Fiji Hindi - Roatan Charter

Fiji 1 

Fiji 

Republic of Fiji 

• Matanitu ko Viti (Fijian) 

• फ़िजी गणराज्य (Fiji Hindi) 

• Fijī Gaṇarājya (transliteration) 

Motto: "Rerevaka na Kalou ka Doka na Tui" (Fijian) 

"Fear God and honour the Queen" 

Anthem: God Bless Fiji 

Capital 

and largest city 

Suva 

18°10′S 178°27′E 

Official languages [1] • English 

• Fijian 

• Fiji Hindi 

Demonym 

Government 

Fijian 

Parliamentary republic run by 

military-appointed government 

- President Epeli Nailatikau 

- Acting Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama 

Legislature 

Parliament 

- Upper house Senate 

- Lower house House of Representatives 

Independence 

- from the United Kingdom 10 October 1970 

- Republic 7 October 1987 

Area 

- Total 

18,274 km 2 (155th) 

7,056 sq mi 

- Water (%) negligible 

Population 

- 2009 estimate 

849,000 [2] (156th) 

- 2007 census 837,271 

- Density 

GDP (PPP) 

- Total 

46.4/km 2 (148th) 

120.3/sq mi 

2011 estimate 

$4.133 billion [3]


- Per capita 

GDP (nominal) 

- Total 

- Per capita 

HDI (2010) 

Currency 

Time zone 

- Summer (DST) 

Drives on the 

$4,620 [3] 

2011 estimate 

$3.546 billion [3] 

$3,965 [3] 

0.669 [4] (medium / 86th) 

Fijian dollar (FJD) 

FJT (UTC+12) 

FJST [5] (UTC+13 [6] ) 

left 

Calling code +679 

ISO 3166 code 

Internet TLD 

FJ 

.fj 

Fiji 

i /ˈfiːdʒiː/ (Fijian: Viti; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी), officially the Republic of Fiji 

[7] (Fijian: Matanitu ko Viti; Fiji Hindi: 

फ़िजी गणराज्य [8] Fijī Gaṇarājya), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 1,100 nautical miles 

(2,000 km; 1,300 mi) northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, 

France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas, 

France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. 

The majority of Fiji's islands were formed through volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago. Today, 

some geothermal activity still occurs on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni. [9] Fiji has been inhabited since the 

second millennium BC. The country comprises an archipelago of more than 332 islands, of which 110 are 

permanently inhabited, and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of circa 18,300 square kilometres 

(7,100 sq mi). The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, account for 87% of the population of almost 

850,000. The former contains Suva, the capital and largest city. Most Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts, either in 

Suva or in smaller urban centres. Viti Levu's interior is sparsely inhabited due to its terrain. [10] 

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji. [11] Fiji was a British colony until 1970; 

British administration lasted almost a century. [12] During World War II, the United Kingdom allowed thousands of 

Fijians to volunteer to aid in Allied efforts via their attachment to the New Zealand and Australian army units; the 

Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF) consist of land and naval units. 

Thanks to an abundance of forest, mineral and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed economies in the 

Pacific island realm. Today, the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports. [13] The 

country's currency is the Fijian dollar. 

Following a coup in 2006, Ratu Epeli Nailatikau became Fiji's president after a high court ruled that the military 

leadership was unlawfully appointed. [14] Fiji's local government, in the form of city and town councils, is supervised 

by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development. [15]


Etymology 

Fiji's main island is known as Viti Levu and it is from this that the name "Fiji" is derived, though the common 

English pronunciation is based on that of their island neighbours in Tonga. Its emergence can be described as 

follows: 

Fijians first impressed themselves on European consciousness through the writings of the members of 

the expeditions of Cook who met them in Tonga. They were described as formidable warriors and 

ferocious cannibals, builders of the finest vessels in the Pacific, but not great sailors. They inspired awe 

amongst the Tongans, and all their Manufactures, especially bark cloth and clubs, were highly esteemed 

and much in demand. They called their home Viti, but the Tongans called it Fisi, and it was by this 

foreign pronunciation, Fiji, first promulgated by Captain James Cook, that these islands are now 

known. [16] 

History 

Pottery art from Fijian towns shows that Fiji was settled before or around 3500–1000 BC, although the question of 

Pacific migration still lingers. It is believed that the Lapita people or the ancestors of the Polynesians settled the 

islands first but not much is known of what became of them after the Melanesians arrived; they may have had some 

influence on the new culture, and archaeological evidence shows that they would have then moved on to Tonga, 

Samoa and even Hawai'i. 

The first settlements in Fiji were started by voyaging traders and settlers from the west about 5000 years ago. Lapita 

pottery shards have been found at numerous excavations around the country. Aspects of Fijian culture are similar to 

Melanesian culture to the western Pacific but have stronger connection to the older Polynesian cultures. Trade 

between these three nations long before European contact is quite obvious with canoes made from native Fijian trees 

found in Tonga and Tongan words being part of the language of the Lau group of islands. Pots made in Fiji have 

been found in Samoa and even the Marquesas Islands. 

