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T TOEFL-Listening 2005.10.13 1:30 PM Page 185<br />
<strong>Transcripts</strong>
T TOEFL-Listening 2005.10.13 1:30 PM Page 186<br />
<strong>Transcripts</strong><br />
Note: Highlighting indicates a repeated listening sample.<br />
Chapter 1<br />
W: Thanks! OK... it’s 9.1 centimeters tall and 5 centimeters wide.<br />
Just what I need!<br />
Skill A<br />
01 Campus Life<br />
M: I’m worried about my girlfriend.<br />
W: Why is that<br />
M: She thinks she’s too fat.<br />
W: Is she<br />
M: No, but she keeps skipping meals. Then, she only eats chips<br />
and drinks cola.<br />
W: I used to do that. It’s called binging. It was no fun!<br />
M: Why did you stop doing it<br />
W: Well, my doctor told me to eat when I’m hungry. She said, “Eat<br />
till you’re full or you’ll eat too much later.” She said a lot of girls<br />
ruin their health this way.<br />
M: Did she say what to eat<br />
W: She said, “Eat fruit, vegetables, meats, and grains. Have regular<br />
meals and snacks. Get exercise, too.”<br />
02 Music History<br />
M: We know that Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770 in<br />
Bonn, Germany, but we are uncertain of the month. Beethoven<br />
wrote hundreds of songs. One of his most famous is his Fifth<br />
Symphony. The first four notes go like this: dah dah dah da!<br />
Almost everyone recognizes them.<br />
He was the first to use trombones in a symphony. At age 28,<br />
he began to go deaf. Yet, he kept on writing and conducting.<br />
He never got married. But after he died, friends found some<br />
love letters. We don’t know who he wrote them to. Beethoven<br />
died in 1827.<br />
03 Biology<br />
W: OK...let’s talk about animals we don’t see in the winter. Many<br />
animals hibernate during the cold months of the year. Basically,<br />
they go to sleep. Some animals hibernate in holes in the<br />
ground. Others sleep in caves, under bushes, or at the base of<br />
trees. Bears hibernate. So do cold-blooded animals, like frogs<br />
and snakes.<br />
When animals are hibernating, it seems like they’re dead. They<br />
have slow heartbeats, and they almost stop breathing. They<br />
have stored extra energy and fat to keep them alive. By the end<br />
of winter, they are very weak. They must eat soon after waking<br />
up.<br />
04 Campus Life<br />
M: Hey Julie, what’s up<br />
W: Hi, Brian. Taking a break from studying. I’m surfing the Internet<br />
for an MP3 player.<br />
M: Do you like the iPod<br />
W: Yes, but I need a really small one.<br />
M: Oh, it’s small!<br />
W: Really Someone told me it holds 5,000 songs!<br />
M: It’s 3.6 inches tall and two inches wide. I have one.<br />
W: What’s that in centimeters<br />
M: The math textbook says one inch is 2.54 centimeters.<br />
W: OK, so first I need to multiply 3.6 by 2.54.<br />
M: Here! Use my calculator.<br />
05 Anthropology<br />
W: Track and Field events happened long before they became a<br />
sport. The San people in Africa are one example. They still hold<br />
what’s called a “Persistence” hunt. The men find the tracks of an<br />
antelope herd. They find the antelope and follow them for<br />
several days and nights. During this time, they study the animals<br />
and choose one.<br />
Then, the hunt begins. Only the fastest runner will go after the<br />
chosen animal. He and the animal may run for as long as eight<br />
hours. If the hunter “persists,” the deer will finally get tired and<br />
fall. Then, he’ll slaughter it.<br />
06 Business Writing<br />
W: When you’re writing a business letter, it’s important to be specific.<br />
That is, tell the reader exactly what he or she needs to know. If<br />
something is wrong, list what the problem is and what should be<br />
done to fix it. If you need information, state clearly what you want<br />
to know. Next, um, be positive. Say “no” in a good way.<br />
M: How can we do that<br />
W: Use polite language. For example, “we regret to inform you<br />
that...” or “we’re sorry, but...” Always keep in mind this<br />
golden rule: write the kind of business letter that YOU would<br />
like to receive.<br />
07 Campus Life<br />
M: Come on Holly, we’re going to be late.<br />
W: For what<br />
M: Today’s the day of the parking-space lottery. I want to see if I get<br />
a parking space for next year.<br />
W: What! You mean if they choose your number, you get a place<br />
to park your car<br />
M: Yes. Parking is very limited. Only a few students can bring their<br />
cars. And freshmen are never allowed to park on campus.<br />
W: If your number is chosen, do you get to park for free<br />
M: No. It costs $120 a year.<br />
W: So, you’re hoping to win the privilege of paying money<br />
M: Yes. Now, come on!<br />
08 English<br />
W: Professor Smith, I forget many English words. What’s a good<br />
technique to remember them<br />
M: Try using index cards. Uh, small pieces of heavy paper.<br />
W: What do I do<br />
M: On the front of the card, write the new word. On the back,<br />
write a definition of the word at the top...in English.<br />
W: In English<br />
M: Yes. No native language! Then, divide the bottom part of the back<br />
into two halves. On the left, write a correct English sentence using<br />
the word. On the right, draw some kind of picture...anything that<br />
helps you remember the word.<br />
W: Then what<br />
M: Review the cards every day.<br />
186 <strong>Transcripts</strong>
T TOEFL-Listening 2005.10.13 1:30 PM Page 187<br />
Skill B<br />
01 Geography<br />
W: Another name for the South Pole is Antarctica. This is a<br />
continent, but no people live there. There’s a good reason for this.<br />
It’s the coldest, windiest place on Earth. The lowest temperature<br />
ever measured was in Antarctica. Minus 88 degrees celsius!<br />
Ninety-eight percent of the ground is permanently frozen, and the<br />
continent contains 87 percent of the world’s ice. Antarctica’s<br />
only human occupants are scientists. They go there to learn<br />
how Antarctica used to be millions of years ago, when it was<br />
located at the equator. Antarctica used to be connected to<br />
Australia, before all the continents on the planet shifted.<br />
02 Campus Life<br />
W: Hey Joe, where are you going Are you on your way to class<br />
M: No. I’m on my way to the recreation center to play basketball.<br />
Want to come<br />
W: I can’t. I’m not a member.<br />
M: If you’re a full-time student, membership is included in your<br />
tuition. Do you have your student ID card<br />
W: Yeah. Does that mean I can use any part of the rec center<br />
M: Yes. You can use the swimming pool, the gym, the weight<br />
room...anything you want. All you need to do is show your ID<br />
card at the door.<br />
W: Hey, cool. I’ll come with you.<br />
03 Literature<br />
M: If a play makes you laugh, it’s a comedy. Comedies have humorous<br />
characters and happy endings. A good example of a comedy is<br />
Shakespeare’s classic Much Ado About Nothing. Another popular<br />
style is called tragedy. Tragedies usually tell how a hero ruins his<br />
life, falling from good fortune to bad fortune because of a<br />
“tragic flaw” in character. One example is the play Ghosts, by<br />
Henrik Ibsen. Um, modern years have produced a third style,<br />
called tragicomedy. In tragicomedies, the play seems as though<br />
it will end in tragedy but instead has a humorous or unclear<br />
ending. An example is Saint Joan, by George Bernard Shaw.<br />
04 Physics<br />
W: It’s a beautiful blue sky today. Ever wonder why it’s blue It’s<br />
because the sun’s rays scatter, or spread out, as they enter the<br />
Earth’s atmosphere. Blue rays are scattered most; they seem to<br />
be all over the sky. Yellow rays are scattered less. This is why the<br />
sun looks yellow most of the time. But, after sunrise and just<br />
before sunset, the sun looks red. Why Because then the rays<br />
must travel a longer path into the atmosphere. More of the blue<br />
and yellow rays are scattered. The red rays are scattered the<br />
least. So, they come through in the largest numbers.<br />
05 Campus Life<br />
M: Hi, Ms. Jansen. Can we keep Romeo and Juliet in our dorm room<br />
W: What on Earth...!<br />
M: They’re our pet hermit crabs!<br />
W: Oh, poor crabs! Don’t you think they’d be happier on the beach<br />
M: Well, at the store they were squished into a little box. We<br />
thought they’d be happier with us. We let them out when<br />
we’re home. We give them baths too!<br />
W: I see. Do you know what to feed them<br />
M: There’s free Internet information --- The Hermit Crab Association.<br />
They help crabs in captivity. And we will take them back to a<br />
beach someday.<br />
06 University 101<br />
M: As we study in university, we find we have a lot of reading. It’s very<br />
productive to learn how to read faster. To do this, you need to<br />
know how fast you read now. I’ll show you a quick test to find out.<br />
But before I do, let me say this.<br />
In this test, it’s important to understand what you have read.<br />
Rushing to beat the clock is pointless. You won’t enjoy the reading<br />
or understand it well. You’ll also get a false measure of your<br />
reading speed. When you finish, you should try to see what you<br />
remember.<br />
07 Health<br />
W: We all know that we can get Vitamin D from sunshine. Long<br />
winters make it hard to get enough. People who don’t get<br />
outside often don’t get enough either. Without Vitamin D, we<br />
may develop weak bones and teeth. We can get certain kinds of<br />
cancer more easily, too. Few foods other than fish naturally have<br />
much Vitamin D, so it’s important to get some sunshine every<br />
day. But be careful. Too much can cause skin cancer. Notice what<br />
most animals that live outside all the time do. They are most<br />
active during the hours before sunrise and after sunset.<br />
08 Campus Life<br />
W: Ha ha! Hey Trevor, check this out!<br />
M: I’m trying to study here!<br />
W: Oh, sorry. But this is really funny.<br />
M: What is<br />
W: This article about strange inventions.<br />
M: Like what<br />
W: Well, one guy invented a ladder for spiders. It’s a rubber strip<br />
you can put on the side of your bathtub.<br />
M: Ha! Yeah What else<br />
W: A portable seat. You carry it around your waist like a big cushion.<br />
M: Ha! That’s really stupid.<br />
W: Here’s the best one: A car license plate that tells if the driver’s<br />
a man or a woman.<br />
M: I like that one. Then I could stay away from women drivers.<br />
W: Yeah... Hey!<br />
Skill C<br />
01 Campus Life<br />
M: I’m interested in your course on Indian culture. Can you tell me<br />
about it, please<br />
W: Certainly. The course is eight weeks long. There will be a mid-term<br />
examination, a final exam, and two essays.<br />
M: How do you determine the grades<br />
W: The final will account for 30 percent of your mark. The mid-term<br />
is 15 percent, the first essay is 10 percent, and the second essay<br />
is 30 percent.<br />
M: Let’s see. 30, 15, 10, 30...that’s only 85 percent.<br />
W: The other 15 percent is based on your attendance and participation<br />
in the class.<br />
M: It sounds interesting. I think I’ll take it.<br />
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02 English<br />
W: One of the most effective ways to increase your vocabulary is<br />
through newspapers. They are cheap, and they have a wide<br />
variety of words. When you read an English newspaper, make<br />
a list of eight to ten words you don’t know. Look them up in a<br />
dictionary. Then add them to your vocabulary notebook. If you<br />
learn eight new words each day, you will be learning new<br />
words faster than the average American.<br />
M: Professor<br />
W: Yes<br />
M: How can we remember the words after we write them<br />
W: Spend 15 minutes each day reviewing words from the previous<br />
day. You’ll be surprised how fast you learn.<br />
03 Campus Life<br />
W: I really like art! Especially paintings.<br />
M: Really Do you have a favorite one<br />
W: Yes, Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci.<br />
M: What do you like about it<br />
W: Her smile. If you look closely, it seems she’s not smiling at all.<br />
Look again, she’s smiling! So many artists try to copy that smile.<br />
M: It must be hard to paint something so beautiful.<br />
W: Did you ever notice that she doesn’t have any eyebrows<br />
M: Really No! I never noticed. I wonder why<br />
W: Girls in that time shaved their eyebrows. I just read it in our art<br />
history textbook.<br />
M: Hey! That’s cool. Nowadays, she’d have an eyebrow ring!<br />
04 Anthropology<br />
M: In North America, the best weavers are a group of people called<br />
the Pueblo --- that’s P-U-E-B-L-O. The Pueblo have been weaving<br />
clothes, baskets, and blankets since at least 1000 BC. At first,<br />
they used their fingers to weave together vegetable fibers and<br />
animal hair. In the first century AD, they began growing cotton.<br />
About this time, they also started using a loom --- a kind of, um,<br />
machine that helped them weave the cotton into cloth more<br />
quickly and easily. By the year 1600, the Pueblos had sheep, so<br />
they began weaving wool, using the same methods they had<br />
used for weaving cotton.<br />
05 Campus Life<br />
M: Have you heard about Mexican turtles disappearing<br />
W1: Yes. It’s because they lay their eggs on the beach, right<br />
M: Yeah, and people eat the eggs. But my professor said there’s a<br />
plan to save them.<br />
W1: What is it<br />
M: I don’t know, but he gave us a phone number.<br />
W1: Let’s call!<br />
M: OK, here goes...<br />
W2: Hello, Environmental Protection Hotline. How may I help you<br />
M: I’d like to find out about the program to save Mexican turtles.<br />
W2: Yes, of course. I can send you something to read or you can<br />
look at our website, www.enviro.com.<br />
M: Thanks! I’ll look at the website.<br />
W2: Thanks for calling!<br />
06 Physics<br />
W: And now, the winner of this year’s science fair, Choi Min-Soo!<br />
Min-Soo, tell everyone about your work.<br />
M: Thank you! Let me tell you about my “white noise” machine.<br />
Does noise ever annoy you or keep you awake Well, we can<br />
lessen noise by using “white noise.” Think of water. Think of<br />
sending one big wave toward another coming in. My machine<br />
does that with sound. It can tell how much noise is coming in,<br />
then send back “white noise.” You don’t hear it, but it shuts<br />
out the noise! I hope that my machine will help those who<br />
need quiet. Thank you!<br />
07 Health<br />
M: Acupuncture is a way of treating sick people. The Chinese<br />
developed it over 2,500 years ago, and it is still used today. In<br />
acupuncture, small metal needles are inserted into spots on the<br />
human body. There are 787 of these spots. Each one is connected<br />
to a special body part or system. If, um, your ear hurts, for<br />
example, the doctor will put needles into all the spots connected<br />
with your ear. The needles don’t hurt because they don’t go in<br />
very far. Sometimes the doctor runs an electric current through<br />
the needles. We don’t understand exactly why this helps people.<br />
08 Math<br />
W: Geometry is the study of points. Now, a point is a small dot, like<br />
a period at the end of a sentence. If we have two points, we<br />
know that there can be other points between them. There can<br />
also be a line. The line is continuous. It has no space between<br />
each point. Part of a line, with points at each end, is called a<br />
line segment. Two line segments can be the same length. We<br />
call these line segments congruent. That just means the line<br />
segments are equal in length.<br />
Chapter 1<br />
Skill Review<br />
A-C<br />
01 Campus Life<br />
W: What should I do to prepare for my exams I have some old<br />
exams from last year. Do you think it’s a good way to study<br />
M: Yes, it can help. Being familiar with the way the test is made up is<br />
beneficial. You may be less anxious at exam time. First, quickly<br />
look over all the material you’ve studied. Then decide which<br />
things you need the most work on. Then use questions from<br />
the exams to practice.<br />
W: Great! I should just memorize all the answers!<br />
M: No, I don’t think that’s a good idea. Questions on the new exam<br />
will probably be different. You need a strong understanding of<br />
the material. Memorizing won’t replace a thorough knowledge<br />
of the subject.<br />
W: I guess that’s probably true. So, what else can I do<br />
M: Make sure you go to all the review sessions. Go to your<br />
professor’s office hours too.<br />
W: I always do that. I really like my professor.<br />
M: Good! In the exam, be sure to read the directions carefully.<br />
They may be different from the practice exams. Also, make sure<br />
you get to the exam in plenty of time. Get comfortable before<br />
it begins.<br />
W: OK! Thanks for your help.<br />
188 <strong>Transcripts</strong>
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02 Physical Science<br />
W: Some people once thought that only four things made up the<br />
Earth: earth, water, air, and fire.<br />
Earth, water, and air are all forms of matter, but fire is really<br />
different. It may seem the same in that you can see it, feel it, and<br />
smell it. You can even move it from place to place, but it really isn’t<br />
matter at all. It’s an activity. It is matter changing form.<br />
Of course, fire has to have something to burn. We call this fuel.<br />
Fire also has to have air so that it can burn. Usually, when we<br />
build a fire, we first put down easily flammable material like<br />
newspaper or dry leaves. Then, we carefully place pieces of<br />
wood over it, leaving room for air.<br />
Since fire doesn’t start by itself, we need a spark or heat source<br />
to start it. Matches, lighters, even magnifying glasses can be<br />
used. That’s a glass piece, specially made for seeing small<br />
things. We can make sun shine through it to form a very hot<br />
spot of light.<br />
Wood has to reach about 150 degrees Celsius. Then, something<br />
