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Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 39(1), pp. 27-34, 2007.
Biodiversity of Butterflies from Districts Kotli,
Mirpur and Bhimber, Azad Kashmir
MUHAMMAD RAFIQUE KHAN, MUHAMMAD ATHER RAFI, M. MUNIR,
SHOUKAT HUSSAIN, MIRZA WASIM BAIG AND M. WAHEED KHAN
University College of Agriculture, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan (MRK, MM, SH, MWB), Insect Pest
Management Institute, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan (MAR) and Department of
Computer Sciences, Azad Jammu and Kashmir University, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan (MWK)
Abstract.- The adult butterflies were collected from 7 localities of district Kotli, 10 localities of district Mirpur
and 10 localities from district Bhimber throughout the year 2000 ( from Kotli) and 1999 (from Mirpur and Bhimber).
A total of 16 species from Kotli, 20 species from Mirpur and 19 species from Bhimber belonging to 7 families and 30
genera were collected. Diversity was calculated by using the Shannon-Wiener's diversity index along with its
equitability component, Margalef’s index, Simpson's index and Nakmura's R1 index. The calculated values of
diversity indices showed that from Kotli, lowest diversity was calculated from Sensah and Dongi and highest diversity
was calculated from Fateh Pur, Khuiretta and Holar. From Mirpur, the lowest diversity was calculated from Khari
Sharif and Mangla where as the highest diversity was calculated from Mirpur city and Islam Garh. From Bhimber, the
lowest diversity was calculated from Bernala, Kot Jamel and Kadala, where as the highest diversity was calculated
from Chumb, Berhing and Choki. None of the species reported to be threatened to become extinct nor any species
reported to be favoured by enriched flora. The richness, evenness and abundance were found to be normal in the
surveyed area.
Key words: Biodiversity of butterflies, diversity indices, abundance of butterflies, Azad Kashmir.
INTRODUCTION
Butterflies are regarded as the symbol of
beauty and grace since the dawn of the time and are
best known insect due to their diurnal habitats and
are readily recognized by their bright colours,
shapes and graceful flights, which give pleasure to
everyone (Oven, 1971; Dal, 1978). Butterflies are
found almost in every part of the world where ever
the flowering plants are found; inhabiting even very
high altitudes except Arctic and Antarctic and
mountainous which are covered with perpetual snow
and glaciers (Hassan, 1997). Systematically the
butterflies have been studied since 18th century and
19,238 species had been documented by 1998
(Heppner, 1998) world wide. This figure is not
constant because of the continuous discovery of new
butterflies (Gooden, 1977; Stokoe, 1974; Alatolo,
1981; Green and Huang, 1998; Roberts, 2001) but
the fauna of the area under study is not well
documented and the biodiversity of the butterflies
from the area under study was never calculated
0030-9923/2007/0001-0027 $ 8.00/0
Copyright 2007 Zoological Society of Pakistan.
before except a few attempts such as Khan et al.
(2003, 2004) and Rafi et al. (2000) and this is the
first attempt to calculate the distributional diversity,
which will be continuously monitored with the
passage of time to observe any changes in the biodiversity
of butterflies in this area of Azad Kashmir.
Biological diversity or biodiversity is
important scientifically, socially, economically,
educationally, culturally, aesthetically and
recreationally and it is the one of the major features
of the animal communities (Kempton and Tailor,
1976; Kempton, 1979; Kempton and Wedderburn,
1978; Maguran, 1988). It is the number of species
present and their numerical composition. Diversity
is the niche time stability dependent (Bowman, et
al., 1971; McIntosh, 1967; Pielou, 1966, 1969,
1975) which means if a large number of niche is
present it will support higher diversity (Begon et al.,
1966; Maguran, 1988; Rosenzweig, 1978; Sanders,
1978). Generally homogeneous conditions yield low
diversity whereas heterogeneous conditions yield
higher diversity (Begon et al., 1966; May, 1975;
Maguran, 1988).
Diversity indices are a measure of a way in

28
M.R. KHAN ET AL.
which individuals in an ecological community are
distributed among the species (Roultledge, 1979). A
co-efficient of diversity is a convenient way of
demonstrating the variety of species present in a
habitat or a sample and the abundance of the
individuals within the species (McArthur, 1965).
The measure of the diversity of the fauna will
represent the number and the available niches
present in the environment. If niche heterogeneity is
great, it will support a more diverse fauna and thus
will result in a higher coefficient or index of
diversity in that area or habitat (Gray, 1980).
Azad Jammu and Kashmir is the librated part
of the state of Jammu-Kashmir. It has an area of
13397 sq Km and only 13% area is cultivated. It is
situated between longitude 73-75 and latitude 39-37.
Average rainfall is approximately 150cm annually.
The topography is mainly hilly and mountainous
with valleys and plains in some places. Azad
Jammu and Kashmir consists of 7 districts: namely:
Muzzafarabad, Bagh, Poonch, Sudhnoti, Mirpur,
Kotli and Bhimber.