Across 1000 kilometres from east to west, Fiji has been a nation of many 

languages. Fiji's history was one of settlement but also of mobility. Over 

the centuries, a unique Fijian culture developed. Constant warfare and 

cannibalism between warring tribes were quite rampant and very much part 

of everyday life. [17] During the 19th century, Ratu Udre Udre is said to 

have consumed 872 people and to have made a pile of stones to record his 

achievement. [18] According to Deryck Scarr ("A Short History of Fiji", 

1984, page 3), "Ceremonial occasions saw freshly killed corpses piled up 

for eating. 'Eat me!' was a proper ritual greeting from a commoner to a 

chief." Scarr also reported that the posts that supported the chief's house or 

the priest's temple would have sacrificed bodies buried underneath them, 

with the rationale that the spirit of the ritually sacrificed person would 

invoke the gods to help support the structure, and "men were sacrificed 

whenever posts had to be renewed" (Scarr, page 3). Also, when a new boat, 

or drua, was launched, if it was not hauled over men as rollers, crushing 

them to death, "it would not be expected to float long" (Scarr, page 19). 

Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa 

Fijians today regard those times as "na gauna ni tevoro" (time of the devil). The ferocity of the cannibal lifestyle 

deterred European sailors from going near Fijian waters, giving Fiji the name Cannibal Isles; in turn, Fiji was 

unknown to the rest of the outside world. [19]


Fijian mountain warrior, 1870s 

The Dutch explorer Abel Tasman visited Fiji in 1643 while looking for the 

Great Southern Continent. [20] Europeans settled on the islands permanently 

beginning in the 19th century. [21] The first European settlers to Fiji were 

beachcombers, missionaries, whalers and those engaged in the then booming 

sandalwood and bêche-de-mer trade. 

Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau was a Fijian chief and warlord from the island of 

Bau, off the eastern coast of Viti Levu, who united part of Fiji's warring tribes 

under his leadership. He then styled himself as King of Fiji or Tui Viti and then 

to Vunivalu or Protector after the cession of Fiji to the United Kingdom. The 

British subjugated the islands as a colony in 1874, and the British brought over 

Indian contract labourers to work on the sugar plantations as the then governor 

and also the first governor of Fiji, Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon, adopted a 

policy disallowing the use of native labour and no interference in their culture 

and way of life. In 1875–76, an epidemic of measles killed over 

40,000 Fijians, [22] about one-third of the Fijian population. [23] The population 

in 1942 was approximately 210,000 of whom 94,000 were Indians, 102,000 

native Fijians, 2,000 Chinese and 5,000 Europeans. [24] 

The British granted Fiji independence in 1970. Democratic rule was interrupted by two military coups in 1987 

because the government was perceived as dominated by the Indo-Fijian (Indian) community. The second 1987 coup 

saw the Fijian monarchy and the Governor General replaced by a non-executive president, and the country changed 

the long form of its name from Dominion of Fiji to Republic of Fiji (and to Republic of the Fiji Islands in 1997). The 

coups and accompanying civil unrest contributed to heavy Indo-Fijian emigration; the population loss resulted in 

economic difficulties but ensured that Melanesians became the majority. [25] 

In 1990, the new Constitution institutionalised the ethnic Fijian domination of the political system. The Group 

Against Racial Discrimination (GARD) was formed to oppose the unilaterally imposed constitution and to restore 

the 1970 constitution. Sitiveni Rabuka, the Lieutenant Colonel who carried out the 1987 coup became Prime 

Minister in 1992, following elections held under the new constitution. Three years later, Rabuka established the 

Constitutional Review Commission, which in 1997 led to a new Constitution, which was supported by most leaders 

of the indigenous Fijian and Indo-Fijian communities. Fiji was re-admitted to the Commonwealth of Nations. 

Levuka, 1842. 

The new millennium brought along another coup, instigated by George 

Speight, that effectively toppled the government of Mahendra 

Chaudhry, who became the country's first Indo-Fijian prime minister 

following the 1997 constitution. Commodore Frank Bainimarama 

assumed executive power after the resignation, possibly forced, of 

president Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara. Fiji was rocked by two mutinies at 

Suva's Queen Elizabeth Barracks, later in 2000 when rebel soldiers 

went on a rampage. The High Court ordered the reinstatement of the 

constitution, and in September 2001, a general election was held to 

restore democracy, which was then won by interim prime minister 

Laisenia Qarase's Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua party. 

In 2005, amid much controversy, the Qarase government proposed a Reconciliation and Unity Commission, with 

power to recommend compensation for victims of the 2000 coup, and amnesty for its perpetrators. However, the 

military strongly opposed this bill, especially the nation's top military commander, Frank Bainimarama. 

Bainimarama agreed with detractors who said that it was a sham to grant amnesty to supporters of the present 

government who played roles in the violent coup. His attack on the legislation, which continued unremittingly


throughout May and into June and July, further strained his already tense relationship with the government. In late 

November 2006 and early December 2006, Bainimarama was instrumental in the 2006 Fijian coup d'État. 

Bainimarama handed down a list of demands to Qarase after a bill was put forward to parliament, part of which 

would have offered pardons to participants in the 2000 coup attempt. He gave Qarase an ultimatum date of 

December 4 to accede to these demands or to resign from his post. Qarase adamantly refused to either concede or 

resign and on December 5, the president, Ratu Josefa Iloilo, was said to have signed a legal order dissolving the 

parliament after meeting with Bainimarama. 