in the wood changes. Part of the wood turns into gas. We see<br />
this gas as smoke. The parts of the wood that don’t burn<br />
change to ash. This is the soft, white powder left after a fire. A<br />
third part of the wood becomes carbon, or char. This char, or<br />
charcoal, burns slowly and hotly without smoke. This gives us<br />
enough time to cook food.<br />
Skill D<br />
01 Campus Life<br />
M: Hey, Rita, what are you looking at<br />
W: I’m looking at a Nova Scotia College of Art catalog. I’m going<br />
to transfer there. They have a great lithography program.<br />
M: Oh, yeah So you’ll have to send them your transcript.<br />
W: I guess so. What exactly is on my transcript<br />
M: Well, basically all your courses and grades.<br />
W: How do I get it<br />
M: At the transcript office. It’s $8. It takes the secretary three or<br />
four days to do it for you.<br />
W: Great! I can do this soon. I really want to learn to do lithos!<br />
02 Communications<br />
W: Do you say what you really mean We learn from listening to<br />
others. It’s a good way to learn. But if we’re not careful, we<br />
learn other people’s mistakes, too. Here’s an example. You often<br />
hear, “We’ve reached a consensus of opinion.” “Consensus,”<br />
already means that all of the people have the same idea.<br />
Adding “of opinion” is not needed.<br />
A saying that’s used too often is called a cliche’. We have to be<br />
careful in using cliche’ s. For example, it’s easy to say something<br />
like, “I love chocolate.” What we really mean is, “I like it a lot.”<br />
03 Sociology<br />
M: More and more US parents are choosing to homeschool their<br />
children. This means the parents teach them at home. They do<br />
this for several reasons. Some think public schools are too<br />
dangerous. Some think the education level is too low. And<br />
some want to teach their children about their religion. This is<br />
not allowed in public schools. At home, children can help<br />
choose which subjects to study. And since there are only one or<br />
two students, the teacher --- mom or dad --- can give them lots<br />
of attention. Of course, homeschoolers might get lonely. And<br />
parents are sometimes not the best teachers.<br />
04 History<br />
W: Albert Einstein is considered the greatest scientist of the twentieth<br />
century. He was born in Germany in 1879, and was interested in<br />
science from an early age. He had trouble in school. In fact, he<br />
failed on his first try to enter university. In 1896, however, he did<br />
enter a university in Switzerland. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize<br />
for physics. When Hitler came to power in Germany, Einstein<br />
moved to the United States. He told the US president that Hitler<br />
was making an atomic bomb. The US made one first. This new<br />
bomb helped end World War II.<br />
05 Campus Life<br />
M: Yaaaahh<br />
W: Quit yawning! I’m trying to read.<br />
M: Sorry. I’m just tired today.<br />
W: Our biology professor said when you yawn, it’s because your<br />
lungs need more oxygen. It cleans your blood.<br />
M: Hmm...my blood must be filthy, then.<br />
W: You’re probably not breathing as deeply as you should. Why<br />
don’t you go outside and take a few deep breaths That’ll give<br />
you lots of oxygen.<br />
M: Yeah, but I’ll still be tired.<br />
W: Maybe a break and some fresh air will give you some energy.<br />
M: I need a break from this boring textbook.<br />
W: If you’re bored, go outside and try doing something interesting.<br />
M: Good idea. I think I’ll go for a bike ride.<br />
06 Geography<br />
M: South America is a large continent, but it has only 12 countries.<br />
The largest country in South America is Brazil. It is almost as big<br />
as the United States! A lot of people don’t realize that from just<br />
looking at a map. Brazil takes up almost half the land in South<br />
America. The smallest country is Surinam. This is smaller than<br />
many US states. South America lies between the Atlantic and<br />
Pacific oceans. The equator crosses the northern part of the<br />
continent. At this point, South America is about 1,500 kilometers<br />
wide. The southern-most point in South America is a narrow tip<br />
called Tierra del Fuego. This is only about 300 kilometers north<br />
of Antarctica.<br />
07 Campus Life<br />
W: Hello, Chad. What’s happening<br />
M: Not much. What are you doing with that camera<br />
W: I’m taking pictures for our class photo exhibit next week.<br />
M: Where’s that going to be<br />
W: In the student center. I need to get three or four good shots of<br />
nature on campus.<br />
M: Will all the photos be of nature<br />
W: No. There are three other categories: students, professors, and<br />
buildings.<br />
M: And students are taking all the pictures<br />
W: Yes. We have to take them, develop them, enlarge them, and<br />
frame them.<br />
M: Wow. You’re going to be busy.<br />
W: Yep. Well, I’m gonna go photograph the cherry tree blossoms.<br />
See ya.<br />
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08 Social Studies<br />
M: A population is all the people, animals, or plants living somewhere.<br />
Taking a census means getting information about every member<br />
of a population. Census information helps governments, especially<br />
democracies, run well. In a democratic government, people vote<br />
for the leader. Democracies need to know everyone who is old<br />
enough to vote.<br />
The two oldest known censuses were taken in China. One was<br />
taken in 2 AD and the other in 140 AD. The Bible also tells of<br />
three different censuses. Censuses were taken by the Roman<br />
Empire, too. The person counting Romans and getting the taxes<br />
was called the “Censor.”<br />
Skill E<br />
01 Campus Life<br />
M: Hey, neat! You got a telescope for your birthday!<br />
W: Yes. Now, we can look at the moon!<br />
M: Can we see any planets with this telescope<br />
W: Yes. We can most easily see Mars --- it’s closest to Earth --- and<br />
Venus. It’s the next closest.<br />
M: Is it true that Mars once had rivers and oceans<br />
W: A lot of scientists think so. Did you know it has two moons<br />
M: No! Amazing! How many moons does Venus have<br />
W: None!<br />
M: Do you think people will ever visit Mars<br />
W: Maybe someday, but not Venus. It’s too hot.<br />
M: Well, at least we can see them with your new telescope!<br />
02 Phys. Ed.<br />
M: Soccer, or football, is one of the best liked sports around the<br />
world. It’s an easy game to understand, but it has many rules.<br />
Each player must follow the rules carefully. A player who doesn’t<br />
can be given a yellow card. This is a warning. A player who<br />
breaks the rules many times may get a red card. A player who<br />
gets a red card is forced out of the game. He or she will not be<br />
allowed to play anymore.<br />
There is one very basic soccer rule. It is one that everyone<br />
knows. A player cannot do anything that could hurt another<br />
player.<br />
03 Literature<br />
W: There’s a famous story about Mark Twain. Once he got on a<br />
train in New York. I don’t know where he was going, but the<br />
train was full. A ticket-office worker said there was no room on<br />
the sleeping coach. But on the train, the conductor saw him<br />
and came right over. He showed him to a sleeping coach in first<br />
class. He made especially sure that Twain was comfortable.<br />
Then he said, “I’m so proud to have you on this train, sir!” Mark<br />
Twain asked, “Oh! Who am I” and heard, “General McClellan.”<br />
You can imagine his surprise.<br />
04 Psychology<br />
M: It’s important to choose a job that’s right for your personality.<br />
Are you a friendly person who enjoys meeting people and<br />
talking with them Perhaps you should become a salesperson<br />
or a teacher. If you’re quiet and thoughtful, maybe you should<br />
be an accountant or scientist. Think about what your job<br />
requires. Will you be interacting with others or spending most<br />
of your time alone There are many factors to consider in<br />
choosing a career. Money is certainly one of them. So is social<br />
status. But remember, whatever you decide, you have to do<br />
that job every day. Choose carefully!<br />
05 Campus Life<br />
W: Hey, Tony. Want to go play basketball<br />
M: I can’t. I’ve got to study for my mid-term exams.<br />
W: Man, you can’t study all the time. You’ve gotta exercise!<br />
M: How I don’t have the time!<br />
W: You can do simple things. Like, instead of taking the elevator<br />
to class, walk up the stairs. And when you’re studying, take a<br />
rest every hour and go for a short walk.<br />
M: Hmm....yeah, I could do that.<br />
W: You know, just squeezing a tennis ball makes your hands<br />
stronger and helps you relax.<br />
M: That’s easy. Anything else<br />
W: Yeah. Walk backwards sometimes. It strengthens the back of<br />
your lower legs.<br />
M: Thanks. Have fun at basketball.<br />
06 Astronomy<br />
W: OK, mmm...we all know that the Earth spins as it rotates<br />
around the sun. Does anyone know how fast it spins<br />
M: Two thousand kilometers an hour<br />
W: Close. About 2,200 kilometers an hour. It turns completely<br />
around once each day. Now, what would happen if the Earth<br />
stopped spinning so fast If it slowed down to one rotation<br />
every 365 days, every place on the planet would have either<br />
daylight or darkness all year long. This is similar to the situation<br />
on the moon. For two weeks, the sun shines on the front side.<br />
Then, for two weeks, it shines on the back side. How do you<br />
think a slower rotation would affect your lives<br />
07 Campus Life<br />
W: I finished writing my paper on the American Revolution.<br />
M: Wow! I’m still looking for information on George Washington.<br />
W: Well, I saw a TV show about it last week. I wrote down all the<br />
important people and then looked them up on the Internet.<br />
M: I wish I’d seen that show.<br />
W: You can still find information on the Internet. Just type the<br />
words you’re looking for and then click the “search” button.<br />
M: I tried. But it gave me so many websites!<br />
W: Maybe you could ask Professor Cohen if there’s a good video<br />
you could watch. That would help you know what to look for.<br />
08 Psychology<br />
M: It’s easier to remember something if we make a picture, or<br />
image, of it in our minds. You can remember a common object<br />
by giving it three qualities: detail, color, and movement. Take<br />
something you often lose, like a key, for instance. Make the key<br />
special in your mind. Give it detail. Imagine it has very sharp<br />
teeth. Then, give it color. Make it shiny gold. Finally, give it<br />
movement. Imagine it is alive. If you don’t watch it, it could<br />
jump up and lock you out. If you think of it this way, you’re not<br />
likely to forget it again.<br />
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Skill F<br />
01 History<br />
W: Spain is a country in Southwest Europe, south of France and<br />
west of Italy. In the 16th Century, it was the most powerful<br />
nation in the world. After America was discovered in 1492,<br />
Spain sent many people there. They brought back lots of gold<br />
and silver. Trade with the new American colonies made Spain<br />
rich. It established colonies in other parts of the world, such as<br />
Cuba and the Philippines. But in 1588, Spain lost a famous war<br />
against England. After that, its power began to decline. In<br />
1898, Spain lost Cuba and the Philippines in the Spanish-<br />
American War.<br />
02 Campus Life<br />
W: Dr. Shin, how long have you been a university professor<br />
M: Eighteen years, Sandra.<br />
W: Could you please tell our campus radio listeners what made<br />
you want to become an educator<br />
M: I guess it was my mother. She was a writer. At an early age, she<br />
taught me that “the pen is mightier than the sword.” So when<br />
I entered university, I started to study writing.<br />
W: And you became a writer like your mother<br />
M: No, I actually never wrote any books. But I did discover that I<br />
love teaching. So I’ve been a writing teacher ever since.<br />
W: Well, we’re certainly glad you became one. Personally, I really<br />
enjoyed your class. Thank you for being on the show today, Dr.<br />
Shin.<br />
03 Literature<br />
M: Batman has changed several times since he first appeared in a<br />
comic book in May 1939. The first Batman is now called the<br />
“Golden Age” Batman. He was famous for using his mind, not<br />
his strength, to catch criminals. In April 1940, Robin first<br />
appeared as Batman’s partner. In April 1943, Batman and Robin<br />
were joined by their butler, Alfred. He was the only one who<br />
knew Batman and Robin’s real names. In 1952, Batman teamed<br />
with Superman for the first time. In May 1964, the “new look”<br />
Batman appeared. His costume had a black bat in a yellow oval.<br />
The first Batman did not have the oval.<br />
04 Ecology<br />
W: The kind of oil that usually spills into the sea is called crude oil.<br />
Sometimes it leaks naturally. Other times, humans accidentally<br />
spill it when digging for oil or carrying it on boats. When oil spills,<br />
three things happen: spreading, evaporation, and emulsification.<br />
In spreading, the oil forms long, narrow strips, called windrows.<br />
You can remember this word as “wind” plus “rows.” The wind<br />
pushes the oil into long rows across the water. In evaporation, the<br />
lighter parts of the oil disappear. Only the heavier parts remain. In<br />
emulsification, E-M-U-L-S-I-F-I-C-A-T-I-O-N, the waves mix water<br />
into the oil. This forms a heavy and sticky substance, which is<br />
sometimes called chocolate mousse. The oil also mixes with other<br />
things floating in the water.<br />
05 Campus Life<br />
W: I don’t feel well. I think I’ll skip class today.<br />
M: What’s wrong<br />
W: I feel hot then cold, and I ache all over.<br />
M: Ooh! That doesn’t sound very good! You’d better take your<br />
temperature.<br />
W: Do you have a thermometer<br />
M: Yes, I do. Here you go.<br />
W: Thanks, Joe.<br />
M: Here, let me read the thermometer for you...Uh-oh, your temperature<br />
is really high! You’d better go see the school nurse!<br />
W: You know, I could have malaria. These are malaria symptoms. I<br />
just came back from a trip to Africa with my parents. I wasn’t<br />
very good about taking my medicine.<br />
06 Science<br />
M: Light travels at 297,600 kilometers per second. That’s pretty<br />
fast! Sound travels much more slowly at 1 kilometer per 3 seconds.<br />
Knowing this, we can judge the distance of a storm. When you<br />
see a lightning flash, begin counting seconds. When you hear<br />
the thunder, stop counting. How many seconds have passed<br />
The lightning is one kilometer away for every 3 of those seconds.<br />
There’s another way to know how close a storm is. As rain falls,<br />
it cools the air. That cooler air may flow about 3 miles ahead of<br />
the storm. The air becoming suddenly cooler tells you about<br />
how close it is.<br />
07 Campus Life<br />
M: Hi, Barb! How was your vacation<br />
W: Great! We went to New Mexico.<br />
M: You went to Mexico<br />
W: No, NEW Mexico. It’s a state in the southwestern US. The<br />
license plates there say USA, so people don’t get confused.<br />
M: That’s funny. What did you do there<br />
W: Well, on our way there we stopped at the Grand Canyon, in<br />
Arizona. It was awesome! Then, we went to Albuquerque ---<br />
the biggest city in New Mexico. Then we visited Carlsbad Caverns.<br />
M: What are those<br />
W: Caves --- sixty miles of them. In one cave, we had to wear hats<br />
with lights so we could see in the dark.<br />
08 History<br />
W: Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist. He was also a<br />
scientist and inventor. Leonardo was born in 1452 in Vinci, Italy.<br />
He began studying painting at age 14 and became famous just<br />
a few years later. His best-known paintings are Mona Lisa and<br />
The Last Supper. But Leonardo was also an excellent scientist. He<br />
kept detailed notebooks of observations about the natural<br />
world. And he cut open dead people to learn how the human<br />
body works. Finally, he was an inventor. But his two most famous<br />
inventions --- the parachute and the war tank --- weren’t built<br />
until after he died.<br />
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Chapter 1<br />
Skill Review<br />
A-F<br />
01 Psychology<br />
W: Some people can remember things in a way that seems almost<br />
impossible. It’s as if their minds just take photos. They might be<br />
able to repeat a lecture word for word. They can even accomplish<br />
this feat many years later.<br />
Some very good chess players can play with their eyes covered.<br />
This is called “Blindfold Chess.” They can play against several<br />
other players at once --- and win! Someone tells them the other<br />
players’ moves. They can easily remember where the pieces are<br />
on all the boards.<br />
Scientists call this “eidetic memory,” though many people call<br />
it photographic memory. However, this may be misleading.<br />
Scientists believe the memories are not stored photographically,<br />
but in another way. A scientist named Dr. DeGroot did a test to<br />
show this.<br />
A chessboard was set up a certain way, and some chess players<br />
were given fifteen seconds to look at it. Then, they were asked<br />
to set the pieces up again in the same way. The more seasoned<br />
chess players easily set up the pieces again. The beginners had<br />
a more difficult time doing it.<br />
In the next test, Dr. DeGroot began in the same way. However,<br />
this time he set them up in a way that would never happen in<br />
a real game. Now, the really good players had difficulty<br />
remembering, too, remembering only as well as the beginning<br />
players. It seemed they needed to apply their knowledge of<br />
what was really possible in a game. That is, they needed to<br />
apply what they knew about chess to remember well.<br />
02 General Studies<br />
M: Some people really go overboard using their yellow markers to<br />
