Geophysics for the irrigation industry - National Program for ...

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GEOPHYSICS FOR THE IRRIGATION INDUSTRY 4 GF Instruments .............................................................................................................................. 56 GSSI Profiler EMP400 .................................................................................................................. 57 Iris Instruments PROMIS-10 ......................................................................................................... 58 L&R Instruments - MiniEM ........................................................................................................... 58 Red Dog DT Barlow FEM-8 System.............................................................................................. 59 4. GROUND TIME DOMAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEMS............................................... 60 BASICS................................................................................................................................................. 60 TDEM INSTRUMENT DETAILS ............................................................................................................. 61 Aarhus University, Denmark - PATEM ........................................................................................ 62 Electromagnetic Imaging Technology ( EMIT ) - SMARTem ....................................................... 62 Geonics - PROTEM 47 and 57 ......................................................................................................62 Monash University - TerraTEM..................................................................................................... 63 Zonge - NanoTEM......................................................................................................................... 65 5. AIRBORNE FREQUENCY DOMAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEMS ........................... 66 BASICS................................................................................................................................................. 66 AIRBORNE FDEM INSTRUMENT DETAILS............................................................................................ 66 Aeroquest - Impulse system............................................................................................................ 66 Fugro - Resolve.............................................................................................................................. 67 Geophex - GEM 2A Broadband.................................................................................................... 69 Geotech Airborne - Hummingbird................................................................................................. 70 6. AIRBORNE TIME DOMAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEMS........................................... 71 BASICS................................................................................................................................................. 71 FIXED WING SYSTEMS.......................................................................................................................... 71 TEMPEST – Fugro Airborne Surveys ........................................................................................... 72 HELICOPTER SYSTEMS ......................................................................................................................... 73 SkyTEM -Aarhus University, Denmark ......................................................................................... 73 Aeroquest - Aerotem ...................................................................................................................... 77 Geotech - VTEM............................................................................................................................. 77 GPX Hoistem.................................................................................................................................. 79 7. GEOELECTRIC SYSTEMS (DC RESISTIVITY AND INDUCED POLARIZATION) ......... 81 BASICS................................................................................................................................................. 81 GEOELECTRIC SYSTEM DETAILS .......................................................................................................... 82 PACES - AARHUS UNIVERSITY........................................................................................................... 82 ABEM TERRAMETER AND LUND IMAGING SYSTEM AND THE TERRAOHM INSTRUMENTS AB RIP924. ............................................................................................................................................................. 84 ADVANCED GEOSCIENCES INCORPORATED –SUPER STING ................................................................ 86 DEUTSCHE MONTAN TECHNOLOGIES - RESECS ................................................................................ 87 GEOMETRICS OHMMAPPER................................................................................................................. 87 IRIS INSTRUMENTS -CORIM................................................................................................................. 89 IRIS INSTRUMENTS -SYSCAL PRO ....................................................................................................... 90 OYO -HANDY-ARM............................................................................................................................. 91 RADIC RESEARCH - SIP256 ................................................................................................................. 91 UNIVERSITE PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE –MUCEP AND RATEAU....................................................... 92 VERIS TECHNOLOGIES......................................................................................................................... 94 WATER PROSPECTING MPS................................................................................................................. 94 ZONGE – GDP 32................................................................................................................................. 95 8. BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICS ........................................................................................................... 96 BASIC DOWNHOLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT PACKAGES ......................................................................... 97 INDUCTION EC LOGGERS..................................................................................................................... 97 UNDISTURBED AQUIFER LOGGING TECHNIQUES - AUGERS .................................................................. 97 UNDISTURBED AQUIFER LOGGING TECHNIQUES –PENETROMETERS................................................... 98 CROSS HOLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT...................................................................................................... 99 9. OTHER GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES .................................................................................. 100 ELECTROKINETIC SEISMIC ................................................................................................................. 100
