Alaska Forage Manual - Alaska Plant Materials Center - State of ...

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Cereal Grains Photo: Brennan Veith Low,AK PMC Barley, Hordeum vulgare Barley, Hordeum vulgare Common Oat, Avena sativa
BARLEY (Cereal) Wildlife: Barley makes excellent fodder for large ungulate wildlife, such as moose, elk and bison. It also provides feed and cover for upland game birds, small mammals, waterfowl and various song birds. Forage Value Barley is considered highly palatable and excellent forage for most classes of livestock and wildlife. On average this small grain produces 12% protein when grown in monoculture. Total forage protein levels should increase if Barley is intercropped with Field Pea. Nutritional levels will vary depending on climate, location, and other agronomic inputs such as fertilizers, irrigation, and harvest time. Distribution and Adaptation Barley seedhead Barley Hordeum vulgare (L.) Description Photo: Alaska PMC Hordeum vulgare (Barley) is an erect annual bunch grass that can reach a height of 90 centimeters (36 inches) depending on the variety. This small grain can be intercropped with legumes, such as Field Pea, to increase forage nutrients and palatability. Properly managed, legumes provide needed nitrogen for grasses and protein for livestock. Stems of Barley are hollow, smooth, and glabrous (shiny). Some varieties are susceptible to lodging. Barley leaves are typically 13 - 19 mm (½ to ¾ of an inch) wide and roughly 30 cm (12 inches) in length. Barley spikelet’s exhibit short or long, narrow, and scabrous (rough) awns that can be problematic when fed to livestock. It produces a large spindle shaped seed with high seedling vigor. Barley plants produce roughly 13,000 seeds per pound of seed. Uses Livestock: Barley is commonly produced for grain fodder, but is sometimes fed directly as “green cut” when intercropped with a legume such as peas. This small cereal grain produces excellent forage and is highly palatable to all classes of livestock. In addition, Barley produces excellent straw, generally used by dog mushers for bedding. Barley can be found growing throughout much of the world including Alaska, Canada, and the contiguous United States. It is adapted to medium textured soils and prefers a pH ranging from 5.3 to 8.5. Barley is moderately tolerant of droughty and/or wet conditions but does not persist well in shady environments. It is highly tolerant of saline soil conditions. Culture Barley grows well in cool moist climates and should be planted ½ to 1½ inches deep. A firm seedbed is essential in providing good seed to soil contact. This will provide a more reliable water supply and prevent large air pockets in the soil that are less than ideal for seedlings to establish. Barley is typically drill seeded at a rate of 70 to 100 lbs/acre depending upon soil type, moisture, and location. When seeded with a legume, seeding rates should be reduced by about half and growth cycles must be synchronized. Appropriate fertilizer ratios depend upon soil type, chemistry, and location. Soil samples should be collected and analyzed before seeding. Irrigation in combination with fertilization should increase field productivity. Management Barley is an excellent grain and forage crop if properly managed. Barley is well adapted to Alaska’s long day length and short growing season. Several barley cultivars have been specifically developed to survive Alaska’s harsh climate, while producing higher nutritional grain and forage values. The cultivar ‘Weal’ is an awnless Barley that was developed as a dual purpose grain and/or forage. 65
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Alaska Forage Manual
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Alaska Forage Manual By Casey L. Di
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Section A. Background • Introduct
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Target Audience The intended audien
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Regions For the purposes of this ma
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Forage Types Photo: Alaska Division
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Silage Cropping Haylage Photos: Cas
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Grazers This group of animal has a
Page 17 and 18: Diagram: fitdaffy.blogspot.com The
Page 19 and 20: Endophytes Endophytes are organisms
Page 21 and 22: Planning Photo: James McCormick Dev
Page 23 and 24: Nutrients Nutrients can be classifi
Page 25 and 26: 20 Topsoil The topsoil layer is a s
Page 27 and 28: Planting Choice Seed Seeding is the
Page 29 and 30: Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC Procedu
Page 31 and 32: 26 Graphics: Manley, W.F., and Daly
Page 33 and 34: Grasses Photo: Casey Dinkel,AK PMC
Page 35 and 36: Photo: Stoney J. Wright, AK PMC Gra
Page 37 and 38: Grass Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC C
Page 39 and 40: Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC Grass C
Page 41 and 42: Grass Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC C
Page 43 and 44: Grass Photo: Brennan Veith Low, AK
Page 45 and 46: Fertilized stands of Bluejoint may
Page 47 and 48: Photo: Alaska PMC Grass Cultivars a
Page 49 and 50: Photo: Brennan Veith Low, AK PMC Gr
Page 51 and 52: Photo: Paul Slichter, Pacific North
Page 53 and 54: Photo: USDA Natural Resource Conser
Page 55 and 56: References Wright, S.J. and P.K. Cz
Page 57 and 58: Grass Cultivars and Releases A fiel
Page 59 and 60: Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC Grass C
Page 61 and 62: Pastures should not be grazed prior
Page 63 and 64: Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC Grass A
Page 65 and 66: References Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK
Page 67: Grass Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC C
Page 71 and 72: Photo: Henrik Reinholdson (Wikimedi
Page 73 and 74: Legumes Photo: User BerndH (Wikimed
Page 75 and 76: Photo: Wikimedia.org Alfalfa, Medic
Page 77 and 78: Photo: User BerndH (Wikimedia.org)
Page 79 and 80: Photo: Jean Tosti (Jeantosti.com) C
Page 81 and 82: Legume Photo: Wikimedia.org Cultiva
Page 83 and 84: Photo: Forest and Kim Starr (Wikime
Page 85 and 86: Appendix A: Nutrient Study (Analysi
Page 87 and 88: Lab Analysis Samples were collected
Page 89 and 90: American Sloughgrass, Beckmannia sy
Page 91 and 92: Beach Wildrye, Leymus mollis Moistu
Page 93 and 94: Bluejoint Reedgrass, Calamagrostis
Page 95 and 96: Polargrass, Arctagrostis latifolia
Page 97 and 98: Siberian Wildrye, Elymus sibiricus
Page 99 and 100: Smooth Brome, Bromus inermis Moistu
Page 101 and 102: Timothy, Phleum pratense Moisture F
Page 103 and 104: Appendix B: Seed Specifications / C
Page 105 and 106: (B) The following are restricted no
Page 107 and 108: 104 Term Definition Biennials: A pl
Page 109 and 110: 106 Term Pinnate: Prostrate: Protei
Page 111: The Alaska Forage Manual was releas
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