underline everything. I’m going to suggest that this isn’t the<br />
best strategy for studying. The first time you read a passage,<br />
don’t highlight. You can end up with an all-yellow text.<br />
Just read the passage first. Then ponder it for a while. Then<br />
read it again, this time looking for the most important ideas. In<br />
the next reading, you can start highlighting. Only underline one<br />
or two key words or phrases per page. Even better --- compile<br />
a list of the words and phrases. Write the page number beside<br />
each one so you can look them up again. Now, when you<br />
review, you won’t have pages and pages to read. This makes it<br />
much easier to review for an exam.<br />
W: Excuse me, Professor Hill.<br />
M: Yes, Jacqueline<br />
W: Can you give us some suggestions on how to choose the words<br />
and phrases<br />
W: Yes, of course! Here are some steps to help you decide what to<br />
choose:<br />
1. Look for the main idea. Follow the way it’s being told<br />
through the passage.<br />
2. Look at the beginning and ending paragraphs. They often<br />
give the information in a simple form.<br />
3. Pick out transitional words that give you important information.<br />
i.e., “the point is,” “in sum,” “most importantly,” and so on.<br />
4. Try reading the ending first, so you know where the passage is<br />
going.<br />
5. The next day, look over the passage again. Only read what<br />
you’ve underlined. Do it again a week later.<br />
Now, each night for several nights before a test, look at<br />
your list. Take an hour or two. You’ll remember some things<br />
from class. When you find something you can’t remember,<br />
look it up. You’ll learn what you don’t remember this way.<br />
You’ll have no problem getting a high score on the exam.<br />
Learning this does take time, though. So don’t get discouraged.<br />
Keep practicing. You’ll get it.<br />
Chapter 2<br />
Skill A<br />
01 Culture<br />
M: Let’s talk about sneezing. When someone sneezes --- Ah choo!<br />
--- the customary response is, “Bless you” or “God bless you.”<br />
Why do we say this<br />
There are several theories. Some of these are superstitions ---<br />
that is, things that many people believe but that aren’t really<br />
true. One superstition is that saying “bless you” keeps the devil<br />
from flying down your throat. Another is that “bless you”<br />
keeps your soul from flying out of your body. Actually, there is<br />
a historical reason for this custom.<br />
There was a pope in Rome named Gregory the Great. When he<br />
was elected pope, the great plague was beginning all over<br />
Europe. Thousands of people were dying. In fact, the pope<br />
before Gregory had died of the plague. To get rid of the plague,<br />
Pope Gregory ordered people to march through the streets,<br />
asking for God’s help. If someone sneezed, others would<br />
immediately say “God bless you!” They hoped this would keep<br />
the person who sneezed from getting the plague.<br />
Today, of course, we know that when you sneeze, the devil isn’t<br />
trying to rush down your throat. Your soul won’t leave your<br />
body. And saying “bless you” to sneezers in the street is not<br />
going to cure disease. We do know, though, that each sneeze<br />
forces thousands of germs into the air. People keep germs out<br />
of public places by covering their mouths when they sneeze.<br />
And hearing an old-fashioned “bless you” from a stranger can<br />
make us feel better when the sneezes begin.<br />
02 Campus Life<br />
W: Hey Alex. How’s it going<br />
M: OK. I just finished math class. Man, I hate math!<br />
W: Why It’s easy!<br />
M: Yeah, right.<br />
W: I’ve got a secret that helps me in math class. Wanna know what<br />
it is<br />
M: OK. But it probably won’t help me.<br />
W: Listen and try it. Math is too abstract, right Well, try to make<br />
it real for yourself. My secret is I think about numbers in math<br />
as if they were money.<br />
M: Huh<br />
W: Yeah. I have a hard time picturing numbers. But if I see the<br />
numbers as dollars and cents, then I can see them clearly in my<br />
head.<br />
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M: Really!<br />
W: Yeah. For example, if the teacher says, “What is 853 minus<br />
727,” I think of eight dollars and fifty-three cents minus seven<br />
dollars and twenty-seven cents. The answer is one dollar and<br />
26 cents---one twenty-six. It’s easy!<br />
M: Hey, that’s awesome! I’ll try it tomorrow. Thanks.<br />
W: No problem. See you at the basketball game tonight.<br />
M: See you.<br />
03 Computer Science<br />
W: More people are buying home computers and using them for<br />
home networks. They need faster ways to get information over<br />
the Internet. Right now, there are mainly two avenues for<br />
information to be sent. These are cable modems and Asymmetric<br />
Digital Subscriber Lines or ADSL. These faster ways of sending<br />
information are called broadband connections. Cable modems<br />
and ADSL are both types of broadband connections. They are<br />
much faster than a 56K modem.<br />
There is another new kind of DSL connection. It is known as<br />
very high bit rate DSL or VDSL. Some companies already have<br />
this for certain places. VDSL isn’t everywhere yet, but it may be<br />
very soon. Many people like it and are beginning to use it.<br />
VDSL accommodates a very, very large amount of bandwidth.<br />
It gives up to about 52 megabytes per second. In other words,<br />
it provides 52Mbps. In comparison, ADSL or cable modems can<br />
only give 8 to 10 megabytes per second. It’s easy to see that<br />
VDSL is a lot faster. VDSL will soon be more common, making<br />
home networks cost much less.<br />
In the United States, a telephone line has two copper wires.<br />
These wires have a very broad bandwidth. A telephone call only<br />
uses a very small part of the bandwidth. The telephone wires<br />
can carry much more information than telephone calls. DSL can<br />
use this extra bandwidth at the same time a call is being made.<br />
It can do this without changing the sound of the telephone call.<br />
04 Campus Life<br />
M: Hey Lucy, are you going to watch any of the movies at the film<br />
festival<br />
W: No, I wasn’t thinking of it. I have too much homework to do.<br />
M: Aw, that’s no fun! Can’t you even take one night off Your dormitory<br />
is so close to the Annenberg Center! It’ll take you five<br />
minutes to get there.<br />
W: Well, maybe I will go to one.<br />
M: How about tomorrow night I can go then.<br />
W: What movie is playing<br />
M: School of Rock. Have you seen it<br />
W: No. What’s it about<br />
M: Well, it’s a comedy and it’s really funny. It’s about this guy who’s<br />
really trying to make it as a rock star. He gets kicked out of his<br />
band and he really needs money. So he acts like he’s somebody<br />
else to get a teaching job. Then, he tries to turn his class into a<br />
rock band.<br />
W: Sounds pretty crazy! OK, I’ll come see it.<br />
05 Biology<br />
W: Most animals in the world have some kind of way to hide<br />
themselves so that they can hunt for food and protect themselves<br />
from other animals. This method of hiding is called camouflage:<br />
C-A-M-O-U-F-L-A-G-E. The simplest form of camouflage is for<br />
animals to “blend in” with their surroundings. Their colors match<br />
the surroundings in which they live, which makes them hard to<br />
see. Deer and other forest animals, for example, have light<br />
brown colors that help them blend in with the brown trees and<br />
dirt on the forest ground. Many fish have a gray-blue color. This<br />
helps them blend in with the soft light under water. Other animals<br />
use color patterns to help them blend in. A tiger’s pattern of black<br />
stripes and orange fur blends into the long grass where it<br />
hunts. This makes the tiger difficult for its victims to spot---until<br />
it’s too late!<br />
Another form of camouflage is called copying. For instance, a<br />
king snake is red, yellow, and black. It copies the colors of the<br />
coral snake. The coral snake is very dangerous; its bite can kill you.<br />
The king snake is not dangerous, but other animals are afraid to<br />
attack the king snake because it looks like a coral snake.<br />
A third form of camouflage is disguise: D-I-S-G-U-I-S-E. This<br />
means that an animal looks like something else. For instance, a<br />
crocodile in the water can look just like a floating log. This disguise<br />
helps it catch deer when they come near the water to drink.<br />
06 Psychology<br />
W: Do you ever wonder why we dream Many people do. For<br />
centuries, in fact, people have been trying to understand what<br />
our dreams mean...or if they mean anything at all. In ancient<br />
Egypt, about 2000 BC, people thought dreams were very<br />
important. They believed that dreams foretold what would<br />
happen in the future. The Egyptians wrote books that listed<br />
what dreams meant. If a man saw himself looking out a<br />
window in his dream, it was considered a good omen. It meant<br />
that his cry would be heard by a god. If a man saw himself in<br />
his dream looking at people who were far away, it was considered<br />
a bad sign. It meant that he was soon going to die.<br />
In modern times, Sigmund Freud is famous for his research on<br />
dreams. Freud believed that dreams represent our suppressed<br />
desires --- things we want to do, but can’t. Dreams allow our<br />
minds to act out desires that we can’t express in our everyday<br />
lives. Usually, these suppressed desires involve sex. For example:<br />
A train going into a tunnel represents a man and woman<br />
having sex. According to Freud, this dream would mean you<br />
want to have sex, but for some reason you can’t.<br />
Another famous dream researcher was Carl Jung --- um, J-U-N-G.<br />
Jung believed dreams allow us to think more about ourselves than<br />
when we are awake and to solve problems that we have<br />
during the day.<br />
In 1973, researchers named Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley<br />
said dreams don’t mean anything. Dreams are just the result of<br />
natural activity in our brains.<br />
Skill B<br />
01 Biology<br />
W: I’m still confused about the lecture today on blood types.<br />
M: OK. What questions do you have<br />
W: Well, first, the way we classify blood types. We use the letters<br />
A, B, and O, right<br />
M: That’s right. There are four different types of blood: A, B, AB,<br />
and O. Each person on Earth has one of these types.<br />
W: And...where do we get our blood types<br />
M: They come from both from our father and mother. Your blood<br />
type could be the same as one of your parents, or completely<br />
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different.<br />
W: But everyone’s blood is red!<br />
M: Yes, it all looks the same, but it’s dangerous to mix two different<br />
blood types together. If you get hurt and need blood, you have<br />
to make sure the new blood is the same type as yours. If it’s<br />
not, you might die.<br />
W: But didn’t the professor say there was one type that could mix<br />
with any of them<br />
M: Yes. That’s type O.<br />
02 Literature<br />
W: Folktales are stories that grow out of the lives or imaginations<br />
of people, or folk. Folktales began as an attempt to explain and<br />
understand the world around us. Many folktales all over the<br />
world are nearly the same. Travelers passed them on from one<br />
country to another. Each person telling the folktale changes it<br />
slightly. The stories that traveled mostly over land changed a<br />
great deal. The ones that traveled by water changed less. There<br />
are many different kinds of folktales. Some have simple plots<br />
with lots of repeated phrases and words. These are called<br />
cumulative folktales. One example is called “There Was an Old<br />
Lady Who Swallowed a Fly.” This sentence is repeated on<br />
almost every page of the story. In some stories, animals talk just<br />
like humans. These are talking beast folktales. A famous example<br />
is “The Three Little Pigs.” Humorous tales are meant for fun<br />
and nonsense. They are usually about someone who makes<br />
unbelievably funny mistakes, such as the Norwegian husband<br />
who has to take care of his house and nearly destroys it.<br />
Romances are stories in which lovers seem hopelessly separated<br />
until magic brings them back together. A good example is “Beauty<br />
and the Beast.” Tales of magic are types of stories we commonly call<br />
fairy tales. These include things like talking mirrors, enchanted<br />
forests, and magic kisses. “Snow White” is a popular example.<br />
03 Campus Life<br />
W: Hello, Lance! What can I help you with today<br />
M: I heard there’s a tutoring center for each department. Can you<br />
tell me where it is for the English Department<br />
W: Yes! Ours is just next door.<br />
M: Can I go there right now<br />
W: You can, but they might still be at lunch. You know, you’ll have<br />
to sign up for an interview first, anyway. You can do that over the<br />
Internet, too.<br />
M: OK. Can you give me the address<br />
W: Go to www.pentutoring.info. They’ll get in touch with you within<br />
three working days.<br />
M: What will they send me<br />
W: They’ll send you the tutor’s name, phone number, email<br />
address... Oh, yes, and how much you have to pay per hour.<br />
M: Uh-oh! I don’t have any money.<br />
W: That’s OK. You can get free tutoring. You’ll just need to agree to<br />
do a three-week feedback survey.<br />
M: That’s all<br />
W: That’s all!<br />
M: Great! Thanks!<br />
W: No problem!<br />
04 Biology<br />
M: Spiders can spin silk better than any other insect. Only a few<br />
others, like silkworms, can make silk.<br />
Spiders use silk in many different ways. They often use it the<br />
same way a mountain climber uses rope. They’ll drop down on<br />
a silk strand. If they get into trouble, they can quickly run back<br />
up again. Another way they use silk is to make homes for their<br />
babies.<br />
Most kinds of spiders spin a thick silk covering around their<br />
eggs. Some spin it around the new little spiders.<br />
Spiders can make different kinds of silk strands. One way is to<br />
coat a silk strand with different materials. They might make it<br />
sticky to catch a fly. I think we’ve all seen a fly getting stuck on<br />
a spider’s web. You sometimes notice because the fly buzzes<br />
loudly. Or a spider might water-proof the silk with something.<br />
Then, they can stay dry in a rainstorm. A trapdoor spider’s home<br />
is a good example. The door over the trapdoor spider’s hole is a<br />
water-proof roof made of spider silk.<br />
05 Physics<br />
M: A good way to understand why balloons float in the air is to<br />
understand why things float in water. Let’s say that you have a<br />
plastic one-liter bottle of Coca-Cola. If you pour out the Coke<br />
and put the cap back on, you have a one-liter bottle full of air.<br />
Now, tie a string around it and take it to the bottom of a<br />
swimming pool. What will happen when you let go of the<br />
bottle<br />
W: It will rise to the top<br />
M: Yes. If you sit on the bottom of the pool holding the string, the<br />
bottle will act just like a balloon does in the air. Does anyone<br />
know why the bottle rises<br />
W: Uh, because the air is, um, lighter than the water<br />
M: Exactly! The bottle and the air inside it weigh just a few grams,<br />
But a liter of water weighs about 1,000 grams. The air is lighter<br />
than the water the air displaces, so the bottle floats. We call<br />
this the law of buoyancy.<br />
Balloons work by the same law of buoyancy --- except balloons<br />
are filled with helium, not air. Helium is a gas that is much<br />
lighter than air. You can think of the helium balloon you are<br />
holding as floating in a huge “pool” of air. The helium balloon<br />
displaces an amount of air, just like the empty bottle displaces<br />
an amount of water. As long as the helium and the balloon are<br />
lighter than the air they displace, the balloon will float in the<br />
air.<br />
06 Health<br />
W: Mmm. I love coffee. It wakes me up! You know why Because<br />
it has caffeine. Caffeine is a kind of drug. Ah! Caffeine is found<br />
naturally in many plants, such as coffee beans, tea leaves, and<br />
cocoa nuts. It’s also added artificially to many other kinds of<br />
food and drinks. So, it’s safe to say that the typical American<br />
gets plenty of caffeine. As a matter of fact, most of us get too<br />
much. More than half of all adults in the United States<br />
consume more than 300 milligrams of caffeine each day.<br />
Including me! Seriously, though...too much caffeine is not<br />
good for your body. Caffeine interferes with a chemical in your<br />
brain called adenosine. That’s A-D-E-N-O-S-I-N-E. Now normally,<br />
adenosine helps prepare your body for rest. This chemical slows<br />
down nerve cells, which causes you to become sleepy. To the<br />
nerve cells in your brain, caffeine looks just like adenosine, but<br />
caffeine acts differently. Instead of slowing down your nerve<br />
cells, caffeine speeds them up. As a result, your heart starts to<br />
beat faster. Your breathing tubes open wider. Your blood pressure<br />
rises. Blood vessels tighten near the surface of your skin. The<br />
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blood flowing into your stomach slows down. Your muscles<br />
tighten up, ready for action. This is why, after consuming a big<br />
cup of coffee, you feel excited. You can feel your heartbeat<br />
increasing. You’re ready to do something, go somewhere, run,<br />
play, fight, conquer the world....or else start STUDYING to get<br />
ready for the next test!<br />
Skill C<br />
01 Science<br />
W: We use microscopes to help us study cells. Because cells are so<br />
small, we can’t see them without magnification --- um, the ability<br />
to make them look bigger. The first microscopes were called<br />
light microscopes. They were pretty simple devices. They were<br />
also simple to use. Scientists first cut the cells, or specimens,<br />