In April 2009, the Fiji Court of Appeal ruled that the 2006 coup had 

been illegal. This began the 2009 Fijian constitutional crisis. President 

Iloilo abrogated the constitution, removed all office holders under the 

Constitution including all judges and the governor of the Central Bank. 

He then reappointed Bainimarama as prime minister under his "New 

Order" and imposed a "Public Emergency Regulation" limiting internal 

travel and allowing press censorship. 

For a country of its size, Fiji has fairly large armed forces, and has 

Bounty Island, Mamanuca archipelago. been a major contributor to UN peacekeeping missions in various parts 

of the world. In addition, a significant number of former military 

personnel have served in the lucrative security sector in Iraq following the 2003 U.S.-led invasion. 

Politics 

Politics of Fiji normally take place in the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby 

the Prime Minister of Fiji is the head of government, the President the head of state, and of a multi-party system. 

Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the 

Parliament of Fiji. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. 

Since independence there have been four coups in Fiji, two in 1987, one in 2000 and one in late 2006. The military 

has been either ruling directly, or heavily influencing governments since 1987. 

2006 military takeover 

Citing corruption in the government, Commodore Josaia Voreqe (Frank) Bainimarama, Commander of the Republic 

of Fiji Military Forces, staged a military takeover on the 5 December 2006 against the prime minister that he himself 

had installed after the 2000 coup. There had been two military coups in 1987 and one in 2000. The commodore took 

over the powers of the presidency and dissolved the parliament, paving the way for the military to continue the 

takeover. The coup was the culmination of weeks of speculation following conflict between the elected prime 

minister, Laisenia Qarase, and Commodore Bainimarama. Bainimarama had repeatedly issued demands and 

deadlines to the prime minister. At particular issue was previously pending legislation to pardon those involved in 

the 2000 coup. Bainimarama named Jona Senilagakali caretaker prime minister. The next week Bainimarama said he 

would ask the Great Council of Chiefs to restore executive powers to president, Ratu Josefa Iloilo. [26] 

On 4 January 2007, the military announced that it was restoring executive power to president Iloilo, [27] who made a 

broadcast endorsing the actions of the military. [28] The next day, Iloilo named Bainimarama as the interim prime 

minister, [29] indicating that the military was still effectively in control. In the wake of the take over, reports emerged 

of alleged intimidation of some of those critical of the interim regime. 

On 9 April 2009, the Court of Appeal overturned the High Court decision that Cmdr. Bainimarama's takeover of 

Qarase's government was lawful and declared the interim government to be illegal. Bainimarama agreed to step 

down as interim PM immediately, along with his government, and president Iloilo was to appoint "a distinguished 

person independent of the parties to this litigation as caretaker Prime Minister, ...to direct the issuance of writs for an


election..." 

On 10 April 2009, President Iloilo suspended the Constitution of Fiji, dismissed the Court of Appeal and, in his own 

words, "appoint[ed] [him]self as the Head of the State of Fiji under a new legal order". [30] As President, Iloilo had 

been Head of State prior to his abrogation of the Constitution, but that position had been determined by the 

Constitution itself. The "new legal order" did not depend on the Constitution, thus requiring a "reappointment" of the 

head of State. "You will agree with me that this is the best way forward for our beloved Fiji", he said. Bainimarama 

was re-appointed as Interim Prime Minister; he, in turn, re-instated his previous cabinet. 

On 2 May 2009, Fiji became the first nation ever to have been suspended from participation in the Pacific Islands 

Forum, for its failure to hold democratic elections by the date promised. [31][32] Nevertheless, it remains a member of 

the Forum. 

On 1 September 2009, Fiji was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations. The action was taken because Cmdr. 

Bainimarama failed to hold elections by 2010 as the Commonwealth of Nations had demanded after the 2006 coup. 

Cmdr. Bainimarama stated a need for more time to end a voting system that heavily favoured ethnic Fijians at the 

expense of the multi-ethnic minorities. Critics, however, claimed that he had suspended the constitution and was 

responsible for human rights violations by arresting and detaining opponents. [33][34] 

In his 2010 New Year's address, Cmdr. Bainimarama announced the lifting of the Public Emergency Regulations 

(PER). The PER had been put in place since April 2009, when the former constitution was abrogated. The former 

had allowed restrictions on some public gatherings and speech, censorship of news media reports and gave security 

forces added powers. He had also announced the nationwide consultation process leading to the new Constitution 

under which the 2014 elections will be held. 

Law Enforcement and Military Forces 

• The military consists of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF) with a total manpower of 3,500 active 

soldiers and 6,000 reservists, includes a 300-man strong Navy Unit. 

The Land Force comprises the Fiji Infantry Regiment (regular and territorial force organized into six light infantry 

battalions), Fiji Engineer Regiment, Logistic Support Unit and Force Training Group. The two regular battalions are 

traditionally stationed overseas on peacekeeping duties. 

The Law Enforcement branch is composed of: 

• Fiji Police Force [35] 

• Fiji Corrections Service [36]


Demographics 

Ethnic groups 

The population of Fiji is mostly made up of native Fijians, who are Melanesians 

(54.3%), although many also have Polynesian ancestry, and Indo-Fijians 

(38.1%), descendants of Indian contract labourers brought to the islands by the 

British colonial powers in the 19th century. The percentage of the population of 

Indo-Fijian descent has declined significantly over the last two decades due to 

migration for various reasons. [37] The Fiji coup of 2000 provoked a violent 

backlash against the Indo-Fijians for a time. [38][39] There is also a small but 

significant group of descendants of indentured laborers from the Solomon 

Islands. 

