Highlights 2004 - Central Pollution Control Board

Highlights 2004
PREFACE
Since its inception in 1974, the Central Pollution Control Board is committed to pollution control. We
started with monitoring of ambient air and surface water. Over the years, the monitoring network has
been strengthened. The Board initiated R & D efforts, standards formulations and after established itself
as a technical advisory body in adition to being a regulatory agency. Over the years, we have
contributed a lot towards Preventive, Promotional and Mitigative (PPM) measures for pollution control.
The protection of environment calls for a multi-disciplinary approach investing various areas of science,
engineering and technology. Based on monitoring in different parts of the country, we are continuously
gathering and disseminating scientific and technical information as well as status and trends in
environmental quality. For capacity building of State Pollution Control Boards, training programmes are
regularly organised and support is provided for strengthening laboratories and infrastructural facilities.
To catalyse partnerships among the stakeholders, we are continuously interacting with the student
communities, NGOs, industry and civic authorities.
We have made an attempt to highlight some of our activities during the year 2004 in this special issue of
Parivesh. We seek your support in our endeavour for a better and pollution-free environment. I am
thankful to Dr. B. Sengupta, Member Secretary and Dr. C.S. Sharma, Sr. Scientist of CPCB who have
put in a lot of efforts to bring out the Highlights.
(V. RAJAGOPALAN)
Chairman, CPCB
March, 2005

AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT
NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (NAMP)
Central Pollution Control Board initiated National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQM) programme
in the year 1984 with 7 stations at Agra and Anpara. Subsequently the programme was renamed as
National Air Monitoring Programme (N.A.M.P.). The number of monitoring stations under N.A.M.P. has
increased, steadily, to 313 by 2004-05 covering 113 cities/towns in 28 States and 4 Union Territories of
the country.
Under N.A.M.P., four air pollutants viz ., Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO 2 and
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM/PM 10 ),
have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations. Besides this, additional parameters such
as Respirable Lead and other toxic trace metals, Hydrogen Sulphide (H 2 S), Ammonia (NH 3 ) and
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are also being monitored at selected locations. The
monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and direction, relative humidity and
temperature was also integrated with the monitoring of air quality. . The monitoring of pollutants is
carried out for 24 hours (4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8-hourly sampling for particulate
matter) with a frequency of twice a week, to have 104 observations in a year. The monitoring is being
carried out with the help of Central Pollution Control Board: ; State Pollution Control Boards :Pollution
Control Committees:National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur: and other
research institutions/universities etc. CPCB co-ordinates with these agencies to ensure the uniformity
and consistency of air quality data and provides technical and financial support to them for operating the
monitoring stations.
Air Quality Status and Trends
Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 )
• Annual average concentration of SO 2 levels are within the prescribed National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) at almost all the locations. A decreasing trend has been observed
in sulphur dioxide levels in many cities
• There has been a change in domestic fuel use from coal to LPG. Also various measures have
been taken such as reduction of sulphur in diesel that may have contributed to low levels of SO
2 .
Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )
• Annual average concentration of NO 2 was also within NAAQS at most of the locations. Trend
in annual average concentration of NO 2 is fluctuating in many cities
• The monitoring locations near traffic intersection show high levels of NO 2 . Vehicles are one of
the major sources of NO 2 in the country.
Particulate Matter
• Annual average concentrations of RSPM and SPM exceeded the NAAQS in most of the cities.
The trend in annual average concentration of RSPM is fluctuating in most of the cities.
• One of the major source of high RSPM levels is vehicles. The vehicle population is increasing
exponentially in many cities. This is the single major factor responsible for high RSPM levels.
• The sources of SPM include, vehicles, natural dust, industries such as thermal power plants,
sugar, cement etc., resuspension of dust, refuse burning etc.
• The reason for high particulate matter levels may be vehicles, engine gensets, small scale
industries, biomass incineration, boilers and emission from power plants, resuspension of
traffic dust, commercial and domestic use of fuels, etc.
• Lower levels of RSPM and SPM were observed during monsoon months possibly due to wet
deposition. Higher levels of RSPM and SPM were observed during winter months possibly due
to lower mixing heights and more calm conditions.
• One of the reason for low levels of pollution in coastal cities like Chennai is that it has excellent
ventilation effects due to sea and land breezes which reduces pollution levels.
Non-attainment Cities

CPCB has identified list of polluted cities in which the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) are violated. These cities have been identified based on ambient air quality data obtained
under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) for the period 1995 to 2003. The list of nonattainment
cities state-wise is enclosed. Action plans are being formulated and implemented to control
air pollution in non-attainment cities by respective states.
Strengthening of National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
Monitoring stations were sanctioned in cities like Khajuraho, Gwalior, Tirupati, Vijayawada, Asansol,
Ranchi etc. State Pollution Control Boards were asked to monitor additional pollutants like carbon
monoxide etc. near traffic intersections. Non-operational stations were made operational. Monitoring
through automatic continuous analysers is also being initiated in many cities.
List of Non Attainment Cities in India
S. No. State/Union
Territory
City
Major Sources of
Pollution
Air Pollutants of
Concern
1 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Vehicles RSPM, SPM
Visakhapatnam Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
2 Assam Guwahati Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
3 Bihar Patna Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
4 Chandigarh Chandigarh Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
5 Chattisgarh Bhilai Industries RSPM, SPM
Korba Industries RSPM, SPM
Raipur Vehicles RSPM, SPM
6 Delhi Delhi Vehicles NO 2 , RSPM, SPM
7 Goa Panaji Industries, Vehicles SPM
8 Gujarat Ahemadabad Vehicle, Industries RSPM, SPM
Ankleshwar Industries RSPM, SPM
Jamnagar Industries, Vehicles RSPM, SPM
Rajkot Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
Surat Industries, Vehicles RSPM, SPM
Vadodara Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
Vapi Industries RSPM, SPM
9 Haryana Faridabad Vehicles, Industries SPM
Yamuna Nagar Industries, Vehicles SPM
10 Himachal Pradesh Damtal Natural Dust SPM
Paonta Sahib Natural Dust SPM
Parwanoo Industries, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
Shimla Natural Dust SPM
11 Jharkhand Dhanbad Industries NO 2 , SPM
Jamshedpur Industries NO 2 , SPM
Jharia
Industries, Natural Dust SPM
Sindri
Industries, Natural Dust SPM
12 Karnataka Bangalore Vehicle RSPM, SPM
Mysore Vehicles RSPM
13 Kerala Kottayam Vehicles RSPM
Kochi Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
Thiruvananthapuram
Vehicles
RSPM
Kozhikode Natural Dust RSPM
14 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Vehicle RSPM, SPM

Indore Vehicles RSPM, SPM
Jabalpur Vehicles RSPM, SPM
Nagda Industries SO 2 , RSPM, SPM
Satna Industries RSPM, SPM
15 Maharashtra Chandrapur Industries RSPM, SPM
Mumbai Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
Pune Vehicles, NO 2 , RSPM, SPM
Nagpur Vehicles RSPM, SPM
Nashik Vehicles RSPM, SPM
Solapur Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
16 Meghalaya Shillong Vehicles RSPM
17 Orissa Angul Vehicles, Industries,
Natural Dust
RSPM, SPM
Rayagada Industries RSPM
Rourkela Industries RSPM, SPM
Talcher Industries RSPM
18 Punjab Gobindgarh Industries RSPM, SPM
Ludhiana Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
Jalandhar Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
19 Rajasthan Alwar Vehicles, Natural Dust NO 2 , RSPM, SPM
Jaipur Vehicles RSPM, SPM
Jodhpur Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
Kota Vehicles Industries NO 2 , RSPM, SPM
Udaipur Vehicles, Natural Dust NO 2 , RSPM, SPM
20 Tamil Nadu Chennai Vehicle, Industries RSPM, SPM
Madurai Vehicles, RSPM, SPM
Coimbatore Vehicles RSPM, SPM
Tuticorin Vehicles RSPM
21 Uttar Pradesh Agra Vehicle, Industries RSPM, SPM
Anpara Industries RSPM, SPM
Kanpur Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
Lucknow Vehicles, RSPM, SPM
Gajraula Industries RSPM, SPM
Noida
Vehicles, Natural Dust,
Industries
RSPM, SPM
Varanasi Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
22 Uttaranchal Dehradun Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
23 West Bengal Kolkata Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM, NO 2
Howrah Vehicles, Industries NO 2, RSPM, SPM
Haldia Industries, Vehicles RSPM
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN DELHI DURING 2004
The Central Pollution Control Board has been monitoring ambient air quality at seven locations in Delhi
for the past several years. The locations have been categorized on land use, i.e., residential, industrial
and traffic intersection.
With the reduction of sulphur content in diesel, the sulphur dioxide concentrations have shown a
declining trend at most of the locations in Delhi. Sulphur dioxide in residential areas during 2004 has
shown no change with respect to 2003 (10 µg/m 3 ), the change observed at BSZ Marg traffic
intersection was also found to be insignificant.

Nitrogen dioxide is the only parameter which shows an upward trend since 2001. During 2004, it
increased in residential area (40 µg/m 3 ) and industrial area (42 µg/m 3 ) by 5 and 17 percent
respectively, while in traffic intersection (89 µg/m 3 ) it decreased by 5 percent in comparison to 2003.
Annual average SPM concentration during 2004 registered a decrease of approximately 4 and 2 percent
respectively in industrial areas (339 µg/m 3 ) and traffic intersection (500 µg/m 3 ). SPM concentration at
residential areas (330 µg/m 3 ) registered an increase of 5 percent.
RSPM recorded 135 µg/m 3 in industrial areas and 228 µg/m 3 in traffic intersection during 2004. These
are 4 and 7 percent respectively lower than the values recorded in 2003. RSPM at residential areas
(131 µg/m 3 ) registered an increasing trend of only 3 percent.
CO levels measured at BSZ traffic intersection during 2004 was found to be 2581 µg/m 3 as against
2831 µg/m 3 recorded in 2003, thus indicating a decline of 9 percent.
Sulphur Dioxide levels in Ambient Air of Delhi
Suspended Particulate Matter levels in Ambient Air of Delhi

Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter levels in Ambient Air of Delhi
Oxides of Nitrogen levels in Ambient Air of Delhi
Carbon Monoxide levels in Ambient Air of Delhi

Vehicle Registration in Millions
Ambient Air Quality Trends in Delhi
Parameter Percent increase/decrease in 2004 with respect to 2003
Area
Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) Residential 0%
Industrial (+) 11%
Traffic Intersection (-) 11%
Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Residential (+) 5%
Industrial (+) 17
Traffic Intersection (-) 5%
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Residential (+) 5%
Industrial (-) 4%
Traffic Intersection (-) 2%
Respirable Suspended Particulate
Matter (RSPM) Residential (+) 3%
Industrial (-) 4%
Traffic Intersection (-) 7%
Carbon monoxide (CO) Traffic Intersection (-) 9%
Increase/Decrease
Ambient air quality monitoring in Delhi by Mobile van
The ambient air quality monitoring have been conducted at 10 (Ten) sites i.e. Red Fort, Pusa Road,
Lawrence Road, Badli, Jhilmil, Windsor Place, Connaught Place S.P. Marg, Mathura Road and
Safdarjung using ambient air quality monitoring van during May to July 2004. Results obtained from the
monitoring are depicted below:
LOCATION DATE NO 2 SO 2 CO O 3 RSPM
(µg/m 3 )
(µg/m 3 ) (µg/m 3 ) 06-14 14-22 22-06 (µg/m 3 ) (µg/m 3 )
REDFORT 06/05/04 74 21 802 4630 3100 60 289

PUSA ROAD 12/05/04 46 04 1745 2970 846 15 353
LAWRENCE
RD.
17/05/04 69 10 1425 1315 692 36 365
BADLI 19/05/04 28 08 300 767 455 30 -
JHILMIL 24/05/04 62 11 797 1475 615 33 370
WINDSOR
PLACE
26/05/04 89 03 1375 2440 1495 18 267
CONN. PLACE 01/06/04 151 14 4865 4760 2355 14 395
S.P. MARG 03/06/04 111 07 1185 3035 719 30 359
MATHURA RD. 07/06/04 72 02 7950 5875 1581 13 231
SAFDARJUNG 06/07/04 46 - 1110 1060 734 22 67

Ambient Air Quality during Deepawali, 2004
Ambient air quality is being measured during Deepawali days for the past several years. During
Deepawali days, the air quality deteriorates alarmingly due to the bursting of crackers. In order of
assess the air pollution caused due to bursting of crackers, ambient air quality was measured at
selected locations in Delhi during 2004 also. The observations are as follows:
• Except for sulphur dioxide, the levels of all other pollutants at almost all the locations exceeded
the air quality standards.
• RSPM and SPM levels during 2004 at all locations were found to be higher than that recorded
during 2003.
• Gaseous pollutants namely Nitrogen dioxide and Sulphur dioxide recorded mixed trend in 2004
as compared to 2003. Four locations out of eight monitored in 2004 recorded higher
concentration as compared to 2003.
Ambient Air Quality during Deepawali 2003 & 2004
(All Values are in microgram per cubic metre)
Parameter SO 2 NO 2 SPM RSPM
Year 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004
B.S.Z Marg 15 13 99 107 676 1107 553 896
Ashok Vihar 8 9 63 43 1136 1826 877 1222
Janakpuri 28 8 92 42 1209 1435 468 607
Nizamuddin 4 10 71 100 787 1654 520 1161
Patel Nagar 7 8 115 124 - - 788 1146
Sirifort 4 13 40 51 989 - 469 936
Shahazada 43 22 89 93 1177 1934 819 827
Bagh
Shahdara 38 17 83 80 1516 2247 920 1797
Ambient Noise Level in Delhi during Deepawali, 2004

Ambient noise level monitoring was carried out at various locations in Delhi, i.e. All India Institute of
Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Lajpat Nagar, New Friends Colony, East Arjun Nagar, Connaught Place,
India Gate, Mayur Vihar Phase – II, Raja Garden, Pitam Pura, Model Town, Patel Nagar, Kamla Nagar,
Dilshad Garden and ITO on the occasion of Deepawali festival. At Kamla Nagar, Patel Nagar and
Dilshad Garden noise monitoring were conducted from 18.00 hrs. to 23.00 hrs. (long duration) while at
other locations short duration (half hourly noise level monitoring were conducted between 18.00 hrs. &
23.00 hrs. This year, three new locations, i.e. Raja Garden , Model Town and Pitam Pura were selected
for short duration monitoring. Normal day noise monitoring was conducted on November 5, 2004. The
findings are as follows:
• Noise level on Deepawali day, 2004 decreased at six locations whereas it slightly increased at
four locations and remained same at one location as compared to the Deepawali day, 2003
(Three locations, being new could not be compared.
• The Ambient noise level has increased on Deepawali day as compared to the normal day, i.e.
November 5, 2004 at all the locations.
• The average ambient noise levels on normal day were ranging from 52 to 78 Leq dB(A) and 64
to 88 Leq dB(A) on Deepawali day.
• Average noise values on Deepawali were ranging from 64 to 88 Leq dB(A) against last year's
average values of 69 to 90 Leq dB(A).
• Highest average value for noise level was observed at Model Town .
Impact of fire crackers on Ambient Air Quality during Deepawali at Kanpur
In order to assess the pollution generated by fire crackers, monitoring of Particulate Matter (PM 10 ), SO
2 and NO 2 was conducted during Deepawali week (Deepawali on 12 th ) in year 2004 at Vikas Nagar,
a typical residential colony of Kanpur . This study reflects the clear impact on air quality.