into thin sections. Then they stained the specimens with different<br />
colored materials, called dyes. The dyes helped them see the<br />
specimens more clearly. Unfortunately, dyes often killed the<br />
cells, too. That limited what scientists could find out about the<br />
specimen. In recent years, we have developed more powerful<br />
microscopes. These help us view living specimens.<br />
One of these new microscopes is called the phase-contrast<br />
microscope. It’s made in such a way that part of the light passing<br />
through it moves more slowly than the rest of the light. We say<br />
this part of the light is “out of phase” with the rest of the light.<br />
This enables scientists to see differences in living specimens as<br />
light and shade. Another type of new microscope is the electron<br />
microscope. This uses electrons to form images, instead of<br />
light. Electrons travel in waves, similar to light, but their<br />
wavelengths are over 100,000 times shorter than those of<br />
light. Therefore, they can give much clearer magnification.<br />
Electron microscopes even allow scientists to take pictures of<br />
the cells they are studying!<br />
02 Campus Life<br />
W: Hey Frank. If you could be any person in the world, who would<br />
you be<br />
M: That’s easy. Bill Gates!<br />
W: Why<br />
M: I’ll give you 30 billion reasons. Ha, ha.<br />
W: Ah, so it’s the money.<br />
M: Not totally. But the money is nice. I was reading that if you made<br />
all of Gates’ money one-dollar bills, and then laid them end-toend,<br />
the line would stretch for almost six million kilometers.<br />
W: Wow! But what would you do with all that money<br />
M: Gates gives a lot to the poor. He’s donated almost seven-anda-half<br />
billion since the year 2000. I’d give away even more.<br />
W: Really<br />
M: Sure! It costs about $240 a year to feed a starving child. So, Bill<br />
could save almost 121 million children.<br />
W: Hmm...why else do you like Gates<br />
M: I admire his confidence. Did you know he earned a scholarship<br />
to Harvard, but left after two years to start Microsoft That<br />
took courage!<br />
03 History<br />
M: So, you’ve heard of the Gettysburg Address. But do you know<br />
the story behind it<br />
The worst battle of the American Civil War was fought in<br />
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Northern Army fought back the<br />
Southern Army. The battle lasted three days. Afterward, the<br />
field was left covered with bodies of dead soldiers.<br />
In November 1863, President Abraham Lincoln came to Gettysburg.<br />
He was to speak at the opening of the cemetery there. Music<br />
played and soldiers saluted. Edward Everett, governor of<br />
Massachusetts, talked first for almost two hours.<br />
Then Lincoln stood up. He looked out over the valley. Then, he<br />
began to speak. He said they couldn’t do anything to make this<br />
place special. He said that the soldiers who had fought so hard<br />
had already done that.<br />
He said that everyone would soon forget what was spoken<br />
that day, but he said that what the soldiers did would never be<br />
forgotten. He said everyone should keep doing what these<br />
soldiers began. They should keep fighting for freedom for all<br />
the people. Then, they could make sure the soldiers didn’t die<br />
needlessly.<br />
The president’s speech only lasted two minutes! Everyone<br />
cheered and then left. Lincoln turned to Edward Everett. He<br />
said he thought he should have planned his speech better.<br />
Edward Everett didn’t agree. He said, “It was perfect. You said<br />
more in two minutes than I did in two hours.”<br />
Afterward, the newspapers said it was a great speech. And, as<br />
you know, Americans still remember it today.<br />
04 Phys. Ed.<br />
W: Some people are surprised to know that walking is very good<br />
exercise. It seems very easy, but it does us a lot of good. It<br />
cleans the blood, tones up muscles, and strengthens bones. It<br />
even helps people lose weight. One study showed that fast<br />
walking keeps your heart healthy. Men who walked fast were<br />
50 percent less likely to have heart disease.<br />
You don’t need much equipment to do it, and almost anyone,<br />
anywhere, at any time, can do it.<br />
It’s not difficult to plan walks into your day. You can walk to<br />
work, to catch a train, or to a park. You can walk to shops or<br />
enjoy walks in the country. It’s a great way to spend time with<br />
family and friends. People have some of their best conversations<br />
while walking.<br />
It’s best to do some stretches before and after you walk. Take<br />
short quick steps, stand straight, and take deep breaths.<br />
For basic health, it’s good to walk most days of the week. Walk<br />
for 20 to 30 minutes or more at a “talking pace.”<br />
To lose weight, walk for 30 to 45 minutes or more. Walk as<br />
many days as you can. Walk fast enough so that you finish<br />
slightly out of breath.<br />
To make your heart stronger, walk quickly for 20 minutes or<br />
more. If you can, walk where there are some small hills. Walk<br />
two or three times a week. Go as fast as you can, but enjoy<br />
yourself. Exercise should never be painful.<br />
05 Campus Life<br />
W: Josh, what are you doing tonight<br />
M: I have a biology class. What are you doing<br />
W: Well, my friend’s sorority is having a party, but I don’t want to<br />
walk by myself in the dark.<br />
M: Why don’t you use Campus Escort<br />
W: What’s that<br />
M: Campus Escort is a free service that gives students rides. Other<br />
students drive you to the place you’re going.<br />
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W: Really It’s free<br />
M: Yep. Just call 874-SAFE and tell them what time you would like<br />
to be picked up.<br />
W: But...will they escort me back home<br />
M: Sure. There’s a car that will take you from your dorm room to<br />
the party, then back to your dorm. It runs from 5 p.m. to 1 a.m.<br />
And there’s a small van that picks students up each hour at the<br />
student center and the mall. It runs from 6 p.m. to midnight.<br />
W: What if I want to stay later<br />
M: Call campus police for a free escort: 874-2121.<br />
06 General Studies<br />
M: All right. Saturday’s the big day. Are you ready Yes, Susan<br />
W: Tests make me nervous. What can I do<br />
M: Good question. It’s natural to be a little nervous before a test.<br />
The important thing is: don’t panic. You’ve studied hard for this<br />
test. You can pass it. Be confident! Relax! Now, you’re more<br />
likely to be relaxed if you are well prepared. Here are some tips.<br />
First, before you leave home, check to make sure you have<br />
everything you need. You should have your admission ticket.<br />
This was mailed to you last week. You should have two<br />
number-two pencils and a good eraser. You should have<br />
identification --- your student ID card, a driver’s license, or a<br />
passport. If you’re taking the math portion of the test, you<br />
should have a calculator.<br />
Second, know what you can’t bring to the test. You cannot<br />
bring a watch with a loud alarm. You cannot bring any food or<br />
drink. You cannot bring extra paper to write on. You cannot bring<br />
any books, notes, or dictionaries. You cannot bring compasses,<br />
rulers, protractors, or other aids --- except for the calculator.<br />
You cannot bring colored pens, pencils, or highlighters. You<br />
cannot bring cell phones or pagers. You cannot bring any portable<br />
tape recorders, walkmans, or headphones. Questions<br />
W: Um...what if I uh, have to go to the bathroom during the test<br />
M: You can’t. So go before! Don’t worry, there will be breaks after<br />
each section of the test. You’ll be able to go then.<br />
Chapter 2<br />
Skill Review<br />
A-C<br />
01 Campus Life<br />
M: All right. Here’s your student ID card. You’ll need to show this at<br />
every meal, or each time you buy something at a campus dining<br />
hall.<br />
W: Really Hmm. That’s different than my old school.<br />
M: Yes, I imagine it is. We have a unique system here. Do you<br />
know about our meal plans<br />
W: Meal plans Uh, no.<br />
M: There are several different plans. You can choose to buy 9, 12,<br />
15, or 18 meals each week. It depends on your schedule and<br />
eating habits.<br />
W: I see. Um, what if I buy the 15-meal plan and only eat 13 meals<br />
that week Will I get 17 the next week<br />
M: No, meals do not carry over into the next week. That’s why it’s<br />
important that you choose your meal plan carefully.<br />
W: What if I want to treat my friend Can I use two meals at one time<br />
M: Sorry, no. Only one meal each meal period. If you want to treat<br />
a friend, you can use your declining balance points.<br />
W: My what<br />
M: Declining balance points. They work like an ATM card. At the<br />
dining halls, you use the points like cash. You can buy food,<br />
snacks, or meals. Then the points are withdrawn from your<br />
declining balance account. All of our meal plans offer these<br />
points.<br />
W: Um, OK. What happens when I run out of declining balance<br />
points<br />
M: You can buy more points at any time. Just go to the One Card<br />
office on the North Campus. We will bill your home through<br />
the Student Accounts office.<br />
02 Geography<br />
W: We usually think of deserts as hot, dry, sandy places. And many<br />
deserts are. But actually, deserts come in several forms. Let’s learn<br />
about some of them.<br />
In defining a desert, we have to consider two factors. The first<br />
is the annual amount of rainfall. Deserts get less than 250<br />
millimeters of rain or snow each year. The second factor is how<br />
much of that rain or snow evaporates --- that is, goes back into<br />
the atmosphere or is used up by plants. We call this loss of<br />
water “evaporation.”<br />
Simply stated, a desert is a place where evaporation is greater<br />
than rainfall or snowfall. Because so much water evaporates,<br />
most deserts are hot. But not all. The North and South poles,<br />
for instance, are cold deserts. They get less than 250 millimeters<br />
of snow each year, and the ground is permanently frozen.<br />
We also classify deserts by their location and main weather pattern.<br />
One example is trade wind deserts. Trade wind deserts are<br />
located between 30 degrees and 35 degrees north and south<br />
of the equator. The winds that blow over these areas are very<br />
strong. They blow away clouds, so more sun reaches the ground.<br />
Most of the major deserts in the world lie in the areas crossed by<br />
the trade winds. The Sahara Desert, in North Africa, is a trade wind<br />
desert. Temperatures there can reach 57 degrees Celsius.<br />
Another type of desert is the rain shadow desert. Rain shadow<br />
deserts lie next to tall mountains. As clouds rise over the mountains,<br />
they spill all of their rain or snow before they get to the other<br />
side. So, these deserts are formed in the “shadow” of the<br />
mountains. The Judean Desert in Israel is a rain shadow desert.<br />
So is a large part of the western United States called the Great<br />
Basin.<br />
Still another kind of desert is the coastal desert. Coastal deserts<br />
are on the western edges, or coasts, of continents. One coastal<br />
desert, the Atacama Desert of South America, is Earth’s driest<br />
desert. In the Atacama, there can be measurable rainfall only<br />
once every 50 years.<br />
03 Business Writing<br />
M: Today, I’d like to give you some basic rules for writing a resumé.<br />
Let’s begin with spelling. Don’t use words you don’t know. Use<br />
a dictionary. Seems like a lot of trouble to get up, find a dictionary,<br />
and look up the word. But if you’re on the computer, you can<br />
look up words online. Do a spell check, but then read every<br />
word carefully. The spell check can’t catch every mistake. If you<br />
use “form” instead of “from,” it won’t catch it. So, use a spell<br />
check, but read everything yourself, too. And read carefully. If you<br />
read quickly, it’s easy to miss words that are misspelled. Have a<br />
friend read your resumé, too.<br />
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Another thing, choose your words carefully. Some words sound<br />
alike but don’t mean the same thing, like these: personal means<br />
private, personnel means staff members. And use active tense<br />
like “directed staff” rather than passive tense like “was staff<br />
director.” The active tense gives a stronger feeling.<br />
Now, about grammar. In each part of your resumé, keep the<br />
same tense. The duties you do now should be in the present<br />
tense. Things you did in the past should be in the past tense. For<br />
example, let’s say you started your job several years ago in<br />
September. You might write on your resumé “September 2003<br />
to present, manage office and staff,” or “teach at Canyon High<br />
School.” That means, “I manage” or “I teach” now. But if<br />
you’re listing a job you don’t have anymore “taught at Canyon<br />
High School” instead of “teach at Canyon High School.”<br />
Don’t give your sex, age, race, or marital status. How much<br />
money you made before is also personal information.<br />
Make your resumé look nice. Make it as simple as you can, too.<br />
Leave plenty of space, but try to make it just one page. Use a<br />
font like Times Roman that’s easy to read. Put your name,<br />
address, and telephone number on it and any letters. Use a<br />
good printer and print on only one side of white paper. Your<br />
resumé speaks for you. A professional-looking resumé tells an<br />
employer that you do things well. An employer may decide to<br />
see you or not because of it.<br />
04 Economics<br />
W: Our world is so rich! All the people together make more that<br />
$31 trillion a year. In some countries, many people make more<br />
than $40,000 a year. But in other countries, many people make<br />
less than $700 a year. Of these, 1.2 billion earn less than $1.00<br />
a day. Because of this, 33,000 children die every day in these<br />
poorer countries. Each minute, more than one woman dies in<br />
childbirth. Being poor keeps more than 100 million children out<br />
of school. Most of them are girls.<br />
Helping the poorer countries is a very big task --- especially<br />
because more people are born every year. In fifty years, there<br />
will be about 3 billion more people.<br />
The World Bank is a bridge between the rich and poor people.<br />
It’s making rich-country money into poor-country growth. It is<br />
one of the world’s biggest banks for poor countries. It’s helping<br />
them build schools and health centers, and get water and<br />
electricity. It’s helping protect the people’s surroundings.<br />
The low-income countries can’t usually borrow money in world<br />
markets. If they do, they have to pay very high interest rates.<br />
The World Bank gives them some money, low-interest loans,<br />
and interest-free credit. It helps them take care of the money,<br />
too. When the countries get loans, they have 35---40 years to<br />
pay them back. They can have ten extra years if they need it.<br />
In the year 2002, the bank agreed to give about $15 billion to<br />
low-income countries. For some of the poorest countries, AIDS<br />
is a very big problem. Some of this World Bank money is to<br />
help them fight this disease. If they don’t receive help, many<br />
more people will get the illness.<br />
The World Bank is not like other banks. It’s really a part of the<br />
United Nations. One hundred and eighty-four countries belong<br />
to it. These countries all put money into it and help maintain it.<br />
About 10,000 people work in World Bank offices. They are<br />
from nearly every country in the world. Its headquarters is in<br />
Washington, DC. But there are World Bank offices in 109<br />
countries.<br />
Skill D<br />
01 Campus Life<br />
W: Hi Tony! Where are you headed<br />
M: Hey, Mary. I’m going to the campus gym to lift weights. Want to<br />
come Um, there’s an aerobics class at 5 o’clock.<br />
W: Uh, no thanks. I’ve got to study for my chemistry mid-term.<br />
Maybe next time. How often do you go<br />
M: I try to go three times a week. When I study, I sit too much. I<br />
don’t feel good unless my body gets some exercise, not just my<br />
mind.<br />
W: Do you usually just lift weights<br />
M: No. I lift to get stronger. Then, I run on the treadmill to help my<br />
heart and lungs. Then, I jump rope or do aerobics to improve<br />
my balance and coordination.<br />
W: Wow! I wish I had that much discipline.<br />
M: Start slowly and do a little more each day.<br />
W: Thanks for the advice. Well, have fun. Maybe I’ll go next week.<br />
M: Bye! Good luck on your mid-term.<br />
02 Physical Science<br />
W: Rocks wear down and break apart due to a process called<br />
weathering. There are two main types of weathering: mechanical<br />
and chemical.<br />
Mechanical weathering involves the disintegration, or destruction,<br />
of rocks by mechanical processes. These include the freezing<br />
and thawing of water in the crevices --- uh, holes and cracks ---<br />
of rocks. Also, the roots of plants can cause rocks to break<br />
apart. The tiny, hair-like roots grow into small cracks in rocks.<br />
Then, as the roots get bigger, the roots crack the rocks. Animals<br />
are also responsible for mechanical weathering. They burrow, or<br />
dig, into the rocks and the dirt around the rocks. Mechanical<br />
weathering is especially common in high altitudes, where it’s so<br />
cold that freezing and thawing happen every day. It’s also common<br />
in deserts, where there is little water and few plants.<br />
Chemical weathering involves the decomposition of rock by<br />
chemical changes or solution. This includes the processes of<br />
oxidation, carbonation, and hydration. For example, many iron<br />
minerals found in rocks are rapidly oxidized, meaning they can<br />
quickly turn to rust. It sounds funny, but rocks can rust or oxidize.<br />
Then, there is carbonation. Limestone is a rock that does this.<br />