About 1.2% are Rotuman—natives of Rotuma Island, whose culture has more in 

common with countries such as Tonga or Samoa than with the rest of Fiji. There 

are also small, but economically significant, groups of Europeans, Chinese, and 

other Pacific island minorities. The total membership of other ethnic groups of 

Pacific Islanders is about 7,300. 

Relationships between ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians at a political level have 

Native Fijian women, 1935 

often been strained, and the tension between the two communities has dominated politics in the islands for the past 

generation. The level of political tension varies between different regions of the country. [40] 

Demonym 

Within Fiji, the term Fijian refers solely to indigenous Fijians: it denotes an ethnicity, not a nationality. 

Constitutionally, citizens of Fiji are referred to as "Fiji Islanders" though the term Fiji Nationals is used for official 

purposes. In August 2008, shortly before the proposed People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress was due to 

be released to the public, it was announced that it recommended a change in the name of Fiji's citizens. If the 

proposal were adopted, all citizens of Fiji, whatever their ethnicity, would be called "Fijians". The proposal would 

change the English name of indigenous Fijians from "Fijians" to itaukei, the Fijian word for indigenous Fijians. [41] 

Deposed Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase reacted by stating that the name "Fijian" belonged exclusively to 

indigenous Fijians, and that he would oppose any change in legislation enabling non-indigenous Fijians to use it. [42] 

The Methodist Church, to which a large majority of indigenous Fijians belong, also reacted strongly to the proposal, 

stating that allowing any Fiji citizen to call themselves "Fijian" would be "daylight robbery" inflicted on the 

indigenous population. [43] 

In an address to the nation during the constitutional crisis of April 2009, military leader and interim Prime Minister 

Voreqe Bainimarama, who has been at the forefront of the attempt to change the definition of "Fijian", stated: 

I know we all have our different ethnicities, our different cultures and we should, we must, celebrate our 

diversity and richness. However, at the same time we are all Fijians. We are all equal citizens. We must all be 

loyal to Fiji; we must be patriotic; we must put Fiji first. [44] 

In May 2010, Attorney-General Aiyaz Saiyed Khaiyum reiterated that the term "Fijian" should apply to all Fiji 

nationals, but the statement was again met with protest. A spokesperson for the Viti Landowners and Resource 

Owners Association claimed that even fourth-generation descendants of migrants did not fully understand "what it 

takes to be a Fijian", and added that the term refers to a legal standing, since legislation affords specific rights to 

"Fijians" (meaning, in legislation, indigenous Fijians). [45] Fiji academic Brij Lal, a prominent critic of the 

Bainimarama government, [46][47] said he "would not be surprised" if the new definition of the word "Fijian" were 

included in the government's projected new Constitution, and that he personally saw "no reason the term Fijian


should not apply to everyone from Fiji". [48] 

Religion 

Indigenous Fijians are mostly Christian (40% at the 1996 census), and 

the Indo-Fijians are mostly Hindu or Muslim although a small minority 

are also Christian. Breakdown per the CIA world factbook: Christian 

64.5% (Methodist 34.6%, Roman Catholic 9.1%, Assembly of God 

5.7%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.9%, Anglican 0.8%, other 10.4%), 

Hindu 27.9%, Muslim 6.3%, Sikh 0.3%, other or unspecified 0.3%, 

none 0.7% (2007 census). 

The largest Christian denomination is the Methodist Church of Fiji and 

Rotuma. (General Secretary: Revd Tuikilakila Waqairatu) With 36.2% 

of the total population (including almost two-thirds of ethnic Fijians), 

Sri Siva Subramaniya Hindu temple, Nadi 

the proportion of the population adhering to Methodism is higher in Fiji than in any other nation. In 2012, permission 

was granted by the Government for Methodists to hold their annual Conference, for the first time in 4 years, with 

condition it does not coincide with the national Hibiscus Festival, and that it should only last for three days, no 

political matters were to be discussed only church matters [49] Roman Catholics (8.9%), the Assemblies of God (4%), 

the Seventh-day Adventists (2.9%) and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) (2.2%), also are 

significant. Fiji also is the base for the Anglican Diocese of Polynesia (part of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, 

New Zealand and Polynesia). These and other denominations also have small numbers of Indo-Fijian members; 

Christians of all kinds comprise 6.1% of the Indo-Fijian population. Much major Roman Catholic missionary activity 

was conducted through the Vicariate Apostolic of Fiji, which has since been renamed the Metropolitan Archdiocese 

of Suva, which spans the whole of Fiji. 

Hindus belong mostly to the Sanatan sect (74.3% of all Hindus) or else are unspecified (22%). The small Arya Samaj 

sect claims the membership of some 3.7% of all Hindus in Fiji. Muslims are mostly Sunni (96.4%) following the 

Hanafi school of jurisprudence, with a small Ahmadiyya minority (3.6%). The Sikh religion comprises 0.9% of the 

Indo-Fijian population, or 0.4% of the national population in Fiji. Their ancestors originated from the Punjab region 

of India, but they are a fairly recent wave of immigrants who did not live through the indenture system. The Bahá'í 

Faith has over 21 Local Spiritual Assemblies throughout Fiji and Baha'is live in more than 80 localities. [50] The first 

Baha'i in the islands was a New Zealander who arrived in 1924. [50] There is also a small Jewish population. Every 

year the Israeli Embassy organises a Passover celebration with approximately 100 people attending.


