Verticillium & Spinach: - Washington State University
Verticillium & Spinach: - Washington State University
Verticillium & Spinach: - Washington State University
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
<strong>Verticillium</strong> & <strong>Spinach</strong>:<br />
Identification of Effective Seed<br />
Treatments<br />
2009 International <strong>Spinach</strong> Conference, 11-12 November 2009,<br />
Fayetteville, AR<br />
Lindsey du Toit, Mike Derie, Louise Brissey,<br />
Barbara Holmes, & Emily Gatch<br />
<strong>Washington</strong> <strong>State</strong> <strong>University</strong> Mount Vernon NWREC
Earlier investigations into <strong>Verticillium</strong><br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
associated with spinach seed<br />
Prevalence of<br />
<strong>Verticillium</strong> in spinach<br />
seed lots<br />
Pathogenicity of seed<br />
isolates to spinach<br />
Seed-to-seed<br />
transmission<br />
Seed treatments (hot<br />
water, chlorine,<br />
fungicides)<br />
Plant Disease 89:4-11; Plant Disease 89:1305-1312; PDMR 1:ST003
2008-09 Research<br />
Assess efficacy of spinach seed treatments<br />
for management of seedborne V. dahliae<br />
1. Reduce incidence of seed infected/infested<br />
2. Reduce rate of seed<br />
transmission<br />
3. Reduce rate of soil<br />
infestation from planting<br />
infested seed<br />
du Toit et al. 2009. PDMR 3:ST020
Materials & Methods<br />
Conventional fungicide treatments Organic treatments<br />
Trade name Active ingredient Trade name Active ingredient<br />
Control Colorant Seedgard Steam treatment<br />
Mertect<br />
Farmore D300 +<br />
Mertect 340F<br />
Topsin<br />
340F Thiabendazole ACX801 Proprietary<br />
Mefenoxam + fludioxonil<br />
+ azoxystrobin +<br />
thiabendazole<br />
ACX802 Proprietary<br />
M 70WP Thiophanate-methyl ACX803 Proprietary<br />
BAS595 XG F Triticonazole ACX804 Proprietary<br />
Vortex Ipconazole Experimental I Organic disinfectant<br />
Coronet 200 ml Boscalid<br />
+<br />
pyraclostrobin<br />
Coronet 400 ml Boscalid<br />
Thiram<br />
Captan<br />
+<br />
pyraclostrobin<br />
Experimental II Organic disinfectant +<br />
Trichoderma<br />
harzianum<br />
Seed Support I Proprietary<br />
42-S Thiram Seed Support II Proprietary<br />
400C Captan Incotec<br />
I Proprietary<br />
Incotec II Proprietary
Application of a pesticide to a crop or site that<br />
is not on the label is a violation of pesticide law<br />
and may subject the applicator to civil penalties<br />
up to $7,500.<br />
In addition, such an application may also result<br />
in illegal residues that could subject the crop to<br />
seizure or embargo action by WSDA and/or the<br />
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.<br />
It is your responsibility to check the label<br />
before using the product to ensure lawful use<br />
and obtain all necessary permits in advance.