Limestone is a type of rock that is dissolved by water, which<br />
contains carbonic acid. We’ll go into more detail about that<br />
reaction later. Anyway, chemical weathering takes place in<br />
warm, wet conditions. In general, chemical weathering is more<br />
common than mechanical weathering, although they usually<br />
act together.<br />
03 Campus Life<br />
M: I just don’t get it!<br />
W: Get what<br />
M: Professor Johnson’s biology lecture. I took notes, but I don’t<br />
understand them.<br />
W: You should go to a review session.<br />
M: A review session<br />
W: Yeah. A review session is a discussion that’s led by a student<br />
who has already taken the class. They review the professor’s<br />
lecture and the homework assignments for each week. Then,<br />
they answer questions.<br />
M: It sounds like an extra class.<br />
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W: You don’t have to go, but if you’re having trouble, a review<br />
session will help you a lot. I went to one last year when I had<br />
Professor Johnson’s class.<br />
M: Yeah How did you do<br />
W: I got an A-minus.<br />
M: Hmm. When is the review session<br />
W: Let’s see... You have your choice. You can go Monday from 5<br />
to 6 p.m., or Tuesday from 3 to 4.<br />
M: I’ve got economics on Tuesday. I guess I could go Monday.<br />
W: It’s up to you.<br />
M: I’ll think about it.<br />
04 Business<br />
M: Advertisements. They’re everywhere. You can’t hide from them.<br />
There’s no escape. Turn on the TV. There they are. Turn on the radio.<br />
There they are. Waiting for an elevator There they are. Using your<br />
computer There they are. Looking out your car window<br />
Ahhhhhh! Ads, ads, ads! Aren’t you getting tired of them<br />
W: Yes! Especially on my computer and on TV. I wish there weren’t<br />
so many of them.<br />
M: Well, would you believe you’ve actually seen more ads than you<br />
think. You’ve also been watching secret ads. Instead of regular<br />
ads, today we are seeing lots more of something called product<br />
placement. Product placement is like an ad that’s not an ad. It’s<br />
an advertisement in disguise. For example, how many of you<br />
have seen the movie Cast Away, with Tom Hanks Mmmm,<br />
most of you. Which company does Hanks work for at the start<br />
of the movie<br />
W: Fed Ex.<br />
M: Bingo! That’s a product placement. Fed Ex --- short for Federal<br />
Express --- got more publicity from that movie than it could have<br />
with hundreds of traditional ads. In another movie, The Firm, the<br />
main character drank a beer from Jamaica called Red Stripe. In the<br />
movie’s first week, sales of Red Stripe increased 50 percent. Product<br />
placement used to be limited to movies. Now, we see it on TV<br />
shows, video games, even in books. It’s an effective technique.<br />
But companies have to be careful. They want their products to<br />
be visible within a scene, but not the focus of attention. When<br />
done correctly, product placement can add a sense of realism<br />
to a movie or television show that something like a bottle simply<br />
marked “beer” cannot.<br />
05 Music<br />
M: Today we’re going to learn about a kind of song called a ballad. A<br />
ballad is a song that tells a story. Usually, the story in a ballad is one<br />
that began with oral tradition. Parents passed it down to their<br />
children from generation to generation. Ballads are often sung in<br />
rhyme, like a poem. Unlike a poem, though, ballads do not use a<br />
lot of explanation. The words are usually simple, clear, and easy<br />
to read. There is not much emotion. And the motives of characters<br />
--- that is, why they do something --- is not usually told. One<br />
famous ballad from the 1800s is called “Shenandoah.” Um,<br />
S-H-E-N-A-N-D-O-A-H. It tells the story of a white man who was<br />
in love with an American Indian woman. She lived near the<br />
Missouri River, one of the two largest rivers in the United States.<br />
Listen to part of the song:<br />
The white man loved an Indian maiden<br />
Away, you rolling river<br />
With notions his canoe was laden<br />
Away, I’m bound away<br />
Cross the wide Missouri<br />
O Shenandoah, I love your daughter<br />
Away, you rolling river<br />
For her I’ve crossed the rolling water<br />
Away, I’m bound away<br />
Cross the wide Missouri<br />
Notice the dialog in the second verse. The white man tells his<br />
lover’s father: “Oh Shenandoah, I love your daughter...for her I’ve<br />
crossed the rolling river.” Such dialog is typical of ballads. So, we<br />
have three characteristics of ballads so far. One, they tell a story.<br />
Two, they come from oral tradition. Three, they repeat simple<br />
words and use dialog.<br />
06 Earth Science<br />
M: Trade winds are a pattern of wind found in regions near the<br />
Earth’s equator. Do you remember what the equator is<br />
W: The imaginary circle around the middle of the Earth that divides<br />
the planet into the northern hemisphere and southern<br />
hemisphere.<br />
M: Very good! Now, in the old days, sailors used to sail their boats<br />
back and forth across the equator on their way to trade things<br />
with other nations. They depended on the wind to get them<br />
there quickly. Hence the name, trade winds. The trade winds<br />
begin in regions called the Horse Latitudes. These are regions<br />
between 30 degrees and 35 degrees north and south of the<br />
equator. The winds in the Horse Latitudes are light, and the<br />
weather there is hot and dry. Because of the light winds, trading<br />
ships would become stalled in the Horse Latitudes. Sailors were<br />
worried about running out of water, so they threw their horses<br />
into the sea. This way, they could drink the water meant for the<br />
horses. It also made their boats lighter, so they could go faster.<br />
The trade winds blow from the Horse Latitudes toward the<br />
equator. In the Northern Hemisphere, they blow from the<br />
northeast and are called the Northeast Trade Winds. In the<br />
Southern Hemisphere, they blow from the southeast and are<br />
called the Southeast Trade Winds. The trade winds between<br />
about 30 degrees latitude and the equator are steady and blow<br />
about 22 to 24 kilometers per hour. They can quickly propel<br />
ships across the ocean.<br />
Skill E<br />
01 Campus Life<br />
M: Excuse me. I’d like to buy a bicycle permit please.<br />
W: That will be four dollars.<br />
M: Here you are. And the permit will let me park my bike anywhere<br />
on campus<br />
W: Yes.<br />
M: How long is the permit valid for<br />
W: It’s valid for the next four years. OK, now I need your bicycle<br />
serial number.<br />
M: My serial number Just a minute. Ah, here it is. A7-10023.<br />
W: All right. Next, I need some identification with your address on it.<br />
M: My address Um, oh yeah. I have my driver’s license.<br />
W: Sure, your driver’s license will be fine...all right. Last but not<br />
least, you need to fill out this bicycle registration card. Then<br />
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we’ll give you your permit.<br />
M: Here you are.<br />
W: Thank you. Now, you need to make sure this permit is in plain<br />
sight on your bicycle. Attach it to the main frame, on the center<br />
post below the seat. If we can’t see it, you will have to pay a fine.<br />
M: No problem. Thanks.<br />
02 Art<br />
W1: Today, we’re going to see how much you know about china.<br />
M1: It’s got the Great Wall.<br />
W2: And rice.<br />
M2: And chopsticks!<br />
W1: No, not that China. Yes, China is a country. But there’s another<br />
china-the kind you eat off of. This china is a fancy type of<br />
porcelain. Porcelain is a material used to make plates, cups, and<br />
bowls. When people get married in America, one of the oldest<br />
customs is for the bride and groom to choose which type of<br />
china they want for their new home.<br />
There are four main processes in creating china. These are clay<br />
making, mold making, glazing, and decorating. In the clay-making<br />
process, five ingredients are mixed together with water and<br />
shaped into tubes. These tubes are called pugs: P-U-G-S. In the<br />
mold-making process, plaster is poured into metal molds to<br />
make production molds. These production molds are then used<br />
to shape the pugs into plates, cups, and bowls. Next, comes the<br />
glazing process. Glaze is like liquid glass. When it’s heated,<br />
glaze forms a protective shell around each piece of china. Glaze<br />
is incredibly strong. A store in Canada once showed how strong<br />
china is by using four teacups to support a race car! Can you<br />
picture that---a heavy car with only one small cup under each<br />
wheel After glazing, the china is ready for decorating. Here,<br />
artists use 85 patterns and 400 different shapes to make the<br />
china look beautiful. Then, it’s ready to be sold.<br />
03 Campus Life<br />
M: I’d like to check out this book, please.<br />
W: May I please see your student ID card<br />
M: I’m sorry, ma’am, it’s been stolen. It was in my wallet, which<br />
was stolen.<br />
W: I’m not allowed to check out any books for you without it.<br />
M: Oh, that’s great! What should I do now<br />
W: You can download the form for a new student ID card from the<br />
computer. Fill it out and take it over to the Student Center.<br />
Actually, they can also give you the form there.<br />
M: Thanks. I don’t think I’ll bother. Doesn’t it cost $10.00<br />
W: It does. You might just want to do it, though. You won’t be<br />
allowed to sit for exams without it.<br />
M: All right, I guess I’ll have to. I suppose they’ll want a passport<br />
photo too.<br />
W: Yes, and a copy of your identification --- driver’s license or passport.<br />
M: All right, I’ll go over there. Thanks ma’am.<br />
W: You’ll be glad to have it. Good luck!<br />
04 Health<br />
M: Let’s begin our study of Vitamin D. It’s something we must have.<br />
Among other things, it helps our bodies use the important<br />
mineral, calcium. Calcium makes our bones strong. It also helps<br />
our nerves and muscles work the way they should.<br />
Let’s open our textbooks to page 63. I’d like you to take a look<br />
at these pictures. As you can see, these children don’t look well<br />
at all. The bones in their heads haven’t come together as they<br />
should. That’s why their heads are too big. Their legs curve out.<br />
The bones are too soft to stand on. These children didn’t get<br />
enough Vitamin D. Happily, we don’t see this too often any more.<br />
Vitamin D is not in most of the foods we eat. We get it mostly<br />
from the sun. Ultraviolet rays from the sun transform something<br />
in our skin. It becomes what’s called previtamin D3. Inside our<br />
bodies, it changes again. It becomes what’s called active vitamin<br />
D. With active vitamin D, our bones can make enough calcium<br />
to stay hard. Active vitamin D helps us have enough calcium for<br />
our nerves too. This helps us feel calm and sleep well.<br />
Today, many people need to have stronger bones. Many older<br />
people’s bones, especially, break far too easily. One main reason<br />
why is that people don’t get nearly enough sunlight. We close<br />
windows to stay warm in the winter. In summer, we close<br />
windows for air conditioning. But we really need time in the<br />
sunshine almost every day.<br />
05 Computer Science<br />
W: I did a search on Google yesterday. It was amazing. I typed in<br />
“horses” and hit the search button. In less than a second, it<br />
showed me more than 32 million websites related to horses. Do<br />
you ever wonder how computers can think so fast Well, I did<br />
another Google search, and I found out.<br />
Computer chips are based on something called Boolean logic.<br />
This is a type of thinking developed in the mid-1800s by<br />
George Boole --- B-O-O-L-E. Boolean logic maps information<br />
into bits and bytes.<br />
It begins with seven electronic pathways, called gates. The<br />
simplest gate is called a NOT gate. The NOT gate takes one bit<br />
of input, which we’ll label A, and produces an output, which<br />
we’ll label Q, that is exactly opposite. So, if input, A, is one, the<br />
output, Q, will be zero. If A is zero, Q will be one. Simple. Next<br />
is the AND gate. The idea behind an AND gate is this: if there<br />
are two bits of input, say, A and B, and if A and B are both the<br />
same, then the output, called Q, should be the same. After the<br />
NOT gate and the AND gate comes the OR gate. Its basic idea<br />
is, “If A or B is one, or if both A and B are one, then Q is also<br />
one.” The next two gates are called NAND and NOR. These two<br />
gates are simply combinations of an AND or an OR gate with a<br />
NOT gate. Now, next comes....<br />
06 Biology<br />
M: Let’s begin. Last week, we learned how most fish use their swim<br />
bladder to move around in the water. Remember, when the fish<br />
breathes oxygen, some of that oxygen goes into its bladder. This<br />
causes the fish to rise in the water. When it squeezes some of<br />
the gas out of its bladder, it sinks toward the bottom. So, it can<br />
move vertically --- go up and down --- kind of like a hot-air<br />
balloon.<br />
A shark is more like an airplane. Sharks don’t have a swim bladder,<br />
so they use their forward movement to control their vertical<br />
position. The tail is like the shark’s propeller. The shark swings it<br />
back and forth to move forward. In an airplane, this forward<br />
movement pushes air around the wings. For a shark, this forward<br />
movement pushes water around the fins. In both cases, the<br />
forward movement creates lift --- the airplane and shark both rise.<br />
Sharks have two pairs of fins on each side of their bodies. These<br />
fins are in about the same position as the main wings and tail<br />
wings on an airplane. The shark can position these fins at different<br />
angles. This changes the path of the water around them and<br />
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enables the shark to move quickly upward or downward. The<br />
shark also has two vertical fins on its back. These are like the<br />
stabilizer fin on an airplane. They allow the shark to keep its<br />
balance as it moves through the water and help it turn quickly left<br />
and right.<br />
Skill F<br />
01 Computer Science<br />
M: Robots are very popular these days. We see movies and television<br />
shows in which robots move, speak, and have personalities that<br />
are almost human. Like R2D2 and C3PO in Star Wars, and Data<br />
from the Star Trek TV series. In real life, there are robot dogs,<br />
robots that walk on two legs like a person, robots that clean<br />
your house, and robots that work in factories to help build cars.<br />
What, exactly, is a robot That’s a surprisingly difficult question.<br />
Different people have different ideas. One famous scientist<br />
said, “I can’t define a robot, but I know one when I see one.”<br />
The easiest definition is that a robot is something most people<br />
say is a robot. However, people who build robots have a more<br />
precise definition. They say a robot must have a reprogrammable<br />
brain --- in other words, a computer --- that moves a body. The<br />
vast majority of robots have several features in common.<br />
First of all, almost all robots have a movable body. Some move<br />
only by wheels, and some have many movable parts that are<br />
joined together. These parts are usually metal or plastic. Secondly,<br />
robots have some sort of actuator --- that’s AC-CHEW-ATE-OR ---<br />
and this actuator spins their wheels or moves their parts. An<br />
actuator could be an electric motor, or a hydraulic system, or<br />
compressed gas, which we call a pneumatic system. Some<br />
robots use all these actuator types: motors, hydraulics, and<br />
pneumatic systems. And third, robots need a power source for<br />
their actuators. They could have a battery, or they could plug<br />
into a wall.<br />
02 Health<br />
M: If you have white skin, you’re in danger of getting sunburn. The<br />
cells in your skin are not protected from the sun’s ultraviolet<br />
radiation --- or UV rays. If you don’t protect your skin when you<br />
go outside, your skin can become red and sore. We call this<br />
sunburn. I bet we’ve all experienced this at some point in our<br />
lives. What happens is this: UV rays damage the cells in your<br />
skin. The body responds by sending more blood to these cells<br />
to repair the damage. This is why your skin is red when you get<br />
sunburned --- because of this extra blood. The blood begins<br />
moving toward the damaged areas four hours after you’ve first<br />
been in the sun and will keep moving there as much as 24 hours<br />
afterwards. You won’t know you’re sunburned until it’s too late.<br />
Sunburn is dangerous because it increases the chance that you<br />
will get skin cancer. People who have been sunburned a lot get<br />
skin cancer much more often than those who don’t get<br />
sunburned very much. So, it’s very important to protect your<br />
skin when you’re in the sun. The best way to do this is to use<br />
sunscreen. Sunscreen is a lotion you put on your body about 30<br />
minutes before you go outside. Sunscreen helps in two ways. It<br />
can block UV rays. Like a shield, it stops them before they reach<br />
your skin. Sunscreen can also absorb UV rays. This means the<br />
lotion “eats” the UV rays. The rays stay in the lotion instead of<br />
your skin.<br />
03 Campus Life<br />
M: What’s your plan for the day, Natalie<br />
W: Well, I have to work on my paper this morning. After that, I’m<br />
free. Why<br />
M: I was thinking about going to see an art show. It’s about First<br />
Nations tribal totems. Do you want to go Isn’t that what your<br />
paper is about<br />
W: Yea, you remembered, Alex! Maybe I should go see the show<br />
before I work on my paper.<br />
M: It’s in the Gallery Shopping Mall.<br />
W: I know where that is. It’s at 10th and Market Street.<br />
M: I’ll drive. But could you just quickly go over the directions with<br />
me first<br />
