C# 5.0 Programmer's Reference

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650 ❘ APPENDIX A Solutions to Exercises } { } Contract.Requires(value != null, "Courses list must not be null"); Contract.Ensures(_Courses != null, "Courses list must not be null"); _Courses = value; } // Constructor. public Student(string name) { Name = name; } Could you remove the postconditions Of course, you could. The preconditions guarantee that the postconditions are satisfied. That’s exactly the sort of thinking that makes developers assume their code is correct when it actually isn’t. This is also why it’s good to write contracts before writing the code inside the method. Knowing what these property set accessors do, you can convince yourself that the postconditions are unnecessary. In a nontrivial method, the same pressures may lead you to omit the postconditions. Note that the postconditions are not exactly the same as the preconditions. The preconditions test the inputs to the accessors (if the accessors made other assumptions, the preconditions would verify them, too) and the postconditions check the wanted results. (You can find this code in the StudentTest example program in this chapter’s downloads.) 3. The following code shows the revised class. public class Student { public string Name { get; set; } public List Courses { get; set; } // Constructor. public Student(string name) { Name = name; Courses = new List(); } } [ContractInvariantMethod] private void CheckValuesNotNull() { Contract.Invariant(this.Name != null); Contract.Invariant(this.Name.Length > 0); Contract.Invariant(this.Courses != null); } www.it-ebooks.info
Chapter 9 ❘ 651 In this version, the Name and Courses values are auto-implemented properties. Because their set accessors are public methods, they invoke the class’s invariant method after they set their values. Because an auto-implemented property cannot be initialized in its declaration, this version’s constructor initializes the object’s Courses property so that property is not null when the constructor finishes. (You can find this code in the StudentTest example program in this chapter’s downloads.) 4. The following code shows the revised class. public class Student { private string _Name; public string Name { get { return _Name; } set { if (value == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("Name", "Name must not be null"); if (value.Length
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C# 5.0 PROGRAMMER’S REFERENCE Int
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Appendix V XML. ...................
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C# 5.0 Programmer’s Reference www
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C# 5.0 Programmer’s Reference Rod
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About the Author Rod Stephens start
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Credits Executive Editor Robert Ell
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Acknowledgments Thanks to Bob Ellio
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CONtents Introduction xxxiii PARt I
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CONTENTS Properties 86 Enumerations
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CONTENTS Set Methods 182 Limiting R
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CONTENTS Hiding and Overriding Even
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CONTENTS Resource Files 405 Applica
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CONTENTS Tasks 496 Threads 498 Coor
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CONTENTS Chapter 3 627 Chapter 4 62
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CONTENTS Appendix i: Error Handling
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CONTENTS Appendix s: Filesystem Cla
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Introduction When it comes to progr
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INTRODUCTION This book focuses on t
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INTRODUCTION Part V: Advanced Topic
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INTRODUCTION Source Code As you wor
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INTRODUCTION After you join, you ca
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Part I The C# Ecosystem ▶▶Chapt
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1The C# Environment What’s in Thi
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The C# Compiler ❘ 5 Consider the
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The CLR ❘ 7 C# Program Visual Bas
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Summary ❘ 9 By using all of these
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2Writing a First Program What’s i
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Types of Projects ❘ 13 TIP For a
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Console Applications ❘ 15 Another
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Windows Forms Applications ❘ 17 T
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WPF Applications ❘ 19 If you skip
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Windows Store Applications ❘ 21 A
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Summary ❘ 23 } // Place the frame
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Exercises ❘ 25 6. Repeat Exercise
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3Program and Code File Structure Wh
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Hidden Files ❘ 29 Figure 3-2: A p
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Preprocessor Directives ❘ 31 The
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Code File Structure ❘ 37 { ... }
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Code File Structure ❘ 39 Unnecess
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Code File Structure ❘ 41 } namesp
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Comments ❘ 43 Comments Comments c
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Comments ❘ 45 XML Comments A norm
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Comments ❘ 47 WindowsFormsApplica
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Exercises ❘ 49 4. Open Project
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Part II C# Language Elements ▶▶
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4Data Types, Variables, and Constan
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Data Types ❘ 55 C# also groups by
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Data Types ❘ 57 Alignment Attribu
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Variable Declaration Syntax ❘ 59
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Initialization ❘ 65 } public Car(
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Initialization ❘ 67 Now the progr
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Literal Type Characters ❘ 69 NOTE
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Literal Type Characters ❘ 71 C# a
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Data Type Conversion ❘ 73 The fol
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Data Type Conversion ❘ 75 You can
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Data Type Conversion ❘ 77 This is
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Scope ❘ 79 ToString The ToString
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Scope ❘ 81 Class Scope A variable
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Parameter Declarations ❘ 83 Becau
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Parameter Declarations ❘ 85 Becau
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Properties ❘ 87 Properties also e
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Enumerations ❘ 89 The syntax for
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Enumerations ❘ 91 The following c
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Delegates ❘ 93 To determine wheth
