniform patterns of nest dispersion observed in Costa Rica (Hubbell and Johnson 1977). Our observed nest density ranged from 1.1 to 1.6 ha -1 during 1992 and 1996. This nest density is similar to those in continuous forest habitats in Borneo, Danum Valley, and Deramakot in Sabah (0.0 to 2.1 ha -1 ) (Eltz et al. 2001) and Belalong in Brunei (1.2 ha -1 170 170 160 190 E1 F1-2 Tower 2 160 180 160 170 180 200 Walkways D1-3 Nests 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 C1 D1 D2 D3 E1 F1 F2 190 180 170 A1-5 B1-2 Tower 1 160 C1 20 m 160 150 N 160 160 170 Species T. collina T. collina T. collina T. collina T. melanocephala T. collina T. thoracica T. rufibasalis T. collina T. collina T. melina T. rufibasalis T. collina T. collina Figure 7.8. Spatial distribution of subterranean Trigona nests in Canopy Biology plot and their active periods (1992–96). 1 0 1
Name /sv04/24167_u07 10/27/04 05:27PM Plate # 0-Composite pg 87 # 15 7. Floral Resource Utilization by Stingless Bees 87 Trigona nests at ground level) (Roubik 1996a). The nest density increased immediately after GF. The increase, however, was slight compared to the fluctuation of floral resource harvest in GF and non-GF intervals. Although nest density increased only slightly, forager returns to nests of four Trigona species were 1.4 to 4.8 times more frequent in 1996 than in 1994 (see Fig. 7.9; Nagamitsu and Inoue 2002). The increase in forager returns was probably due to worker population growth of each colony during GF in 1996. The proportion of nectar and pollen foragers did not differ statistically between 1994 and 1996, because of large variation in these variables within a year. This result suggests that allocation of foragers to nectar and pollen collection responds to resource fluctuation in temporal scales much shorter than GF to non-GF cycles. Frequency of forager returns (min-1) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1994 1996 A) 15 May - 23 June B) 4 - 13 August C) 19 August - 19 September A1 B1 D1 C1 A5 D3 Nests Figure 7.9. Frequency of forager returns to six subterranean Trigona nests. Nests codes are as in Figure 7.8. Observations were conducted in three periods (A, B, and C) in 1994 (open circles) and 1996 (closed circles). Lines connect observations at 07:30 (left), 10: 30 (center) and 14:30 (right); after Nagamitsu and Inoue (2002). 1 0 1
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7. Floral Resource Utilization by Stingless Bees (Apidae, Meliponini)

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