The present study of exploring the butterfly
fauna and to calculate the diversity of butterflies
from Azad Kashmir was started in 1998 and
diversity of butterflies from 4 districts have already
been published elsewhere (Khan et al., 2003, 2004).
The present study of exploring the butterflies fauna
and calculation of diversity from district Kotli,
Mirpur and Bhimber was started in 1999 and
completed in 2000.
the use of aerial nets and searching and picking
method. The maximum number of specimens was
collected because for the calculation of diversity
abundance and richness both are needed. The
collected specimens were brought to the laboratory
and identified. Total number of specimens collected
from district Kotli were 969 (Table II), from district
Mirpur 2235 (Table IV) and from district Bhimber
1708 (Table VI).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The specimens were collected from 7
localities of district Kotli namely: Holar, Sensah,
Sarsawa, Kotli city, Fateh Pur, Khuiretta and Dongi
(Fig. 1) in 1999 and 10 localities from district
Mirpur namely: Dudial, Palak, Chak Sawari, Islam
Garh, Mirpur city, Mangla, Jatlan, Jery Kas and
Afzal Pur in 2001 and 10 localities from district
Bhimber namely: Samahni, Choki, Mnghloora,
Pindi Chunja, Bhimber city, Berhing, Kadala,
Barnala, Kot Jamel and Chumb (Fig. 1) in 2000.
The localities were visited fortnightly from
mid March to the end of October. All the efforts
were made to collect the maximum specimens from
each locality by using different methods, such as,
Fig. 1. Map of Districts Kotli, Mirpur and
Bhimber, Azad Kashmir showing the sampled
sites.
The rank lists were prepared from each
locality of each district by the help of which the
diversity indices were calculated. A collective rank
list along with the lists of taxa collected from each
locality of each district was also prepared (Tables II,
IV, VI). To calculate the diversity of the butterflies
4 diversity indices were used namely: Shannon-
Wiener's diversity index (Shannon and Wiener,
1963) along with its equitability component,

BUTTERFLIS OF AZAD KASHMIR 29
Margalef’s index (Margalef, 1968, 1969), Simpson's
index (Simpson, 1949) and Nakamura's RI index
(Nakamura and Toshima, 1995, 1999).
The form of the Shannon-Wiener' s diversity
index used is H= -I (pi)log 2 pi), where, "pi" is the
proportion with in the sample of the number of the
individuals of "ith" species and it is denoted by
"ni/N", where, "ni" is the total number of
individuals. But the form of the index used in the
present study is: H=C {log 10 N-1/N∑(nrlog 10 nr)},
where "N" is the total number of the individuals,
"nr" is the rank abundance in "ith" species and "C"
is the conversion factor from log 2 to log 10 .
The form of the Shannon's equitability used
is: J=H/H max , where, "H" is the Shannon- Wiener's
diversity index and "H max " is the log 2 of "S", where,
"S" is the total number of species in the sample.
Shannon's equitability is derived from its
diversity index and it is the ratio between the actual
diversity of the sample and maximum diversity
which occurs when all the species are equally
abundant.
The form of the Margalef’s index used is:
D=S-1/LogeN, where "S" is the number of species
and "N" is the total number of individuals.
The Simpson's index used is D=I-∑(pi) 2
where, "pi" proportion of "ith" species and is
calculated as "ni/N", where, "ni" is the number of
individuals in "ith" species and "N" is the total
number of individuals in the sample but the form of
the index used in the present study is: D=∑[ni(ni-
1/N(N-I)], where, "ni" is the number of individuals
in "ith" species and "N" is the total number of
individuals in the sample.
The last index used is RI index (Nakamura,
1995, 1999). The form of the index used is
RI=∑Ri/S(M-l), where "S" is the number of
investigated species of insects, "M" is the number of
rank of abundance (0,1,2,3,.. .M-l) and "Ri" is the
rank value of "ith" species in the sample.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During the present study, 4 diversity indices
were used. The first index used is the Shannon-
Wiener's diversity index (Shannon-Wiener, 1963).
This index is distribution dependent and suffers
least from criticism of validity in biological data
(Gray, 1980).
The calculated values of this index at district
Kotli ranged from 2.145 (Dongi)-3.29 (Sarsawa).
Remaining all the stations yielded the values in
between above mentioned values. Most of the sites
yielded the values near the 3.2 (Holar, Kotli city,
Fateh Pur and Khuiretta) (Table I).
The calculated values of this index from
Mirpur yielded the lowest values at Khari Sharif
(3.135) and highest values 3.75 at Mirpur city (3.75)
and Islam Garh (3.70) where as remaining all the
stations yielded the values between them 3.2
(Mangla) - 3.60 (Afzal Pur) (Table III).
The calculated values of this index from
different localities of district Bhimber ranged from
2.97 (Barnala) - 3.75 (Berhing) and remaining all
the stations yielded the values between these values
(Table V).
The calculated values showed that butterflies
are well distributed almost at all the localities of
these three districts of Azad Kashmir. However, the
more densely vegetated sites yielded slightly higher
diversity values and barren and less vegetated areas
yielded slightly lower diversity values.