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Summary ❘ 95 For a more interesti
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Exercises ❘ 97 14. Make two metho
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5Operators What’s in This Chapter
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Arithmetic Operators ❘ 101 The +
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Logical Operators ❘ 103 operator
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Bitwise Operators ❘ 105 Because &
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Assignment Operators ❘ 107 Format
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Operator Precedence ❘ 109 Operato
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DateTime and TimeSpan Operations
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Operator Overloading ❘ 113 The fo
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Operator Overloading ❘ 115 curren
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Summary ❘ 117 In this case it may
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Exercises ❘ 119 11. Before each o
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6Methods What’s in This Chapter
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Method Declarations ❘ 123 See the
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Method Declarations ❘ 125 Now sup
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Method Declarations ❘ 127 } Stree
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Method Declarations ❘ 129 If the
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Method Declarations ❘ 131 The fol
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Method Declarations ❘ 133 "RodSte
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Extension Methods ❘ 135 Explicit
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Lambda Expressions ❘ 137 takes no
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Variance ❘ 139 Variance Suppose t
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Asynchronous Methods ❘ 141 This m
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Asynchronous Methods ❘ 143 Next,
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Asynchronous Methods ❘ 145 callba
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Exercises ❘ 147 The chapters so f
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Exercises ❘ 149 The File menu has
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7Program Control Statements What’
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Decision Statements ❘ 153 If it
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Decision Statements ❘ 155 } break
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Looping Statements ❘ 157 To catch
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Looping Statements ❘ 159 Out of C
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Looping Statements ❘ 161 do Loops
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Looping Statements ❘ 163 One appr
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Looping Statements ❘ 165 break St
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Exercises ❘ 167 else if (person.T
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8LINQ What’s in This Chapter ➤
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Introduction to LINQ ❘ 171 ➤➤
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Basic LINQ Query Syntax ❘ 173 Bas
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Basic LINQ Query Syntax ❘ 175 whe
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Basic LINQ Query Syntax ❘ 177 sel
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Advanced LINQ Query Syntax ❘ 179
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LINQ Extension Methods ❘ 185 Intr
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LINQ Extension Methods ❘ 187 } };
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LINQ to XML ❘ 189 } } // Return t
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LINQ to XML ❘ 191 LINQ into XML L
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LINQ to XML ❘ 193 the code uses t
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LINQ to ADO.NET ❘ 195 more inform
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LINQ to ADO.NET ❘ 197 ID, first a
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PLINQ ❘ 199 download on the book
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Exercises ❘ 201 how you can prote
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Exercises ❘ 203 9. Copy the progr
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9Error Handling What’s in This Ch
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Bugs Versus Undesirable Conditions
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try catch Blocks ❘ 221 catch (exc
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try catch Blocks ❘ 223 When the f
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try catch Blocks ❘ 225 other exce
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try catch Blocks ❘ 227 In that ca
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Exercises ❘ 229 Summary In practi
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10 Tracing and Debugging What’s i
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The Debug Menu ❘ 233 ➤➤ ➤
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The Breakpoints Window ❘ 235 ➤
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The Immediate Window ❘ 237 Right-
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Trace Listeners ❘ 239 Debug.Liste
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Exercises ❘ 241 The chapters in P
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Part III Object-Oriented Programmin
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11 OOP Concepts What’s in This Ch
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Classes ❘ 247 Method AssignJob Pr
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Encapsulation ❘ 249 Private Prope
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Inheritance ❘ 251 For example, su
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Inheritance ❘ 253 you may discove
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Inheritance ❘ 255 The solution is
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Inheritance ❘ 257 Has-a and Is-a
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Inheritance ❘ 259 This method req
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Inheritance ❘ 261 Ann: Person.Hid
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Polymorphism ❘ 263 } } return "Eu
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Polymorphism ❘ 265 version define
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Exercises ❘ 267 Rewrite the code
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12 Classes and Structures What’s
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Classes ❘ 271 For more informatio
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Classes ❘ 273 Extension Tension Y
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Structures ❘ 275 The class automa
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Structures ❘ 277 Heap and Stack P
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Structures ❘ 279 The parameter ad
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Structures ❘ 281 Argument Type Pa
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Constructors ❘ 283 You can overlo
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Structure Instantiation Details ❘
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Garbage Collection ❘ 287 Note tha
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Garbage Collection ❘ 289 ➤➤
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Events ❘ 291 The following list d
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Events ❘ 293 The EventHandler typ
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Events ❘ 295 } MessageBoxButtons.