Rise in RSPM and NO 2 concentrations was observed during Deepawali . RSPM was increased two
times to that of normal 8hours average values.
Impact of Fire Crackers on Ambient Air and Noise During Deepawali at Lucknow
Noise Impact in Lucknow
Noise Monitoring was conducted at Gomti Nagar (R), Indira Nagar (R), Aliganj (C), Vikas Nagar (R).
Noise levels are depicted below:
Noise Impact in Lucknow
Observations
• At all the places day time, & night time Noise levels are exceeding the prescribed standards.
• The maximum increase from the prescribed standards was observed at Indira Nagar in the
night time of +31.2 dB(A) due to firing of crackers.
• The Day time maximum deviation +25.8 dB(A) observed at Vikas Nagar.
• Out of all areas monitored, maximum noise pollution was observed at Indira Nagar area. The
Peak value was observed at Vikas Nagar on the day of Deepawali. Aliganj commercial area is
having values higher in the evening hours during commercial activities period.
Levels of Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction (BSOF) in PM 10
BSOF is being sporadically measured in RSPM at BSZ Marg Traffic Intersection Delhi since 2001.
Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction (BSOF) mainly comprises of hundreds of particulate bound organic
compounds present in ambient air. Some of the important BSOF compounds include Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Dioxins and Furans, Oxidized Hydrocarbons (aldehydes, ketones,
oxyacids etc.). Measurement of BSOF gives an idea about the anthropogenic emissions originating from
the combustion of fossil fuels. The concentration of BSOF in PM 10 ranged between 16 – 70 µg/m 3 .
Preliminary results indicate that BSOF during the winter months were higher ranging from 34 – 70 µg/m
3 , while the lowest values (16 µg/m 3 ) were observed in monsoon period. The percent BSOF in PM 10
ranged between 4 and 25. The highest percentage was observed in July 2003 when average RSPM
was found to be only 67 µg/m 3 (perhaps due to wash out factor) but the BSOF even at such low levels
of RSPM was found to be highest (25%) in comparison to other months.
BSOF Levels in RSPM at B.S.Z Marg, Delhi

Period
BSOF
RSPM
Percent BSOF in RSPM
µg/m 3
µg/m 3
December-2001 34 327 11%
January-2002 70 387 20%
December-2002 67 361 17%
January-2003 44 285 12%
May-2003 34 834 4%
June-2003 30 944 3%
July-2003 16 67 25%
November-2004 52 266 20%
December-2004 33 353 9%
Seasonal Variation of Benzene Levels in Ambient Air of Delhi during 2003 - 2004
Central Pollution Control Board is monitoring benzene in Delhi using diffusive samplers (passive
sampling method) at seven locations namely Ashok Vihar, I.T.O, J.N.U., Moti Nagar, East Arjun Nagar,
Siri Fort, and Town Hall. Benzene is one of the volatile organic compounds (VOC). Benzene comes
under aromatic category of volatile organic compounds. Benzene is a harmful pollutant causing
exposure-related health affects in human beings. It is mainly released from anthropogenic activities such
as transportation (from vehicle exhaust, filling and evaporative losses), industrial processes, combustion
etc.
The maximum concentration of benzene was observed in winter season at all the location in comparison
to summer and monsoon and ranged between 8 µg/m 3 (J.N.U) to 18 µg/m 3 (I.T.O). The benzene
levels in summer season ranged between 5 µg/m 3 (J.N.U) to 11 µg/m 3 (I.T.O). Minimum concentration
of benzene was observed during monsoon season at all the location and ranged between 4 µg/m 3
(J.N.U) to 10 µg/m 3 (I.T.O).
Active BTX Sampling Followed By ATD-GC Analysis
Samples were collected at selected locations near ITO Bride for shorter period (two-three hours) using
low flow pump at different time intervals including peak and lean traffic periods. The exercise was

epeated thrice during March & June 2004. BTX samples collected were analysed using Automated
Thermal Desorption - Gas Chromatography (ATD-GC). The observations are as follows:
Benzene concentration during Peak & Lean hours along roadside near ITO Bridge
Traffic intersection (ITO) recorded short-term highest Benzene level (18.5 to 59.0 µg/m 3 ) during peak
hours i.e. morning & evening due to high-traffic density as compared to lean period on the same day
(9.0 to 19.0 µg/m 3 ).
Benzene Monitoring at CNG filling Stations
Benzene levels ( 7.0- 10.0 µg/m 3 ) monitored at two CNG filling stations at CBD Complex , East Arjun
Nagar, Shahdra and Inder Prastha, Ring Road were recorded low as compared to traffic intersection
and petrol pumps.
Benzene Monitoring at CNG Filling Stations in Delhi
On-line Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Monitoring in Ambient Air of Delhi (2004)
Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in the
ambient air at Sirifort using continuous Analyzer. The surrounding area of the monitoring station is flat
plateau with dense residential localities, commercial establishments and a famous sports complex.
There is no major immediate source of air pollution in the vicinity of Sirifort monitoring station. However,
there may be some impact of vehicles plying on a busy road at a distance of approximate 100 meters
from the station.
The monthly mean concentration observed was found to be in the range of 3.9 µg/m 3 to 18.4 µg/m 3
and 7.7 ug/m 3 to 47.3 ug/m 3 of Benzene and Toluene respectively. The maximum mean concentration
of Benzene (18.4 µg/m 3 ) and Toluene (47.3 µg/m 3 ) observed in the month of November and the
minimum value 3.9 µg/m 3 and 7.7 ug/m 3 in month of March. High levels in November may be
attributed to the low inversion conditions in winter month.

Poly aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Monitoring in Ambient Air in Delhi
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons are one of the EPAs seven specific categories of air toxics. These
pollutants pose serious health hazards in urban areas because of multiple sources especially vehicular
traffic, thermal power plants, and industrial & domestic fuel burning. Central Pollution control Board has
started particulate PAH measurement. The samples are collected at six NAAQM (TSPM laden PAH)
locations and one integrated monitoring station at ITO (TSPM and RSPM laden PAH). 15 important PAH
compound such as major PAH Napthalene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene,
Chrysene, Benzo (a) anthracene, Benzo (b) fluoranthene, Benzo (k) fluoranthene, Benzo (a) pyrene,
Benzo (ghi) perylene, Dibenzo(ah) anthracene, Indeno (cd) pyrene, Coronene are analysed after
extraction in toluene and using GC-FID . The results of total PAHs levels measured at selected NAMP
stations & at ITO are shown in following figures.
Total Ambient Particulate PAH in Delhi

Total PAH in Total & Respirable Ambient Particulate in Delhi
Ambient air quality monitoring in Delhi by Mobile van
The ambient Noise monitoring have been conducted at 10 (Ten) sites i.e. Redfort, Pusa Road,
Lawrence Road, Badli, Jhilmil, Windsor Place, Connaught Place S.P. Marg, Mathura Road, Safdarjung
using ambient air quality monitoring van during May to July 2004. Results obtained from the monitoring
are depicted in the table below:
Locations Date Morning Afternoon Evening Night
REDFORT
PUSA ROAD
LAWRENCE
ROAD
BADLI
JHILMIL
WINDSOR
PLACE
CONNAUGHT
PLACE
S. P. MARG
MATHURA
ROAD
07-05-
04
13-05-
04
18-05-
04
20-05-
04
25-05-
04
26-05-
04
02-06-
04
03-06-
04
07-06-
04
(09-10
Hrs.)
dB(A)
(13-14
Hrs.)
(18-19
Hrs.)
59.6 59.8 64.7 57.4
79.2 76.5 77.7 71.1
68.8 72.1 68.9 66.9
59.0 62.1 54.2 57.1
74.0 75.1 70.8 74.1
71.5 74.2 74.6 69.7
69.1 72.2 78.9 70.9
74.8 68.7 66.9 65.8
80.0 75.4 75.6 70.7
STANDARD 65 65 65 55
(00-01 Hrs.)
BTX Profile in Fugitive Emissions & Ambient Air at Mathura Refinery
The BTX profile of fugitive emissions and ambient air at Mathura Refinery using ATD-GC-FID
techniques is presented in following table.

BTX Profile in Fugitive Emissions & Ambient Air at Mathura Refinery
(Monitored during September, 2004)
Fugitive Emissions Conc(mg/m 3 )
Benzene Toluene Xylene
Naphtha Splitter1 6.88 14.27 0.24
CCRU 6.88 28.94 4.47
ETP Inlet 46.60 24.21 6.00
Crude oil tank 0.69 3.44 0.04
Truck loading area 13.34 639.10 69.00
Truck top loading 27.06 69.92 14.17
MS Tank 0.59 2.14 0.05
Ambient Air Conc (ug/m 3 )
Benzene Toluene Xylene
Farah 55.10 80.71 -
Keetham 211.53 382.03 -
• The Benzene was found higher near ETP inlet followed by truck top loading & truck loading
area, which range between 13.34 µg/m 3 & 46.6 mg/m 3 at these locations. The second
highest categories of fugitive emissions were Naphtha Splitter & CCRU sections (7.0µg/m 3 ).
The Benzene concentrations monitored in crude oil & MS tanks near seals were found below
1.0 µg/m 3 .
• The Benzene levels monitored at two ambient air quality stations fixed by Mathura refinery for
routine ambient air quality monitoring namely at Farah and Keetham were found as 55.10 &
211.53 µg/m 3 respectively .
Continuous Monitoring of BTX in Kanpur
Monitoring for Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, m+p Xylene and O-Xylene was done using online
BTX analyzer at Sharda Nagar, Kanpur to find daily variation and long term trends.
The daily average values for these parameters are arranged in the table below.
Date Values are expressed in µg/m 3
Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene m+p Xylene O-Xylene
06.Feb.2004 32.0 115.6 70.8 10.6 13.8
09. Feb.2004 42.6 161.9 87.0 18.3 7.4
12. Feb.2004 26.8 93.6 26.2 41.1 29.7
16. Feb.2004 14.9 152.0 23.3 51.9 27.1
25. Feb.2004 40.4 77.4 25.9 31.5 15.4
15.Apr.2004 17.9 49.1 15.1 19.8 13.5
20.Apr.2004 15.7 32.3 12.4 14.5 8.8
25.Apr.2004 18.1 33.4 10.3 13.2 11.9
Hourly distribution for a day, in February-2004 is depicted below:

Observations :
• The concentration of Ethylebenzene also increases with the increase in the concentration of
Toluene. This is a relatively stable compound.
• Benzene is a stable compound and stays in the environment for several days.
• Daily variation of the pollutants shows that the concentration of Toluene increases during
evening hours and remains consistent till 3-4 am.
• O-Xylene is a stable compound and follows the trend of Toluene.
Sodar System
A Sodar System is continuously working at Parivesh Bhawan. As observed by the system in the
beginning of the year the period of free convection in the atmosphere was mainly from 11.00 a.m. to
04.00 p.m..In summer months period of free convection was mainly from 08.00 a.m. or 09.00 a.m. to
06.00 p.m. or 07.00 p.m.. In monsoon season period of free convection was mainly from 07.00 a.m. or
08.00 a.m. to 06.00 p.m. or 07.00 p.m.. In post monsoon season the period of free convection was
mainly from 09.00 a.m. to 06.00 p.m.. In winter period the period of free convection was mainly from
11.00 a. m. to 05.00 p. m.
Ambient Air Monitoring in Kanpur
Regular monitoring of SO 2 , NO x and RSPM is being conducted round the clock on all working days in
Kanpur at Vikas Nagar. The data is being disseminated on web site of CPCB. Monthly average of
RSPM and NO x for year 2004 are given below:

Studies carried out at Kanpur indicates that
• Values of RSPM range from 72 µg/m 3 to 344 µg/m 3 on monthly basis.
• RSPM concentration was observed high during summer months. During monsoon
comparatively lower values were observed. This may be due to wash out of pollutants during
rain
• RSPM concentration was observed very high as compared to prescribed standards ie.100
µg/m 3 (24 hr average) throughout the year except during monsoon months.
• NO 2 concentration ranges from 12 µg/m 3 to 34 µg/m 3 , which is much lower than standards
i.e. 80 µg/m 3 (24 hr basis)
• SO 2 was observed very low, all over the year and has not at all any concern.
• It is observed that the values of RSPM show an increasing trend over the years barring winter
of 2001, when RSPM had gone higher due to exceptionally prolonged and acute winter. All the
values are higher than the prescribed standard.
• Reason for higher RSPM in Kanpur may be attributed to Vehicular pollution, bad road
conditions, burning of garbage and suspension of natural dust due to dry weather and high
wind velocity. Apart from these, during power cuts indiscriminate use of generators also
contribute a lot to air pollution in local areas.
Characterization of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) in Ambient Air at Vikas
Nagar, Kanpur
In all major North Indian cities, RSPM concentrations are very high. The source apportionment study is
needed to plan for effective mitigation strategy. Taking first step in this direction, CPCB Zonal office,
North took up Characterization of RSPM to identify the constitution of dust contributing to it. Accordingly
characterization of RSPM. - Benzene Soluble Organic Fractions, Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Anion
parameters, were taken up. Analyses of Benzene Soluble Organic Fractions and Anions have started
while PAH analysis is under process.
Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction
The Filter Papers obtained during the monitoring at Vikas Nagar, Kanpur are used for the analysis of
Benzene Soluble Organic Fractions in RSPM. Organic part of the total RSPM is analyzed from March
2003 to December 2003 with the help of IIT, Kanpur and thereafter developing expertise, analysis was
done at CPCB, Zonal Lab, Lucknow from January to March'2004.
Benzene has been widely used as the solvent and aerosol organics concentrations, expressed as
Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction (BSOF). BSOF levels were high in summer and winter – highest
being in summer (61 µg/m 3 ),which was against the expectation of its being higher in winter, as

temperature is low and volatile organic compounds will be mostly in particulate form. It appears that
there would have been some local source of VOC in the vicinity of sampling site. Percentage of BSOF
typically stayed around 8-9 percent. As expected, during monsoon time both PM 10 and BSOF levels
came down considerably due to wash out of pollutants.
It is found that PM 10 and BSOF correlate very well (R 2 = 0.97) shown in figure below. Typical range of
organic content in PM 2.5 is 30-60 percent (USEPA, 1995) and correspondingly this can be 15-30
percent in PM 10 . Since BSOF will not represent all organic compounds, therefore a value of 10
percent BSOF in PM 10 appears reasonable.
Observations
• Results suggest that PM 10 and BSOF correlate very well. High level of PM 10 is suggesting a
possibility of high level of PM 2.5 in the air of Kanpur.
• The contribution of organic substances of RSPM ranges from 3% to 22% during winter month.
This is contributed by various anthropogenic activities like combustion.
• Inorganic component dominates the RSPM indicating that natural sources are also area for
concern.
• The fraction of organic component is obtained from the burning of fuel.
Anions analysis
GF/A Filter Papers obtained during the monitoring at Gol Chouraha, Ghantaghar, Civil Lines and
Ramadevi, Kanpur (sampling period April'2001-March'2002) were used for the analysis of anions.
Anions have been analyzed using Ion Chromatograph, at IIT, Kanpur. Mainly Chloride, Nitrate, Fluoride
and Sulphate ions were found at all the four locations.

Among all four anions, sulphate and chloride anion were found higher at all four locations. The important
reaction of SO 2 in the atmosphere is its oxidation to SO 3 , which with water gives sulfuric acid. The
acid or sulphates occur as aerosols. At Civil Lines Sulphate concentration ranges from 4-35 µg/m 3 , at
Ghantaghar ranges from 4-43 µg/m 3 , at Gol chouraha ranges from 3-33 µg/m 3 and at Ramadevi it
ranges from 4-31 µg/m 3 . At some points NO 3 concentration was found little higher. Fluoride ion
concentration was found very less at all the locations.
Air Quality Monitoring in Lucknow
Ambient air quality monitoring for 24 hours was conducted at Vikas Nagar a typical residential area of
Lucknow for two consecutive days during Deepawali and one day background study (on 3 rd December)
for PM 10 , SO 2 and NO 2 . Results of monitoring are shown as below:

Observations:
• Increased RSPM and NO 2 level were observed during Deepawali.

• The increase in RSPM values is obvious in this duration because of heavy vehicular
movement. This statement is reconfirmed with the increased NO 2 values simultaneously.
Noise Monitoring in Hardwar (Uttaranchal)
Objective of the Study were
• To map the city in respect of Noise Levels.
• To find the extent of violation of Ambient Noise Standards.
• To identify the significant contributors to Ambient Noise Level.
The results of the Noise levels (Leq values expressed in dB (A) ) at 12 locations are presented in tables
below:
Locations
Prem Nagar
( R )
Ranipur
More
Swarn
Jayanti Park
BHEL ( R )
BHEL Main
Gate
ChainRai
Distt. W.
Hospital
Railway
Station
Slots ↓
( R )
( R )
( C )
( S )
Morning 58 73 52 65 74 79
Day 62 73 62 63 - 78
Evening 62 81 56 60 - 69
Night 47 71 55 50 - 75
Locations Shiv Har Ki Gurukul
Shanti Jwalapur
Chowk Paudi
Kunj
Daksh
Prajapati
Mandir
Slots ↓
( S )
( I )
( C ) ( S )
( S )
( S )
Morning 77 81 - 70 61 -
Day 76 78 - 64 - -
Evening 79 72 61 64 - 76
Night 75 69 - 63 - -
Observations:
• Har Ki Pauri was observed as the most noisy place of Haridwar.
• At all the locations noise level were found above the prescribed standards.
• Loudspeakers, Generators, Traffic noise were identified as major contributor of noise.
Recommendations
1. Chain Rai District Women Hospital situated in the heart of the city should be shifted to
some suitable location.
2. Use of loud speakers at Har Ki Paudi should be minimized.
3. Systematization of commercial activities can be done. For example loading and
unloading of goods may be avoided during night hours near Har Ki Paudi and Shiv
Chowk.
4. Low noise small commercial vehicles should be allowed to ply.
Noise Monitoring At Tajmahal, Agra
Noise measurement study was conducted on 24 th , 25 th ,and 27 th November'2004 at Red Stone
area, Four Minars of Taj and on the main monument to assess the increment in the noise level due to
Taj Night Viewing opening on its 350 th Anniversary. Monitoring results are depicted below :

Observations:
• The Day time average Leq level is found quite high.
• The night time values are also high on a normal working day where main contributors are birds,
bells of the temple near by this monument.

MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
Health Studies on Conservancy Staff & Ragpickers
A study was initiated by CPCB on assessment of health status of conservancy staff and other
community associated with handling of solid waste management. The study was taken-up at Kolkata
through Chittaranjan Cancer Research Institute and at Chennai with the association with Sri
Ramchandra Medical College. The objective of the study is to assess health status of each target group
involved in handling of municipal solid waste (MSW).
Studies at Kolkata
Health assessment studies at Kolkata included clinical examination of 732 individuals of which, 376
were conservancy workers, 151 regpickers and 205 controls. After detailed examination, the findings of
the study are summarized below :
Parameter Con RP MSW Implication
Upper respiratory symptoms 43 82 93 Infection in nose, throat
Lower respiratory symptoms 32 80 89 Infection in lung
Impaired lung function 43 84 71 Breathing problem
Sputum neutrophilia 13 53 64 Infection, Inflammation
Sputum eosinophilia 11 28 36 Allergy, asthma
Elevated AM number 12 65 85 High PM 10 exposure
Larger and multinucleated AM 8 23 32 Sustained high pollution load
Multinucleated giant cell 2 5 10 Bacterial infection
Curschman's spiral 2 4 5 Obstruction in airways
Goblet cell hyperplasia 2 16 25 Elevated mucus production
Elevated siderophage count 6 34 44 Covert lung hemorrhage
Elevated micronucleus count 8 68 82 Chromosome break
Low hemoglobin, RBC in blood 17 32 45 Anemia
Leukocytosis 7 26 34 Infection
Elevated platelet count 12 62 75 Cardiovascular risk
High platelet P-selectin 9 55 87 Cardiovascular risk
Low CD4+,high CD8+cells 11 42 78 Altered immunity
Low CD20+,high CD56+cells 12 54 89 Altered immunity
Con = Control, RP = Ragpickers, MSW = Conservancy staff of Kolkata Municipal Corporation
Methane Emissions from Landfill sites
Improper disposal of waste through landfilling may cause several environmental problems. The emission
of gaseous decomposition products as well as organic compounds may also affect the health of
surrounding population. It is becoming essential to monitor landfill gaseous emissions (LFG) for
establishing appropriate analytical methodology and to evolve strategy for their control. Monitoring of
LFG has significance from the point of view of environmental impact, energy capture, etc. CPCB, in
association with National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur and Indian
Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Delhi took-up a study on assessing levels of methane generation
from landfill sites located at Delhi and Nagpur. Among the different methods available in the literature,
flux box method was found suitable for monitoring from practical point of view and is simple to operate.
From the results of monitoring data, it was concluded that flux box method is appropriate for estimation
of landfill gas emission. Application of flux box method for monitoring landfill gas emission reveals that
the rate of LFG emission for Bhandewadi disposal site is in the range of 27.3 to 165.9 mg/m 2 /sec.
Validation of established methodology at disposal site at Amravati reveals that rate of LFG emission is in
the range of 2.1 to 877.8 mg/m 2 /sec. Detailed investigations are required to observe net LFG emission
i.e. LFG production potential, surface production of methane and its dispersion.

