History of the U.S. Army Military Police School ... - MPRA Online

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colony. While the American and Filipino forces were defeating the Spanish army, General Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence. Aguinaldo had been leading the Philippine rebellion against the Spanish since 1896 and by August 1898 began establishing a Philippine government. On 13 August 1898 the Spanish forces surrendered to American military commanders and on 10 December, the United States and Spain signed the treaty of Paris. In this treaty, Spain sold the Philippine Islands to the United States for the sum of $20 million, making it an American possession and negating the idea of an independent country. On 1 January 1899, Aguinaldo was declared as the president of the Philippine Republic by his people and inaugurated on 23 January, but the United States did not recognize his government. Tensions mounted until 4 February 1899 when the first shot was fired in what became known as the American- Philippine War. The first battle between the opposing forces was fought on 24 April 1899 but by mid-November the Filipino military dissolved and resorted to guerrilla war against the U. S. The Second Philippine Commission, headed by William Howard Taft, arrived in the islands on 3 June 1900 and Taft became Governor General of the new American possession. Although General Aguinaldo was captured in March 1901, the rebellion continued and officially ended on 4 July 1902. By 1901 the United States had about 70,000 troops in the in the chain of islands and wished to reduce that number. On 18 July 1901, the Second Philippine Commission established the Insular Constabulary and on 18 August issued the Organic Act #175. This Act designated this organization as the “armed forces of the Civil Government of the Philippine Islands and was established and administered under the general provisions of the Governor General for the purpose of maintaining peace and order, preventing
crime and enforcing law.” The Constabulary was organized to assist in reducing the duties of American soldiers in the islands. Although the insurrection had officially ended, rebellious groups still operated. These included bandits, religious radical groups and the Moro Muslims. It became the primary duties of the Constabulary to combat and deal with these problems. In order to accomplish this difficult mission, it was determined that the members of that organization needed educated guidance. Harry T. Allen On 8 August 1901 Colonel Henry T. Allen, a native of Kentucky and graduate of West Point, was appointed Chief of the Constabulary. The Officer Corps appeared to be a United Nations with men from Belgium, Cuba, England, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Philippines, Poland, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, the United States and Turkey. Their primary duties were to maintain peace and order, enforce the law, and protect lives and property. In addition, they built schoolhouses, public markets, bridges, etc. and installed telephone and telegraph lines, and fought rebels and bandits. The early recruits in the Constabulary were mounted and in 1902 they underwent a rigorous program of training. In August of the next year, a
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