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Events ❘ 297 The solution is to g
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Static Methods ❘ 299 This kind of
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Exercises ❘ 301 Exercises 1. Draw
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13 Namespaces What’s in This Chap
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The using Directive ❘ 305 The Sys
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The using Directive ❘ 307 Sometim
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The using Directive ❘ 309 Now whe
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Making Namespaces ❘ 311 The Defau
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Resolving Namespaces ❘ 313 Resolv
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Exercises ❘ 315 private ConsoleTy
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14 Collection Classes What’s in T
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Arrays ❘ 319 Array objects can ha
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System.Collections ❘ 321 Property
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System.Collections ❘ 323 Why Both
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System.Collections ❘ 325 The code
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Dictionaries ❘ 327 The System.Col
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Dictionaries ❘ 329 One overloaded
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Stacks and Queues ❘ 331 } } jobsL
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Stacks and Queues ❘ 333 Console.W
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Generic Collections ❘ 335 Notice
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Collection Initializers ❘ 337 Sta
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Summary ❘ 339 } } // If this numb
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Exercises ❘ 341 e. Finally, to pu
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15 Generics What’s in This Chapte
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Defining Generics ❘ 345 Suppose y
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Defining Generics ❘ 347 } public
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Defining Generics ❘ 349 For examp
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Defining Generics ❘ 351 A generic
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Generics and Extension Methods ❘
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Exercises ❘ 355 The chapters in t
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Part IV Interacting with the Enviro
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16 Printing What’s in This Chapte
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Windows Forms Printing ❘ 361 ➤
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Windows Forms Printing ❘ 363 // S
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Windows Forms Printing ❘ 365 The
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Windows Forms Printing ❘ 367 Simi
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Windows Forms Printing ❘ 369 Prop
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Windows Forms Printing ❘ 371 } }
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Windows Forms Printing ❘ 377 Page
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Windows Forms Printing ❘ 379 that
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WPF Printing ❘ 381 Using a Pagina
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WPF Printing ❘ 383 // This exampl
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WPF Printing ❘ 385 } grid.Childre
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WPF Printing ❘ 387 Consectetur
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WPF Printing ❘ 389 To display a F
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Exercises ❘ 391 // Calculate the
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17 Configuration and Resources What
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Environment Variables ❘ 395 To se
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Registry ❘ 397 Method ExpandEnvir
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Registry ❘ 399 Field LocalMachine
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Registry ❘ 401 The following code
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Configuration Files ❘ 403 Figure
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Resource Files ❘ 405 Second, the
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Resource Files ❘ 407 Localization
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Exercises ❘ 409 2. Write a progra
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18 Streams What’s in This Chapter
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Stream ❘ 413 Property Length Posi
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MemoryStream ❘ 415 This code gets
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BinaryReader and BinaryWriter ❘ 4
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StringReader and StringWriter ❘ 4
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StreamReader and StreamWriter ❘ 4
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Summary ❘ 423 Custom Stream Class
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19 File System Objects What’s in
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.NET Framework Classes ❘ 427 Meth
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.NET Framework Classes ❘ 431 Prop
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Using the Recycle Bin ❘ 439 The f
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Using the Recycle Bin ❘ 441 More
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Summary ❘ 443 The code creates a
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20 Networking What’s in This Chap
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Networking Classes ❘ 447 The WebR
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Downloading Information ❘ 449 Dow
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Downloading Information ❘ 451 Fig
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Downloading Information ❘ 453 The
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Uploading Information ❘ 455 Uploa
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Getting FTP Information ❘ 457 3.
