Geophysics for the irrigation industry - National Program for ...

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The National Program for Sustainable Irrigation The National Program for Sustainable Irrigation focuses research on the development and adoption of sustainable irrigation practices in Australian agriculture. GEOPHYSICS FOR THE IRRIGATION INDUSTRY The Program has 14 funding partners: Land & Water Australia (managing partner); Sunwater, Queensland; Horticulture Australia Limited; Goulburn-Murray Water, Victoria; Cotton Research and Development Corporation; Harvey Water, Western Australia; Lower Murray Water Authority, Victoria; Wimmera Mallee Water, Victoria; Ord Irrigation Cooperative, Western Australia; Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry; Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Water, Queensland; Department of Primary Industries and Resources South Australia; Department of Environment Water and Catchment, Western Australia; and Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. 2
CONTENTS CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 3 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................................. 7 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 15 WHY AND HOW THIS DOCUMENT WAS CREATED ................................................................................. 15 STRUCTURE OF THIS DOCUMENT ......................................................................................................... 16 OTHER USEFUL DOCUMENTS................................................................................................................ 17 A CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNIQUES..................................................................................................... 17 WHAT IS ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY ............................................................................................... 18 APPARENT (OR BULK) ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (OR RESISTIVITY) ................................................ 19 WHY MEASURE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR GROUNDWATER RESOURCE EVALUATION ............ 20 SOME NEW APPROACHES ..................................................................................................................... 22 2. SURVEY PLANNING AND INTERPRETATION ....................................................................... 23 DEVICE SELECTION PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................... 23 Does your ground property correlate with a geophysical property............................................ 23 Do other ground properties also relate to the selected geophysical property ............................ 23 What horizontal resolution is needed .......................................................................................... 24 What depth range must be sampled ............................................................................................. 24 What depth resolution is necessary .............................................................................................25 What ambiguity will need ground truthing.................................................................................. 25 What effect will metal objects have.............................................................................................. 26 What case studies and modelling are relevant ............................................................................ 27 Price ............................................................................................................................................... 27 What processing will be needed................................................................................................... 28 Public relations and commercial influences.................................................................................. 28 Further notes on modelling............................................................................................................ 29 SURVEY DESIGN................................................................................................................................... 30 Choice of survey path..................................................................................................................... 30 Positioning ..................................................................................................................................... 30 SURVEY INTERPRETATION ................................................................................................................... 31 Geophysical transformations......................................................................................................... 31 Identifying models that match field data........................................................................................32 Data cleaning................................................................................................................................. 34 Ground truthing (‘calibration’) and regression ............................................................................ 34 Gridding and image processing..................................................................................................... 36 Final assessment of geophysical data............................................................................................36 3. GROUND FREQUENCY DOMAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEMS................................ 37 BASICS................................................................................................................................................. 37 HOW DO FDEM DEVICES WORK ........................................................................................................ 39 FDEM DEVICES................................................................................................................................... 42 FDEM CALIBRATION .......................................................................................................................... 42 FDEM CONFIGURATIONS AND DEPTH SENSITIVITIES........................................................................... 43 FDEM INSTRUMENT DETAILS.............................................................................................................. 48 Apex Parametrics Max Min ........................................................................................................... 48 DUALEM 1, 1s, 2, 2s, 4, 4s, 2/4, 2+4s and 1+2+4s ..................................................................... 48 Geonics EM31-Mk2, EM31-Sh ...................................................................................................... 51 Geonics EM31-multi ...................................................................................................................... 52 Geonics EM34-3, EM34-3XL......................................................................................................... 53 Geonics EM38DD.......................................................................................................................... 54 Geophex ......................................................................................................................................... 55 GEOPHYSICS FOR THE IRRIGATION INDUSTRY 3
Page 1 and 2: NUMBER 7 GEOPHYSICS FOR THE IRRIGAT
Page 3: IRRIGATION INSIGHTS NUMBER 7 GEOPHY
Page 7 and 8: GRAVITY............................