GRAVITY............................................................................................................................................ 101 Using gravity to map groundwater level changes ....................................................................... 102 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR ........................................................................................................ 102 MAGNETICS ....................................................................................................................................... 105 MAGNETOMETRIC RESISTIVITY (WILLOWSTICK AQUATRACK)......................................................... 107 MAGNETOTELLURICS (NATURAL AND CONTROLLED SOURCE) .......................................................... 109 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SOUNDING.................................................................................. 109 RADIOMETRICS /SCINTILLOMETERS /GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETERS ............................................. 110 SEISMIC ............................................................................................................................................. 110 SOIL MOISTURE AND WATER SUCTION SENSORS ................................................................................ 111 Soil moisture content measurement using ground penetrating radar ......................................... 112 REMOTE SENSING - AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND SATELLITE IMAGERY.............................................. 112 VLF................................................................................................................................................... 113 10. SOFTWARE .................................................................................................................................. 115 REAL TIME MAPPING -GEOMAR SOFTWARE...................................................................................... 115 REAL TIME MAPPING -GEOPHEX ....................................................................................................... 115 REAL TIME IMAGING -TERRAOHM INSTRUMENTS AB...................................................................... 115 REAL TIME NAVIGATION AND GENERAL PURPOSE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING –TRIMBLE..................... 115 REAL TIME NAVIGATION –OTHERS ................................................................................................... 115 REAL TIME IMAGING –IRIS INSTRUMENTS ........................................................................................ 116 VISUALIZATION SOFTWARE -GOLDEN SOFTWARE............................................................................ 116 VISUALIZATION AND ARCHIVING SOFTWARE - ESRI......................................................................... 116 VISUALIZATION SOFTWARE – OTHER................................................................................................. 116 MULTI-DEPTH EC PROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION - AARHUS UNIVERSITY HYDROGEOPHYSICS GROUP ............................................................................................................................................... 116 MULTI-DEPTH EC GEOELECTRIC PROCESSING - AGI......................................................................... 116 MULTI-DEPTH GEOELECTRIC EC PROCESSING -LOKE....................................................................... 116 MULTI-DEPTH EC PROCESSING -INTERPEX....................................................................................... 116 MULTI-DEPTH EC PROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION –EMIGMA V7.5.............................................. 117 3D IMAGING OF EC DATA -GROUNDWATER IMAGING...................................................................... 117 11. CASE STUDIES 1 & 2 - APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICAL METHODS TO IMPROVE KNOWLEDGE OF GROUNDWATER FLOW AND LEAKAGE FROM WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE ORD AND BURDEKIN IRRIGATION AREAS........................ 119 OVERVIEW......................................................................................................................................... 119 CASE STUDY 1–THE ORD IRRIGATION AREA.................................................................................... 119 Context ......................................................................................................................................... 119 Study results ................................................................................................................................. 121 CASE STUDY 2– THE LOWER BURDEKIN........................................................................................... 125 Context ......................................................................................................................................... 125 Surface geomorphology ............................................................................................................... 126 The Burdekin as a fan delta complex - hydrogeological implications ........................................ 127 Geophysical surveys..................................................................................................................... 128 CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................................................... 131 12. CASE STUDY 3 – SEEPAGE PATHWAY IMAGING ............................................................ 132 THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CANAL SEEPAGE ....................................................................... 132 PERCOLATION PATHWAY GEOPHYSICAL IMAGING............................................................................. 132 IDENTIFYING ACTIVE AND DORMANT SEEPAGE PATHWAYS............................................................... 133 METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................. 133 Specialized Geoelectric Array Design......................................................................................... 133 Towing devices............................................................................................................................. 134 Geoelectric transceiver specifications......................................................................................... 134 Canal depth measurement............................................................................................................ 135 Survey track logging .................................................................................................................... 135 SPOTs........................................................................................................................................... 135 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................ 137 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 140 GEOPHYSICS FOR THE IRRIGATION INDUSTRY 5
Page 1 and 2: NUMBER 7 GEOPHYSICS FOR THE IRRIGAT
Page 3 and 4: IRRIGATION INSIGHTS NUMBER 7 GEOPHY
Page 5: CONTENTS CONTENTS .................