W: Sure, Alex, it’s easy. Take University Drive to Market Street. We<br />
take Market Street eastbound to 15th Street. Then, follow the<br />
circle around City Hall to continue on Market Street. We keep<br />
going on Market Street until 10th Street. Then, the main door<br />
to the mall is right on the northwest corner of 10th and Market<br />
Street.<br />
04 Social Studies<br />
W: Today I’d like to talk about animal helpers. There are many ways<br />
that animals can help or teach us. By that, I mean how people<br />
long ago learned from animals. And even today, we can still learn<br />
from them. Think of a snake, for example. A snake grows new<br />
skin and sheds its old skin many times. It can remind us that we<br />
too need to change. The snake’s old skin can be discarded<br />
because it has a new one. For us, it’s the same. We let go of old<br />
things and ideas for new ones. At age seven, we think certain<br />
things. Do we think the same things at age thirty-seven If so, we<br />
have evolved little in our lifetime.<br />
Since long, long ago, people have learned from animals they<br />
admired. Some First Nations people would go to live with and<br />
study bears. One of them might stay with a bear for a whole<br />
year. People and bears eat many of the same foods. They would<br />
learn all of the vegetation that bears know about. So First<br />
Nations people would watch bears forage for food. If a bear<br />
ate berries or roots of some plant, they knew it was OK for<br />
people to eat. Or if a bear avoided a certain plant, First Nations<br />
people would stay away from it too. Knowing about these<br />
plants helped people, especially if they migrated to a new area.<br />
05 Campus Life<br />
M: Good afternoon, Ms. Smith.<br />
W: Good afternoon.<br />
M: Now, then...you would like to apply for a position as a campus<br />
tour guide<br />
W: Yes, sir.<br />
M: OK. Have you ever been a tour guide<br />
W: No, I haven’t. But I love people, and I’ve been a student here<br />
for two years, so I know all about the campus.<br />
M: I see. Do you know what your duties would be as a tour guide<br />
W: Sure. I’d walk people around the campus, tell them the names<br />
of buildings, talk about student life, then answer questions.<br />
M: That’s correct. Tours are held once each day. They last for 90<br />
minutes.<br />
W: What time do they begin<br />
M: At 10 a.m. Monday through Saturday. On Sunday, tours start at<br />
1 p.m. Monday through Friday only, the guide will give a 30-minute<br />
talk after the tour for students who want to study here but<br />
have not yet applied.<br />
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W: How much money do the tours cost<br />
M: They’re free.<br />
06 Phys. Ed.<br />
M: When we think of the martial arts, most of us picture spectacular<br />
fights, like the flying kicks, spinning punches, and fantastic flips<br />
we see in Jackie Chan movies. Actually, people who practice<br />
martial arts use their physical skills to make their minds and<br />
spirits stronger. This is especially true with a type of martial art<br />
called karate. Yes<br />
W: How do you spell that<br />
M: K-A-R-A-T-E. People who practice karate are called karatekas:<br />
K-A-R-A-T-E-K-A-S. For karatekas, karate is much more than a<br />
style of self-defense. It is the best way to strengthen their minds<br />
and spirits. Karatekas say that the fighting principles they learn<br />
in karate help them in all areas of life.<br />
The first principle karatekas must learn is to concentrate on<br />
their own movements and not think about other things. This<br />
teaches them to concentrate better on their studies or jobs.<br />
Second, they must be alert and be ready to react to a punch or<br />
kick from their opponent. This helps them be alert and react to<br />
difficult problems in life. Third, they need to focus their strongest<br />
points on their opponents’ weakest points. This helps them focus<br />
on a few jobs that best match their skills, rather than sending<br />
their resumés to hundreds of different companies. Fourth, karatekas<br />
learn to make their bodies physically strong; they are ready to<br />
defend themselves and throw punches without thinking. This, in<br />
turn, makes their minds and spirits stronger. Their bodies know<br />
right away how to deal with new problems and challenges in<br />
everyday life.<br />
Chapter 2<br />
Skill Review<br />
A-F<br />
01 Campus Life<br />
W: Hello, Mr. Thompson. Are you my student advisor<br />
M: Yes, Amanda. How can I help you<br />
W: I’m thinking about majoring in history. I’d need History 101 ---<br />
History of Western Civilization. Can you tell me what the course<br />
covers<br />
M: Sure, I’d be happy to. It’s one of my favorite subjects.<br />
W: Lucky for me!<br />
M: OK, let’s see here. It starts with the beginning of Western<br />
civilization in the Near East, and it covers everything up through<br />
the 16th Century Reformations. It’s mostly lectures.<br />
W: Uh-oh, that can be a little boring.<br />
M: Yes, but I do know that Professor Jantzen makes her class<br />
interesting. She shows some very intriguing DVDs, and she<br />
really gets students to ask questions.<br />
W: Yeah, my friend Kelly studied with her last year. She said they<br />
had great class discussions.<br />
M: Yes, I think you’ll find that’s true.<br />
W: So, how closely does she follow the textbook<br />
M: Well, she covers all the same basic material, but you’ll find the<br />
lectures won’t be exactly the same. And you’ll have some writing<br />
assignments.<br />
W: Yes, of course.<br />
M: From the class, you’ll get a good basic idea how our society<br />
became the way it is. You’ll learn about what our society thinks<br />
makes good citizens. You’ll find out how different governments<br />
were formed. And you’ll learn how technology has changed us.<br />
W: And how about historians<br />
M: Oh, yes. You’ll learn how historians decide what happened.<br />
You’ll be asked what you think about it too.<br />
W: Great! That’s what I’m most interested in.<br />
02 Psychology<br />
W: Our mother tongue is the language we learn first from our<br />
families. We are native speakers of that language. People who<br />
know two languages are bilingual. Those people who know<br />
three or more are trilingual and multilingual.<br />
Many people have more than one native language. They learn<br />
them without going to school. And then there are many people<br />
who learn a second language through study. Like me! I only<br />
heard English at home. In order to learn Spanish, I had to study,<br />
hard!<br />
Now, our mother tongue, or first language, is very important.<br />
Some academics believe that it teaches us how to think. So,<br />
knowing your mother tongue is very important to getting an<br />
education. Knowing it well makes learning another language<br />
easier. People who are bilingual will learn a third language even<br />
more quickly.<br />
Educators have different ideas about how we learn languages.<br />
There are two basic ideas. Some say babies’ brains are specially<br />
ready for learning languages. They think that as we grow up,<br />
that changes. That’s why it gets harder to learn languages.<br />
Others disagree with this idea. They say we learn languages the<br />
same way we learn other things. We don’t know for sure just<br />
how it happens.<br />
There are places where two language groups may not talk to<br />
each other much. Something interesting, called coordinate<br />
bilingualism, happens to people here. They think about things<br />
in a special way. We know this happens in Quebec, Canada to<br />
French-English bilinguals. Let me give you an example of what<br />
I mean. They might think of one kind of dog when they say<br />
“dog” in English. In French, the word for dog is “chien.”<br />
When saying that word, they think of a different kind of dog.<br />
Yes, Tony, did you have a question<br />
M: Are there a lot of French-English bilinguals in Quebec<br />
W: Yes, there are quite a few.<br />
M: Do these people ever feel like they have two different personalities<br />
W: Well, yes, in fact they do. You can see how this would happen.<br />
Here are two different groups who don’t always get along. You<br />
need to understand both groups and have them understand you.<br />
So, you talk differently to each group. You end up learning two<br />
different ways of thinking.<br />
03 General Studies<br />
M: OK, pay close attention, please. I’m going to tell you what<br />
courses you need to take to graduate. Take careful notes.<br />
Each undergraduate can make his or her own curriculum. This<br />
means you can choose which classes you want to take. BUT...we<br />
want to make sure you get a good general education, so your<br />
curriculum must include the following:<br />
First, you will need six hours of composition. Those can be basic<br />
writing classes in the English department.<br />
You will also need six credit hours in 300 and 400-level courses<br />
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that require some kind of written project. These courses will<br />
usually require you to write at least two lengthy papers. They<br />
will have a “W” next to them in your student catalogs.<br />
So those were the English requirements. Next, I’ll go over the<br />
general humanities requirements. First, there is a foreign language<br />
requirement. So you’ll need six hours of a foreign language or six<br />
hours of computer courses. Learning a computer language can<br />
count as a foreign language. Both the foreign language and<br />
computer courses require a grade of “C” or higher for credit<br />
toward graduation.<br />
Also in the humanities, you’ll need twelve hours of literature or<br />
fine arts. And on top of those twelve hours, you’ll need twelve<br />
hours in history or social science courses.<br />
I haven’t said anything yet about math or science. You’re all<br />
required to have some of those credits too. All graduates are<br />
required to take six hours in the natural sciences, like chemistry<br />
or biology, plus three hours in math. And that math requirement<br />
could be business math or other courses like that.<br />
If you add up all those credits, you’ll see that you still have quite<br />
a few credit hours needed for graduation. Those extra credit<br />
hours can be electives. So you can choose just about anything<br />
from Phys. Ed. to music to fill in the remaining credits. Now,<br />
questions<br />
W: I took three years of Spanish in high school. Do I have to take<br />
two semesters of Spanish here<br />
M: No. You can take a test, and the foreign language advisors will<br />
assign you to a class based on your score. If you’re placed into<br />
the Spanish 103 class or the Spanish 201 class, you will only<br />
have to take one semester.<br />
04 Political Science<br />
W: The simplest way to define ideology is as a collection of ideas.<br />
Every society has an ideology. It forms the basis of the society’s<br />
“public opinion,” or common sense. This ideology is usually<br />
invisible to most people within the society. It is just “normal”<br />
thinking. Everybody thinks this way. When somebody says or<br />
does something different from this normal thought, it is seen as<br />
strange, or maybe even dangerous or radical. There are different<br />
kinds of ideologies. There’s political, social, ethical, and so on.<br />
Let’s look at political ideologies for a few moments.<br />
A political ideology is concerned with two things. One --- how a<br />
society should work, and two --- the rules needed to make it<br />
work that way.<br />
Some political ideologies believe in a flat social order. In a flat<br />
society, almost everyone is equal. Men are equal to women. All<br />
cultures are equally valuable. All lifestyles are acceptable. A flat<br />
social order is thought to promote diversity. It encourages people<br />
to be individuals and not conform to any one standard. People<br />
in a flat society might support alternative lifestyles, for example,<br />
gay marriage.<br />
Other political ideologies believe in a structured social order. In<br />
a structured society, there are many different levels. For example,<br />
God is a higher level than people, men are higher than women,<br />
and some cultures are higher than others. A structured social<br />
order is thought to promote uniform thinking and behavior. It<br />
encourages individuals to respect the established social order.<br />
People in a structured society might support the nuclear family<br />
unit and military programs.<br />
Let’s look at rules that make a society work. Some societies<br />
reward individuals over the group. These societies encourage<br />
individuals to achieve self-sufficiency, so they don’t depend on<br />
the rest of society. This tends to create a society with a high level<br />
of economic independence among its members. Does this sound<br />
like society here I think it fits us pretty well.<br />
Other societies reward the group over the individual. These societies<br />
encourage individuals to increase the strength of their social<br />
ties, so that they must depend on the rest of society. This tends<br />
to create a society with a high level of economic interdependence<br />
among its members.<br />
Chapter 3<br />
Focus A 01<br />
01 Math<br />
W: Geometry is the study of points. Now, a point is a small dot, like<br />
a period at the end of a sentence. If we have two points, we<br />
know that there can be other points between them. There can<br />
also be a line. The line is continuous. It has no space between<br />
each point. Part of a line, with points at each end, is called a<br />
line segment. Two line segments can be the same length. We<br />
call these line segments congruent. That just means the line<br />
segments are equal in length.<br />
02 Biology<br />
M: Last week, we learned how most fish use their swim bladder to<br />
move around in the water. Remember, when the fish breathes<br />
oxygen, some of that oxygen goes into its bladder. This causes<br />
the fish to rise in the water. When it squeezes some of the gas<br />
out of its bladder, it sinks toward the bottom. So, it can move<br />
vertically --- go up and down --- kind of like a hot-air balloon.<br />
A shark is more like an airplane. Sharks don’t have a swim bladder,<br />
so they use their forward movement to control their vertical<br />
position. The tail is like the shark’s propeller. The shark swings<br />
it back and forth to move forward. In an airplane, this forward<br />
movement pushes air around the wings. For a shark, this forward<br />
movement pushes water around the fins. In both cases, the forward<br />
movement creates lift---the airplane and shark both rise.<br />
Sharks have two pairs of fins on each side of their bodies. These<br />
fins are in about the same position as the main wings and tail<br />
wings on an airplane. The shark can position these fins at different<br />
angles. This changes the path of the water around them and<br />
enables the shark to move quickly upward or downward. The<br />
shark also has two vertical fins on its back. These are like the<br />
stabilizer fin on an airplane. They allow the shark to keep its<br />
balance as it moves through the water and help it turn quickly<br />
left and right.<br />
03 Psychology<br />
W: Our mother tongue is the language we learn first from our<br />
families. We are native speakers of that language. People who<br />
know two languages are bilingual. Those people who know<br />
three or more are trilingual and multilingual.<br />
Many people have more than one native language. They learn<br />
them without going to school. And then there are many<br />
people who learn a second language through study. Like me! I<br />
only heard English at home. In order to learn Spanish, I had to<br />
study hard!<br />
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Focus A 02<br />
01 Literature<br />
M: If a play makes you laugh, it’s a comedy. Comedies have<br />
humorous characters and happy endings. A good example of a<br />
comedy is Shakespeare’s classic Much Ado about Nothing.<br />
Another popular style is called tragedy. Tragedies usually tell<br />
how a hero ruins his life, falling from good fortune to bad<br />
fortune because of a “tragic flaw” in character. One example is the<br />
play Ghosts, by Henrik Ibsen. Um, modern years have produced a<br />
third style, called tragicomedy. In tragicomedies, the play seems<br />
as though it will end in tragedy but instead has a humorous or<br />
unclear ending. An example is Saint Joan, by George Bernard<br />
Shaw.<br />
02 Physical Science<br />
W: Rocks wear down and break apart due to a process called<br />
weathering. There are two main types of weathering: mechanical<br />
and chemical.<br />
Mechanical weathering involves the disintegration, or destruction,<br />
of rocks by mechanical processes. These include the freezing<br />
and thawing of water in the crevices --- uh, holes and cracks ---<br />
of rocks. Also, the roots of plants can cause rocks to break<br />
apart. The tiny, hair-like roots grow into small cracks in rocks.<br />
Then, as the roots get bigger, the roots crack the rocks. Animals<br />
are also responsible for mechanical weathering. They burrow, or<br />
dig, into the rocks and the dirt around the rocks. Mechanical<br />
weathering is especially common in high altitudes, where it’s so<br />
cold that freezing and thawing happen every day. It’s also common<br />
in deserts, where there is little water and few plants.<br />
Chemical weathering involves the decomposition of rock by<br />
chemical changes or solution. This includes the processes of<br />
oxidation, carbonation, and hydration. For example, many iron<br />
minerals found in rocks are rapidly oxidized, meaning they can<br />
quickly turn to rust. It sounds funny, but rocks can rust or<br />
oxidize. Then, there is carbonation. Limestone is a rock that<br />
does this. Limestone is a type of rock that is dissolved by water,<br />
which contains carbonic acid. We’ll go into more detail about<br />
that reaction later. Anyway, chemical weathering takes place in<br />