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Sending E‐mail ❘ 459 ➤➤ ➤
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Sending Text Messages ❘ 461 For e
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Exercises ❘ 463 TERm IP (Internet
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Exercises ❘ 465 14. Modify the pr
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Part V Advanced Topics ▶▶Chapte
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21 Regular Expressions What’s in
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Building Regular Expressions ❘ 47
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Using Regular Expressions ❘ 479 M
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Using Regular Expressions ❘ 481 }
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Exercises ❘ 483 For each match, t
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22 Parallel Programming What’s in
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Parallel Programming ❘ 487 Multip
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Interacting with the User Interface
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BackgroundWorker ❘ 491 The follow
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BackgroundWorker ❘ 493 This isn
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BackgroundWorker ❘ 495 for (int i
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Tasks ❘ 497 Method WaitAny WhenAl
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Coordinating Tasks ❘ 499 Creating
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Coordinating Tasks ❘ 501 } if (my
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Thread-Safe Objects ❘ 503 Other L
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Exercises ❘ 505 the BackgroundWor
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Exercises ❘ 507 The following tex
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23 ADO.NET What’s in This Chapter
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Using Bound Controls ❘ 511 free.
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Using Bound Controls ❘ 513 4. The
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Using Bound Controls ❘ 515 If you
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Using Bound Controls ❘ 517 Figure
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Using Bound Controls ❘ 519 b. In
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Using Bound Controls ❘ 521 tools
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Using Bound Controls ❘ 523 6. Cre
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Loading DataSets ❘ 525 Loading Da
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Using ADO.NET ❘ 527 } studentsDat
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Using ADO.NET ❘ 529 Executing Com
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Exercises ❘ 531 Exercises 1. Writ
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24 XML What’s in This Chapter ➤
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Basic XML Syntax ❘ 535 Elements m
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Basic XML Syntax ❘ 537 Character
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Writing XML Data ❘ 539 Method Wri
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Writing XML Data ❘ 541 The follow
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Writing XML Data ❘ 543 // Save th
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Writing XML Data ❘ 545 The follow
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Reading XML Data ❘ 547 XML Litera
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Reading XML Data ❘ 549 Method Rea
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Related Technologies ❘ 551 The Re
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Related Technologies ❘ 553 Operat
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Related Technologies ❘ 555 This q
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Related Technologies ❘ 557 The bo
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Exercises ❘ 559 Figure 24-5: The
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Exercises ❘ 561 3. Write a progra
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25 Serialization What’s in This C
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XML Serialization ❘ 565 The Seria
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XML Serialization ❘ 567 // Create
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XML Serialization ❘ 569 Each Orde
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XML Serialization ❘ 571 In the Or
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JSON Serialization ❘ 573 The Data
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JSON Serialization ❘ 575 To deser
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Binary Serialization ❘ 577 Ignore
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Exercises ❘ 579 4. The XmlSeriali
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26 Reflection What’s in This Chap
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Learning About Classes ❘ 583 Cust
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Getting and Setting Properties ❘
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Getting and Setting Properties ❘
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Getting Assembly Information ❘ 58
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Invoking Methods ❘ 591 The follow
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Running Scripts ❘ 593 The program
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Running Scripts ❘ 595 // Generate
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Exercises ❘ 597 Summary Most prog
Page 643 and 644: Exercises ❘ 599 ➤➤ ➤➤ For
Page 645 and 646: 27 Cryptography What’s in This Ch
Page 647 and 648: Randomness ❘ 603 through the slot
Page 649 and 650: Randomness ❘ 605 A 32-bit integer
Page 651 and 652: Randomness ❘ 607 The program then
Page 653 and 654: Symmetric Key Encryption ❘ 609 //
Page 655 and 656: Symmetric Key Encryption ❘ 611 {
Page 657 and 658: Symmetric Key Encryption ❘ 613 Ho
Page 659 and 660: Asymmetric Key Encryption ❘ 615 n
Page 661 and 662: Asymmetric Key Encryption ❘ 617 T
Page 663 and 664: Exercises ❘ 619 Length Limitation
Page 665 and 666: Exercises ❘ 621 6. The RandomNumb
Page 667 and 668: Part VI Appendices ▶▶Appendix A
Page 669 and 670: ASolutions to Exercises All the pro
Page 671 and 672: Chapter 3 ❘ 627 When you run the
Page 673 and 674: Chapter 4 ❘ 629 // Code Block 2 .