No relevance is observed between estimated biogas production potential and biogas emission. Though
the degradation in the samples collected from bottom layer is more, complete stabilization takes years
together. Further, the results of surface analysis does not differentiate between the zone of LFG
emission and the stabilization zone.
Status of Municipal Solid Waste Management
Periodic/regular updating of inventorization including assessment of status of solid waste management
(SWM) is an important activity. Such assessment are becoming essential particularly with reference to
ascertaining compliance by the urban local bodies (ULBs) to Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and
Handling) Rules, 2000. With this background, CPCB in association with NEERI, Nagpur has initiated a
comprehensive survey for assessing status of solid waste management in the country. The survey
includes following objectives;
• Assessment of quantity of wastes
• Assessment of characteristics of wastes
• Assessment of existing status of collection, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal
activities.
• Studies on financial and institutional aspects
• Review of the situation in the perspective of existing legislation
So far, out of 59 cities/towns targeted during the first phase, 28 cities have already been intensively
surveyed. After completion of survey and detailed analysis of system followed by ULBs for management
of MSW, attempts will be made to suggest an indicative action plan for the benefit of municipalities.
Demonstration Projects
To demonstrate implementation of all the provisions of MSW rules, CPCB undertook pilot projects at
North Dum-Dum and New Barrackpore municipalities in West Bengal and at Chandigarh. The purpose
of this project is to undertake collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of
waste in accordance with MSW rules. The demo-projects are on cost sharing basis where the respective
local bodies have agreed to share 50% of the total cost of the project.
North Dum-Dum and New Barrackpore (West Bengal)
• The North Dum-Dum Municipality submitted formal NOC application to the Airport Authority
Kolkata. The NOC Committee of the Kolkata Airport Authority reviewed the application and had
already sent it to the Delhi Airport Authority with their recommendations for the clearance.
• The New Barrackpore Municipality has received all the equipments for collection storage and
transportation of solid wastes and North Dum-Dum Municipality has received 75% of the same.
• West Bengal Pollution Control Board has received the modified project report of NPC for landfill
site from the KMDA. However, the project report of KCDC for the Compost Plant is under
finalisation.
• Both the municipalities have done the awareness campaign several times in their areas
involving the school students, NGOs, Ward Committees, Bazar Committees. They have also
prepared the documentary film, showing the awareness programme, door-to-door collection,
transportation and storage of the municipal solid wastes using the new equipments procured
under the project.
Chandigarh
• Entire supply of 100 No. Garbage container of 6.5 Cubic M. Capacity has been received.
• Out of 200 Large/small cycle carts each, a total no. of 30 (large) and 67 (small) cycle carts
have been received
• One number of mechanical Road sweeper has been procured and performance is being
assessed.
• The work regarding preparation of Detailed Design, Cost estimates etc. for the remediation of
existing landfill site was allotted to M/S.Eco Designs, the Consultant appointed by the Municipal
Corporation. Report has been prepared for implementation.
• The work order in respect of 30 numbers of SSKs has been placed and out of this 12 SSKs are
completed.

Inspection Report on Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes in Delhi
Pursuant to the directions of Hon'ble Supreme Court, dated 1 st March 1996, the Central Pollution
Board (CPCB) had been regularly carrying out bi-monthly inspections on municipal solid waste (MSW)
management in Delhi. CPCB submitted eleven reports to the Hon'ble Court until January 1998.
Subsequent to an Order of the Hon'ble Supreme Court dated 23.01.1998, CPCB submitted thirteen
inspection reports to the Hon'ble High Court of Delhi. CPCB submitted the first inspection report on
collection, transportation and disposal of municipal solid wastes in Delhi to the Hon'ble High Court of
Delhi, vide its affidavit dated 15.04.1998, which contained summary and findings of the eleven previous
reports submitted before the Supreme Court, and also a time-bound Action Plan for management of
municipal solid wastes and it was prayed before the Hon'ble court that this action plan may be
considered for implementation in a time bound manner by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) and
the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). The Hon'ble High Court of Delhi, vide an order dated
28.4.1999, directed CPCB to carry out further inspections every four month and submit the reports. In
compliance with the Order, CPCB is carrying out inspections once every four months since April 1999
and has submitted 24 report s so far.

PLASTIC WASTES
Recycling of Plastics through Environmentally Sound Process:
Jadavpur University, Kolkata in collaboration with CPCB, Delhi has reengineered a process for plastics
recycling. The existing extrusion process is not considered to be environmentally sound as it causes
noise and fugitive emissions. The machine developed and tested by the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata is equipped with pollution monitoring and control device and
has been tested for fugitive emissions, which were found far less than traditional machines. The main
components of the machine are as follows:
Phase-I: Segregation, Cutting, Cleaning & pulping: Raw materials collected from the supplier is stored at
the proper place. The segregated High and low density polyethylene (HDPE & LDPE) are cut and
cleaned (wherever required) with the help of detergent. The cleaned plastic wastes are taken to a
machine called agglomerator with low temperature heating arrangement to convert plastic wastes in the
form of pulp like shape which act as raw material for extrusion process. In some cases the cleaned and
cut plastic wastes directly fed to the extrusion machine.
Phase – II, Extrusion & Palletization : It is done by a barrel and screw type extrusion machine with band
electric heater. Power is supplied from a motor and the screw barrel is fed through a gearbox. Electric
band heater is heated through electrical power source. Crushed raw material is fed through the hopper.
Output from the extrusion machine is the wire shape plastics, which is palletized to get plastic granules.
Re-engineering the Extrusion Process
The Extrusion and Pelletisation process have been redesigned to minimise the pollution from the
process and to enhance the efficiency of the process.
Observations :
It is anticipated that the reengineered machine can replace the existing to minimize pollution problems.
Interactions are made with the manufactures to commercialize the developed machine
The concentration of sulphur dioxide ( SO 2 ), gaseous Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), Formaldehyde (HCHO) ,
Carbon monoxide & Dioxides ( CO & CO 2 ), NO X and Particulate matters were measured. It has been
found that in most of the cases the measured value of Carbon Monoxide & Di oxides ( CO & CO 2 ) and
Nitrous Oxides (NO x ) were found below the detectable limit. However, the presence of sulphur dioxide,
gaseous hydrochloric acid and formaldehyde were predominant.
The Pilot Plant: The Re-engineered Developed Pilot Plant (Extruder, Control Panel Hood & part of
Pollution Monitoring System

Screw & its different zones of the Newly Developed Pilot Plant at the Center for Quality
Management System, Jadavpur University
National Symposium on "Plastics Waste Management:
A National Symposium was organised on December 15, 2004 by Jadavpur University, Kolkata in
collaboration with CPCB, Delhi at Kolkata. The recommendations of the symposium are below:
• The environmental impact assessment due to the recycling process at the unit is to be carried
once in a year;
• The existing machines are to be restructured with pollution monitoring & treatment device;
• The operators must be trained on effective extrusion process, pollution control and monitoring
process. Staff working at the unit must be given awareness on the impact of potential pollutants
generating from recycling process;
• The screw-barrel has to covered to avoid heating the ambient atmosphere;
• Controlling process temperature to help save energy vis-à-vis cost;

• Involvement of NGOs/institutions for collection of post-consumer plastics and transportation of
recycling units/waste collection centers;
• Establishing plastics recycling park in metropolitan cities;
• Developing a corpus fund by the major producers of polymers in the country
• National level Mass Awareness programmes/campaigns shall be conducted involving media
and school children.
Utilisation of Plastics in Road Construction:
Experimental Studies
Since Plastics show binding properly on softening (heating around 140 0 C) this property can be used to
modify Bitumen, a binder for road construction. Studies are being carried out at Department of
Chemistry on this line and it has been observed that polymer coated aggregate with Bitumen is a better
materials for road construction in terms of strength and resistance to wands rain water. In addition, by
this process, the plastic waste find a very useful disposal technique and a new technology can come
into existence. Polymer blended Bitumen shows higher Softening point, lower penetration point, and
better ductility. Polymer coated aggregate blended with Bitumen shows higher Marshall value and better
stripping value showing that the mix is more suited for road laying.
Process of road laying using polymer- aggregate – Bitumen mix
The dry cleaned or diried plastics waste is shredded into small pieces (passing through 4.35mm sieve)
The aggregate (granite) is heated to 170 o C in the Mini Hot Mix Plant and then shredded plastics waste
is added, It gets softened and coated over the aggregate. Immediately the hot Bitumen (160 o C) is
added and mixed well. As the polymer and the bitumen are in the molten state (liquid state) they get
mixed and the blend is formed at surface of the aggregate. The mixture is transferred to the road and
the road is laid. This technique is extended to Central Mixing Plant too.
Salient features of the polymer-waste-bitumen mix Road
• Road strength is twice stronger than normal roads;
• Resistance towards water stagnation i.e. no potholes are formed;
• Less bleeding during summer;
• Burning of plastics waste could be avoided
• It doesn't involve any extra machinery;
• It doesn't increase cost of road construction; and
• It helps to reduce the consumption of bituminous mix vis-à-vis reduce cost
It has been observed that addition of plastics waste upto 10-15% by weight of bitumen resulted into
higher values of softening point and lower values of penetration, which are appreciable improvements in
the properties of the binder. This has resulted and withstood higher traffic load and high temperature
variation. Several experimental stretches have been laid in the State of Tamilnadu, Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Pondicherry using both Mini hot-mix and Central mixing plants.
Plastics Waste Management in the States/Union Territories
Government of India has notified "Recycled Plastics Manufacturer and usage Rules, 1999 as amended
2003, which is applicable in all the States/Union Territories. Out of 34 States and Union territories, 15
States and Union territories have brought out separate Non-biodegradable Garbage Act. These States
and Union Territories are also conducting mass-awareness programmes to make the public aware
about the ill-effectsof littering of plastics. As per the provisions of the "Recycled Plastics Manufacturer
and Usage Rules, 1999 as amended 2003", all the plastics manufacturing/recycling units are to be
registered with concerned State Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control Committees. In this context,
17 States Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control Committees have completed inventorisation
process and started granting registration.

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
Minimum National Standards (MINAS) for Sugar Industry
The sugar industry is one of the major agro-based industries and also the backbone of rural economy of
India. Central Pollution Control Board is in the process of revising the Minimal National Standards for
sugar industry. The detailed study of some of the sugar industries reveal that it is not difficult to meet the
standards. It is, therefore, suggested to continue the existing MINAS for sugar industry for discharge on
land for irrigation as BOD

* Hydrogen 0.0064 0.339 0.006
* Others (Chlorine) 0.001
* Spent H 2 SO 2 , if sold 0.0057 0.0266 ---
Sub – total 0.06511 5.9618 0.037
B. Solid Wastes
* Brine mud 2.200 1.8124 3.640
* Salt Saturator mud --- --- ---
* Sludge from ETP --- 0.030 0.012
* Residue from Hg Distillation Unit 0.100 0.0892 0.018
Sub – total 2.300 1.9316 3.670
C. Waste Water
* Mercury in treated cell house liquid --- --- 0.012
effluent
Sub – total Nil Nil 0.012
D. Air
*Cell room ventilation 1.800 4.1874 2.067
*Hg emission from brine clarifier --- 0.5469 ---
*Hg emission from brine saturator 0.197 0.0254 ---
Sub – total 1.997 4.7723 2.067
E. Estimated losses
a) Handling loss (spillage)-@ 2% of 0.922 1.049 0.945
consumption
b) Hg carry over with spent brine during 14.530 8.581 7.500
power failure
c) Hg carry over with spent brine during 22.730 27.804 5.647
cell cut-outs
d) Others 3.205
Sub – total 22.730 39.532 14.092
Mercury consumption 46.10 52.45 47.27
Total Mercury loss (A+B+C+D+E) 45.749 52.1977 19.878
Unaccounted loss (consumption – 0.351 0.2523 27.392
loss)
Year
Mercury consumed in gm per tonne of caustic soda produced
M/s. Grasim industries M/s.Hukum Chand
Ltd.
Jute Mills.
2002 60.00 94.00 160.00
2003 52.58 82.31 58.3
2004 47.27 52.45 46.1
M/s.Sriram chemicals and
fertilizers
Studies of Ground Water Quality Around Common Secured Land Fill Sites in Gujarat &
Maharashtra
Gujarat
Gujarat has developed secured land fill sites at Ankleshwar, Vapi, Nandesari, Vatva, Odhav, Surat etc.
Presently 8 common & 13 private common secured land fill sites are in operation across the state & 2
more sites are in developing stage. Almost all the sites were developed before the Guidelines for this
were issued by CPCB. However, all the new cells are being developed in accordance with CPCB
Guidelines. The total hazardous waste generation in the Gujarat state is around 1.2 MMT per annum,

against the total capacity for storage of hazardous waste is around 2.77 MMT. CPCB has carried out
ground water quality monitoring regarding at 2 TSDFs located at Nandesari and Ankleshwar.
Ground water quality near CSLS in Gujarat
• Nandesari
Location
Parameter
pH SS TDS BOD COD TH T. Alk Cl-
Bore well U/S of 6.8 17 4464 BDL 85 1045 480 1160
CSLS
Bore well D/S of 6.8 17 5014 BDL 245 1061 530 1480
CSLS
Leachate (New site) 7.4 70 11889 129 1798 -- -- 4799
Bore well, Damanpura 6.6 15 3727 BDL 153 954 470 1080
• Ankleshwar
Location
Leachate well-5
(Cell under Oper.)
Leachate
(Covered cell)
Parameter
pH SS TDS BOD COD TH T.
Alk
Chloride
7.4 264 42318 600 5387 -- -- 15137
well-3 7.4 662 159340 6000 23395 -- -- 64009
Bore well EB-1 7.1 -- 1716 -- 6.7 395 461 283
(E-Down stream)
Depth: 29m.
Bore well HB-1 7.1 -- 1289 -- 1.2 328 434 366
(SW-Ref. well)
Depth: 29m.
Bore well HB-2 7.0 -- 2090 3.2 546 548 419
(NE-D/S)
Depth: 29m.
• Maharashtra
In Maharashtra state presently 2 common secured land fill sites are operational, the sites are located at
Taloja, Capacity of 0.15 MMT and at TTC industrial area, Navi Mumbai, capacity of 0.010 MMT.
Ground water near CSLS in Maharashtra
Taloja
Location Parameter
pH SS TDS BOD COD TH T. Cl-
Alk
Borewell-4 7.9 -- 352 -- BDL 94 187 41
Borewell-5 7.8 -- 664 -- 0.4 330 223 170
Studies on Municipal Solid Waste in Vadodara
The Vadodara city is located in National Highway No.8 in between Ahmedabad and Bombay at latitude
of 22 o -17'-59, longitude of 73 o -15'-18 having a population of 13.23 lakhs approximately. The quantity
of solid waste generated in Vadodara city is around 500 MT/day and per capita waste is around 0.378
kg/day.

The disposal of solid waste is carried out at nine landfill sites. The site at Vadsar is in operation on the
bank of river Vishwamitri, the mixed garbage is being dumped in this site without any segregation.
Further, the solid waste is being burnt in the site, which contaminates the ambient air near the dumping
site. During the monsoon season the dumped garbage is being washed out into the river Vishwamitri
and contaminating the river. A Physical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in Vadodara is as
below.
Type of Waste Percent of Weight
Bio degradable waste 50
Recyclable waste 10
Inert waste 08
Moisture Content 20
Unclassified Debris 12
An attempt has been made to study the seasonal impact of dumping of municipal solid waste by way of
monitoring the Vishwamitri river, Ambient air etc.
Some of the observations based on study of the management of Municipal Solid Waste Management
are as below.
• There was no segregation of garbage at source.
• The haphazard dumping of waste on roadside at various unauthorized places have been
noticed. This results in logging of rainwater in most areas of the city.
• Drainage system of the major part of the city was poor.
• Rag pickers are exposed to toxic fumes because of practice of the burning garbage.
• There was no scheduled time fixed by VMC for collection of domestic waste from dustbins.
• At Vadsar dumping site, mixed garbage is burnt on the bank of the river Vishwamitri which
disturb the flora and fauna of the Ecosystem and also deteriorates the river water quality and
ambient air
• The bio-hazardous waste generated from various health care facility collected by private
agency is also being dumped along with Municipal waste at Vadsar dumping site.
Status of Environment of Coastal Town Daman
CPCB has taken up a project on Status of Environment of Coastal Town Daman during the financial
year 2004-2005. Accordingly, two rounds of monitoring have been carried out at the following locations
in Daman for the study of environment.