warm, wet conditions. In general, chemical weathering is more<br />
common than mechanical weathering, although they usually<br />
act together.<br />
03 Geography<br />
W: We usually think of deserts as hot, dry, sandy places. And many<br />
deserts are. But actually, deserts come in several forms. Let’s<br />
learn about some of them.<br />
In defining a desert, we have to consider two factors. The first<br />
is the annual amount of rainfall. Deserts get less than 250<br />
millimeters of rain or snow each year. The second factor is how<br />
much of that rain or snow evaporates --- that is, goes back into<br />
the atmosphere or is used up by plants. We call this loss of<br />
water “evaporation.”<br />
Simply stated, a desert is a place where evaporation is greater<br />
than rainfall or snowfall. Because so much water evaporates,<br />
most deserts are hot. But not all. The North and South poles, for<br />
instance, are cold deserts. They get less than 250 millimeters of<br />
snow each year, and the ground is permanently frozen.<br />
We also classify deserts by their location and main weather<br />
pattern. One example is trade wind deserts. Trade wind deserts<br />
are located between 30 degrees and 35 degrees north and<br />
south of the equator. The winds that blow over these areas are<br />
very strong. They blow away clouds, so more sun reaches the<br />
ground. Most of the major deserts in the world lie in the areas<br />
crossed by the trade winds. The Sahara Desert, in North Africa,<br />
is a trade wind desert. Temperatures there can reach 57<br />
degrees Celsius.<br />
Another type of desert is the rain shadow desert. Rain shadow<br />
deserts lie next to tall mountains. As clouds rise over the mountains,<br />
they spill all of their rain or snow before they get to the other<br />
side. So, these deserts are formed in the “shadow” of the<br />
mountains. The Judean Desert in Israel is a rain shadow desert.<br />
So is a large part of the western United States called the Great<br />
Basin.<br />
Still another kind of desert is coastal deserts. These are on the<br />
western edges, or coasts, of continents. One coastal desert,<br />
the Atacama Desert of South America, is Earth’s driest desert.<br />
In the Atacama, there can be measurable rainfall only once<br />
every 50 years.<br />
Focus B 01<br />
01 History<br />
W: Spain is a country in Southwest Europe, south of France and<br />
west of Italy. In the 16th Century, it was the most powerful<br />
nation in the world. After America was discovered in 1492, Spain<br />
sent many people there. They brought back lots of gold and silver.<br />
Trade with the new American colonies made Spain rich. It<br />
established colonies in other parts of the world, such as Cuba<br />
and the Philippines. But in 1588, Spain lost a famous war against<br />
England. After that, its power began to decline. In 1898, Spain lost<br />
Cuba and the Philippines in the Spanish-American War.<br />
02 Computer Science<br />
W: More people are buying home computers and using them for<br />
home networks. They need faster ways to get information over<br />
the Internet. Right now, there are mainly two avenues for<br />
information to be sent. These are, cable modems and Asymmetric<br />
Digital Subscriber Line or ADSL. These faster ways of sending<br />
information are called broadband connections. Cable modems<br />
and ADSL are both types of broadband connections. They are<br />
much faster than a 56K modem.<br />
There is another new kind of DSL connection. It is known as<br />
very high bit rate DSL or VDSL. Some companies already have<br />
this for certain places. VDSL isn’t everywhere yet, but it may be<br />
very soon. Many people like it and are beginning to use it.<br />
VDSL accommodates a very, very large amount of bandwidth.<br />
It gives up to about 52 megabytes per second. In other words,<br />
it provides 52 Mbps. In comparison, ADSL or cable modems<br />
can only give 8 to 10 megabytes per second. It’s easy to see<br />
that VDSL is a lot faster. VDSL will soon be more common,<br />
making home networks cost much less.<br />
03 Political Science<br />
W: The simplest way to define ideology is as a collection of ideas.<br />
Every society has an ideology. It forms the basis of the society’s<br />
“public opinion,” or common sense. This ideology is usually<br />
invisible to most people within the society. It is just “normal”<br />
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thinking. Everybody thinks this way. When somebody says or<br />
does something different from this normal thought, it is seen<br />
as strange or maybe even dangerous or radical. There are<br />
different kinds of ideologies. There’s political, social, ethical,<br />
and so on. Let’s look at political ideologies for a few moments.<br />
A political ideology is concerned with two things. One --- how<br />
a society should work; and two --- the rules needed to make it<br />
work that way.<br />
Focus B 02<br />
01 History<br />
W: Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist. He was also a<br />
scientist and inventor. Leonardo was born in 1452 in Vinci,<br />
Italy. He began studying painting at age 14 and became<br />
famous just a few years later. His best-known paintings are<br />
Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. But Leonardo was also an<br />
excellent scientist. He kept detailed notebooks of observations<br />
about the natural world. And he cut open dead people to learn<br />
how the human body works. Finally, he was an inventor. But<br />
his two most famous inventions --- the parachute and the war<br />
tank --- weren’t built until after he died.<br />
02 Health<br />
M: If you have white skin, you’re in danger of getting sunburn. The<br />
cells in your skin are not protected from the sun’s ultraviolet<br />
radiation, or UV rays. If you don’t protect your skin when you<br />
go outside, your skin can become red and sore. We call this<br />
sunburn. What happens is this: UV rays damage the cells in<br />
your skin. The body responds by sending more blood to these<br />
cells to repair the damage. This is why your skin is red when<br />
you get sunburned --- because of this extra blood. The blood<br />
begins moving toward the damaged areas four hours after<br />
you’ve first been in the sun and will keep moving there as<br />
much as 24 hours afterwards. You won’t know you’re sunburned<br />
until it’s too late. Sunburn is dangerous because it increases the<br />
chance that you will get skin cancer. People who have been<br />
sunburned a lot get skin cancer much more often than those<br />
who don’t get sunburned very much. So, it’s very important to<br />
protect your skin when you’re in the sun.<br />
03 Economics<br />
W: The World Bank is a bridge between the rich and poor people.<br />
It’s making rich-country money into poor-country growth. It is<br />
one of the world’s biggest banks for poor countries. It’s helping<br />
them build schools and health centers, and get water and<br />
electricity. It’s helping protect the people’s surroundings.<br />
The low-income countries can’t usually borrow money in world<br />
markets. If they do, they have to pay very high interest rates.<br />
The World Bank gives them some money, low-interest loans,<br />
and interest---free credit. It helps them take care of the money,<br />
too. When the countries get loans, they have 35--40 years to<br />
pay them back. They can have ten extra years if they need it.<br />
In the year 2002, the bank agreed to give about $15 billion to<br />
low-income countries. For some of the poorest countries, AIDS<br />
is a very big problem. Some of this World Bank money is to help<br />
them fight this disease. If they don’t receive help, many more<br />
people will get the illness.<br />
Practice Test<br />
01 Campus Life<br />
M: We don’t have nearly enough things to do for fun on campus.<br />
Why can’t we have more plays and art fairs and dances<br />
W: You’re right. But did you know about the new student activity<br />
fee<br />
M: So what! What’s the good of it<br />
W: Well, it means a lot more money for things like that.<br />
M: You don’t think our drama club will really get any of the money,<br />
do you<br />
W: Well, it could.<br />
M: What do you mean<br />
W: Well, I was looking at the university web site. They’re giving $500<br />
to each registered student organization. So, if it’s not already,<br />
we should get our drama club registered. Then, we can ask for<br />
$3,500 more after that! We just have to come up with a special<br />
program.<br />
M: Wow! Let’s do it! What is the web site again<br />
W: It’s the Ohio Union Activities Board. In fact, they’re looking for<br />
student organizations right now.<br />
M: Really! How come they have so much money<br />
W: Well, every new student at our university pays $15 into the<br />
fund. It starts this year. That wouldn’t be very much money for<br />
another couple years, so our university president is putting in a<br />
bunch more money. It’s coming from other programs at the<br />
university.<br />
M: Oh, I get it. So we can do some cool stuff with our drama club!<br />
Remember that idea we had to do Shakespeare plays in present<br />
day settings<br />
W: Yes, of course! That’s why I was looking on the website!<br />
M: Good thinking, Sandy! How do we officially register our club<br />
W: There’s a form we fill out on the web site.<br />
02 Art<br />
M: Embroidery is today’s topic. EM-BROY-DUH-REE. What is it<br />
Embroidery is needlework in which designs and pictures are<br />
created by stitching strands of some material onto a layer of<br />
another material. Most embroidery uses strands of thread or<br />
wool, but embroidery could use different materials, such as<br />
wire or leather strands. Embroidery designs are usually stitched<br />
into a woven fabric, such as blankets or carpets, but designs<br />
can be embroidered onto many materials, including leather,<br />
felt, and plastic.<br />
Embroidery has traditionally been used to decorate clothing<br />
and household furnishings such as tablecloths, towels and<br />
bedding. But you can embroider anything as long as it is made<br />
from an evenly woven fabric and can be held firmly in the hand<br />
or in a special embroidery hoop.<br />
Embroidery has also been used as an art form and for decoration.<br />
One of the most famous embroidered artworks is called the<br />
Bayeux Tapestry --- B-A-Y-E-U-X. It was made in England in the<br />
year 1077. This tapestry is like a huge blanket. It’s 70 meters<br />
long and 0.5 meters wide. It has 58 scenes that tell the story<br />
of the events leading to the Battle of Hastings in 1066. In the<br />
Battle of Hastings, you’ll recall, French soldiers from the region<br />
of Normandy defeated the English army under King Harold.<br />
The Bayeux Tapestry used wool that had been colored with<br />
vegetable dyes. The colors of mustard yellow, olive-green, dark<br />
brown and off-white can be found in cloth traditionally woven<br />
in the region.<br />
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Another famous embroidered artwork is the Bradford Carpet.<br />
It was made in England in the late 17th Century. The Bradford<br />
Carpet covers an entire wall, but it was originally made not as<br />
a carpet, but as a table covering. It was stitched on a canvas ---<br />
like a painting --- and uses silk thread. We call this style Elizabethan<br />
embroidery, in honor of Queen Elizabeth. The carpet shows<br />
countryside life in a simple, realistic way.<br />
There are many different embroidery styles and stitching<br />
techniques. Unfortunately, machines embroider most of our<br />
clothing today. Hand embroidery has become more of a hobby<br />
than a regular occupation.<br />
03 Health<br />
W: We are always sweating, even when we don’t notice it. It’s the<br />
major way that our bodies get rid of extra heat. Body heat<br />
comes from moving or from taking in food. We sweat different<br />
amounts at different times. When the weather is hot or if we<br />
move a lot, we sweat more. When we have very strong<br />
feelings, we might sweat more, too.<br />
Inside our bodies are small things called glands. These glands<br />
get water and other materials from our blood. They use it to<br />
make sweat. We know that sweat is mainly water because it<br />
feels wet. It has salt and some other materials in it, too. We all<br />
know the salty taste of sweat.<br />
Now, look at the picture of a sweat gland. The bottom part is<br />
coiled. It goes around in circles. Then, it has a straight part. The<br />
glands bring in sweat in the coiled part. Then, it moves from<br />
the coiled part up to the straight part. There, if it’s not needed<br />
to keep us cool, it can be taken back in again.<br />
So, not much sweat reaches our skin when it’s cool, and that’s<br />
a good thing, too! Can you see yourself in the winter, putting<br />
on heavy clothing to keep warm But there you are, sweating<br />
It would be very hard to get warm!<br />
Now, when it’s hot or we are exercising --- well, that’s another<br />
story. The glands make a lot more sweat. So, they can’t take as<br />
much of it back in again. A lot more comes out onto our skin.<br />
Of course, this is very good for us. As it dries, it helps us stay<br />
cool. Can you see yourself at the gym working out --- lifting<br />
weights maybe. How would you feel if you didn’t sweat at all<br />
People who live in cold places only sweat about one liter per<br />
hour, but if they move to a hot place, their bodies change. In<br />
about six weeks, they’ll sweat as much as two to three liters per<br />
hour. That seems to be the most that people can sweat.<br />
at all!<br />
Usually, when people refer to rats and mice they mean pet rats<br />
and mice and pest rats and mice. This means Norway rats and<br />
house mice. Norway rats and house mice belong to different<br />
species. A species is a group of related individuals that can mate<br />
and have babies. Humans and horses, for example, belong to<br />
different species. Even though Norway rats and house rats are<br />
different species, they are related to each other. They both<br />
come from a common ancestor that lived millions of years ago.<br />
The descendants of that ancestor evolved into different species.<br />
So, how can we tell Norway rats and house mice apart First<br />
off, adult house mice are much smaller than adult Norway rats.<br />
A house mouse weighs about 30 grams. Its body and tail are<br />
both about three to four inches long. A Norway rat weighs<br />
between 350 and 450 grams for females, and 450 to 650<br />
grams for males. Their bodies are nine to 11 inches long, and<br />
their tails are seven to nine inches long. The heads of Norway rats<br />
are heavy and chunky. The heads of house mice are triangular,<br />
with pointed muzzles. Note, though, that Norway rats have<br />
smaller ears relative to their heads than house mice.<br />
Now, what’s this<br />
Class (in unison): Mouse!<br />
M1: And this<br />
Class (unison): Rat!<br />
04 Biology<br />
M1: Look closely at this picture. Is it a mouse or a rat<br />
W: It’s a mouse.<br />
M2: Rat!<br />
M1: How about this one<br />
W: Rat!<br />
M2: Mouse!<br />
M1: Ah! It’s hard to tell, isn’t it The terms “mouse” and “rat” are<br />
not scientific classifications. They’re words common people use<br />
to distinguish these two rodents. We use “rat” to describe<br />
medium- or large-sized rodents with long, thin tails. There are<br />
many different kinds of rats: kangaroo rats, cotton rats, Norway<br />
rats, black rats, pack rats, etc. We use “mouse” to describe tiny<br />
rodents with long, thin tails. There are many different kinds of<br />
mice: house mice, field mice, deer mice, etc. Some of these<br />
different rodent species that we call rats and mice are closely<br />
related, but other rodent species are not related to each other<br />
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Answer Key
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Chapter<br />
1<br />
Skill A<br />
01<br />
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (A)<br />
4. Don’t SKIP meals / Eat when you are HUNGRY /<br />
Eat REGULAR meals / Eat fruit, VEGETABLES,<br />
meats, and grains<br />
02<br />
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B), (C)<br />
4. Known: year of BIRTH, year of DEATH /<br />
Unknown: month of BIRTH, name of LOVER<br />
03<br />
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D)<br />
4. Physical changes: stored energy in fat, SLOW<br />
BREATHING, LOW or SLOW HEART RATE /<br />
Animals that hibernate: BEARS, snakes, FROGS<br />
04<br />
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (C)<br />
4. Storage: (over) 5,000 songs<br />
Size: 9.1 cm (3.6 inches) tall / 5 cm (2 inches) wide<br />
05<br />
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D)<br />
4. SPORT / Ex. the PERSISTENCE Hunt / Who: the<br />
SAN people / What: hunted ANTELOPE / How:<br />
ran for as long EIGHT HOURS / too TIRED<br />
06<br />
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (C)<br />
4. Be SPECIFIC, State EXACTLY what is needed / Be<br />
POSITIVE, Use POLITE language / Remember the<br />
GOLDEN rule<br />
07<br />
1. (B) 2. (C), (D) 3. (A)<br />
4. Parking spaces are LIMITED / Freshmen CAN’T<br />
PARK / A LOTTERY determines who can park /<br />
Winners must pay MONEY to park<br />
08<br />
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B)<br />
4. use INDEX cards / front of card: write (NEW)<br />
WORD / back of card: top - write ENGLISH<br />
DEFINITION, bottom - write SENTENCE (USING<br />
WORD) and (DRAW A) PICTURE<br />
Skill B<br />
01<br />
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A)<br />
4. Also called: SOUTH POLE<br />
Was attached to: AUSTRALIA<br />
Lowest temp.: -88˚C<br />
Only humans there: SCIENTISTS<br />
02<br />
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C)<br />
4. need: STUDENT ID CARD / can use these<br />
facilities: SWIMMING pool, GYM, WEIGHT ROOM<br />
03<br />
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B)<br />
4. COMEDY - happy endings<br />
TRAGEDY - hero ruins his life<br />
TRAGICOMEDY - unexpected endings<br />
04<br />
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A)<br />