Administrative and provincial divisions 

Fiji is divided into Four Major Divisions: 

• Central 

• Eastern 

• Northern 

• Western 

These divisions are further divided into 14 

provinces: 

• Ba 

• Bua 

• Cakaudrove 

• Kadavu 

• Lau 

• Lomaiviti Province 

• Macuata 

• Nadroga-Navosa 

• Naitasiri 

• Namosi 

• Ra 

• Rewa 

• Serua 

• Tailevu 

Map of the divisions of Fiji. 

Fiji was also divided into 3 Confederacies or Governments during the reign of Cakobau, though these are not 

considered political divisions, they are still considered important in the social divisions of the indigenous Fijians: 

• The Burebasaga Confederacy 

• The Kubuna Confederacy 

• The Tovata Confederacy 

Geography 

Fiji covers a total area of some 194,000 square 

kilometres (75,000 sq mi) of which around 10% is land. 

Fiji is the hub of the South West Pacific, midway 

between Vanuatu and the Kingdom of Tonga. The 

archipelago is located between 176° 53′ east and 178° 

12′ west. The 180° meridian runs through Taveuni but 

the International Dateline is bent to give uniform time 

(UTC+12) to all of the Fiji group. With the exception 

of Rotuma, the Fiji group lies between 15° 42′ and 20° 

02′ south. Rotuma is located 220 nautical miles 

(410 km; 250 mi) north of the group, 360 nautical miles 

(670 km; 410 mi) from Suva, 12° 30′ south of the 

equator. 

Fiji's location in Oceania


Fiji consists of 322 islands (of which 106 are inhabited) 

and 522 smaller islets. The two most important islands 

are Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, which account for 

approximately three-quarters of the total land area of 

the country. The islands are mountainous, with peaks 

up to 1,324 metres (4,341 ft), and covered with thick 

tropical forests. The highest point is Mount Tomanivi 

on Viti Levu. Viti Levu hosts the capital city of Suva, 

and is home to nearly three quarters of the population. 

Other important towns include Nadi (the location of the 

international airport), and Lautoka, Fiji's second city 

with large sugar cane mills and a seaport. 

The main towns on Vanua Levu are Labasa and 

Savusavu. Other islands and island groups include 

Taveuni and Kadavu (the third and fourth largest 

islands respectively), the Mamanuca Group (just off 

Nadi) and Yasawa Group, which are popular tourist 

destinations, the Lomaiviti Group, off Suva, and the 

remote Lau Group. Rotuma, some 270 nautical miles 

(500 km; 310 mi) north of the archipelago, has a 

special administrative status in Fiji, which nearest 

neighbour is Tonga in the east. 

Map of Fiji. 

Climate 

The climate in Fiji is tropical marine and warm most of 

the year round with minimal extremes. The warm 

season is from November till April and the cooler 

season May to October. Temperature in the cool season 

still averages 22 °C (72 °F). 

Rainfall is variable, the warmer season experiences 

heavier rainfall, especially inland. Winds are moderate, 

though cyclones occur about once a year (10–12 times per decade). [51] 

Coconut trees line the beaches of Fiji 

Economy 

Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of the more developed of the Pacific island economies, 

though still with a large subsistence sector. Natural resources include timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil and 

hydropower. Fiji experienced a period of rapid growth in the 1960s and 1970s but stagnated in the 1980s. The coup 

of 1987 caused further contraction.


Graphical depiction of Fiji's product exports in 28 color 

coded categories. 

Economic liberalization in the years following the coup created a 

boom in the garment industry and a steady growth rate despite 

growing uncertainty of land tenure in the sugar industry. The 

expiration of leases for sugar cane farmers (along with reduced 

farm and factory efficiency) has led to a decline in sugar 

production despite a subsidized price. Subsidies for sugar have 

been provided by the EU and Fiji has been the second largest 

beneficiary after Mauritius. 

Urbanization and expansion in the service sector have contributed 

to recent GDP growth. Sugar exports and a rapidly growing tourist 

industry — with 430,800 tourists in 2003 [52] and increasing in the 

subsequent years — are the major sources of foreign exchange. 

Fiji is highly dependent on tourism for revenue. Sugar processing makes up one-third of industrial activity. 

Long-term problems include low investment and uncertain property rights. The political turmoil in Fiji has had a 

severe impact on the economy, which shrank by 2.8% in 2000 and grew by only 1% in 2001. 

The tourism sector recovered quickly, however, with visitor arrivals reaching pre-coup levels again during 2002, 

which has since resulted in a modest economic recovery. This recovery continued into 2003 and 2004 but grew by 

1.7% in 2005 and grew by 2.0% in 2006. Although inflation is low, the policy indicator rate of the Reserve Bank of 

Fiji was raised by 1% to 3.25% in February 2006 due to fears of excessive consumption financed by debt. Lower 

interest rates have so far not produced greater investment for exports. 