• Municipal Market - Commercial, Residential Area
• Somnath Circle - Industrial, Commercial areas
• Kachigaon Circle – Industrial area.
The study has conducted for ambient air quality, noise pollution, ground water, surface water (River
Daman Ganga) and sea water quality (at Beaches) monitoring. The results of the air quality monitoring
reveals, the fast deterioration of air quality in Daman due to industrialization and urbanization. The water
analysis results show that, the coastal water is being contaminated due to discharge of industrial as well
as domestic waste water into the sea.
Air Quality in Daman
Performance Studies of CETPs and CBMWTFs in Western Region
CETPs in Gujarat and Maharastra
There are 19 CETPs in Gujarat and 12 CETPs in Maharashtra, located in different industrial areas. The
results of the performance evaluation monitoring are as follows:
CETPs in Gujarat
S.No Name of the CETP
1. Enviro Technology Ltd.,
Ankleshwar
(Designed Cap.
1000m3/day)
Parameters
pH S.S BOD COD O&G N-NH 3
Inlet 1.0 1076 1020 4297 12 552
Outlet 7.9 17 5.3 157 7.6 56
% Red. 98 99 96 37 90
2. Panoli Enviro
Inlet 7.1 563 1215 3614 47.1 1114
Technology Ltd., Panoli,
Dist. Bharuch
(Designed Cap.
1000m3/day)
Outlet 7.5 160 51 779 11.3 414
% Red. 72 96 78 76 50
3. The Green Environment Inlet 8.2 855 700 3604 12 140
ServicesCo-operative
Society Ltd.,Vatva,
Ahmedabad
(Designed Cap.
16000m3/day)
Outlet 6.1 214 71 860 11 39
% Red. 75 90 76 10 72
4. Odhav Enviro Projects Inlet 7.0 362 142 1147 -- 123
Limited,Odhav,
Ahmedabad
(Designed Cap.
1200m3/day)
Outlet 7.0 52 35 550 3.3 54
% Red. -- 86 75 52 -- 56
5. Enviro Infrastructure Inlet 7.2 454 474 1255 7.7 11.2
Co. Ltd.,
Umaraya, Tal. Padra,
(Designed Cap.
2250m3/day)
Outlet 7.7 84 3 364 1.7 6.7
% Red. -- 81 99 71 78 40

6. Nandesari Industries Inlet 7.8 145 139 1124 32.5 378
Association, Nandesari.
(Designed Cap.
5500m3/day)
Outlet 7.8 33 27 295 11.1 70
% Red. -- 77 81 74 66 81
7. Naroda Enviro Project Inlet 7.3 1694 1540 5299 -- 72
Ltd.,
Naroda, Ahmedabad.
(Designed Cap.
3000m3/day)
Outlet 7.8 265 375 2988 11.1 98
% Red. 84 76 44 -- -Ve
8. G.V.M.S.A.V.Limited Inlet 6.9 335 283 1028 -- 105
Odhav, Ahmedabad
(Designed Cap.
1000m3/day)
Outlet 7.7 56 100 614 0.4 121
% Red. 83 65 40 -- --
The monitoring results show that, in Gujarat most of the CETPs are not meeting the prescribed
standards stipulated by the GPCB.
CETPs in Maharashtra
Sr.No Name of the CETP
1. Tarapur CETP,
Maharashtra.
(Designed Cap. 1000m3/day)
2. Taloja CETP,
Maharashtra .
(Designed Cap. 1250m3/day)
Parameters
pH S.S BOD COD O&G N-
NH
3
Inlet 8.3 1056 2480 11194 13 1736
Outlet 6.7 224 27 652 17 225
% Red. 79 99 94 - 87
Inlet 7.1 172 92 417 3 63
Outlet 7.1 78 08 201 2 63
% Red. 55 91 52 28 --
In Maharashtra only two CETPs have been monitored for the performance evolution.
Coastal Aquaculture
The Aquaculture can be described in simple terms as the controlled raising of aquatic animals and
plants. The principle behind it is to control the environment, nutrition, breeding and life cycle, so as to
improve the quality and productivity of their crops, thereby commercializing the activity. India is placed
fifth in the major aquaculture shrimp producers in the world, after Thailand, China, Equador and
Indonesia, contributing about 8.59% of the total world production (1999). At present China leads among
all shrimp producing countries, which is contributing 60% of the world production. In India almost 59% of
the shrimp export is contributed from the aquaculture.
In the process of coastal aquaculture large quantity of brackish water/coastal water is drawn and utilized
for culture and finally discharged as wastewater to the same system, which is significant as far as
coastal water quality is concerned. The aquaculture practiced in India can be categorized into four types
such as Traditional, Extensive culture, Modified extensive culture, Semi intensive culture. In India the
aquaculture practice was limited to the coastal states like West Bengal, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Andhra
Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

The state of Gujarat has a coastline of 1,663 km endowed with coastal features suitable for developing
the aquaculture. Even though the state has 3,76,000 hectares of potential brackish water area, so far it
has developed only 540 hectares of land for aquaculture. Mainly the aqua farms are scattered in the
coastal districts like Valsad, Bilimora, Navasari, Surat, Bahvnagar etc. In Union territory of Daman and
Diu 55 hectares of salt pans have been converted into aquaforms recently. In Maharashtra state. The
Maharashtra state is having the coast line of 720 km and 80,000 hectares of brackish water area, out of
which only 300 hectares have been utilized for the aquaculture in the area like Tarapur, Alibag,
Ratnagiri.
This office has monitored 15 aquaculture ponds located near Surat. The results of the samples reveal
that the coastal water is being contaminated due to the discharge of waste water during the harvesting,
which carries the nutritional load into the sea in the form of nitrates, sulphates and phosphates etc.
Results of the Aqua Farm samples collected near Surat
Location
Neelkamal
Aqua farm
Apeksha
Aqua farm
Ratilal
Safari Aqua
farm
Location
Dhanprasad
Aqua farm
Westcoast
Aqua farm
Parameter
pH SS TDS BOD COD DO Alk . NH 3 -N O-PO 4 SO 4
Pond -1 8.0 206 39137 47 992 5.8 157 0.8 0.16 4000
Pond -1 7.7 125 31151 27 534 9.5 164 2.5 0.08 2760
Pond -2 7.9 138 29880 12 687 7.9 150 0.6 0.09 2780
Pond -3 8.1 125 29494 11 649 11.6 206 1.9 0.15 6010
Pond -4 7.6 163 31260 25 763 6.0 208 1.9 0.09 1100
Pond -3 8.1 109 17297 14 840 8.9 202 1.4 0.04 1090
Pond -6 8.0 294 16673 13 482 7.4 182 1.1 0.12 1900
Pond -7 7.7 304 15564 03 321 5.5 187 2.7 0.17 1310
Parameter
pH SS TDS BOD COD DO Alk . NH 3 -N O-PO 4 SO 4
Pond -1 8.0 207 21647 28 522 7.9 196 1.4 0.13 1180
Pond -2 8.3 373 15159 31 402 8.2 174 1.4 0.24 3773
Pond –B1 8.1 271 38372 38 683 6.2 160 1.1 0.06 3743
Pond –B2 8.1 187 39696 39 643 - 166 1.4 - 3923
Defco Aqua Pond –A1 8.0 304 25238 11 683 7.2 172 0.8 0.14 2026
farm
Pond –A2 7.6 363 29727 10 562 - 172 3.0 - 2436
Pond –A3 7.9 374 29070 24 402 - 192 1.9 - 1667
Note : Except pH and conductivity, all other results are in mg/L. Conductivity is in micromhos/cm
Environmental Status of Problem Area Singrauli
CPCB sponsored this project to Banwasi Sewa Asram, an active NGO in Singrauli area . In order to
ensure regular surveillance the project continued for the second successive year in 2003-04. Focused
on generating trends in air and water quality data in the area and also to suggest area specific
measures of pollution control, the salient findings of the study in year 2003-04 are as under:
Ambient air / Water quality monitoring of Singrauli area
Ambient air quality was monitored at six different locations for RSPM, SPM, SO2 NOx, Fluoride and
mercury at each locations. It was observed that except for two locations at Kubari and Ghaghri, RSPM

and SPM values were significantly high. The highest being at Dalla Bari, which is mainly due to stone
crushers.
The other parameters observed in higher concentration were mercury and fluoride. Both of them have
been reported at all the six locations, their area wise concentration vary in wide range. It was observed
that apart from high mercury and fluoride concentrations and sporadic cases of high COD, TDS and
conductivity the rest of the physico-chemical parameters are close to prescribed norms.
Water quality monitoring in river, reservoir and village ponds in Singraulli Area :
Monitoring of surface water was undertaken at River Rihand, Rihand reservoir and six major drains. The
highest concentration of mercury was reported in Dongia and Balia drains respectively. The state of the
reservoir and ponds was relatively better. The distribution of fluoride concentration are depicted in
following figures.

Enforcement of pollution control measures in Singrauli area
CPCB organized a workshop on Problem Area Singrauli, wherin the Action plan for Singrauli area was
reviewed and revised in accordance to CREP recommendations. The salient points of the Revised
Action Plan are.
1. Networking of ambient air quality monitoring stations operated by various agencies, in
Singrauli area
2. Online stack monitoring of PM, SO 2 , NOx by all the industries; additionally PAH & F
in stack online by HINDALCO industries; M/s Kanoria Chemicals and Power Plants to
make provision for online monitoring of Hg and F in source emission
3. Comprehensive Environmental Study (carrying capacity) and health survey in
Singrauli area on ‘ cost sharing basis'
4. A comprehensive study by CPCB to verify the efforts by M/s Kanoria Chemicals Ltd.
and M/s HINDALCO- Renukoot.
5. Comprehensive monitoring of Murdhawa drain with particular reference to fluoride
shall be carried out jointly by CPCB and HINDALCO.
6. A training for industry representatives by CPCB for monitoring and analysis of air
pollutants
7. M/s Kanoria Chemicals Ltd to expedite the switch-over to " Membrane Cell Process"
for production of Caustic soda so as to achieve 50% switch-over by 2006 and 100%
switch-over by 2008
8. NTPC to initiate disposal of fly ash in low-lying area near ‘Nigahi mines' belonging to
National Coal Fields Ltd. (NCL) by Dec 2004.
9. Uttar Pradesh Vidyut Utpadan Ltd. (UPVUNL) to install ESPs in all its non-complying
thermal power plants by December 2005
10. UPPCB to initiate action against defaulting stone crushers and other defaulting
industries.
11. All the coalmines in Singrauli area to achieve ‘Zero Discharge' by March 2005.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CETPs IN NORTHERN REGION
Performance evaluation of 5 CETPs at Kanpur, Mathura, Phillore, Jalandhar and Kundli was carried out.
The salient findings as emerged out of the latest observations and the Treatment Efficiency ( % removal
) are as below :
36 MLD CETP, Kanpur
The plant is poorly maintained and operated on 28% of the designed flow. Due to intermediate pumping
station not in order, a significant quantum of the tannery wastewater (5 to 6 MLD) instead of reaching
CETP is by passed to R.Ganga.

CETP- Unnao
The plant been satisfactorily operational, overall treatment economics of the plant has been good,
however the facility for storage of hazardous chrome bearing sludge requires improvement.
CETP-Phillore
The plant management has taken-up measures to further upgrade the plant, disposal of treated
wastewater and pre-treatment by member units. The only tanning unit performing chrome tanning has
established Recovery Plant. The issue of disposal of treated wastewater has been sorted out with local
administration and currently it is disposed in Sewage Treatment Plant at -Phillore

CETP-Mathura
The plant is yet to come up to the desired level of treatment efficiency. Mainly due to apathy of
management and poor operation of pre-treatment units by the members the plant is in overall poor state.
A significant observation has been high content of floating oil in CETP in spite of all the member units
having installed the ‘Oil Traps'. In random inspection, these oil traps are by passed by many units.
CETP-Kundli
The CETP is being used as Sewage Treatment Plant because it caters to treatment of sewage collected
from the Industrial Area through CETP conveyance network. Although the plant appears to be in a
reasonably satisfactory performance, The water polluting industries, backed-out from sending their
wastewater for treatment at the CETP, are yet to establish their ETP. The wastewater although received
at CETP is merely pumped untreated, to Drain No. VI joining R. Yamuna. The CETP has outlived its
purpose owing to the high cost of treatment. As understood from Haryana State Industrial Development
Corpn, Sonipat, a new CETP of 10 MLD in three modules each of 4MLD, 2 MLD and 3 MLD is under
construction adjacent to Drain No. VIII at Kundli. This shall cater to treatment of wastewater from all the
industries in Kundli Industrial Area. The first module of 4 MLD of the new CETP is scheduled for
commissioning in Oct '05. The existing CETP at Kundli is likely to be abandoned.
CETP- Jalandhar
With continued efforts made by Punjab Pollution control Board and CPCB ZO North, the CETP at
Jalandhar after remaining closed for more than 2 years has been ultimately put under stabilization with

Punjab State Industries Exports Corpn (PSIEC) awarding the contract of operation of the plant.
Meanwhile PPCB is still pursuing the legal proceedings against Punjab Leather Federation, a
consortium of tanneries in Punjab (mainly in Jalandhar leather complex) as the establishment of chrome
recovery plant, payment of O&M cost for CETP, obtaining Consent of PPCB by the tanneries and such
other issues are yet to be resolved.
POLLUTION CONTROL ENFORCEMENT IN TANNERIES
CPCB has investigated different tanneries in Kanpur, Unnao and Jalandhar (Punjab). Apart from
stressing the core issue of wastewater treatment the other issue taken up include implementation of
corporate responsibility for environment protection (CREP) Recommendations.
The outcome of a series of efforts has been as following :
1. Industries have initiated steps for waste minimization by constituting Waste Minimization
Circles with CLRI as Nodal Agency.
2. Steps for chrome recovery – reuse, salt recovery and regular operation of pre-treatment plant
have been initiated.
3. In case of tanneries' cluster at Kanpur there has been stress on establishment of chrome
recovery plant either individual or joining common chrome recovery plant proposed at Kanpur.
Process on this issue at Jalandhar has not been very encouraging. In case of Phillore
(Jalandhar) and Unnao all the chrome tanning units (raw to wet blue or integrated) have
established individual Chrome Recovery Plants.
4. In Kanpur ‘in principle' agreement has been arrived at for contribution of ‘one-time' share of
capital cost for the common CRP.
5. 23 units not initiating steps for chrome recovery plant and compliance of other norms, have
been issued with ‘ Direction of Closure' by UPPCB. Subsequently as a measure of further
enforcement, a joint inspection by CPCB and UPPCB was undertaken and it was noted that 7
to 8 units have initiated steps for chrome recovery either individually or by joining common
chrome recovery plant.
POLLUTION CONTROL IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS
There are 83 coal based thermal power plants of which 4 plants are closed.
• 55 plants comply with emission standards & 23 plants are yet to comply with the emission
standards.
• 63 plants comply with effluent standards & 15 plants are yet to comply with the effluent
standards.
Use of beneficiated coal
The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India has promulgated a Gazette Notification (GSR
560(E) & 378(E), dated September 19, 1997 and June 30, 1998 respectively) on use of

eneficiated/blended coal containing ash not more than 34 percent( an.av.) w.e.f. June 2001(extended
to June 2002) in the following power plants :
• Power plants located beyond 1000 kms. from pit head;
• Power plants located in critically polluted areas, urban areas and in ecologically sensitive
areas.
The power plants using FBC (CFBC, PFBC & AFBC) and IGCC combustion technologies are exempted
to use beneficiated coal irrespective of their locations
Beneficiated/blended coal having ash content 34% or less is used by 24 thermal power plants (85 units)
. The name and unit details of such plants are given below:
Sr. No. Name of the plant unit Capacity
MW
1. Rajghat 2x 67.5 135
2 Ropar 6x 210 1260
3 Faridabad 3x55 165
4 Panipat 4x110 440
5 Kota 4x110,1x210,1x195 845
6 Suratgarh 5x250 1250
7 Tata Power 1x500 500
8 Kutch Lignite 2x75 150
9 Amarkantak 2x120 240
10 Paras 1x58 58
11 Nasik 2x210 420
12 Parli 2x210 420
13 AEC, Ahemdabad 1x60,1x110,2x110 390
14 Neyveli lignite 600,2x210 1020
15 Durgapur 1x140,1x210 350
16 Barkeshwar 3x210 630
17 Bundel 4x80,1x210 530
18 Sikka 2x120 240
19 Santaldih 4x120 480
20 Titagarh 4x60 240
21 Raichur 7x210 1470
22 Dahanu 1x500 500
23 Badarpur 3x95, 2x210 705
24 Dadri 4x210 840
During the year 2003-04, CIL and SCCL supplied 258 million tones of coal to thermal power plants in
the country. Of which 38.49 million tones washed coal was supplied by the exiting 14 non coking coal
washeries. There is still gap of about 49.51 million tones of washed coal to cover all 39 identified plants
located either 1000 km from pit head or in critically polluted area, sensitive or urban area.
Sr. No. Non-Coking Washeries Raw coal Capacity (Mt)
1. Dugda-I(BCCL) 1.00
2. Giddi (CCL) 2.50
3. Kargali(CCL) 2.72
4. Piparwar(CCL) 6.50
5. Bina (NCL) 4.50

6. Lodna 0.48
CIL(Non-coking) 17.70
Outside Coal India
Raw coal Capacity (Mt)
1. Jamadoba (TISCO) 1.72
2. West Bokaro II (TISCO) 1.80
3. West Bokaro III (TISCO) 2.10
4. Bhelatand (TISCO) 0.80
5. DCOP (DPL) 1.35
6. DSP (SAIL) 1.50
7. Chasnalla (IISCO, SAIL) 2.00
8. ACBL 5.00
9. St-BSES 5.00
Total (Outside CIL) 21.27
* Recently Lodna washey is also being used for beneficiation of non-coking coal
Utilization of flyash
During the year 2003-04, nearly 32 percent of total flyash generation (110 million tonnes) in the country
is utilised mainly for manufacturing cement, bricks and construction of roads and embankments.
Assessment of Heavy metals emissions from coal fired thermal power plants
A study on "Assessment of Heavy metals emissions from coal fired thermal power plants" was
completed . Heavy metals such as Hg, Pb, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, Cu & Zn were analysed in coal, flyash &
bottom ash samples collected from 8 thermal power stations. The concentration of Hg, Pb, As, Cr, Cd &
Ni metals in coal samples ranged from 0.18-0.61; 6-88; 11-112; Nd-12; 2-101 & 9-72 µg/g respectively.
While in flyash , the concentration of Hg, As, Pb was found to be in the range of ND-0.12, ND- 25, 3-39
µg/g of flyash . The concentration of metals could not be detected significantly in Bottom ash samples
only except in one sample , Hg was detected i.e. 0.003 µg/g .
The concentration of Hg, Pb, As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Cu & Zn was also found significant in both form i.e. as
particulate and gaseous in the stack emissions. The concentration of Hg in particulate & gaseous
emissions after ESP was recorded to be in the range of 4.98 – 25 & 5.5 – 87.1 µg/ NM 3 respectively.
Mercury Control Options for Coal-Fired Power Plants
Mercury is difficult to control because it is present in flue gas as a vapor (either in the elemental or ionic
form), rather than as particulate matter like other metals. As a vapor, it easily passes through particulate
control devices such as bag houses and electrostatic precipitators. Low concentrations of mercury in
utility flue gas make collection even more difficult. While conventional control technology does remove
some mercury, the amount of mercury emitted to the air is still significant. Therefore to achieve
significant mercury reductions, additional control strategies, including both front-end changes (increased
efficiency, fuel switching, lower-mercury coal), and end-of pipe controls are needed. It should be kept in
mind, however, that all end-of-pipe control technologies generate additional waste streams that contain
heavy metals and other toxic compounds. If not managed properly these wastes also have the potential
to contaminate groundwater and air.
Coal Cleaning involves reducing the ash component, which contains trace minerals including mercury,
as well as sulfur compounds, before the coal is crushed and introduced into the boiler for combustion.
This process is used to lower shipping, storage, and handling costs per unit of heating value, and
improves boiler output per unit weight input of coal. Coal cleaning has primarily focused on removing
sulfur to reduce acid-rain-related emissions.
Average mercury removal efficiency : 21%
Percent of coal being cleaned ( non Coking) : 15%

Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) are used to reduce fly ash emissions by creating an ionized field
that removes charged particles. Although they have low energy requirements and operating costs, ESPs
have limited ability to remove mercury because mercury exists in a vapor form in flue gas and does not
generally adsorb fly ash particles at typical combustion temperatures.
Average mercury removal efficiency : 24%
Percent of utility boilers equipped with ESPs: 99.5% (320 out of 325)
Fabric Filter (Baghouses), also used to limit fly ash emissions, pass flue gas through a tightly woven
fabric capturing particulates on the fabric by sieving and other mechanisms. The dust cake that forms on
the filter can increase significantly the collection efficiency. Baghouses can potentially reduce both
elemental and ionic mercury.
Average mercury removal efficiency : 28%
Percent of utility boilers equipped with baghouses: 0.6% (2 out of 325)
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) or Scrubbers are installed to remove sulfur dioxide from power plant
flue gas. Scrubbers use sorbents to create the chemical reactions needed to remove SO2. There are
wet and dry scrubbers, with wet scrubbers being more efficient (up to 95%) in removing SO2 than dry
scrubbers. One of the waste products generated through the wet scrubber process is gypsum (calcium
sulfate), which is sold commercially or disposed of. Already in place to help coal-fired boilers meet SO2
emissions regulations, there is significant interest in using these systems to simultaneously remove SO2
and trace metals, including mercury. Wet scrubbers are more efficient in removing ionic mercury from
waste incinerator flue gas compared to utility boiler flue gas.
Average mercury removal : 34%
Percent of utility boilers using technology: 0.3% (1 out of 325)
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR ) SCR technology is used to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides
(NOx) by using low NOx burners to create a fuel-rich primary combustion zone. This reduces the
amount of thermal and fuel NOx created during combustion. NOx, a main component of smog, can be
reduced up to 90% using SCR. SCRs have also been found to increase the amount of oxidized mercury
downstream. Since mercury in an oxidized form is more readily captured by scrubbers, the combination
of these flue gas controls may effectively capture a significant amount of mercury. One pilot study found
that by installing an SCR unit, the scrubbers mercury removal efficiency increased to about 80%.
Emerging Power Plant Controls
Although methods for mercury capture have been developed mainly for waste incinerators, new mercury
control technologies are being developed for coal-fired utility boilers. Currently, none of these systems
are being deployed commercially. Some of these technologies include:
Carbon Injection is the mercury control technology closest to commercialization for power plants. It
involves the direct injection of activated carbon into the flue gas stream of a utility boiler. The carbon is
collected in downstream particulate control equipment. Mercury removal depends on the total amount of
carbon used, temperature, mercury speciation, flue gas composition, and type and amount of activated
carbon used, averaging about 80-98% reduction.
Carbon Filter Beds are capable of removing high mercury concentrations from waste incinerators. In
addition, several power plants in Germany and Japan use this technology for acid gas removal and
achieve more than 90 percent mercury control as a co-benefit. However, carbon filter beds have not
been tested for power plant flue gas mercury removal in the U.S. One pilot project measured at least
99% mercury removal on a municipal waste incinerator.
Condensing Heat Exchangers have a tube-and-shell heat exchanger which uses water to extract the
residual heat from flue gas. A pilot test showed mercury removal of 84% with a boiler slipstream in
addition to 11-36% removal of other toxic metals.

Mercury Capture using a Noble Metal Sorbent is based on the ability of some metals, gold in
particular, to form alloys with mercury. This alloy formation is reversible and at elevated temperatures,
the mercury revolatilizes. Lab tests of alumina-supported gold showed 95% removal of gaseous
mercury, regardless of chemical form. Since gold can be continuously re-used and the mercury can be
sold, the process generates no waste. However, if the captured mercury is not being retired, and rather
is introduced into the market late, the mercury sold will likely generate waste elsewhere.
Fuel Switching is switching from coal or oil to natural gas or renewable like wind or solar. The use of
cleaner fuels would largely eliminate emissions of articulates, other metals, SO2, NOx, and carbon
dioxide, as well as reduce by over 99% all mercury emissions.
Assessment of feasibility to meet the emission limit of 100 mg/NM 3 of particulate matter in
existing thermal power stations
A study to assess the feasibility for meeting the emission limit of 100 mg/NM3 of particulate matter
emission limit was carried through Central electricity authority, New Delhi under Corporate
Responsibility for Environmental Protection ( CREP)., a characterization was made based on the
particulate emission data collected from 325 units from 74 thermal power stations. Of which, the
particulate emission was within 100 mg/NM 3 in 25 plants ( 77 units), More than 100 and less than 150
mg/NM3 was in 42 plants ( 135 units ) , Between 150 to less than 350 mg/NM3 was in 25 plants ( 70
Units) and particulate emission was more than 350 mg/Nm3 was in 11 plants ( 28 units). The study
includes the constraints in achieving the limit of 100 mg/NM3 and also assessed the impact of coal
quality on reducing the particulate matter emission. Recommendations and Road map have been
suggested to achieve the emission limit of 100 mg/NM 3 . The recommendations are as :
• Washed/ beneficiated coal containing ash less than 30% may be used along with upgradation
of existing control systems
• Augmentation of existing ESPs by increasing Specific Collection Area (SCA) and replacing
existing controllers with microprocessor based controllers wherever necessary. Old boilers may
be renovated alongwith upgradation of ESPs which will reduce lead time of ESP augmentation
• After detailed indepth investigation and evaluation of performance, Flue Gas Conditioning may
be adopted
• Internal inspection and periodic monitoring and maintenance of ESPs
Road Map for achieving the limit of 100 mg/NM 3 of Particulate Matter
1. Forty plants can meet the emission limit of 100 mg/NM 3 by Increasing Specific
Collection Area (SCA) and addition of more fields and replacing existing controllers
with microprocessor based controllers wherever not replaced.
2. 24 plants can meet the emission limit of 100 mg/NM 3 by replacing existing controllers
with microprocessor based controllers wherever not replaced and Fine tuning and
adequate maintenance of each ESP, Flue gas duct and Boiler.
3. 20 plants can meet the emission limit of 100 mg/NM 3 by using beneficiated /washed
coal alongwith Flue Gas Conditioning
The estimated cost of Rs .1740 croe will be required in reducing the particulate matter to the level of 100
mg /NM 3 in thermal power stations.
Action Plan of urgent and short term measures for control and monitoring of silt and
management of other issues
Options for silt management
In the background of NEERI report as well as IIT, Roorkee, the options for silt management were
considered by the Committee.
• Carrying the dredged silt slurry through Suketi Khad when the natural flow of Suketi Khad is
adequate to keep the silt in suspension with resultant free flow up to Beas river confluence
• Carrying the dredged silt slurry to the river Beas through pipeline
• Carrying the dredged silt slurry to the river Sutlej through the cunette on a side of the Alsad
khad bed

• Carrying the dredged silt slurry to the river Sutlej through a tunnel Channelisation of Suketi
Khad and disposal of silt slurry through the channelised stretch
• Utilization of silt in brick making or as building material to the feasible extent
• Carrying the dredged silt slurry to the river Sutlej through the pipeline concealed under the
Alsad khad bed
• Disposal of only Medium silt ( -0.2 to + 0.075 mm) into Suketi khad
Reduction in silt load at Pandoh Dam and balancing Reservoir:
Flushing at Pandoh Dam:
The flushing will remove silt from flow regime of Beas river upstream of Pandoh upto about a km. of
back water stretch. Though the option has limited role in controlling the silt load to balancing reservoir,
but is an environmentally compatible and economically viable.
Closure of Pandoh -Baggi Tunnel (PBT):
The quantity of sediment entering to Balancing Reservoir can be reduced considerably by closing of
PBT when reservoir flow brings in large quantity of sediment. Therefore , it is recommended that PBT
may be closed during high silt load exceeding 2500 ppm and/or high discharge exceeding 50000
cusecs.
Increase in Dredging Rate:
Till the adoption and implementation of long term measures, the dredging rate may be augmented to full
capacity restricted to monsoon period only with operation of two dredgers having a combined capacity of
about 810 M3/hr, so that the khad can carry away the silt and river Beas can absorb it in its turbid flood
flow.
This process of dredging needs strict monitoring of flow in Suketi Khad and silting in agricultural fields to
ensure maximum removal of silt with minimum silting in the fields.
Monitoring Requirement:
(i) In order to have factual data, addtional information with reference to flow monitoringat following
identified locations has been sought from BBMB.
• Discharge site at Pung I-u/s Suketi diversion
• Discharge site at u/s of confluence of Beena with Suketi Khad at RD I 2250 mts.
• Discharge site at Dadaur bridge RD 900 of of Suketi Khad
• Discharge site site near existing irrigation pump house
• At hanging bridge in river Beas after confluence of Suketi Khad.
• U/s of river Beas before confluence of Suketi Khad.
• flow of Baggi Lohara khad should be monitored to look into the avlaibility of minimum dilution in
the khad for flushing of silt upto the river Beas via suketi Khad . This will also help to tackle the
problem of silt deposition in nearby agricultural fields that is often faced by the nearby villagers.
1. Longitudinal and cross sectional data of Suketi Khad in the center reach to assess the
aggradations/ degradations of the reach
2. The mining in the bed of Suketi Khad and other Khads in the area should be banned.
In the mean time BBMB should create and establish necessary infrastructure for measurement of flow,
Longitudinal-section, Slope etc. of Suketi Khad.so that future planning can be undertaken.
Assessment of Fugitive Emissions and Development of Environmental Guidelines for Control of
Fugitive Emissions in Cement Manufacturing
Fugitive emissions are generated at various stages of manufacturing process. The degree of fugitive
emissions and the type of control measures adopted varies from industry to industry. It is generally
observed that in most cement industries the measures taken or the control adopted for controlling these

fugitive emissions are not always satisfactory and as a result substantial quantity of fugitive emissions
are generated which spread within and out side the industry premises and causes adverse impacts on
human health and environment.
The overall scenario in cement manufacturing industries in terms of controlling fugitive emissions needs
to be improved. Keeping in view the problem of fugitive emissions, a study on "Assessment of fugitive
emissions and development of environmental guidelines for control of fugitive emissions in cement
manufacturing" has been undertaken in association with National Productivity Council, New Delhi and
IIT, Kanpur.
The study includes identification of all fugitive emission sources, monitoring of fugitive emission,
quantification of fugitive emission, characterisation of dust and analysis of the samples for metals. The
study will suggest the standards for fugitive emission and develop environmental guidelines to control
fugitive emission. Two cement plants have been visited under the project.
Task Force for Implementation of Recommendations of Charter on CREP for Cement and
Asbestos based Industries
The Task Force for implementation of the CREP recommendations for cement industry has been
continued and Task force for asbestos based industries has been constituted under the Chairmanship of
Shri Paritosh C. Tyagi with following Terms of Reference.
• To monitor the progress made by industry in implementing the recommendations of CREP.
• To visit some of the units to verify the compliance of CREP recommendations
• The Task Force will meet at least once in two months and submit its report to the Steering
Committee once in six months.
• To finalize the load based standard for Cement Industry
• To finalize SO 2 /NO x standard for Cement Industry
• To suggest clean technology and waste management scheme for cement industry.
For Asbestos Sector:
1. To assess the progress made in the implementation of emission standards in the asbestos based
industries.
2. To take up implementation of environmental standards with the industries and concerned agencies
3. To discuss and share information on environmental management amongst the industries.
4. To review the health effect due to exposure of asbestos fibre from asbestos industries.
5. To standardize the methodology for asbestos sampling and analysis.
The two meetings of the Task Force were convened and the present status of implementation of
recommendations of Charter on CREP for cement industries is given below.
S.
No.
Action Point
1. Implementation of standards in noncomplying
Cement Plants as per the
following to meet the standards:
• Augmentation of existing air pollution
control devices: by July 2003
• Replacement of existing air pollution
control devices: by July 2004
• Non complying units shall give bank
Status
25 cement plants were identified originally as noncompiling.
Task Force decided that non-complying
units should be visited by a joint team comprising
representatives from CMA, SPCB and CPCB. The
latest status is as follows:
• No. of plants visited by the team –19
(1 plant found not complying)

guarantee to respective SPCBs
• No. of plants to be visited by the
2. Cement Plants located in critically polluted
or urban areas (including 5 km distance
outside urban boundary) will meet 100-
mg/Nm3 limit of particulate matter by
December 2004 and continue working to
reduce the emission of particulate matter
to 50 mg/Nm3.
team- 5
• No.of plant closed - 1
• MoEF has been requested to make amendment to
the industry specific standards notified under EP Act,
1986.
• M/s Durgapur Cement Plant is falling under this
category. Plant has upgraded the ESP and bag filter
and meeting the desired standards.
3. The new cement kilns to be accorded • MoEF is Implementing
NOC/Environmental Clearance w.e.f.
01.04.2003 will meet the limit of 50
• The emission standards for new cement kilns is
mg/Nm3 for particulate matter emissions.
required to be notified under EP Act, 1986.
4. CPCB will evolve load-based standards by
December 2003.
In order to evolve load based standards, the specific
data files have been designed and data feeding of
about 60 questionnaire has been completed.
5. CPCB and NCBM will evolve SO2 and
NOx emission standards by June 2004.
6. Control fugitive emissions from all the raw
material and products storage and transfer
points by December 2003. the feasibility
for the control of fugitive emissions from
limestone and coal storage areas will be
decided by the National Task Force (NTF).
The NTF shall submit its recommendations
within three months.
Findings of study were presented by NCBM in 4 th
NTF meeting held on 21.9.2004. The findings are to
be reviewed in light of comments raised by the
members.
Following options for fugitive emission control are
recommended:
• Water spraying on raw material and coal storage
areas, which are too large to be covered;
• Setting up covered storage facilities for fly ash and
closed belt conveyors for flyash transportation;
• Paving of all roads within and nearby the plant
premises belonging to the plant;
• Use of water sprinkling at a definite frequency for
preventing re-suspension of dust on all the roads.
However Vacuum cleaning (by motorised vacuum
cleaner) or Dust Free Road Sweepers for all major
roads at the plant premises should be preferred.
7. CPCB, NCBM, BIS and Oil refineries will CPCB has prepared an Environmental policy for use
jointly prepare the policy on use of of high calorific value hazardous waste including
petroleum coke as fuel in cement kiln by petroleum coke as fuel in cement kiln.
July 2003.
Two meetings held involving SPCBs, CMA, NCBM,
Env. Labs, Waste Generators and Cement Industries.
Monitoring protocol developed for trial run.
8. NTF will decide feasible unit CMA informed that cement industries need sufficient
operations/sections for installation of time (2 years) to gain confidence in CMS.
continuous monitoring equipment. The
industry will install the continuous
monitoring systems (CMS) by December
2003.
9. Trippings in kiln ESP to be minimized by The Task Force recommended the following to
July 2003 as per the recommendation of minimise the ESP tripping.

NTF
• Pre-blending system for coal should be adopted to
get uniform coal quality
• Installation of state-of-the-art distributed control
logic system, which reduces the calciner firing, step
by step, as CO concentration increases.
• Proper record should be kept of the number of ESP
tripping with duration of its non-functioning. (Such
record should preferably be automatic.)
• The availability of ESP should be enhanced as
much as possible and up to 98% at least in critical /
sensitive areas where population is residing in the
vicinity of the plant.
10. Industries will submit the target date to • CMA has submitted the plan for utilization of solid
enhance the utilization of waste material by wastes in cement manufacturing. However, plan did
April 2003
not indicate any appreciable enhancement. CMA has
to submit the revised plan.
11. NCBM will carry out a study on hazardous MoEF has sponsored a project to NCBM to study
waste utilization in cement kiln by hazardous waste utilisation in Cement Kiln.
December 2003
12. Cement industries will carry out feasibility The installation of such power plants based on waste
study and submit target dates to CPCB for heat recovery is very expensive and could not
co-generation of power by July 2003 compete with conventional power generation. The
conversion of heat to electricity is not economical
viable. Hence it was decided that co- generation may
be dropped from the agreed Action Points.
Co-incineration of high calorific value hazardous waste in Cement kiln
The Environmental Policy for co-incineration of high calorific value hazardous waste in cement kiln was
prepared by CPCB and discussed in Chairmen and Member Secretaries conference held on March 8-9,
2004. So far this has been a thrust area in India, while internationally high calorific Value hazardous
waste is being co-incinerated in Cement Kiln. The advantage being that at a high temperature of 1400°C
the organic compounds are likely to be destroyed. Further, interaction of the flue gases and the raw
material present in the kiln ensures that the non-combustible part of the residue is held back in the
process and is incorporated into the clinker in a practically irreversible manner. It also helps in energy
saving, CO 2 emission reduction and carbon trading.
The cement industries have expressed their interest in the matter and have come forward for coincineration
of high calorific value hazardous waste in cement kiln. M/s Rajashree Cement located in
Distt. Gulbarga of Karnataka State has been granted permission by Karnataka Pollution Control Board
and Central Pollution Control Board to conduct trial run for co-incineration of ETP Sludge generated
from BASF India Ltd., Mangalore. The trial run has been initiated from 16 th January, 2005 during which
ETP Sludge is being used in different proportions. Intensive monitoring of expected air pollutants
(pollutants identified for hazardous waste incinerator) during the trial period is being conducted.
Monitoring is also being conducted to cover one week before trial run and one week after trial run to
generate the background / reference data. The VOC, hydrocarbon, TOC, PAH, heavy metals are being
monitored besides the routine parameter i.e. particulate matter, SO2, NOx, HCl, HF, CO. The dioxins
and furans which is considered as the most important and critical parameter is also being monitored.
The details of the monitoring schedule are provided at Annexure I. The ambient air quality is also being
monitored during the trial period. Even soil samples are being collected before and after the trial run to
assess the impact of dust emission during co-incineration on soil quality. More over, the product i.e.
clinker is being tested for its quality as per BIS norms including leachability and heavy metals content by
the National Council for Cement and Building Materials.