Page 675 and 676: Chapter 5 ❘ 631 } } } // Get and
Page 677 and 678: Chapter 5 ❘ 633 } }; } public sta
Page 679 and 680: Chapter 6 ❘ 635 12. The following
Page 681 and 682: Chapter 6 ❘ 637 The following cod
Page 683 and 684: Chapter 7 ❘ 639 } case 4: birthst
Page 685 and 686: Chapter 7 ❘ 641 total += values[i
Page 687 and 688: Chapter 8 ❘ 643 After selecting t
Page 689 and 690: Chapter 8 ❘ 645 The query orders
Page 691 and 692: Chapter 8 ❘ 647 10. Example progr
Page 693: Chapter 9 ❘ 649 } get { return _N
Page 697 and 698: Chapter 9 ❘ 653 } } Console.Write
Page 699 and 700: Chapter 10 ❘ 655 The button’s e
Page 701 and 702: Chapter 10 ❘ 657 An obvious advan
Page 703 and 704: Chapter 11 ❘ 659 Chapter 11 1. Yo
Page 705 and 706: Chapter 11 ❘ 661 5. The “is-a
Page 707 and 708: Chapter 11 ❘ 663 Person Name Addr
Page 709 and 710: Chapter 12 ❘ 665 Chapter 12 The e
Page 711 and 712: Chapter 13 ❘ 667 Chapter 13 1. Fi
Page 713 and 714: Chapter 14 ❘ 669 } string text =
Page 715 and 716: Chapter 14 ❘ 671 When the user cl
Page 717 and 718: Chapter 15 ❘ 673 8. The ListAllPr
Page 719 and 720: Chapter 15 ❘ 675 2. The Increasin
Page 721 and 722: Chapter 15 ❘ 677 This code create
Page 723 and 724: Chapter 16 ❘ 679 } { case 1: Draw
Page 725 and 726: Chapter 16 ❘ 681 // Make the font
Page 727 and 728: Chapter 17 ❘ 683 } lst.Items.Add(
Page 729 and 730: Chapter 18 ❘ 685 The following te
Page 731 and 732: Chapter 18 ❘ 687 } // Save the te
Page 733 and 734: Chapter 19 ❘ 689 { // Create an a
Page 735 and 736: Chapter 19 ❘ 691 private void For
Page 737 and 738: Chapter 19 ❘ 693 8. The ShowGrand
Page 739 and 740: Chapter 20 ❘ 695 client.DownloadS
Page 741 and 742: Chapter 20 ❘ 697 } // Request the
Page 743 and 744: Chapter 20 ❘ 699 10. The UploadSt
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Chapter 20 ❘ 701 14. The FtpListD
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Chapter 21 ❘ 703 } // Display the
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Chapter 21 ❘ 705 7. The following
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Chapter 22 ❘ 707 3. The FiboTasks
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Chapter 22 ❘ 709 The DeadUnlock e
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Chapter 23 ❘ 711 Chapter 23 1. Th
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Chapter 24 ❘ 713 Chapter 24 1. Th
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Chapter 24 ❘ 715 // Display plant
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Chapter 24 ❘ 717 The code then so
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Chapter 24 ❘ 719 T
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Chapter 25 ❘ 721 This code is rea
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Chapter 25 ❘ 723 [XmlIgnore] publ
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Chapter 26 ❘ 725 } } foreach (obj
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Chapter 26 ❘ 727 The following co
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Chapter 27 ❘ 729 is decrypting, t
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Chapter 27 ❘ 731 11. The EncryptW
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BData Types The following table sum
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Casting and Converting Values ❘ 7
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CVariable Declarations The followin
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Enumerated Type Declarations ❘ 73
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DConstant Declarations Constant dec
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EOperators The C# operators fall in
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Operator Precedence ❘ 745 Bitwise
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DateTime and TimeSpan Operators ❘
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FMethod Declarations This appendix
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Extension Methods ❘ 751 An async
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GUseful Attributes The .NET Framewo
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Other Useful Attributes ❘ 755 Oth
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HControl Statements Control stateme
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Looping Statements ❘ 759 Here:
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IError Handling A program can use t
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J LINQ This appendix provides synta
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Basic LINQ Query Syntax ❘ 765 joi
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LINQ Functions ❘ 767 LINQ Functio
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LINQ to XML ❘ 769 LINQ out of XML
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PLINQ ❘ 771 The following list su
Page 817 and 818:
KClasses and Structures This append
Page 819 and 820:
Events ❘ 775 To create a destruct
Page 821 and 822:
LCollection Classes This appendix p
Page 823 and 824:
Collections ❘ 779 Collections Col
Page 825 and 826:
Iterators ❘ 781 }; } for (int i =
Page 827 and 828:
MGeneric Declarations This appendix
Page 829 and 830:
NPrinting and Graphics This appendi
Page 831 and 832:
Windows Forms Printing ❘ 787 ➤
Page 833 and 834:
Page 835 and 836:
Page 837 and 838:
Windows Forms Printing ❘ 793 Stri
Page 839 and 840:
WPF Printing ❘ 795 Method LockBit
Page 841 and 842:
WPF Printing ❘ 797 Nullam dapibu
Page 843 and 844:
OUseful Exception Classes When your
Page 845 and 846:
Standard Exception Classes ❘ 801
Page 847 and 848:
PDate and Time Format Specifiers A
Page 849 and 850:
Custom Format Specifiers ❘ 805 Sp
Page 851 and 852:
Q Other Format Specifiers A program
Page 853 and 854:
Numeric Formatting Sections ❘ 809
Page 855 and 856:
Enumerated Type Formatting ❘ 811
Page 857 and 858:
RStreams The .NET Framework provide
Page 859 and 860:
BinaryReader and BinaryWriter ❘ 8
Page 861 and 862:
TextReader and TextWriter ❘ 817 M
Page 863 and 864:
Text File Stream Methods ❘ 819 Me
Page 865 and 866:
SFilesystem Classes This appendix d
Page 867 and 868:
Framework Classes ❘ 823 File The
Page 869 and 870:
Framework Classes ❘ 825 DriveInfo
Page 871 and 872:
Framework Classes ❘ 827 Property
Page 873 and 874:
Page 875 and 876:
Page 877 and 878:
Recycle Bin ❘ 833 FileIO.FileSyst
Page 879 and 880:
TRegular Expressions This appendix
Page 881 and 882:
Regular Expression Options ❘ 837
Page 883 and 884:
Using Regular Expressions ❘ 839 S
Page 885 and 886:
Using Regular Expressions ❘ 841 T
Page 887 and 888:
UParallel Programming This appendix
Page 889 and 890:
Tasks ❘ 845 Parallel.For The Para
Page 891 and 892:
Threads ❘ 847 ➤➤ ➤➤ Call
Page 893 and 894:
VXML This appendix summarizes usefu
Page 895 and 896:
Writing XML Data ❘ 851 Document O
Page 897 and 898:
Writing XML Data ❘ 853 Method Des
Page 899 and 900:
Reading XML Data ❘ 855 Property A
Page 901 and 902:
Related Technologies ❘ 857 ➤➤
Page 903 and 904:
WSerialization This appendix summar
Page 905 and 906:
JSON Serialization ❘ 861 Attribut
Page 907 and 908:
Binary Serialization ❘ 863 Binary
Page 909 and 910:
XReflection A class’s type provid
Page 911 and 912:
Type ❘ 867 Property IsValueType I
Page 913 and 914:
Type ❘ 869 Method GetNestedType G
Page 915 and 916:
MethodInfo ❘ 871 Method AddEventH
Page 917 and 918:
FieldInfo ❘ 873 FieldInfo A Field
Page 919 and 920:
ParameterInfo ❘ 875 Property Defa
Page 921 and 922:
Index Symbols + (addition) operator
Page 923 and 924:
attributes - Bitmap class Flags, 75
Page 925 and 926:
Class View - classes Class View, 31
Page 927 and 928:
CollectionDataContract attribute -
Page 929 and 930:
data types - Debug menu data types,
Page 931 and 932:
delegate keyword - DownloadFileTask
Page 933 and 934:
#endif directive - exception classe
Page 935 and 936:
FileInfo class - FirstOrDefault met
Page 937 and 938:
global namespace - inheritance glob
Page 939 and 940:
lambda expressions - LINQ L lambda
Page 941 and 942:
memory - methods, ConvertAll memory
Page 943 and 944:
methods, GetResponseStream - method
Page 945 and 946:
NameValueCollection class - operato
Page 947 and 948:
ParameterInfo class - precedence of
Page 949 and 950:
properties, FieldInfo class - prope
Page 951 and 952:
protected internal keyword - #regio
Page 953 and 954:
Serialize method - statements XML,
Page 955 and 956:
StringWriter class - Task class Str
Page 957 and 958:
TryEnter method - Type class TryEnt
Page 959 and 960:
virtual keyword - XDocument class v
Page 961 and 962:
XmlArray attribute - XSLT SOAP (Sim
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