4. BLUE rays scatter most<br />
RED rays scatter least<br />
YELLOW rays scatter neither most nor least<br />
05<br />
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (A), (D)<br />
4. keep in DORM ROOM / let them OUT or WALK<br />
in the room / give them BATHS or FOOD / take<br />
them back to the BEACH<br />
06<br />
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B), (C)<br />
4. important aspects of reading: SPEED,<br />
UNDERSTANDING, enjoyment, REMEMBERING<br />
07<br />
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (B)<br />
4. Why don’t we get enough --- LONG winters, not<br />
going OUTSIDE often, few FOODS have much of it<br />
How can we get more --- eating FISH, getting<br />
more SUNSHINE<br />
08<br />
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (C)<br />
4. LICENSE PLATE --- lets others know who’s driving<br />
LADDER --- helps spiders get out of bathtubs<br />
(PORTABLE) SEAT --- provides a chair to sit on<br />
wherever you are<br />
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Skill C<br />
01<br />
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B)<br />
4. Determining GRADES / mid-term = 15 PERCENT,<br />
final = 30 PERCENT / first essay = 10 PERCENT,<br />
second essay = 30 PERCENT / attendance and<br />
PARTICIPATION = 15 percent<br />
02<br />
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)<br />
4. read a NEWSPAPER / make a list of EIGHT to ten<br />
new words / look them up in a DICTIONARY /<br />
write them in your vocabulary NOTEBOOK<br />
03<br />
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C)<br />
4. painted by: DA VINCI / is often: COPIED / has an<br />
interesting: SMILE / doesn’t have any: EYEBROWS<br />
04<br />
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (D)<br />
4. were good WEAVERS<br />
materials: ANIMAL HAIR/WOOL, vegetable fibers,<br />
COTTON<br />
methods: by hand, BY LOOM<br />
products: BASKETS, blankets, CLOTHES<br />
05<br />
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (C)<br />
4. Turtles are DISAPPEARING in Mexico.<br />
Causes: they LAY EGGS on the beach, people<br />
EAT/TAKE THE EGGS<br />
How to help: call the ENVIRONMENTAL<br />
PROTECTION hotline, look up www.enviro.com<br />
on the INTERNET<br />
06<br />
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B)<br />
4. When this YEAR / Who CHOI MIN-SOO /<br />
What machine that LESSENS noise / Why help<br />
people who need QUIET<br />
07<br />
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B)<br />
4. Development: When OVER 2,500 YEARS AGO,<br />
Where CHINA / Method: Uses what NEEDLES,<br />
How many body spots 787<br />
08<br />
1. (B) 2. (A), (B), (C) 3. (A)<br />
4. (A) LINE (B) (LINE) SEGMENT (C) POINT<br />
Review A-C<br />
Vocabulary Review<br />
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A)<br />
4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (C)<br />
7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (A)<br />
10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (C)<br />
13. (B) 14. (D) 15. (C)<br />
16. fortune 17. determined 18. multiply<br />
19. continuously 20. specific 21. (O)<br />
22. (S) 23. (O) 24. (S)<br />
25. (O)<br />
Skill Review<br />
01<br />
1. (A) 2. (A), (C) 3. (B)<br />
4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (A)<br />
02<br />
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B), (D)<br />
4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (D)<br />
Skill D<br />
01<br />
1. (C) 2. (D)<br />
3. Nova Scotia College of Art --- (B), (C);<br />
Transcript Office --- (A), (D)<br />
4. wants to TRANSFER / needs her TRANSCRIPT /<br />
can get it at TRANSCRIPT OFFICE / will get it in 3<br />
OR 4 DAYS<br />
02<br />
1. (C) 2. (A)<br />
3. Yes --- (A), (D); No --- (B), (C)<br />
4. What saying USED TOO OFTEN / How learned<br />
From OTHERS / Example I LOVE CHOCOLATE.<br />
03<br />
1. (B) 2. (A)<br />
3. advantages --- (B), (C); disadvantages --- (A), (D)<br />
Answer Key 209
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4. public schools are too DANGEROUS / education<br />
level is too LOW / freedom to teach RELIGION /<br />
can give students ATTENTION<br />
04<br />
1. (A) 2. (C)<br />
3. 19 th century --- (A), (B) / 20 th century --- (C), (D)<br />
4. born in GERMANY / attended university in<br />
SWITZERLAND / left GERMANY / moved to USA<br />
05<br />
1. (A) 2. (B)<br />
3. Yes --- (B), (C), (D); No --- (A)<br />
4. Why His body NEEDS MORE OXYGEN / Why<br />
Oxygen CLEANS YOUR BLOOD / How to get<br />
more Oxygen BREATH DEEPLY<br />
06<br />
1. (C) 2. (D)<br />
3. Largest --- (C), (D); Smallest --- (A), (B)<br />
4. Where: lies between ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC,<br />
300 km north of ANTARCTICA / Facts: 1500 km<br />
wide at equator, has 12 countries<br />
07<br />
1. (D) 2. (B)<br />
3. Category --- (A); Process --- (B), (C), (D)<br />
4. When NEXT WEEK / Where STUDENT CENTER /<br />
What students photos of NATURE, STUDENTS,<br />
PROFESSORS, BUILDINGS<br />
08<br />
1. (D) 2. (C)<br />
3. China --- (C); Rome --- (A); The Bible --- (B)<br />
4. information about NUMBERS OF PEOPLE / helps<br />
GOVERNMENTS / early examples from CHINA,<br />
THE BIBLE, ROMAN EMPIRE<br />
Skill E<br />
01<br />
1. Yes --- (B), (C); No --- (A), (D)<br />
2. (A) 3. (D)<br />
4. too HOT to visit / once had RIVERS and oceans,<br />
has TWO moons<br />
02<br />
1. Yellow Card --- (A), (C); Red Card --- (B), (D)<br />
2. (B) 3. (B)<br />
4. YELLOW card = warning / RED card = can’t play<br />
anymore / Soccer or FOOTBALL, has many RULES,<br />
basic rule: don’t HURT ANOTHER PLAYER<br />
03<br />
1. Mark Twain --- (A), (B); Train Conductor --- (C), (D)<br />
2. (A) 3. (D)<br />
4. Boarded TRAIN in New York / couldn’t get room<br />
on SLEEPING coach / conductor thought Twain<br />
was GENERAL MCCLELLAN / conductor gave him<br />
room in FIRST class<br />
04<br />
1. Enjoy meeting people --- (B), (C)<br />
Quiet and thoughtful --- (A), (D)<br />
2. (D) 3. (B)<br />
4. Most important: PERSONALITY / SOCIAL status /<br />
Have to do the JOB every day<br />
05<br />
1. Yes --- (B), (C); No --- (A), (D)<br />
2. (A) 3. (A)<br />
4. Simple ways to EXERCISE / WALK up stairs /<br />
Squeeze a TENNIS BALL --- Helps you RELAX /<br />
Walk BACKWARDS --- Strengthens the BACK of<br />
your legs<br />
06<br />
1. normally --- (B), (D); slowly --- (A), (C)<br />
2. (C) 3. (B)<br />
4. how fast 2,200 km/h, once a day it TURNS<br />
AROUND / SLOWER than Earth’s, moon gets<br />
TWO WEEKS of night and TWO WEEKS of day<br />
07<br />
1. Man --- (B), (C); Woman --- (A), (D)<br />
2. (A) 3. (A)<br />
4. TV SHOW (George Washington) / INTERNET (too<br />
many sites) / VIDEO (professor could recommend<br />
one)<br />
08<br />
1. Detail --- (B); Color --- (C); Movement --- (A)<br />
2. (B) 3. (D)<br />
4. How to REMEMBER things better<br />
Give objects THREE qualities<br />
DETAIL COLOR MOVEMENT<br />
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Skill F<br />
01<br />
1. 1 (D), 2 (C), 3 (B), 4 (A)<br />
2. (B) 3. (B)<br />
4. Rise: became rich from COLONIES, made colonies<br />
in CUBA and PHILIPPINES / Decline: lost wars to<br />
ENGLAND and AMERICA, lost colonies to AMERICA<br />
02<br />
1. 1 (A), 2 (D), 3 (B)<br />
2. (A) 3. (B)<br />
4. has worked as a professor for 18 YEARS / studied<br />
WRITING / loves TEACHING<br />
03<br />
1. 1 (C), 2 (D), 3 (B), 4 (A)<br />
2. (B) 3. (D)<br />
4. first appeared in comics 1939 / Robin appeared<br />
1940 / Alfred appeared 1943 / first teamed with<br />
Superman 1952 / Batman’s new look 1964<br />
04<br />
1. 1 (C), 2 (A), 3 (D), 4 (B)<br />
2. (B) 3. (C)<br />
4. How: leaks NATURALLY, humans spill it when<br />
CARRYING ON BOATS / Steps: SPREADING,<br />
EVAPORATION, EMULSIFICATION / Result: HEAVY<br />
AND STICKY substance called chocolate mousse<br />
05<br />
1. 1 (C), 2 (D), 3 (B), 4 (A)<br />
2. (D) 3. (C)<br />
4. Will SKIP CLASS today / Feels SICK / Might have<br />
MALARIA / Forgot to TAKE MEDICINE<br />
06<br />
1. 1 (C), 2 (B), 3 (D), 4 (A)<br />
2. (B) 3. (A)<br />
4. sound from THUNDER, thunder travels at 1 KM<br />
PER SECOND, distance of storm = seconds<br />
between LIGHTNING AND THUNDER x 1/3 km /<br />
temperature, COOL air from storms travels THREE<br />
miles ahead of storm<br />
07<br />
1. 1 (B), 2 (D), 3 (A)<br />
2. (C) 3. (C)<br />
4. Arizona: GRAND CANYON / New Mexico:<br />
ALBUQUERQUE / in A CAVE, wore HATS WITH<br />
LIGHTS<br />
08<br />
1. 1 (C), 2 (A), 3 (D), 4 (B)<br />
2. (C) 3. (D)<br />
4. painter scientist INVENTOR / kept notebooks of<br />
OBSERVATIONS (OF NATURAL WORLD) / cut open<br />
DEAD PEOPLE to learn HOW THE BODY WORKS<br />
Review A-F<br />
Vocabulary Review<br />
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B)<br />
4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (B)<br />
7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (A)<br />
10. (A) 11. (B) 12. (C)<br />
13. (C) 14. (B) 15. (C)<br />
16. warning 17. forced 18. realize<br />
19. factor 20. qualities 21. empire<br />
22. cavern 23. bomb 24. crude<br />
25. campus<br />
Skill Review<br />
01<br />
1. (D) 2. (A), (C), (D) 3. (D)<br />
4. Chess --- (B); Eidetic --- (C); Dr. DeGroot --- (A)<br />
5. (A) 6. 1 (D), 2 (C), 3 (A), 4 (B)<br />
02<br />
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A)<br />
4. Underline key words --- (A);<br />
Look for important points --- (C);<br />
Wait, think about it --- (B)<br />
5. (A) 6. 1 (D), 2 (C), 3 (B), 4 (A)<br />
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Chapter<br />
2<br />
Skill A<br />
01<br />
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B), (D) 4. (D)<br />
02<br />
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (D)<br />
03<br />
1. (D) 2. (A), (B), (D)<br />
3. (A) 4. (B)<br />
04<br />
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (B)<br />
05<br />
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (B)<br />
06<br />
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B), (D) 4. (C)<br />
Skill C<br />
01<br />
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (B)<br />
02<br />
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (C)<br />
03<br />
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (B)<br />
04<br />
1. (D) 2. (B), (C), (D)<br />
3. (D) 4. (B)<br />
05<br />
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (A)<br />
06<br />
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (A)<br />
Skill B<br />
01<br />
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (A)<br />
02<br />
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (C)<br />
03<br />
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (B)<br />
04<br />
1. (D) 2. (B)<br />
3. (A), (C), (D) 4. (B)<br />
05<br />
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A), (C) 4. (A)<br />
06<br />
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (D)<br />
Review A-C<br />
Vocabulary Review<br />
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (D)<br />
4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (C)<br />
7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (D)<br />
10. (D) 11. (C) 12. (A)<br />
13. (D) 14. (A) 15. (C)<br />
16. (A) 17. (D) 18. (A)<br />
19. (D) 20. (B) 21. (B)<br />
22. (B) 23. (A) 24. (C)<br />
25. (D) 26. (B) 27. (A)<br />
28. (D) 29. (B) 30. (B)<br />
31. modern 32. customs 33. centuries<br />
34. superstition 35. customary 36. reason<br />
37. represents 38. omens 39. big day<br />
40. blood 41. vessel 42. instance<br />
43. stain 44. escort 45. panic<br />
46. (O) 47. (O) 48. (S)<br />
49. (O) 50. (O)<br />
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Skill Review<br />
01<br />
1. (D) 2. (A), (B) 3. (A)<br />
4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (D)<br />
02<br />
1. (A), (C) 2. (B), (D) 3. (B)<br />
4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (B)<br />
03<br />
1. (C) 2. (A), (D) 3. (A)<br />
4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (B)<br />
04<br />
1. (C) 2. (A), (C) 3. (C)<br />
4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (C)<br />
Skill E<br />
01<br />
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (D)<br />
02<br />
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (C)<br />
03<br />
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (B), (C) 4. (D)<br />
04<br />
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (A)<br />
05<br />
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (C)<br />
06<br />
Skill D<br />
01<br />
1. strength --- (A); heart, lungs --- (B);<br />
balance, coordination --- (C), (D)<br />
2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (D)<br />
02<br />
1. mechanical --- (B), (D); chemical --- (A), (C)<br />
2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (B)<br />
03<br />
1. Lecture --- (A), (C); Review Session --- (B), (D)<br />
2. (C) 3. (A), (B), (D), (F) 4. (B)<br />
04<br />
1. Example 1 --- (A), (B); Example 2 --- (D), (C)<br />
2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (B)<br />
05<br />
1. Shenandoah --- (A), (D); Missouri --- (B), (C)<br />
2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (A)<br />
06<br />
1. Equator --- (B), (D); Horse Latitudes --- (A), (C)<br />
2. (D) 3. (B), (C) 4. (B)<br />
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (B)<br />
Skill F<br />
01<br />
1. (C), (B), (A) 2. (A), (D)<br />
3. (B) 4. (C)<br />
02<br />
1. (B), (A), (D), (C) 2. (B)<br />
3. (A) 4. (C)<br />
03<br />
1. (C), (B), (D), (A) 2. (C)<br />
3. (D) 4. (C)<br />
04<br />
1. (B), (A), (D), (C) 2. (C)<br />
3. (B) 4. (B)<br />
05<br />
1. (C), (B), (D), (A) 2. (D)<br />
3. (D) 4. (B)<br />
06<br />
1. (B), (A), (D), (C) 2. (C)<br />
3. (D) 4. (B)<br />
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Review A-F<br />
Vocabulary Review<br />
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B)<br />
4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (A)<br />
7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (C)<br />
10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (B)<br />
13. (D) 14. (A) 15. (C)<br />
16. (A) 17. (C) 18. (A)<br />
19. (C) 20. (A) 21. (B)<br />
22. (D) 23. (B) 24. (A)<br />
25. (C) 26. (D) 27. (C)<br />
28. (B) 29. (B) 30. (A)<br />
31. muscles 32. lift 33. treadmill<br />
34. co-ordination 35. aerobics 36. calm<br />
37. key 38. alert 39. discipline<br />
40. personalities 41. deal with 42. valid<br />
43. combination 44. stall 45. mineral<br />
46. (D) 47. (A) 48. (E)<br />
49. (B) 50. (C)<br />
Skill Review<br />
01<br />
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B), (C)<br />
4. (D), (A), (C), (B) 5. (A) 6. (B)<br />
02<br />
1. (B), (C) 2. (B) 3. (C)<br />
4. (A) 5. (A), (D), (B), (C) 6. (C)<br />
03<br />
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (C)<br />
4. (B) 5. (A), (C), (B), (D) 6. (A)<br />
04<br />
1. (A) 2. (B), (C) 3. (C)<br />
4. (A) 5. (A), (B), (D), (C) 6. (B)<br />
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Chapter<br />
3<br />
Focus A<br />
Tables 1<br />
01<br />
Geometry --- study of...POINTS<br />
A line with two points is a...SEGMENT<br />
Two lines the same length are...CONGRUENT<br />
02<br />
Causes fish to rise...OXYGEN<br />
Sharks do not have...SWIM BLADDER<br />
Sharks use this to propel themselves...TAIL<br />
Sharks use this to change direction...FIN<br />
03<br />
People who speak... Two languages = BILINGUAL Three languages = TRILINGUAL<br />
People learn languages From FAMILY Through STUDY<br />
Two languages in Quebec... ENGLISH FRENCH<br />
Tables 2<br />
01<br />
Comedy HAPPY ending SHAKESPEARE Much Ado About Nothing<br />
Tragedy tragic FLAW in character Ibsen GHOSTS<br />
Tragicomedy seems tragic but funny or UNCLEAR ending SHAW Saint Joan<br />
02<br />
Types of weathering Mechanical CHEMICAL<br />
Process disintegration or DESTRUCTION oxidation, CARBONATION, or hydration<br />
Caused by freezing, ROOTS, or animals REACTIONS with air or water<br />
03<br />
Define desert by: 1. RAINFALL 2. evaporation 3. desert = evap>RAINFALL<br />
Specific types of desert: 1. TRADE wind desert, SAHARA Desert, around equator<br />
2. rain SHADOW desert, JUDEAN Desert, near mountain<br />
3. COASTAL desert Atacama Desert = DRIEST desert on Earth<br />
Focus B<br />
Completing Note Diagrams 1<br />
01<br />
Spain<br />
--- location - S of FRANCE, W of ITALY<br />
--- 16 th century - MOST POWERFUL NATION in world<br />
--- 1490s - Spanish people brought GOLD AND SILVER from America<br />
Spain became RICH<br />
Made new colonies: CUBA and PHILIPPINES<br />
--- 1588 - War with ENGLAND<br />
Began to lose POWER<br />
--- 1898 - LOST COLONIES in Spanish-American War<br />
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02<br />
people looking for faster ways to get INFORMATION<br />
a faster way is a BROADBAND connection<br />
a VDSL connection has a greater BANDWIDTH<br />
gives around 52 MEGABYTES per second<br />
03<br />
Ideology --- COLLECTION of ideas<br />
--- forms basis of PUBLIC opinion<br />
Concerned with --- how SOCIETY works<br />
--- RULES needed to make it work<br />
Completing Note Diagrams 2<br />
01<br />
Leonardo da Vinci<br />
--- artist, INVENTOR, and SCIENTIST<br />
--- born in VINCI, ITALY IN 1452<br />
--- kept notebook OBSERVATIONS OF NATURAL WORLD<br />
--- most famous inventions: PARACHUTE and WAR TANK<br />
02<br />
White skin --- not protected from ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION (UV RAYS)<br />
--- danger of SUNBURN<br />
Sunburn --- skin is red because of EXTRA BLOOD<br />
--- increases chance of SKIN CANCER<br />
03<br />
I. World Bank: helps II. Low-income countries<br />
A. build SCHOOLS and HEALTH CENTERS A. can’t BORROW much money<br />
B. get water and ELECTRICITY B. World Bank gives MONEY, LOW-INTEREST LOANS,<br />
INTEREST-FREE CREDIT<br />
Practice Test<br />
Campus Life<br />
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (C)<br />
4. (C) 5. 1 (A), 2 (D), 3 (C), 4 (B)<br />
6. (D)<br />
Art<br />
7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (D)<br />
10. Bayeux --- (C), (D); Bradford --- (A), (B)<br />
11. (B) 12. (D)<br />
Health<br />
13. (D) 14. (B) 15. (A), (B)<br />
16. (C) 17. 1 (D), 2 (B), 3 (C), 4 (A)<br />
18. (C)<br />
Biology<br />
19. (C) 20. (B) 21. (C)<br />
22. Norway rat --- (B), (D); House mouse --- (A), (C)<br />
23. (A) 24. (D)<br />
216 Answer Key