However, there has been a housing boom from declining commercial mortgage rates. The tallest building in Fiji is 

the fourteen-storey Reserve Bank of Fiji Building in Suva, which was inaugurated in 1984. The Suva Central 

Commercial Centre, which opened in November 2005, was planned to outrank the Reserve Bank building at 

seventeen stories, but last-minute design changes made sure that the Reserve Bank building remains the tallest. 

Trade and investment with Fiji has been criticized due to the country's military dictatorship. [53] In 2008, Fiji's interim 

Prime Minister and coup leader Frank Bainimarama announced election delays and that it would pull out of the 

Pacific Islands Forum in Niue, where Bainimarama would have met with Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and 

New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark. [54] 

The South Pacific Stock Exchange (SPSE) is the only licensed securities exchange in Fiji and is based in Suva. Its 

vision is to become a regional exchange. 

Culture 

Fiji's culture is a rich mosaic of Indigenous Fijian, 

Indo-Fijian, Asian and European traditions, comprising 

social polity, language, food (based mainly from the 

sea, plus casava, dalo (taro) & other vegetables), 

costume, belief systems, architecture, arts, craft, music, 

dance and sports. 

Indigenous Fijian culture and tradition is very vibrant 

and is an integral component of everyday life for the 

majority of Fiji's population. However, Fijian society 

has also evolved over the past century with the 

introduction of more recent traditions, such as Indian 

Huts in the village of Navala in the Nausori Highlands.


and Chinese, as well as heavy influences from Europe and Fiji's Pacific neighbours - particularly Tonga and Samoa. 

Thus, the various cultures of Fiji have come together to create a unique multicultural national identity. 

Fiji's culture was showcased at the World Exposition held in Vancouver, Canada in 1986 and, more recently, at the 

Shanghai World Expo 2010, along with other Pacific countries in the Pacific Pavilion. [55] 

Holidays and festivals 

This is a list of holidays celebrated in Fiji: 

• New Year's Day 

• Good Friday 

• Easter Saturday 

• Easter Monday 

• Fiji Day 

• Diwali 

• Christmas Day 

• Boxing Day 

• Prophet Mohammed's Birthday 

The exact dates of public holidays vary from year to year, but the dates for this year and recent years can be found at 

the Fiji Government Web Site [56] 

The following holidays are no longer celebrated in Fiji: 

• Queen's Birthday [57] 

• National Youth Day 

• Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna Day [58] 

Tourism 

Fiji has a significant amount of tourism and many people go to the Nadi and Denarau islands. [59] The biggest sources 

of international visitors by country are Australia, New Zealand and the USA. [60] Fiji has a significant amount of soft 

coral reefs, and scuba diving is a common tourist activity. [59] More budget resorts are being opened in remote areas, 

which provides more tourism opportunities. [59] 

Casino Tourism 

A new 1,500-seat convention centre, casino and luxury hotel complex is being developed on Denarau Island, just 

offshore from Nadi. A smaller convention centre and casino have also been earmarked for Suva, Fiji’s capital 

city. [61] 

Transport 

Air 

The Nadi International Airport is located 9 km north of central Nadi and is the largest Fijian hub. [62] Nausori 

International Airport is about 23 kilometres northeast of downtown Suva and serves mostly domestic traffic. The 

main airport in the second largest island of Vanua Levu is Labasa Airport [63] located at Waiqele, southwest of 

Labasa Town. The largest aircraft handled by Labasa Airport is the ATR42. Airports Fiji Limited (AFL) [64] is 

responsible for the operation of 15 public airports in the Fiji Islands. These include two international airports; Nadi 

international Airport – Fiji’s main international gateway and Nausori Airport – Fiji’s domestic hub and 13 outer 

island airports.


Bus 

Fiji's larger islands have extensive bus routes that are affordable and consistent in service. [59] There are bus stops, 

and in rural areas buses are often simply hailed as they approach. [59] Buses are the principal form of public 

transport [65] and passenger movement between the towns on the main islands. Buses also serve on roll-on-roll-off 

inter-island ferries. Bus fares and routes are heavily regulated by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) [66] . Bus and 

taxi drivers hold Public Service Licenses (PSVs) issued by the LTA. 

Taxi 

Taxis are licensed by the LTA and operate widely all over the country. Apart from urban, town-based taxis, there are 

others that are licensed to serve rural or semi-rural areas. The flagfall for regular taxis is F$1.50 and tariff is F$0.10 

for every 200 meters. [67] For taxis that are allowed to charge Value Added Tax (VAT), the flagfall is F$1.50 and 

tariff is F$0.30 for the first 200 meters, and F$0.11 for every 200 meters thereafter. Taxis operating out of Fiji's 

international airport, Nadi charge a flagfall of F$5. The elderly and Government welfare recipients are given a 20% 

discount on their taxi fares. [68] 

Ships and Inter-island ferries 

Inter-island ferries provide services between Fiji's principal islands and large vessels operate roll-on-roll-off services, 

transporting vehicles and large amounts of cargo between the main island of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, and other 

smaller islands. 

Language 

Fijian is an Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian family spoken in Fiji. It has 350 000 first-language 

speakers, which is less than half the population of Fiji, but another 200,000 speak it as a second language. The 1997 

Constitution established Fijian as an official language of Fiji, along with English and Fiji Hindi, and there is a 

discussion about establishing it as the "national language", though English and Hindustani would remain official. 

Fijian is a VOS language. 

