TASER Electronic Control Devices Review Of Safety Literature

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0.0 Frequently asked questions........................................................................ 2 0.1 TABLE OF FIGURES .................................................................................... 7 0.2 Table of Tables ............................................................................................. 8 0.3 electrical glossary:....................................................................................... 9 0.4 Heart Rhythm Glossary ............................................................................. 10 1. How do electronic control devices work ............................................... 11 1.1. Summary of Relevant Cardiac Physiology and Pathology............................ 11 1.2. Relevant Electrical Principles.......................................................................... 13 1.3. How Does the ECD Indirectly Capture Muscles ........................................... 14 1.4. The Importance of Pulse Durations ................................................................ 15 1.5. TASER Electronic Control Devices Electrical Characteristics Table............ 17 1.6. The TASER ECD Waveforms ........................................................................... 18 1.7 Selective Nerve Stimulation ............................................................................. 19 Electrical Stimulation of Motor and Sensory Nerves................................................................20 Outline of Selective Stimulation Parameters ............................................................................ 21 Cardiac vs. Muscle Stimulation ................................................................................................. 22 After Effects................................................................................................................................. 22 1.8 The Strength of the Contraction....................................................................... 22 1.9 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 23 2. TASER ECDs Cannot Harm the Heart......................................................... 25 2.1 What is Electrocution...................................................................................... 25 The Rhythms of Cardiac Arrest ................................................................................................. 25 2.2 No Single TASER ECD Pulse Can Induce VF .................................................. 26 Different Duration Definitions..................................................................................................... 26 Cardiac Rhythm Safety Margin Calculations............................................................................ 26 The Urban Myth of “Russian Roulette” ..................................................................................... 27 Urban Myth of Delayed VF......................................................................................................... 28 Safety Margin for a Single Pulse in the Vulnerable Period...................................................... 28 Green Model: 130:1 (X26) and 153:1 (M26) Safety Margins .................................................. 28 Peleska Model: 100:1 (X26) and 118:1 (M26) Safety Margins ............................................... 29 International Safety Standards .................................................................................................. 29 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 29 2.3. Multiple Pulses from the TASER ECD are Inadequate to Induce VF............. 29 Knickerbocker Model: 74:1 Safety Margin................................................................................ 29 Beigelmeier Model: 74:1 Safety Margin.................................................................................... 30 Dalziel Model: 84:1 Safety Margin.............................................................................................30 Comparison to Transcutaneous Pacing.................................................................................... 31 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 31 2.4 Computer Modeling Results ............................................................................. 32 2.5 Animal Study Results ....................................................................................... 32 4
Sensitive Swine ..........................................................................................................................32 Safety Margin for Frontal Hits.................................................................................................... 33 The “Negative” Swine Studies ................................................................................................... 33 Is Ventricular Fibrillation Even an Issue.................................................................................. 35 2.6. Human Studies Show that the TASER ECDs Do Not Affect the Heart .......... 36 There Are No Negative Human or Dog Studies ....................................................................... 36 2.7. Summary of Cardiac Safety Factors ............................................................... 37 2.8 Longer TASER ECD Applications Do Not Cause Arrhythmias ...................... 38 Standards for Long Duration Shocks ........................................................................................39 Experimental Results on Long Duration Shocks...................................................................... 40 2.9. Common Illegal Drugs Do Not Make the ECD More Dangerous ................... 