Page 9 and 10: Glossary GLOSSARY Aquitard A zone w
Page 11 and 12: Glossary Field capacity Gamma log G
Page 13 and 14: Glossary present in the ground. Mag
Page 15 and 16: Glossary Resistivity Roll Saturated
Page 17 and 18: Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION Why an
Page 19 and 20: Introduction alphabetic and not in
Page 21 and 22: Introduction respectively. Conducti
Page 23 and 24: Introduction 10000 conductivity (mS
Page 25 and 26: Survey Planning and interpretation
Page 39 and 40: Frequency Domain EM 3. GROUND FREQU
Page 41 and 42: Frequency Domain EM How do FDEM dev
Page 43 and 44: Frequency Domain EM How EC is deter
Page 45 and 46: Frequency Domain EM practice has be
Page 47 and 48: Frequency Domain EM Configuration H
Page 49 and 50: Frequency Domain EM GEM2 and 2H Dep
Page 51 and 52: Frequency Domain EM The DUALEM-2 an
Page 53 and 54: Frequency Domain EM Users control t
Page 55 and 56: Frequency Domain EM Figure 3.19 Jun
Page 57 and 58:
Frequency Domain EM Geophex Geophex
Page 59 and 60:
Frequency Domain EM Figure 3.25 GF
Page 61 and 62:
Frequency Domain EM Red Dog DT Barl
Page 63 and 64:
Time Domain EM have the high flying
Page 65 and 66:
Time Domain EM The Geonics Protem 4
Page 67 and 68:
Time Domain EM Zonge - NanoTEM Zong
Page 69 and 70:
FDEM - Airborne Figure 5.1 Impulse
Page 71 and 72:
FDEM - Airborne GEOPHYSICS FOR THE
Page 73 and 74:
TDEM - Airborne 6. AIRBORNE TIME DO
Page 75 and 76:
TDEM - Airborne Transmitter off-tim
Page 77 and 78:
TDEM - Airborne GEOPHYSICS FOR THE
Page 79 and 80:
TDEM - Airborne Aeroquest - Aerotem
Page 81 and 82:
TDEM - Airborne GPX Hoistem GPX in
Page 83 and 84:
Geoelectric techniques 7. GEOELECTR
Page 85 and 86:
Geoelectric techniques GEOPHYSICS F
Page 87 and 88:
Geoelectric techniques Figure 7.5 T
Page 89 and 90:
Geoelectric techniques Figure 7.9 T
Page 91 and 92:
Geoelectric techniques Figure 7.11
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Geoelectric techniques Zonge - GDP
Page 99 and 100:
Borehole geophysics and penetromete
Page 101 and 102:
Borehole geophysics and penetromete
Page 103 and 104:
Other geophysical techniques Gravit
Page 105 and 106:
Other geophysical techniques Potent
Page 107 and 108:
Other geophysical techniques Figure
Page 109 and 110:
Other geophysical techniques Figure
Page 111 and 112:
Other geophysical techniques Magnet
Page 113 and 114:
Other geophysical techniques USGS O
Page 115 and 116:
Other geophysical techniques VLF AB
Page 117 and 118:
Software 10. SOFTWARE Software for
Page 119 and 120:
Software resolution of EC data. An
Page 121 and 122:
Case Studies 1 & 2 - Groundwater fl
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
GEOPHYSICS FOR THE IRRIGATION INDUS
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Case Study 3 - Canal Seepage C the
Page 137 and 138:
Case Study 3 - Canal Seepage C Cana
Page 139 and 140:
Case Study 3 - Canal Seepage C that
Page 141 and 142:
Case Study 3 - Canal Seepage C High
Page 143 and 144:
Case Study 4 - Soil Mapping 13. CAS
Page 145 and 146:
Case Study 4 - Soil Mapping GEOPHYS
Page 147 and 148:
Case Study 4 - Soil Mapping High po
Page 149 and 150:
Case Study 4 - Soil Mapping it was
Page 151 and 152:
Case Study 4 - Soil Mapping Conclus
Page 153 and 154:
References Anderson-Mayes, A.M. 200
Page 155 and 156:
References Gibling, M. R. 2006. Wid
Page 157 and 158:
References and interpretation of el
Page 159 and 160:
Appendix 1 - Manufacturer contact d
Page 161 and 162:
159 Appendix 2 APPENDIX 2 - EQUIPME
Page 163 and 164:
Appendix 2 Device Price Coverage Ra
Page 165 and 166:
Development stage Device Price Cove
Page 167 and 168:
Appendix 2 Manufacturer Development
Page 169 and 170:
Appendix 2 Manufacturer Zonge Devel
Page 171 and 172:
Development stage Production - inte
Page 173 and 174:
Development stage Development but n
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix 2 AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC
Page 177 and 178:
Appendix 2 Development Manufacturer
Page 179 and 180:
Index 176 GF Instruments44, 47, 58,
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