The Fiji Islands developed many languages, some similar and some very different. Missionaries in the 1840s chose 

the language of one island off the southeast of the main island of Viti Levu, to be the official language of Fiji. This 

island, Bau, was home to Cakobau, the chief that eventually became the self-forged "King" of Fiji. Missionaries 

were interested in documenting a language and in standardising all of Fiji on one official language to make their job 

of translating and teaching in Fiji a bit easier. Standard Fijian is based on the language of Bau, which is an East 

Fijian language. There are many other dialects that make up the West Fijian languages including all dialects spoken 

in the Nadroga/Navosa and those of the western island groups and provinces. 

English Hello/hi Good morning Goodbye 

Fijian bula yadra (Pronounced Yandra) moce (Pronounced Mothe) 

Fiji Hindi नमस्ते सुप्रभात चलता हूँ 

[69]


Sport 

Rugby union 

Rugby Union is the most-popular team sport played in 

Fiji. The national rugby union team is very successful 

given the size of the population of the country, and has 

competed at five Rugby World Cup competitions, the 

first being in 1987, where they reached the 

quarter-finals. The Fiji national side did not match that 

feat again until the 2007 Rugby World Cup when they 

upset Wales 38–34 to progress to the quarter-finals 

where they nearly beat the eventual Rugby World Cup 

winners, South Africa. Fiji also defeated the British and 

Irish Lions in 1977. Fiji competes in the Pacific 

The Fiji national rugby union team during the 2007 Rugby World 

Tri-Nations and the Pacific Nations Cup. The sport is 

Cup playing against Canada. 

governed by the Fiji Rugby Union which is a member 

of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance, and contributes 

to the Pacific Islanders rugby union team. At the club level there are the Colonial Cup and Pacific Rugby Cup. The 

Fiji sevens team is one of the most successful rugby sevens teams in the world, having won two world cup titles and 

the 2006 IRB Series. 

Rugby league 

The Fiji national rugby league team, nicknamed the Bati (pronounced [mˈbatʃi]), represents Fiji in the sport of rugby 

league football and has been participating in international competition since 1992. It has competed in the Rugby 

League World Cup on three occasions, with their best result coming when they made the semi-finals of the 2008 

Rugby League World Cup. The team also competes in the Pacific Cup. 

Members of the team are selected from a domestic Fijian competition, as well as from competitions held in New 

Zealand and Australia. For the 2000 and 2008 World Cups, the Bati were captained by Lote Tuqiri and Wes 

Naiqama respectively. They have produced legendary players like Petero Civoniceva, Akuila Uate, Lote Tuqiri, 

Jarryd Hayne, Wes and Kevin Naiqama, Peni Tagive and Sisa Waqa. 

The Fiji national rugby union team is a member of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance (PIRA) formerly along with 

Samoa and Tonga. In 2009, Samoa announced their departure from the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance, leaving just 

Fiji and Tonga in the union. Fiji is currently ranked sixteenth in the world by the IRB (as of 26 September 2011). 

Despite this low rating, in the 2007 Rugby World Cup Fiji defeated Wales 38–34 to claim a quarter final spot 

(theoretically placing them in the top 8 teams in the world) and proceeded to give eventual winners South Africa a 

scare eventually going down 37–20. 

Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby is the main sport. There are approximately 80,000 registered players 

from a total population of around 950,000. One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their players to play for 

their home country, as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams, where monetory compensation is 

far more rewarding. The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local 

economies. In addition, a significant number of players eligible to play for Fiji end up representing Australia or New 

Zealand; notable examples are Fiji-born cousins and current New Zealand All Blacks, Joe Rokocoko and Sitiveni 

Sivivatu and as well as Australian Wallabies Winger, Lote Tuqiri. Fiji has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations 

Championships of the three participating teams.


Rugby war dance (Cibi/Bole) 

The Cibi (pronounced Thimbi) war dance was traditionally performed by the Fiji rugby team before each match. It 

was replaced in 2012 with the new Bole [70] (pronounced mBolay) war cry. The Bole war cry has a lot more energy 

compared to the Cibi and seems far more fitting for the gruelling match that is about to commence. 

Tradition holds that the original Cibi was first performed on the rugby field back in 1939 during a tour of New 

Zealand, when then Fijian captain Ratu Sir George Cakobau felt that his team should have something to match the 

Haka of the All Blacks. The 'Cibi' had perhaps been used incorrectly though, as the word actually means "a 

celebration of victory by warriors," whereas 'Bole' is the acceptance of a challenge. 

The Bole war cry was composed by Ratu Manoa Rasigatale, and is translated as follows: 

I'm challenging you to be uprooted, yes, it will be done, let's turn them up side down. 

I'm ready, you think I'm afraid of you, you can't break my defence. 

You're only a hen, I'm the rooster, let's fight and you'll see. 

I don't sleep and will watch you. 

My strength can reach the crushing of the waves. 

I will not be drowned, you think you'll defeat me by drowning 

Your fence is only made of wawamere creapers, It's easy to untangle. 

I can uproot you, I can uproot you, yes it will be achieved. 

Association football 

Association football, or soccer, was traditionally a minor sport in Fiji, popular largely amongst the Indo-Fijian 

community, but with international funding from FIFA and sound local management over the past decade, the sport 

has grown in popularity in the wider Fijian community. It is now the second most-popular sport in Fiji after rugby 

(union 15's and union 7's). 

