TASER Electronic Control Devices Review Of Safety Literature

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4.3. Anti-Police Organization Fund-Raising “Studies” are Junk Science. .......... 64 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 64 Causation vs. Correlation........................................................................................................... 64 4.4. Examining (a few of) the Medical Examiners.................................................. 65 4.5 Cluster Analysis Suggests Bias....................................................................... 69 4.6 Logical Errors.................................................................................................... 69 Inverse Causation....................................................................................................................... 69 Stop versus Start Confusion ...................................................................................................... 70 Example of “start-versus-stop” confusion ................................................................................. 70 Some Means All..........................................................................................................................71 Circular Illogical Reasoning on Drugs....................................................................................... 72 4.7 The “Last Straw,” “Over the Edge,” or “Boo!” Causation Theories .............. 72 4.8 Just a Little Bit Longer...................................................................................... 73 4.9 Legal Warnings as a Substitute for Scientific Causation. .............................. 74 4.10 Keeping the Rhythm........................................................................................ 75 5.0 Epidemiology.............................................................................................. 76 5.1 Field Exposure Statistics.................................................................................. 76 5.2 Training Exposure Statistics ............................................................................ 77 5.3 Mortality Rates .................................................................................................. 78 6.0 References.................................................................................................. 79 6
0.1 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1. The heart has 4 chambers and 4 valves. ............................................ 11 Figure 2. Output waveform of TASER X26 ECD in tissue. The output circuit is designed to deliver a constant charge per pulse. Thus the output current is largely load independent. ................................................................................... 14 Figure 3 TASER X26 peak currents are much lower than those of a strong static shock. The defibrillator pulse is 1 million times longer in duration than the static shock. Used by permission of IEEE Spectrum................................................... 15 Figure 4 The threshold in amperes for the capture of the A-α motor neurons as a function of the pulse duration. Note that narrow pulses require much more current................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 5 The threshold in mJ (millijoules) for the capture of the A-α motor neurons as a function of the pulse duration........................................................ 16 Figure 6 ADVANCED TASER M26 output waveform into a 400 Ω load. Due to the short duty cycle, the net average effective current is < 1 mA compared to the instantaneous peak current of 15 A or more. ..................................................... 19 Figure 7. Normal EKG (electrocardiogram or ECG). The tall spike is the R-wave. The rounded positive humps before and after are the P-wave and T-wave respectively. ....................................................................................................... 27 Figure 8. Fibrillating currents as a function of body weight. Note that the ~2 mA ECD currents are barely off of the zero line. ...................................................... 31 Figure 9. Meta-analysis of swine studies suggest that the risk of VF induction with a chest ECD application is limited to human weights below 30 kg.............. 35 Figure 10. ECD current tends to follow the grain of the skeletal muscles. Very little penetrates the body below the muscles. (Note: this illustration is not to scale, nor does it illustrate the optimal electrical impulse vulnerable probe positions). Used with permission of IEEE Spectrum............................................................ 38 Figure 11. Shorter applications (less than 1 second) require higher current levels to induce VF....................................................................................................... 39 Figure 12. Summary of animal studies show that at a certain time (t 2 which is 0.8- 5 s) the risk of electrocution does not increase with longer durations. ............... 40 Figure 13. Custodial deaths in which an ECD was used are a small part of the overall custodial death cases which are, in turn, a tiny part of the deaths related to illegal drug use. .............................................................................................. 57 7
Page 1 and 2: TASER ® Electronic Control Devices
Page 3 and 4: No. Electricity does not build up i
Page 5: Sensitive Swine ...................
Page 9 and 10: 0.3 ELECTRICAL GLOSSARY: Current Vo
Page 11 and 12: 1. HOW DO ELECTRONIC CONTROL DEVICE
Page 13 and 14: Table 1. Most common lethal cardiac
Page 15 and 16: Figure 3 TASER X26 peak currents ar
Page 17 and 18: 1.5. TASER Electronic Control Devic
Page 19 and 20: of the X26 has been estimated to be
Page 21 and 22: are easier to stimulate). Large 20-
Page 23 and 24: actually quite moderate. The MVIMC
Page 25 and 26: 2. TASER ECDS CANNOT HARM THE HEART
Page 27 and 28: There are two primary ways to deliv
Page 29 and 30: = 153:1 Peleska Model: 100:1 (X26)
Page 31 and 32: Figure 8. Fibrillating currents as
Page 33 and 34: is able to occasionally cause an ar
Page 35 and 36: Figure 9. Meta-analysis of swine st
Page 37 and 38: have been 2 anecdotes suggesting po
Page 39 and 40: threshold decreases for the first f
Page 41 and 42: Figure 12 (taken from Antoni p 216)
Page 43 and 44: 2.10. Acidosis and VF In a custody-
Page 45 and 46: Therefore the average body temperat
Page 47 and 48: symptom-limited handgrip or cold pr
Page 49 and 50: 3. THE TASER ECD DOES NOT HARM OTHE
Page 51 and 52: this study, the mean venous pH at b
Page 53 and 54: ing.) The 60 µs time constant tend
Page 55 and 56: 3.8 Spinal Compression Fractures Th
Page 57 and 58:
4. WHY DO SOME PEOPLE DIE WHILE BEI
Page 59 and 60:
Not all cases of a syndrome result
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The AMA also does not have a billin
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4.2 The Mentally Ill A significant
Page 65 and 66:
fairly consistent sequence of event
Page 67 and 68:
A press search was performed for th
Page 69 and 70:
4.5 Cluster Analysis Suggests Bias
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person is barricaded in an automobi
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incident, the struggle, etc. would
Page 75 and 76:
stepladder and used his lawn mower
Page 77 and 78:
This model of usage rate versus dep
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6.0 REFERENCES 1. Kroll M. Crafting
Page 81 and 82:
46. Sun H. MODELS OF VENTRICULAR FI
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86. Schwartz AB, Boyle W, Janzen D,
Page 85 and 86:
130. Lakkireddy D, Khasnis A, Anten
Page 87 and 88:
179. Mets B, Jamdar S, Landry D. Th
Page 89 and 90:
229. Levenson JL. High-dose intrave
Page 91 and 92:
278. Amnesty I. United States of Am
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