Materials & Methods<br />
After seed treatment:<br />
1. AOSA blotter germination assay<br />
2. Freeze-blotter seed health assay<br />
3. Seed transmission assay
% seed with <strong>Verticillium</strong> dahliae<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Results: % Seed with <strong>Verticillium</strong><br />
a<br />
Control<br />
a<br />
ACX802<br />
ab<br />
ACX801<br />
abc bc<br />
Coronet 200 ml<br />
Vortex<br />
cd<br />
(du Toit et al., 2009. Plant Dis. Mgmt Rep. 3:ST020)<br />
Coronet 400 ml<br />
ACX804<br />
Exp. I<br />
Incotec I<br />
Conventional<br />
Organic<br />
d de ef ef ef g fg<br />
ACX803<br />
Incotec II<br />
Exp. II<br />
Captan 400C<br />
gh<br />
Thiram 42-S<br />
hi<br />
Seed Support I<br />
Seed Support II<br />
ij kl ij kl l l<br />
Seedgard<br />
BAS 595 XGF<br />
Mertect 340F<br />
Farm.D300+Mertect<br />
Topsin M70WP
% seed with Stemphylium botryosum<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Results: % Seed with S. botryosum<br />
ab<br />
Control<br />
Conventional<br />
Organic<br />
bc bc<br />
ACX802<br />
ACX801<br />
ijkl<br />
Coronet 200 ml<br />
bc<br />
Vortex<br />
gh<br />
jklm<br />
Coronet 400 ml<br />
ACX804<br />
de<br />
(du Toit et al., 2009. Plant Dis. Mgmt Rep. 3:ST020)<br />
Exp. I<br />
hi<br />
Incotec I<br />
cd<br />
ACX803<br />
hi<br />
Incotec II<br />
efg fg<br />
Exp. II<br />
Captan 400C<br />
hij<br />
Thiram 42-S<br />
m lm klm<br />
Seed Support I<br />
Seed Support II<br />
Seedgard<br />
def<br />
BAS 595 XGF<br />
ab<br />
Mertect 340F<br />
ijk<br />
Farm.D300+Mertect<br />
a<br />
Topsin M70WP
% Seed germination<br />
Results: % Seed germination (at 14 d)<br />
90<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
a-d<br />
Control<br />
ACX802<br />
ACX801<br />
Coronet 200 ml<br />
Vortex<br />
Coronet 400 ml<br />
ACX804<br />
Exp. I<br />
Incotec I<br />
ACX803<br />
Incotec II<br />
e<br />
Exp. II<br />
Captan 400C<br />
Thiram 42-S<br />
Seed Support I<br />
Seed Support II<br />
Seedgard<br />
Conventional<br />
Organic<br />
BAS 595 XGF<br />
Mertect 340F<br />
Farm.D300+Mertect<br />
Topsin M70WP
Results: Component seed health assay<br />
Sterilization<br />
(1.2% NaOCl)<br />
% infected with <strong>Verticillium</strong><br />
Pericarps Embryos<br />
None (rinsed) 50* 51*<br />
30 seconds 46 74<br />
60 seconds 34 29<br />
* Non-sterilized pericarps & embryos heavily colonized by<br />
Alternaria & Stemphylium
Non-sterilized pericarp<br />
30 sec sterilized embryo<br />
30 sec sterilized pericarp
30 sec sterilized embryo<br />
Non-sterilized embryo<br />
Stemphylium<br />
botryosum on/in<br />
embryos
Results: Location of infection of seedlings<br />
• Seedlings in sterile<br />
sand sampled weekly<br />
(7-28 days > planting)<br />
• Surface-sterilized,<br />
cut into 15 mm-long<br />
sections, & plated on<br />
NP-10 agar<br />
• <strong>Verticillium</strong> found<br />
as early as 7 days<br />
after planting<br />
• On main root ~ 10-<br />
20 mm behind root tip<br />
• Not in crown,<br />
cotyledons, leaves in<br />
1st 4 weeks
Results:<br />
Seed transmission assay
CFUs of <strong>Verticillium</strong> dahliae/100 plants<br />
250000<br />
200000<br />
150000<br />
100000<br />
50000<br />
0<br />
Control<br />
Results: Seed transmission assay<br />
ab<br />
ACX802<br />
ACX801<br />
Coronet 200 ml<br />
Vortex<br />
abcd<br />
Coronet 400 ml<br />
ACX804<br />
a bcd<br />
Exp. I<br />
Incotec I<br />
ACX803<br />
Incotec II<br />
abcd<br />
Exp. II<br />
abc<br />
abc<br />
Captan 400C<br />
Thiram 42-S<br />
abc<br />
Seed Support I<br />
cde<br />
def<br />
efg<br />
Seed Support Support Support Support II<br />
Seedgard Seedgard Seedgard Seedgard<br />
Conventional<br />
Organic<br />
Not evaluated Not evaluated g<br />
(du Toit et al., 2009. Plant Dis. Mgmt Rep. 3:ST020)<br />
BAS 595 XGF<br />
Mertect 340F<br />
fg<br />
Farm.D300+Mertect<br />
Topsin M70WP<br />
g
Discussion<br />
• <strong>Verticillium</strong> on spinach seed:<br />
- 7 treatments reduced to
Acknowledgements<br />
Puget Sound Seed Growers’ Association<br />
American Seed Trade Association<br />
California Leafy Greens Research Board<br />
WA <strong>State</strong> Commission for Pesticide Registration<br />
Alfred Christianson Endowment<br />
Participating seed & chemical companies
Change language