Page 9 and 10: Glossary GLOSSARY Aquitard A zone w
Page 11 and 12: Glossary Field capacity Gamma log G
Page 13 and 14: Glossary present in the ground. Mag
Page 15 and 16: Glossary Resistivity Roll Saturated
Page 17 and 18: Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION Why an
Page 19 and 20: Introduction alphabetic and not in
Page 21 and 22: Introduction respectively. Conducti
Page 23 and 24: Introduction 10000 conductivity (mS
Page 25 and 26: Survey Planning and interpretation
Page 39 and 40: Frequency Domain EM 3. GROUND FREQU
Page 41 and 42: Frequency Domain EM How do FDEM dev
Page 43 and 44: Frequency Domain EM How EC is deter
Page 45 and 46: Frequency Domain EM practice has be
Page 47 and 48: Frequency Domain EM Configuration H
Page 49 and 50: Frequency Domain EM GEM2 and 2H Dep
Page 51 and 52: Frequency Domain EM The DUALEM-2 an
Page 53 and 54: Frequency Domain EM Users control t
Page 55 and 56:
Frequency Domain EM Figure 3.19 Jun
Page 57 and 58:
Frequency Domain EM Geophex Geophex
Page 59 and 60:
Frequency Domain EM Figure 3.25 GF
Page 61 and 62:
Frequency Domain EM Red Dog DT Barl
Page 63 and 64:
Time Domain EM have the high flying
Page 65 and 66:
Time Domain EM The Geonics Protem 4
Page 67 and 68:
Time Domain EM Zonge - NanoTEM Zong
Page 69 and 70:
FDEM - Airborne Figure 5.1 Impulse
Page 71 and 72:
FDEM - Airborne GEOPHYSICS FOR THE
Page 73 and 74:
TDEM - Airborne 6. AIRBORNE TIME DO
Page 75 and 76:
TDEM - Airborne Transmitter off-tim
Page 77 and 78:
TDEM - Airborne GEOPHYSICS FOR THE
Page 79 and 80:
TDEM - Airborne Aeroquest - Aerotem
Page 81 and 82:
TDEM - Airborne GPX Hoistem GPX in
Page 83 and 84:
Geoelectric techniques 7. GEOELECTR
Page 85 and 86:
Geoelectric techniques GEOPHYSICS F
Page 87 and 88:
Geoelectric techniques Figure 7.5 T
Page 89 and 90:
Geoelectric techniques Figure 7.9 T
Page 91 and 92:
Geoelectric techniques Figure 7.11
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Geoelectric techniques Zonge - GDP
Page 99 and 100:
Borehole geophysics and penetromete
Page 101 and 102:
Borehole geophysics and penetromete
Page 103 and 104:
Other geophysical techniques Gravit
Page 105 and 106:
Other geophysical techniques Potent
Page 107 and 108:
Other geophysical techniques Figure
Page 109 and 110:
Other geophysical techniques Figure
Page 111 and 112:
Other geophysical techniques Magnet
Page 113 and 114:
Other geophysical techniques USGS O
Page 115 and 116:
Other geophysical techniques VLF AB
Page 117 and 118:
Software 10. SOFTWARE Software for
Page 119 and 120:
Software resolution of EC data. An
Page 121 and 122:
Case Studies 1 & 2 - Groundwater fl
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
GEOPHYSICS FOR THE IRRIGATION INDUS
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Case Study 3 - Canal Seepage C the
Page 137 and 138:
Case Study 3 - Canal Seepage C Cana
Page 139 and 140:
Case Study 3 - Canal Seepage C that
Page 141 and 142:
Case Study 3 - Canal Seepage C High
Page 143 and 144:
Case Study 4 - Soil Mapping 13. CAS
Page 145 and 146:
Case Study 4 - Soil Mapping GEOPHYS
Page 147 and 148:
Case Study 4 - Soil Mapping High po
Page 149 and 150:
Case Study 4 - Soil Mapping it was
Page 151 and 152:
Case Study 4 - Soil Mapping Conclus
Page 153 and 154:
References Anderson-Mayes, A.M. 200
Page 155 and 156:
References Gibling, M. R. 2006. Wid
Page 157 and 158:
References and interpretation of el
Page 159 and 160:
Appendix 1 - Manufacturer contact d
Page 161 and 162:
159 Appendix 2 APPENDIX 2 - EQUIPME
Page 163 and 164:
Appendix 2 Device Price Coverage Ra
Page 165 and 166:
Development stage Device Price Cove
Page 167 and 168:
Appendix 2 Manufacturer Development
Page 169 and 170:
Appendix 2 Manufacturer Zonge Devel
Page 171 and 172:
Development stage Production - inte
Page 173 and 174:
Development stage Development but n
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix 2 AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC
Page 177 and 178:
Appendix 2 Development Manufacturer
Page 179 and 180:
Index 176 GF Instruments44, 47, 58,
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