41 Cocaine ....................................................................................................................................... 41 Other Stimulants .........................................................................................................................42 Alcohol......................................................................................................................................... 42 2.10. Acidosis and VF ............................................................................................. 43 2.11 The TASER ECD Cannot Cause Cardiac Electroporation............................. 43 2.12 The TASER ECD Cannot Cause Cardiac or Remote Burns .......................... 44 2.13 Lethal Fainting or Vaso-Vagal Reaction ........................................................ 45 2.14 Emotional Stress as an Indirect Cause of Cardiac Arrest ............................ 46 2.15 No Increased Risk From Multiple Devices..................................................... 47 2.16 Pacemakers and Implantable Defibrillators................................................... 48 3. The Taser ECD Does Not Harm Other Organs........................................... 49 3.1 Breathing ........................................................................................................... 49 3.2. Acidosis ............................................................................................................ 50 3.3. Rhabdomyolysis............................................................................................... 51 3.4. Nerves ............................................................................................................... 52 Laceration Nerve Damage ......................................................................................................... 52 Electroporation Nerve Damage ................................................................................................. 52 Heat or Cauterization Nerve Damage....................................................................................... 53 3.5. Effects on the Brain ......................................................................................... 53 3.6. Eye Injuries ....................................................................................................... 54 3.7 Secondary Effects from Falls ........................................................................... 54 3.8 Spinal Compression Fractures......................................................................... 55 3.9 Overall Injury Profile ......................................................................................... 55 4. Why do some people die while being taken into custody ...................... 57 4.1. Excited Delirium ............................................................................................... 58 Why is There No Insurance Billing Code for “Excited Delirium” ........................................... 59 Position of the National Association of Medical Examiners..................................................... 61 Statement of the U.S. Department of Justice........................................................................... 62 4.2 The Mentally Ill .................................................................................................. 63 5
Page 1 and 2: TASER ® Electronic Control Devices
Page 3: No. Electricity does not build up i
Page 7 and 8: 0.1 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1. The
Page 9 and 10: 0.3 ELECTRICAL GLOSSARY: Current Vo
Page 11 and 12: 1. HOW DO ELECTRONIC CONTROL DEVICE
Page 13 and 14: Table 1. Most common lethal cardiac
Page 15 and 16: Figure 3 TASER X26 peak currents ar
Page 17 and 18: 1.5. TASER Electronic Control Devic
Page 19 and 20: of the X26 has been estimated to be
Page 21 and 22: are easier to stimulate). Large 20-
Page 23 and 24: actually quite moderate. The MVIMC
Page 25 and 26: 2. TASER ECDS CANNOT HARM THE HEART
Page 27 and 28: There are two primary ways to deliv
Page 29 and 30: = 153:1 Peleska Model: 100:1 (X26)
Page 31 and 32: Figure 8. Fibrillating currents as
Page 33 and 34: is able to occasionally cause an ar
Page 35 and 36: Figure 9. Meta-analysis of swine st
Page 37 and 38: have been 2 anecdotes suggesting po
Page 39 and 40: threshold decreases for the first f
Page 41 and 42: Figure 12 (taken from Antoni p 216)
Page 43 and 44: 2.10. Acidosis and VF In a custody-
Page 45 and 46: Therefore the average body temperat
Page 47 and 48: symptom-limited handgrip or cold pr
Page 49 and 50: 3. THE TASER ECD DOES NOT HARM OTHE
Page 51 and 52: this study, the mean venous pH at b
Page 53 and 54: ing.) The 60 µs time constant tend
Page 55 and 56:
3.8 Spinal Compression Fractures Th
Page 57 and 58:
4. WHY DO SOME PEOPLE DIE WHILE BEI
Page 59 and 60:
Not all cases of a syndrome result
Page 61 and 62:
The AMA also does not have a billin
Page 63 and 64:
4.2 The Mentally Ill A significant
Page 65 and 66:
fairly consistent sequence of event
Page 67 and 68:
A press search was performed for th
Page 69 and 70:
4.5 Cluster Analysis Suggests Bias
Page 71 and 72:
person is barricaded in an automobi
Page 73 and 74:
incident, the struggle, etc. would
Page 75 and 76:
stepladder and used his lawn mower
Page 77 and 78:
This model of usage rate versus dep
Page 79 and 80:
6.0 REFERENCES 1. Kroll M. Crafting
Page 81 and 82:
46. Sun H. MODELS OF VENTRICULAR FI
Page 83 and 84:
86. Schwartz AB, Boyle W, Janzen D,
Page 85 and 86:
130. Lakkireddy D, Khasnis A, Anten
Page 87 and 88:
179. Mets B, Jamdar S, Landry D. Th
Page 89 and 90:
229. Levenson JL. High-dose intrave
Page 91 and 92:
278. Amnesty I. United States of Am
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