Two more cement industries have also been given permission for trial run by concerned SPCBs and
CPCB. M/s Grasim Cement Industries (Cement Div.), Reddipalayam, Tamilnadu will co-incinerate
refinery sludge, paint sludge and used tyre chips. M/s Laxmi Cement, Sirohi, Rajasthan will coincinerate
the CETP Sludge generated at Pali, Rajasthan. These trials will be undertaken after the first
trial at M/s Rajashree Cement is over.
The issue of co-incineration of hazardous waste in cement kiln on trial basis needs to be given
momentum. As cement industries are located all over the country, therefore, there is an urgent need to
identify high calorific value hazardous wastes available in the proximity of the cement plants which may
be co-incinerated in cement kiln (subject to clearance after trial run).
Implementation of Emission & Noise Limits for Diesel Engines for Genset Application/ Gensets
Emission Limits : The implementation of emission limits for new diesel engines (upto 800 KW) for
generator sets (Genset) applications notified, vide GSR 371(E), May 17, 2002 (and its amendments),
has been rescheduled vide GSR 448 (E), dated July 12, 2004, as given below in the table. The emission
limits for different ratings of diesel engines for genset application are presented under:
Capacity of diesel
engines
Date of Emission limits Smoke limit Test cycle
implementation (g/kw-hr) for
(light
absorption
coefficient, m -
1 ) (at full load)
NO x HC CO PM Torque Weighting
upto 19 kw
1.7.2005
9.2
(%)
Factors
0.05
1.3
3.5
0.3
0.7
100
0.25
>19kw upto 176 kw
1.1.2004
9.2
75
0.30
1.7.2004
9.2
1.3
5.0
0.5
0.7
50
0.30
1.3
3.5
0.3
0.7
25
0.10
1.11.2004
9.2
10
>176 kw upto 800kw
1.3
3.5
0.3
0.7
Noise Limits : The implementation date of the revised noise limits for diesel generator sets (upto 1000
kVA) was re-scheduled vide GSR 448(E), dated July 12, 2004 and is now effective from 1.1.2005 . The
notification prescribes that the new generator sets (upto 1000 kVA) manufactured on or after 1.1.2005
shall comply with noise limit of 75 dB(A) at 1 m metre from the enclosure surface and shall be provided
with integral acoustic enclosure at the manufacturing stage itself.
However, for the existing generator sets (upto 1000 kVA), as well as, all generator sets more than 1000
kVA the noise level shall be controlled by providing an acoustical enclosure or by treating the room
acoustically at the users' end. Further, the acoustic enclosure or acoustic treatment of the room shall be
designed for minimum 25 dB(A) insertion loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards, whichever is
on the higher side.
Collection of Bank Guarantees
Bank Guarantees from diesel engine/genset manufacturers were collected as per the provisions of GSR
520(E), July 1, 2003. The Bank Guarantees were required to be submitted by the manufacturers of

diesel engines for genset application (upto 19 kW) desiring to obtain the benefit of extension of time for
compliance with emission.
The 6 th Meeting of the "Standing Committee for Emission from RIC engines for Off-Road Application"
was held on 16.4.2004. The Committee monitored the compliance status of emission limits for
petrol/kerosene generator sets and also diesel engines for genset application. A Sub-Committee was
also constituted to initiate work on development of emission limits for gas based generator sets and also
to review the ‘System & Procedure for Compliance with emission limits for pertrol/kerosene generator
sets".
One of the petrol/kerosene gensets manufacturers was issued Show Cause Notice under Section 5 of
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 in Januray, 2004, for non-compliance with emission limits. The
directions were confirmed in April, 2004, and the manufacturer was asked to recall the two-stroke
gensets sold (about 4800) to customers and make them complaint with phase –II emission limits
applicable from June 1, 2001, before they are sent back to the customers. The company was also asked
to submit bank guarantee of Rs 0.81 Crore until the recall process is completed i.e till June, 2006.
Studies on Water Treatment Plants
With an objective to study the water treatment plants (WTPs) in respect of consumption of chemicals,
handling of sludge and filter back-wash waters, the Central Pollution Control Board collected information
through questionnaire survey (76 cities with population below one lakh and 126 cities having population
more than a lakh) and conducted field studies in 52 water treatment plants and samples were collected
from 30 treatment plants (including fluoride and arsenic removal plants).
Based on the studies and survey, recommendations for better treatment of water were distributed to all
State Pollution Control Boards and Committees. The recommendations are as follows:
• Wherever, there is possibility of organic matters in raw waters, BOD may also be analysed
regularly. In such cases, specific treatments are also required to be given other than prechlorination.Pre-chlorination
may be avoided as far as possible, because organic matters
present in waters tend to form harmful Trihalomethanes (THMs). Use of chemicals such as
ozone, copper sulphate, potassium permanganate etc. may be explored. During postchlorination
for disinfection purpose, it may be ensured to avoid excess dosages.
• It should be ensured that alum dozing equipment remains functional throughout the year and
only requisite dose of alum is added, which shall be worked out through jar tests at set
frequency.
• Recycling of filter backwash water may be endorsed for water conservation.
• The technology developed by CPCB for recovery and reuse of alum used for clarification, may
be explored for cost-optimization and safe disposal of sludge.
• Raw water quality specific treatment units are to be ensured for removal special toxics
(fluoride, arsenic etc.) wherever required. In case of chemical treatment, it is essential to
ensure safe disposal of chemical sludge as per existing Rules and guidelines.
• As the wastes from WTPs generally do not meet the requirement of 30 mg/l BOD and 100 mg/l
SS, these should be treated and properly disposed. WTP authorities are required to take the
consent from the State Pollution Control Boards/Committes and to ensure treatment and safe
disposal of WTP rejects.
• A mechanism, similar to that of boiler inspectors may be required to ensure proper functioning
of chlorinators.
• Adequate laboratory facilities with qualified analysts are essential to moniter and ensure
desired water quality. There is a need to develop the database on THMs and pesticides over
the time.
• Proper training of operators is required. Database on operation and maintenance of WTPs
should be prepared and shared with others.
• It may be appropriate to establish safe drinking water authority to establish enforceable water
quality standards, lay down procedures for operation and maintenance of WTPs and for
monitoring of water quality at different points in WTPs as well as at end points of the
distribution system.
• State Pollution Control Boards/Committees in accordance with the function laid down under the
Section 17 (f) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, may inspect the
water treatment plants/works at regular interval.
National Emission Standards for Pesticides Manufacturing Industries

The Central Pollution Control Board after conducting extensive studies, developed draft national
emission standards for pesticides manufacturing industry. These standards were debated and approved
by Expert Peer and Core Committee and subsequently reviewed by the Central Board in 132 nd
meeting and recommended for forwarding to MoEF, Government of India for issuance of the Notification
under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Recommended Emission Standards for Pesticide Industry
S. No. Pollutant Standard, mg/m 3
1. HCl 20
2. Cl 2 5
3. H 2 S 5
4. P 2 O 5 (as H 3 PO 4 ) 10
5. NH 3 30
6. Particulate matter with pesticide compounds 20
7. CH 3 Cl 20
8. HBr
Control of Pollution in Small Scale Industries
Bullion Refining industries
Bullion refining is an important industry from economic point of view. Importance of this industry is very
well illustrated by the fact that India invests huge amounts in purchase of gold and silver as the demand
for these metals is increasing. The current annual demand for gold is estimated at 800 tons. Typically
India accounts for 20% of total gold consumption in a year. Silver is available only as a co-product in
gold refining and by-product of smelting and refining of lead, zinc and copper amounting to about total
silver production 85 tones/year.
The operation and process involved in bullion refining industry are energy and water intensive, also
generate emissions, effluents and solid waste in the environment. National standards need to be
developed to regulate these discharges. Also to suggest implant pollution control and resource
conservation, measures and other alternative pollution control, waste handling measures including that
of treatment plants, so as to meet the discharge standards. A Comprehensive Industry Document
(COINDS) for Billion Industry is under preparation.
Preparation of Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) for Plaster of Paris
Plaster of Paris (PoP) is a common raw material used for building, industrial and medical purposes. It is
being manufactured in different grades & qualities to meet its varied use. The information available on
current status of PoP industry is meager. In view of (i) non-existence of emission standards, (ii) nonexistence
of the overall view of this particular industry, (iii) supplementing the standards developed for
ceramic industry, and (iv) public complaints, the Central Board undertook the task of preparing COINDS
for Plaster of Paris with the help of the National Productivity Council, Delhi. The main objective of this
document is to develop the Minimal National Standards (MINAS), which will be evolved on technoeconomic
consideration and acceptable to the industry.
Proposed Emission Standards, Siting Criteria and Good Practices for Hot Mix Plants
Existing Hot Mix Plants (HMPs) in the country are either stationary or drum type based on age old
technology. The locations of these plants keep on changing. The process of preparing hot mix using
such plants generates dust and volatile organic compounds like BTX, PAH, PCBs and VOCs that
creates air pollution. The Central Board, with the help of Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee
decided to take up a study on hot mix plants in an effort to minimize the adverse environmental impacts
by regulating emissions from these plants.
The study has been completed. The Central Board, in the process, interacted with different leading
manufacturers of state-of-art HMPs at international level. There is a shift in technology for HMPs.
Technical Presentations by three leading manufacturers of HMPs namely, M/s Speedcrafts Ltd., M/s
Telco Construction Ltd.& Linhoff Technological Pte Ltd., offering state-of –art technology with a claim of

PM level as low as 50 mg/m 3 in emission, have been organized at CPCB. Proposed emission
standards, siting criteria and good practices have been discussed with these manufacturers and other
stakeholders for their comments and suggestions. The proposals were drawn and discussed in 18 th
Peer and Core Committee in Central Board on 20 th April 2004. After deliberations commitee resolved
to constitute a sub-committee comprising representatives from IIT Kanpur, NPC, Delhi and the Central
Board to look into the proposals. The Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL), Faridabad; Sriram Institute of
Industrial Research (SIIR), Delhi; M/s SGS Gurgaon; Ms Nuchem Ltd., Faridabad and IDMA
Laboratories, Chandigarh have been contacted as a part of public-private partnership to built up
hydrocarbon emission data before final recommendations are drawn.
Development of Environmental Standards for Wheat Processing and Flour Mills, Pulse Grinding
and Milling, Dry Rice Grinding and Rice Mills
A large number of units are spread across the country engaged in pulse milling, dry rice and besan
grinding, wheat processing and flour making mills and rice mills using conventional production
technologies which are not oriented towards minimising pollution by incorporation of implant control
measures. These units give rise to substantial pollution of air, water, noise, etc. The Central Board
carried out a study to evolve environmental standards for these mills with the assistance of the National
Productivity Council, New Delhi.
The objective of the project is to study the problem and identify best available technology not entailing
excessive cost (BATNEEC) to prevent, abate and control water, air and noise pollution and evolve
standards for noise, emission and effluent including storm water disposal for wheat flour mills, pulses
making mills, dry rice, pulses grinding mills and emission standards for rice mills. Information have been
collected from various State Pollution Control Board and Pollution Control Commitees and compiled.
Study has been completed.
Development of Environmental Standards, Stack Height Regulations and Good Practices for
Producer Gas Plants and Biomass Gasifiers
Independent producer gas plants and bio gasifires are not existing except where so ever these are used
for supply of cooking gas in the city. During gas manufacturing, tar is generated and let out in the
environment. Gaseous emissions containing certain volatile organic compounds alongwith other
gaseous pollutants such as CO, NO x and SO 2 are emitted. Emission and effluent disposal norms are
not in place for PGP and BG. With this background, the Central Board has taken up a project.
The objectives of the project is to study the emissions & effluents from producer gas plants and biomass
gasifiers and to recommend suitable environmental norms for stack emissions, effluents, good practices
for overall improvement of plant performance and reduction in fugitive emissions and suitable cost
effective modifications for better performance. The project literature review and monitoring has been
completed. A total 8 units were planned to be monitored (i.e. four coal based and four gasifier based)
but, due to large variation in type of fuel used for gas generation 3 bio-mass based (1 No. rice husk as
fuel + 2 No. wood as fuel), 3 charcoal based gasifiers and 5 coal based gasifier have been monitored.
Collection of information from SPCBs and PCCs is under progress. Project is likely to be completed
soon and recommendations will be drawn.
Environmental Standards and Good Practices for Automobile Service Station, Bus Depots &
Workshops (including disposal of waste oil, used batteries etc.)
Due to the urbanization, industrialization, economic developments and population rise in the country,
new models of vehicles , people are getting increasingly mobile which has a direct bearing on vehicular
traffic. It is expected that number of bus depots, service stations and workshops will increase throughout
the country rapidly.
There are 28 States and 6 Union Territories with approx 600 districts in India. All the states and U.T.s
have their own state transport corporations/roadways (STC/R). Many of mega and metro cities have
their own transport corporations like BEST, DTC, etc. There could be 2-5 bus depots in every district
and 10-30 bus depots in metro and mega cities. It is estimated that at least 2250 bus depots are owned
by the STC/R. Bus depots are required for parking, night shelter, repair and overhauling works, washing,
painting, repainting, servicing, fueling/refueling of buses and other related purposes. Typically, a bus
depot caters to 25-150 buses. Predominantly diesel is used as fuel. However, city buses are also
operated on compressed natural gas (CNG) in Delhi and Mumbai. Apart from the STC/R, a number of
private companies and individuals also have a fleet of buses, mini buses or maxi cabs. Movement of
goods by road is predominantly done using trucks and tractors. As per rough estimates, there may be

more than 50,000- service stations throughout the country owned by automobile manufacturers, their
agents, individuals or STC/R.
The current practices in service stations and bus depots are not oriented towards minimizing pollution by
incorporation of implant pollution control measures. Of late, effluent treatment, emission and noise
control and implant pollution control measures are being given importance in this sector. Considerable
changes have been brought in manufacturing processes and repair & maintenance schedule and
practices of vehicles to improve upon the efficiency and to lower the cost of operation & maintenance in
order to minimize the use of water, electricity, manpower, wastage of fuel reducing frequency of
painting, replacement of battery, tyre and tubes and idling of vehicles. Some of the technological
developments have helped in prevention, abatement and control of pollution apart from increase in life
of vehicle, better comforts to passengers, lesser operation & maintenance cost and fewer breakdowns.
The effluent standards for service stations, paint shops and workshop do not exist. To assess the
situation and to formulate and evolve storm water, effluent, solid waste management, noise and
emission standards for bus depots, workshops and service stations a project has been initiated with the
objectives of the project were : (1) to study the environmental problems due to effluent, sewage,
emissions, noise, and hazardous waste generations (including waste/used oil, and used batteries) from
automobile service station, bus depot and workshop ; (2) to collect the information on the status (i.e.
number, size and location) of automobile service station, workshop, bus depot etc. in the country; (3) to
monitor air ,water (domestic and industrial), noise, solid waste and storm water, pollution due to
operations of the automobile service station ,bus depots and workshops; a minimum of 17 service
stations and 4 bus depots in different parts of the country; (4) to identify appropriate pollution abatement
and control systems based on ‘best available technology not entailing excessive cost' (BATNEEC)
concept; (5) to evolve suitable environmental standards, guidelines which could be techno economically
feasible for the automobile service station, workshop and bus depot; and (6) to recommend good
practices and better housekeeping for all operations. The consultant has been identified for the project
and the study is likely to be completed by December 2006.
Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) and Evolving Environmental Standards and Good
Practices for Cashew Seed Processing Industry
All the cashew seeds processing units are in small scale sector. There are two commonly followed
methods of Cashew seed processing, viz roasting and cooking process. The cashew seeds roasting
process releases thick smoke by the roasting drum through the stack . The smoke has irritating odour.
The process also generates wastewater from the quenching operation of the roasted seeds. In cooking
process, steam is generated in baby boiler and steam is supplied in kettle (Cooker) for cooking of seeds.
In cooking process, Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) vegetable oil is extracted from the shells of the
seeds which has a market value in paint and resin industry. However, roasted process is preferred by
the manufacturers. These units generally operates in the morning i.e. from 6.00 to 12.00 O' Clock. About
10,000 workers, 90% of them are women, are dying a slow death. Lung problems breathing disorders ,
allergies and rashes are common. Nothing has been done to update the technology.These units are
existing in Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Goa and Karnataka.It was proposed a detailed survey
and to prepare COINDS for Cashew seed processing units. Monitoring of cashew seed processing
industries for air, water and noise has been completed.
Material Safety Data Sheets
Material Safety Data Sheets come in many forms and present the information in different ways.
Regardless of the format, the Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) requires that all
individuals using or otherwise coming into contact with chemical materials have access to the Material
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for those materials. MSDS provides pertinent information as to the chemical
identity of the product, hazardous ingredients present, physical characteristics, fire and explosion data,
reactivity data, handling recommendations & procedures, and personal protection recommendations.
There is a list of 684 hazardous & toxic chemicals under Schedule 1 ( Part II) and other lists of 30 and
179 chemicals under Schedule 2 and Schedule 3 (Part –I) under the Manufacture, Storage and Import
of Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC) Rules, 1989 as amended to date. Another list of 179 chemicals,
notified as part of Public Liability Insurance Rules, 1999 also exists. In total, there are 708+ chemicals
for which MSDS are required as per existing Rules and Notifications. A number of 22 organization,
institutes, national and international publishers were contacted out of which 12 responded. Technical
and financial bids were separately called. Bids are being evaluated.