The Fiji Football Association is a member of the Oceania Football Confederation. The national football team 

defeated New Zealand 2–0 in the 2008 OFC Nations Cup, [71] on their way to a joint-record third placed finish. 

However, they have never reached a FIFA World Cup to date. Fiji won the South Pacific Games football tournament 

in 1991 and 2003. 

Footnotes 

[1] Dr. A. Tschentscher, LL. M.. "Section 4 of Fiji Constitution" (http:// www. servat. unibe. ch/ icl/ fj00000_. html). www.servat.unibe.ch. . 

Retrieved 2009-05-03. 

[2] Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1 (http:// www. un. 

org/ esa/ population/ publications/ wpp2008/ wpp2008_text_tables. pdf). 2008 revision. United Nations. . Retrieved 2009-03-12. 

[3] "Fiji" (http:// www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2012/ 01/ weodata/ weorept. aspxpr. x=26& pr. y=14& sy=2009& ey=2012& 

scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=. & br=1& c=819& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=). International Monetary 

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[4] "Human Development Report 2010" (http:// hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDR_2010_EN_Table1. pdf). United Nations. 2010. . Retrieved 

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[5] "FJST – Fiji Summer Time" (http:// www. timeanddate. com/ library/ abbreviations/ timezones/ pacific/ fjst. html). www.timeanddate.com. . 


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(3 February 2011). "Country is now officially called Republic of Fiji" (http:// fijivillage. com/ mod=story& 

id=0302118fd60fa7dc0c0246576e3d35). . Retrieved 2011-02-04. 

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References 

• Wright, Ronald (1986). On Fiji Islands. Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 5 December 2006. 

ISBN 0-670-80634-X. Traces the colonization of the Fiji Islands, explains how the Fijians have managed to keep 

their language and culture intact, and describes modern Fiji society. 

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Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 11 July 2006. Details on Fiji its history and Geography. 

• Lal, Brij V. (1992). Broken Waves: A History of the Fiji Islands in the Twentieth Century. University of Hawaii 

Press. ISBN 0-8248-1418-5. Details of Fiji's History, Geography, Economy. 

• Back to the Chessboard: The Coup and the Re-Emergence of Pre-colonial Rivalries in Fiji. In: Kolig/Mückler 

(eds.) (2002). Politics of Indigeneity in the South Pacific. LIT Verlag, Hamburg. pp. 143–158.


ISBN 3-8258-5915-0. 

• Miller, Korina; Jones, Robyn; Pinheiro, Leonardo (2003). Fiji. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-134-8. Travel guide. 

Bibliography 

• Derrick, Ronald Albert (1957). A History of Fiji. Suva, Fiji: Government Printer. 

• David Routledge: Matanitu - The Struggle for Power in Early Fiji, University of the South Pacific, Suva 1985 

• Scarr, Deryck (1984). Fiji: A Short History. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-86861-319-3. 

• Waterhouse, Joseph (1998). The King and People of Fiji. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1920-9. 

External links 

Government 

• Official Website of the Government of Fiji (http:// www. fiji. gov. fj/ ) 

• Official Website of the Parliament of Fiji (http:// www. parliament. gov. fj/ ) 

• Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https:// www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ world-leaders-1/ 

world-leaders-f/ fiji. html) 

General information 

• Fiji (https:// www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ fj. html) entry at The World 

Factbook 

• Fiji (http:// ucblibraries. colorado. edu/ govpubs/ for/ fiji. htm) at UCB Libraries GovPubs 

• Fiji (http:// www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Oceania/ Fiji/ ) at the Open Directory Project 

• Fiji profile (http:// www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-asia-pacific-14919067) from the BBC News 

• Wikimedia Atlas of Fiji 

• Key Development Forecasts for Fiji (http:// www. ifs. du. edu/ ifs/ frm_CountryProfile. aspxCountry=FJ) from 

International Futures 

Travel 

• Bulafiji.com (http:// www. bulafiji. com/ ) Official Fiji Visitors Bureau website 

• The Fiji Times (http:// www. fijitimes. com) News, Sport and Weather from Fiji's leading newspaper 

• Fiji Projects (http:// www. seacology. org/ projects/ polynesia_projects. htm#fiji) at Seacology

Article Sources and Contributors 19 

Article Sources and Contributors 

Fiji Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phpoldid=534492320 Contributors: -- April, 12345abcxyz20082009, 15turnsm, 21655, 23prootie, 28bytes, 2D, 6SJ7, 8bigsis, 9258fahsflkh917fas, 

A Werewolf, AMS351996, ASDFGH, Aaronjhill, Abce2, AbdulQadir, Abhijitsathe, Academic Challenger, Acroterion, Againme, AgentPeppermint, Ahivarn, Ahmed27, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, 

Ajl772, Ajraddatz, Akanemoto, Alansohn, AlefZet, Alexbatko, AlexiusHoratius, Alfio, Alinor, Aloar, Alokchakrabarti, Alpha 4615, Altenmann, Amakuru, Amazong, Amberrock, Americanedol, 

AmiDaniel, Amplitude101, Anaxial, Ando228, Andrewpmk, Andy Marchbanks, AndyI, Andyyo, Angielaj, Angr, Anietor, Anna Lincoln, AntaineNZ, Antandrus, Anthoeleon, Antonio Lopez, 

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