ACIVITIES UNDER EPCA
Construction of Byepass
In view of the Hon'ble court's interest in the matter and the importance of this measure in controlling
vehicular pollution in the national capital region of Delhi, EPCA reviewed the status of implementation of
the relevant court orders in order to report progress to the Court. In this regard EPCA has organized a
series of meetings with the relevant state government agencies from all the concerned states and the
central government i.e. PWD, Haryana, PWD, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi Police, and National Highways
Authority of India. Four alternate routes for bypassing of the goods vehicles that were suggested by the
Delhi police to the Hon'ble Court in response to the Court order, dated December 6, 2001. After
discussion with the concerned State Governments, Delhi Police and the National Highway Authority of
India, EPCA submitted a report to the Hon'ble Supreme Court in November 2004 for speedy action
construction of bypasses.
Implementation of the new in-use emission norms
All in-use vehicles in India are required to have a valid Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate. But
even as emission norms for the new vehicles were made stringent, the government did not revise the
norms for checking the emissions from the in-use fleet. Therefore, the old vehicles (which clearly would
emit higher), were regulated at par with new vehicles, which should be emitting lesser emissions. In
February 10, 2004, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) revised the in-use emissions
norms, which are to be implemented across the country from October 1, 2004.
EPCA had reviewed the implementation of the new in-use emission norms throughout the country.
EPCA has talked to various key officials of different state transport departments, and state pollution
control board. In its special report "The implementation of the in-use emission norms as amended by the
Union government in February 2004" submitted in November 2004, directions from the Hon'ble
Supreme Court have been sought.
Increase in the number of three-wheelers in Delhi
The three-wheeled scooter rickshaw (TSR) plays a very important role as intermediate public transport
in the country. Delhi has around 53,262 registered three-wheelers as of August 31, 2004 running on
compressed natural gas (CNG). The Hon'ble court has time and again discussed issues pertaining to
three-wheelers in Delhi, from the point of congestion and also of pollution. The order of December 1997
imposed a cap on issuing fresh permits to the three-wheelers in Delhi. Registration was allowed only on
replacement basis. In December 2002 however the Hon'ble court allowed a further increase (5,000) in
the number of three wheelers.
EPCA held a meeting on October 23, 2004 with the various Unions of three-wheelers in Delhi, the
Malawa Ram Market Association and the transport department of Delhi. On October 30, 2004 EPCA
also held a meeting with the Bajaj Auto to discuss the technical issues in their three-wheelers. Based on
the discussions, in response to the Hon'ble Supreme Court Order Dated October 8, 2004 in response to
the I.A. 217 of 2003, EPCA has submitted its report "Report on the increase in the number of threewheelers
in Delhi, Nonmember 2004":
Implementation of Action Plan in Critically Polluted Cities
In response to the orders of the Hon'ble Court, the EPCA had submitted the report – "Final Report on
Particulate Pollution Reduction Strategy in Seven Critically Polluted Cities" on January 2004. This
included the final action plans of the seven cities that have outlined the common minimum programme,
which have been agreed upon between the respective state governments and EPCA along with the
recommendations wherever necessary. The key concern of the Authority in this regard has been to
ensure firm and well-defined actions with a tight schedule for implementation and clarity of responsibility
and accountability of the implementing agencies.
Since the submissions of the action plans for control of RSPM in critically polluted cities, EPCA has
been monitoring the progress and status of the action plans. For effective monitoring EPCA has begun
to organise discussions with the concerned state governments and visit the concerned cities. EPCA
members also visited Lucknow on June 11, 2004 and submitted special report to the Hon'ble Supremen
Court in July 2004.

Expansion of the CNG programme in the NCR towns
Delhi's Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) programme, which was implemented under the directions of the
Hon'ble Supreme Court, has become a role model for Asian cities, which are looking for options to
reduce air pollution. Since its inception, the programme has expanded and evolved. Today, with 122
CNG stations and roughly 90,000 CNG vehicles, it is one of the largest programmes in the region. The
average CNG sales are to the tune of 8.02-lakh kg/day. However, the CNG infrastructure is restricted
only to the National Capital Territory of Delhi and does not extend to the neighbouring towns, in spite of
increasing pollution imperatives.
Currently, the neighbouring towns like Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Greater Noida are unable to
capitalise on this existing infrastructure. As CNG is not available in these towns, it becomes very difficult
for smoother flow of vehicles across the region. It is also important that benefits of the cleaner fuels
should also be made available to the towns in the National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi.
EPCA began its discussions with IGL on the expansion of the CNG programme in December 2002, after
the implementation of programme in Delhi. In this context EPCA have held various meetings with both
IGL and Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) to assess their plans for expanding the CNG network in
the country in general and NCR towns in specific. While IGL is working to implement the city gas
distribution projects in the NCR towns of Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Greater Noida, GAIL is actively
pursuing its projects in Kanpur and Pune, among other cities. On requests of the EPCA, IGL has also
plans for including Ghaziabad in the CNG expansion programme. However, for the timely and
successful implementation of the programme, the EPCA has sought directions from the Hon'ble
Supreme Court vide its report submitted in December 2004.

LABORATORY ACCREDITATION/PROFICIENCY TESTING
NABL Accreditation of CPCB Laboratories Meeting ISO / IEC-17025 (1999) Requirement
National Accreditation Board for Laboratories (NABL) has granted Accreditation to CPCB Laboratories
as per ISO/IEC-17025 (1999) during April, 2004. The NABL Surveillance Assessment was held during
20 th – 21 st December, 2004. The NABL assessment team in its report has highlighted that " CPCB
Laboratories are equipped with State of the art equipment maintained under valid calibration and these
are operated by authorized persons to generate valid and reliable results. Laboratory personnel are well
experienced and qualified in their relevant fields " .
Performance of the CPCB laboratory participated in Inter-Laboratory Proficiency Testing (PT)
programme" conducted under UN-GEMS/Water programme during February, 2004
Under United Nations GEMS (Global Environment Monitoring System) Water programme, an interlaboratory
proficiency testing (PT) programme was conducted by GEMS authority during February,
2004. A set of QC (Quality Control) samples of water quality parameters was received through
Analytical Products Group Inc. (APG), USA, an accredited laboratory by National Institute of Standard
and Technology (NIST), a proficiency testing provider. This QC samples carrying the known values were
meant for practicing the analysis of the required parameters prior to take up actual unknown set of PE
(Performance Evaluation) samples covering the same set of parameters. The QC and PE samples were
analyzed and reported to GEMS authority during February, 2004. The salient features of the
performance of laboratories based on the PE (Performance Evaluation) samples are given below:
All the 19 parameters reported were found as qualified under PT programme. The performance of the
various parameters is presented in following table.
List of parameters covered under GEMS/Water PT programme and its relative performance
S.No. Analyte
Relative performance
1 Ammonia Nitrogen as N Excellent
2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Excellent
3 Chloride Excellent
4 Magnesium Good
5 Nitrate Nitrogen as N Good
6 Total Hardness as CaCO 3 Satisfactory
7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Satisfactory
8 Total Dissolved Solids Satisfactory
9 Alkalinity as CaCO 3 Satisfactory
10 Potassium Satisfactory
11 Total Phosphorus and P Satisfactory
12 Orthophosphate as P Satisfactory
13 Conductivity Satisfactory
14 Sulphate Satisfactory
15 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Satisfactory
16 pH Satisfactory
17 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) Point of concern
18 Calcium Point of concern
19 Sodium Point of concern
The performance among the various participated laboratories for various parameters, according to
ranking, CPCB laboratory was assessed as Rank # 1 in the case of COD. Similarly in case of
Ammonical Nitrogen, Magnesium and Chloride, these were # 2, 4 and 6 respectively. The team of
analysts of CPCB laboratories who carried out the analysis of various parameters are highly
appreciated.

Proficiency Testing (PT) programme conducted for NABL accredited laboratories:
Proficiency Testing (PT) is one of the main components of Quality Assurance system, wherein the
quality of analytical data being generated in any laboratory is controlled through minimizing or controlling
errors to achieve a target accuracy. Participation in proficiency testing programme, involving interlaboratory
test comparisons, provides valuable information with regard to status of performance of
laboratories participating in the programme.
National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL), Department of Science
and Technology (DST), Government of India has assigned the task of conducting Proficiency Testing
(PT) programme under the tile (Chemical testing of Water : TC 29) to Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB). This programme was conducted during September, 2004 covering sixty two laboratories
accredited by NABL.
The main objectives of this PT programme are
1. To assess the status of analytical competence of participating laboratories in view of
Laboratory accreditation.
2. To identify the serious constraints (random & systematic) in the working environment of
laboratories.
3. To promote the scientific and analytical competence of the concerned laboratories to the level
of excellence for better output.
The parameters covered under this PT programme are: 1. Conductivity , 2. Total Hardness, 3. Fluoride,
4. Nitrate – N and 5. Iron – Total
The performance of the laboratories under this PT programme has been reported to the National
Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL), Department of Science and
Technology (DST), Government of India.

Monitoring Ground Water Quality in Delhi NCT
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
Delhi, the Capital of India covers an area of about 1483 sq km and having a population around 105 lakh.
Due to more and more urbanization and other related anthropogenic activities, the ground water sources
are depleting in terms of quantity and quality.
A study on the groundwater quality of Delhi NCT was carried out covering 254 locations in six blocks
during April to July, 2004. This monitoring was carried out after the earlier study carried out in 1998 with
a main objective to find out the status and trend of ground water quality in Delhi. Sample were analyzed
for various physico-chemical (including Heavy metals and pesticides) and bacteriological parameters.
Treatment of Water and Wastewater by using SRP- Technology
Treatment of water and wastewater by using SRP- Technology is new and renovated technology by
which the alum (aluminum sulphate ) which is used in water treatment plant could be recovered to the
tune of 80 to 90 % and reused in the same treatment process. In this technology alum could be
recovered from discarded sludge of water treatment plant. By adopting this technology, operation cost
could be reduced nearly 60% .
The Laboratory experiment work related to Part- I of this project (Treatment of Water using SRP
Technology ) is completed and a Laboratory – scale working model plant was developed based on SRP
Technology and a patent was also filed on for this new technology. Approval for installation of pilot
treatment plant based on SRP technology at Bhagirathi water work , Gokulpuri, Delhi was obtained from
Delhi Jal Board and the construction of pilot plant is under progress.
Performance Evaluation of Commmon Effluent Treatment Plants ( CETP)
Performance evaluation of various Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) namely Jilmil,
G.T.Karnal Road, Lawrence Road, Mangolpuri, Mayapuri, S.M.A. Industrial Area, Wazirpur Industrial
Area,of NCT-Delhi was carried out during August to December, 2004. Composite samples were
collected from inlet ,outlet points and various stages of treatment of CETPs and analysed for their
physico-chemical including metals. Coagulation studies using various coagulants such Lime and Alum
were also carried out.
Treatability study of the wastewater from the CETP- Lawrance Road was carried out to assess the
feasibility of treating the waste water by biological process (Activated Sludge Process) in laboratory by
batch process . The feasibility of the CETP wastewater for biological treatment was experimentally
confirmed.
Performance evaluation of existing Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Stations/Analyzers (CAAQMS) maintained by Industries / SPCBs / National Institutes
CPCB has taken-up a study to evaluate the performance of already existing CAAQMS of various makes,
maintained by Industries/SPCBs/National Institutes. The stations approximately 200 nos. have been set
up by large industries on the basis of environmental clearance condition given by MoEF. The objectives
of this assignment is given below:
• To evaluate the performance of AAQMS of various makes.
• To assess the technical services offered by Indian Agents of reputed Suppliers.
• To ensure that the data produced from Automatic Analyzers are accurate & reliable.
Experience gained through this study will be utilized to modernize present Air Quality Monitoring System
A range of monitoring stations operated and maintained by SPCBs / major industries were covered for
the required evaluation / assessment.
Review of the associated issues are being performed through:
• Inspection of Monitoring Stations

• Detailed Questionnaire
• Personal Interviews
• Meeting with Indian Agents towards local sustainability. Local sustainability requires the
continuing availability of calibration gases, permeation tubes, spare parts for calibration, repair
& maintenance, together with the necessary skill for equipment operation and calibration.
The detailed report including observations of the team on the Sampling system, Housing (room where
CAAQMS is installed), Analyzers & Weather monitoring instruments, Calibration system, Management
of Analyzers etc. along with recommendations were sent to respective industries to take necessary
steps / actions towards implementation of suggested recommendations.
Proposed Major Actions are as below :
• To Review Air Intake (Sampling) system and location of CAAQMS
• Developing efficient Calibration Gas Chain -holding meeting with Calibration Gas suppliers.
• Including some of the Industrial Stations in the National Network.
• Pilot project for developing co-operative society for management of AAQMS in Industrial State
like: Chambur or Manali
• Issue direction/ guidelines for including QA/QC requirements – data quality objectives of
automatic ambient air quality monitoring in the scope of ISO 14001.
• Air consent order which has been issued by SPCB to industry should be amended and a
clause on proper operation & maintenance of CAAQMS including proper calibration of analyzer
as per guidelines issued by CPCB may be included
• Develop a criteria for evaluating performance of existing AAQMS while processing their
applications for environmental award.
• To form a dedicated team of Scientists/Engineers who will periodically visit the monitoring
stations and check calibration of the analyzers maintained by industry / other agencies.
• To prepare draft guidelines / rules for Quality Assurance and Quality Control.
Feasibility study of modernization of National Air Quality Stations And Networking in India and
involvement's of Private Organizations for running the stations and acquiring the Data and transfer to
Central Agency in light of experience in France and European countries.
The present Indian air quality monitoring system is limited in its scope and accuracy. Information
transferred to CPCB is scarce, and sometimes unreliable. CPCB feels the need to modernize and
amplify it according to international standards.
Internationally, the use of automatic monitoring stations is widely recommended because of its
accuracy, reliability and the possibility to develop alert systems in the case of pollution peaks. Manual
stations are mostly limited to some specific pollution parameters for which automatic monitoring is not
yet feasible (some heavy metals, PAH, some particles,...).
The Indian air quality monitoring system should, be modernized to address the following problems:
• Measure air quality in representative areas and representative time periods to inform and
protect the Indian population.
• Measure continuously air pollution in major Indian cities and industrial areas and compare
mean and peak values with air quality standards.
• Develop alert system in case of high pollution episodes. . Develop air quality forecast systems
and procedures.
• Standardize at the national level the monitoring and quality control procedures. Set up a valid
and quality controlled local and central air quality database.
• Set up a standardized data transfer and data processing system that enables a free flow of
information between cities, central government and eventually the public.
• Define clearly the responsibilities of the Central Government, States, Municipalities and
industries, and organize transfer of information between these structures
• Organize the operation and maintenance procedures in order to insure good working
conditions to the systems, and promote a funding scheme.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Delhi, has taken-up a French financial study on modernization
of National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations & Networking in India and integrating private
participation in air quality monitoring.
Objectives of the project Assignment:
• To review the existing/ current status of AAQ monitoring from a gap analysis point of view
• To evaluate the possible various options including private participation in managing Automatic
AAQMS.
• To recommend the cost – effective and sustainable model for Private Sector participation in
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
• To recommend guidelines for the installation of automatic air quality monitoring systems in
Indian cities.
The agreement was executed between CPCB on behalf of MoEF and the French Consulting firm ETI /
Burgeap, Cedex – FRANCE engaged by the french administrator. The agreed scope of the work as per
TOR & approved inception report was executed in two phases. Phase – I of the project includes
evaluation of the existing/present Air Quality Monitoring System from a gap-analysis point of view, and
the evaluation of the various options in which Administrative and Functional responsibility can be divided
in a public-private parternership for management of expensive Automatic Air Quality Monitoring
Analyzers / Stations. Phase – II of the project includes detailed study in two cities Delhi & Kanpur for
optimizing the monitoring requirement and generating guidelines for the extension of Automatic Air
Quality Monitoring in India etc.
1. French Mission visited CPCB, Delhi for executing project on Feasibility study for private
participation in Continuous Air Quality Monitoring in India. Discussion was held for identification
of the cities where specific analysis will be made & finalizing TOR.
2. Comments (modifications/amendments) were sent to French Consultants on the Draft
Inception Report of the FASEP Air Quality Monitoring Study provided by them. Modified
inception report received after incorporating suggested amendments was approved by CPCB.
3. French Delegates visited CPCB, Delhi for feasibility study of modernization of National Air
Quality Station and Networking in India and involvement's of Private Organization for running
the stations and acquiring the data and transfer to Central Agency in light of experience in
France and European Countries.
4. During French Mission visit (Duration: January 20-30, 2004) required assessment / technical
audits were made in four cities. Interaction meetings were held with various user groups - CII,
Industrial representatives, NGOs, Universities.
5. During French Mission visit (Duration: February 18-28, 2004) Required works for Passive
sampling campaign were initiated in Delhi and Kanpur. Meetings were held with various service
providers. Visit was also arranged in remaining one city of Ahamadabad.
6. After careful planning & grid design, about 200 sampling locations in Delhi and, about 200
sampling locations in Kanpur were also identified on Feb.28-29, 2004s and sampling tubes
were also hanged on March 02,2004,following the set guidelines and the exposed tubes are
collected on March 14, 2004.
7. Required necessary Visits and Meeting were arranged for French delegates.
8. A Technical Steering Committee has been constituted for the purpose of Reviewing /
Evaluating the findings of the French financed study on modernization of National Ambient Air
Quality Monitoring Stations & Networking in India and integrating private participation in air
quality monitoring. Total four meetings were held during 2004.
French Study Recommendations to Improve the Existing System are as follows:
• Large efforts are already being made and large resources have been assigned by the public
and the private sector to monitor air quality
• The public sector is using extensively manual stations to monitor TSP/PM10, NO2 and SO2,
according to CPCB guidelines, which specify that measures should be made twice a week. It
has been noted that these stations give good results for particulates but the bubbling system
adopted for SO2 and more specifically NO2 do not give reliable results. It has been
recommended to replace them progressively by automatic stations. It has also been proposed
that the High Volume Samplers for TSP/PM10 be used 7 days a week.
• The public sector has experienced the use of automatic AQM stations in some cities of which
Delhi, Kolkata, Chenai, Ahmedabad, Lucknow. The first experiences have been difficult.
Operation is not an easy task and the providers of these imported equipments who have often
been asked to maintain the systems have used these first experiences as training grounds for

their own staff. The last experience is that of Kolkata. Results have been good, the provider
and the local PCBs have invested a great deal in training.
• Measured air pollution concentration given by these stations is always below the Indian air
quality standards and is not really verified nor taken into account when State PCBs publish air
quality information.
• In some cases, State PCBs have requested that the industries install automatic AQM stations,
particularly in the petroleum industry. Some of these stations have now been in operation for
15 years. However, measured air pollution parameters are always below the Indian standards
in these stations, and the results of these measures are not taken into account into published
air quality data. It has been proposed to integrate these stations in a State network with strict
QA/QC enforced by State PCBs.
• It has finally been proposed to extend the automatic network according to some recommended
guidelines, under the local control of SPCBs and under the general supervision of CPCB. It has
been recommended that operation of the networks be subcontracted, either to a private
operator, or to a registered cooperative society that would include public and private partners.
Fact Finding Mission visits to identified countries towards Modernization of National Air Quality
Stations and Networking in India
CPCB has started in 1984, National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) to identify air pollution
and assess the effectiveness of pollution control programmes and air quality trends.
NAMP presently includes a network of 295 National Air Quality Monitoring Stations (NAMP) covering 99
cities in 28 States and 4 union territories. These stations are manual and are operated with involvement
of various local or State agencies. The air quality parameters that are regularly monitored are SPM, S0
2 , N0 2 and RSPM.
CPCB receives monthly information from NAMP (monthly and daily averages). This information is
processed by CPCB, which has records of the air quality evolution trends for the last 15 years for 9
major cities, and 24 critically polluted industrial areas.
To find out the workable solution for India, a fact-finding mission visit was scheduled for the identified
countries Germany, France, U.K., Malaysia and Thailand having various models of management –
Public Private partnerships. The proposed Fact finding mission will help to integrate effective private
participation & modernize our Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network.
For executing the required tasks to be undertaken a list of potential working visits / meeting to be
organized in each country was prepared & sent to GTZ Office, Delhi providing financial support & other
logistic arrangements for the required visits.
Required short duration visit were organized to France (Study Period: September 27 – 29, 2004), U. K.
(Study Period: September 30 – October 01, 2004), & Germany (Study Period: October 04 – 06, 2004).
Remaining visits to Malaysia & Thailand could not be held due to administrative reasons at GTZ, Delhi.
The team studied following issues:
• National Air Quality Monitoring System
• About Management of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) Network
• About use of passive sampling campaign & other manual monitoring complementing the online
activities
• Air Quality Monitoring Budget / Analysis of financial flow
• Other critical observations on data dissemination and QA/QC activities etc.
Interim Report of the study visits performed in Europe was sent to MoEF & GTZ, Delhi.
The project being conceived based on the findings are as below:
I. Proposal for Networking of Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station in identified 10 cities
namely Mumbai, Kolkatta, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Banglore, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Kochi and
Vishakhapattnam

It is proposed to develop three level/data management & transfer.
(Level 1: National, Level 2:State and Level 3:City).First priority towards developing such Automatic Air
Quality Monitoring Network shall be given to following identified metro cities & cities where Continuous
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAAQMS) are already in operation.
Mumbai Chennai Ahmedabad Delhi
Kolkatta Banglore Vishakhapattnam Hyderabad
Vadodara Kochi
II. Proposal for involving private participation in the management of Continuous
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station / Network under the two proposed options of (1) Build, Own &
Operate contract; and (2) Operation contract - Pilot project for the identified city
After analyzing description, merits & demerits of possible models of private participation in the
management of CAAQMS, It was decided that the following two models may be adopted in the identified
cities as pilot project:
• Model- I: Build Own & Operate (BOO) contract (investment and operation)
• Model-II: Operation contract
Accordingly, a project proposal is made to execute Model I in two cities and Model II in other two cities.
Meeting of Experts to Strengthen Environment Management Infrastructure in SAARC Countries
The Central Pollution Control Board in association with Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India
has organized "Meeting of Experts to Strengthen Environment Management Infrastructure in SAARC
Countries" at Hotel Ashoka, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi on 14 th & 15 th October, 2004. The meeting was
inaugurated by Dr. Prodipto Ghosh, Secretary, Ministry of Environment & Forests on 14 th October,
2004 foenoon.
The meeting was attended by nominated experts from SAARC Countries viz. Bhutan (one expert);
Maldives (one expert); Nepal (two experts) and Pakistan (one expert) apart from experts from India.
While nominated expert from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka could not attend the meeting. The invited guest
speakers from UNEP-RRCAP, Bangkok; NEERI, Nagpur; CII, New Delhi; IARI, Pune apart from MoEF
and CPCB also deliberated in the meeting. The deliberations in the meeting generated consiousness
about capacity building in the region to realize environmental goals as well as aims to provide impetus to
various initiative and Policy measures undertaken by various SAARC Countries governments for
environmental sustenance and to deal with burgeoning environmental problems. The deliberations in the
meeting in form of various presentations and Meeting Inference have been compiled and presented.
Procurement of Equipments for CPCB Laboratories Under Japanese Debt Relief Grant
Assistance
The Central Pollution Control Board has been allocated the amount of US$ 7.0 Lakh (Rs. 3.15 crores)
under Japanese Debt Relief Grant Assistance for procurement of various equipment by Department of
Economic Affairs. CPCB has undertaken MOU with NTPC Consultancy Wing for various procurement
procedures through International Bidding.
The Technical Committee was constituted at CPCB for finalization of Technical specifications of
equipment to be procured. The Technical Committee has finalized the technical specifications and these
have been included in Bid Documents. The procurement is in progress.

ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING
Considering the success of HRDP SEP-net and legal obligation of CPCB under Air and Water Act an
"Environmental Training Unit" (ETU) has been established by CPCB to expand the training activities to
all functional areas of the CPCB and SPCBs. After the expansion of HRDP SEP-net was renamed to
Environmental Training Network – ET-net and a new logo was also adopted.
Three coaching course of 3 weeks duration with support of InWEnt and GTZ have been completed on
following:
• ‘EcoCities – Area wide environmental improvement through comprehensive urban
management system' in (Jan. 2004) including the production of an interactive learning CD for
EcoCities,
• ‘Environmental Monitoring and Assessment' (Nov./ Dec. 2004)
• ‘Eco-Industrial Estate Planning' (Nov./ Dec. 2004)
Three short skills courses (5 days) in the fields of Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,
Environmental Planning and Management and Inter Personnel skills were completed.
MoUs with NTIs NPC, EPTRI, DMI and ETI TNPCB extended till 2007 for conducting training
programmes.
Expansion of ET-net: Two more training institutes i.e. IIT Kharagpur and IIT Bombay have been formally
included in the list of existing NTIs and proposals of 7 other institutes are under consideration .
The Training Needs Assessment (TNA) at national level for 4 fields (Environmental Planning and
Management, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Environmental Laboratory Analysis,
Hazardous Substances/ Solid waste Management) was completed in association with InWEnt,
Germany. Based on the results of TNA, a planning cum awareness workshop on HRDP ET-net of CPCB
was also organised during Dec' 07-08, 2005.
Standardisation and publication of HRDP training material available with CPCB was started for 12
courses with support of InWEnt, Germany, of which 3 were completed. The material is ready for final
revision and printing under CPCB Publication Series "Environmental Training Series" as "Proceedings:
Training for Environment".
HRDP Training Database was converted into digital form for dissemination information about number of
participants trained, target groups, trainers, course tittles, dates, course contents etc.
Other activities completed by ETU include evaluation of 10 training courses of the year 2003 and 2004
for Quality Assesssment and Control, Steering Committee Meeting held in Jan' 2004, preparation of
promotional material (bags) for HRDP, documentation of participants, material and trainers, data
collection on training profile of CPCB officials (under progress) etc.
Training programe on BenMAP (The Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program) by
USEPA
A training program on BenMAP (The Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program) was
conducted by United States Environmental Protection Agency ( USEPA) as per Memorandum of
Understanding between USEPA and Ministry of Environment & Forests. The training program was
organized by CPCB from 29 th Nov. to 2 nd Dec. 2004. BenMAP (Environmental Benefits Analysis and
Mapping Program) is a software program developed by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency to conduct benefits analyses in support of air quality planning. Benefits analysis in this context is
a multi-step process involving mapping of air quality changes for populations, translation of those air
quality changes into quantified reductions in the incidence of both mortality and morbidity, and
application of valuation functions to translate those reductions in health impacts into monetized benefits
estimates. Monetized benefits can then be compared against societal costs in designing and evaluating
regulatory strategies and identifying optimal emissions control strategies. To conduct a benefit analysis,
BenMAP combines air quality data, demographic data (population counts and disease incidence/
prevalence rates) and damage functions derived from epidemiological studies to estimate changes in
mortality and morbidity incidence. These reductions in health effects can then be monetized using
valuation functions based on cost-of-illness, contingent valuation, or other economic studies. BenMAP

has been designed to provide the user with a high degree of flexibility in applying the model in different
contexts ranging from local (urban-scale) applications to regional- and national-scale applications. The
model can also accommodate user-specific damage and valuation functions, as well as demographic
data in a variety of formats. The participants included various State Pollution Control Boards,
representative from Hospitals and research institutions involved in carrying out Epidemiological studies.

HUMAN HEALTH AND POLLUTANTS
Epidemiological study to find the Effect of Air Pollutants especially Respirable Suspended Particulate
Matter (RSPM) and other carcinogens on Human Health in Delhi.
An Epidemiological study is being carried out to find the Effect of Air Pollutants especially Respirable
Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) and other carcinogens on Human Health in Delhi. The study is
being carried out by Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata and is sponsored by CPCB.
The duration of study is three years. The objectives of the study are as follows:
• To prepare a database on air pollution related respiratory symptoms among the residents of
Delhi.
• To assess the degree of lung function impairment in persons chronically exposed to city's air.
• To explore the underlying mechanism of air pollution related pulmonary dysfunction at the
cellular and subcellular level.
The scope of work involves health assessment including evaluation of respiratory symptoms through
questionnaire survey and clinical examination, assessment of lung function, assessment of cellular lung
response to air pollution, assessment of systemic effects of Delhi's air pollution, assessment of
hematological profile, changes in liver and kidney function, assessment of genotoxic effects and
correlation between health effect and air quality.
• Health Camps
36 health camps have been held during Nov. 2002 to April 2004. The camps so far have been held in
winter, summer and monsoon seasons. The camps have been held in various parts of Delhi covering
East Delhi, West Delhi, Central Delhi, South Delhi and North Delhi. The camps have been held in Arjun
Nagar, Mayur Vihar, Sangam Park Extn, Nizamuddin, Jagatpuri, Sanjay Marg, Arjun Nagar, Paschim
Vihar, Kangan Heri, Janakpuri, New Delhi Railway Station, Rajinder Nagar, Hailey Road, Paharpur
Business Center, Tughlaqabad Inst. Area, Nehru Place, Okhla, Sarojini Nagar, Lajpat Nagar, Siri Fort,
Jawahar Lal Nehru College, Kirorimal College, Ashok Vihar
• Sample Details
Sample Size: 2379 individuals have been surveyed through questionnaires & 1270 individuals were
clinically examined & samples collected
Age of the people was in the range of 20 to 75 yrs., 725 female & 1654 male have been surveyed.
• Interim Findings
Lung function was tested by spirometry. The interim findings indicate that 46.1 % of the people (non
smokers) had impaired lung function, 24.7 % had restrictive impairment, 14.2 % had obstructive
impairment and 7.2% of the people had combined impairment.
Study on Ambient Air Quality, Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function of Children in Delhi
A study is being carried out in Delhi on Health effects of air pollution on Children in Delhi. The study is
being carried out by Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata. The duration of the study is
two years. The objective of the study is :
• Assessment of the respiratory health status of school children chronically exposed to ambient
air pollution of Delhi and
• Establishment of a database relating to pollution related respiratory problems among children
of the city.
Prevalence, duration and severity of respiratory symptoms will be determined from questionnaire
responses and actual tests on various physiological parameters like lung function tests etc.
• Health Camps

Health camps have been held in 12 schools in various parts of Delhi covering North, South, East, West
and Central Delhi. The health camps have been held in winter, monsoon and summer seasons.
• Sample Size
12 schools have been surveyed till July 2004. 4671 students (3247 boys and 1424 girls) have been
surveyed till July 2004.
• Interim Findings
64 % of the children had impaired lung function. ( 66.7 % of the boys ( n= 73) and 62.2% of the girls ( n
= 67) had impaired lung function).

Software Development for e-Governance
e-GOVERNANCE
A number of application software has been developed for gradual shifting towards e-governance. The
software includes modules on public complaints, legal matter, parliament matter, plan allocation &
expenditure of CPCB, activities of Environmental Surveillance Squad for creating database to help quick
analysis and retrieval of information.
A software for providing on-line information regarding processing of application received from
reprocessors/recyclers, has been developed.
Creation of Environmental Data Bank
Environmental Data Bank (EDB) has been established. The EDB software is installed in internet and will
be, subsequently, used for building up the database on various environmental components . Databank
facilitates on-line entry and access of data on various environmental parameters. Receiving data for Air
Quality and Water Quality module. Subsequently, data entry for other modules (Coastal Water Quality,
Industrial Pollution, Cleaner Technology, Hazardous Waste Management, Urban Solid Waste, Urban
Pollution and Env. Experts/Consuntants) will be initiated.
Up-gradation of Web Site
CPCB's website is being continuously upgraded and updated. For the purpose of security and better
connectivity it was decided to shift website on NIC's Server. Accordingly complete backup of website
was placed at staging Server of NIC for Security Audit by Cyber Security Division of NIC. Cyber Division
of NIC has cleared Audit and shortly website will be shifted to NIC Server.
On-line information of units registered as recyclers/reprocessors having Env. Sound Management
facilities has been made available on website.

BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Development of guidelines for disposal of bio-medical waste generated during the Universal
Immunisation Programme (UIP)
UIP in India is one of the largest health programmes in the world for giving vaccinations (such as DPT,
BCG, TT, OPV etc.) to children and women. All vaccines except OPV are given by injection. The
programme includes administration of about 200 million injections each year covering about 5.5 lakhs
sites in the various urban as well as rural parts including remote/outreach locations of India. The
vaccination practice of the UIP so far involved use of either glass or disposable syringes so far. It has
been decided by the Govt. of India that Auto Disable (AD) syringes would be introduced instead of glass
or disposable syringe to minimize the risk of reuse of syringes that might transmit infections. Although
the introduction of AD syringes would check the possibility of reuse, it would also generate relatively
large quantity of bio-medical waste during the immunization programme. Such waste generated in urban
areas may conveniently be imparted necessary treatment using existing infrastructure for treatment of
bio-medical waste but imparting necessary treatment/disposal to these waste generated at outreach
points is a matter of concern.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has, therefore, prepared guidelines for disposal of biomedical
wastes expected to be generated under UIP. The development of guidelines involved two case
studies conducted in the district of Bulandshahar (Uttar Pradesh) and Alwar (Rajasthan) for a broad
understanding of the immunization system under the UIP and a review of treatment requirements for the
bio-medical waste involved in the UIP vis-à-vis the permitted treatment/disposal options at the various
location and the outreach points.

HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
• A Public Interest Litigation regarding management of hazardous wastes in India was filed in
Hon'ble Supreme Court of India (Reference: CWP No. 657 of 1995). In October 1997, a High-
Powered Committee (HPC), with Prof. M.G.K. Menon as its Chairman, was constituted by
Hon'ble Supreme Court to examine all matters indepth concerning hazardous waste
management and to give a report and recommendations on fourteen Terms of Reference
(ToR). The HPC submitted its final report in January 2001. The Hon'ble Court considered the
report and passed a detailed and comprehensive order on 14.10.2003. This included, among
other things, several directives to be implemented in a time-bound manner by various
authorities / agencies involved in regulation and management of hazardous wastes in the
country.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), vide afore-said directives, is required to prepare
and issue following guidelines, to be followed by all concerned including State Pollution Control
Boards (SPCBs) / Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) in UTs and the Hazardous Waste
Generating Industries and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal
Facilities:
i) National Policy on Hazardous Waste Management
ii) Guidelines for Transportation of Hazardous Waste
iii) Pre-requisites for Issuing Authorization by the SPCBs/PCCs
iv) Guidelines for Proper Functioning and Upkeep of Disposal Sites
v) Uniform Testing Procedures to be followed by the Labs.
vi) National Policy for HW for Landfill Sites
vii) Guidelines for HW incinerators
Accordingly, Central Board prepared and finalized the guidelines / Policies except the
‘Guidelines for Common Hazardous Waste Incinerators'. The draft prepared on the ‘Guidelines
for Common Hazardous Waste Incinerators' is under finalization and studies have been
initiated for individual incinerators.
Also, in order to carryout inventory on hazardous waste generating industries by the
SPCBs/PCCs as per the directives of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, the Central Board have
prepared guidelines and circulated to all the SPCBs/PCCs.
• According to Hazardous Waste (M & H) Amendment Rules, 2003 notified by the Government
of India dated May 20, 2003, the Central Board has been designated as the authority for grant
of registration to the recyclers or re-processors of hazardous wastes, as per the procedure laid
down under Rule 19 of the HWM Rules. Accordingly, Central Board is presently issuing
registration to the recyclers of hazardous wastes viz used oil/waste oil, non-ferrous metal
wastes listed under Schedule 4 of the HW (M & H) Rules, 2003, having environmentally sound
management facilities. Presently, there are 166 recycling units having valid registration.