The Shannon's equitability's calculated values
from district Kotli ranged from 0.707 (Dongi) -
0.903 (Sarsawa) and remaining all the sites yielded
the values between these two (Table I). Whereas
from Mirpur district the lowest equitability values
were obtained from Mangla (0.785) and
Chakasawary (0.717) and the highest equitability
values were obtained from Islam Garh (0.905)
(Table III). Remaining all the sites yielded the
equitability values ranged from 0.785 to 0.905.
The calculated values of Shannon's
equitability index from district Bhimber ranged
from 0.781 (Barnala) to 0.910 (Choki). Remaining
all the sites yielded the values in between these two
(Table V), which means the equitability of the
butterflies from all the three districts of Azad
Kashmir is not very much different from each other.
The calculated values of Shannon-Wiener' s
diversity index very much coincide with the values
of Shannon's equitability which means the evenness,
richness and abundance of butterflies from all the
localities of the sampled districts support normal
distribution and none of the above sampled stations
showed disturbed communities, because the values

30
M.R. KHAN ET AL.
of Shannon's diversity index in perturbed situations
is usually more than 4.5 (Pieloul, 1966, 1969, 1975).
Table I. Calculated values of diversity indices from different localities of District Kotli, Azad Kashmir.
S.No.
Name of place
Shannon-Wiener’s
index (H’)
Shannon’s
Equitability J’
Margalef’s
index (d)
Simpson’s index
D 1-D 1/D
R1 Index
1 Holar 3.278 0.754 2.078 0.087 0.912 11.422 0.600
2 Sensah 2.74 0.711 2.521 0.134 0.865 7.440 0.571
3 Sarsawah 3.298 0.903 2.464 0.1 06 0.893 9.400 0.583
4 Kotli City 3.199 0.874 2.450 0.123 0.876 8.101 0.583
5 Fateh Pur 3.278 0.827 2.557 0.152 0.847 6.578 0.583
6 Khuiretta 3.274 0.832 2.216 0.143 0.856 6.944 0.590
7 Dongi 2.415 0.707 2.378 0.162 0.834 6.142 0.600
Table II.-
The collective rank list along with the list of Taxa collected from different localities of District Kotli, Azad
Kashmir.
Rank Name of Taxa Abundance Sarsawa Sensah Holar Kotli
city
Khuiretta Nikyal Dongi
1 Pieris brassicae 229 17 70 14 33 41 35 19
2 Papilio philoxenus 173 27 41 13 20 31 25 16
3 Gonepteryx rhamni 113 13 29 15 17 19 11 9
4 Argynnis kamala 79 9 19 13 12 14 7 5
5 Argynnis hyperbius, 67 12 15 18 9 6 5 2
6 Colias erate 64 13 19 11 12 - 9 -
7 Pontia daplidice 47 9 18 - 9 6 5 -
8 Vanessa cardui 43 - 10 9 6 8 7 3
9 Papilio machaon 41 4 15 10 - 6 - 6
10 Danaus chrysippus 31 12 - 9 6 - 3 1
11 Catopsila crocale 26 9 6 - 4 3 1 3
12 Colias electo 19 - 7 6 - 4 1 1
13 Colias fieldi 17 3 4 5 - 2 3 -
14 Aglais urticae 12 1 2 - 4 3 - 2
15 Phalantha phalantha 6 1 2 - 1 - 2 -
16 Papilio polyctor 2 - 1 - 1 - - -
No of Individuals ∑N=969 N=130 N=258 N=123 N=134 N=143 N= 109 N=67
No of Species 13 15 11 13 12 13 11
Table III.
Calculated values of diversity indices from different localities of District Mirpur, Azad Kasmir.
S.No.
Name of place
Shannon-Wiener’s
index (H)
Shannon’s
Equitability J’
Margalef’s
index (d)
Simpson’s index
D 1-D 1/D
R1 Index
1 Dudia1 3.431 0.822 2.925 0.127 0.872 7.818 0.558
2 Pa1ak 3.374 0.830 2.667 0.114 0.885 8.733 0.566
3 Chaksawari 3.454 0.717 3.022 0.099 0.900 10.010 0.566
4 Mirpur city 3.754 0.900 3.015 0.088 0.911 11.286 0.558
5 Mang1a 3.210 0.785 3.119 0.167 0.833 5.988 0.562
6 Afza1 Pur 3.600 0.880 2.780 0.094 0.905 10.593 0.562
7 Jery Kas 3.472 0.888 2.748 0.1 05 0.894 9.451 0.571
8 KhariSharif 3.135 0.802 2.779 0.155 0.844 6.430 0.571
9 Aka1 Garh 3.324 0.872 2.868 0.116 0.884 8.620 0.576

BUTTERFLIS OF AZAD KASHMIR 31
10 Islam Garh 3.700 0.905 2,797 0.082 0.918 12.195 0.562
Table IV.-
The collective rank list along with the list of Taxa collected from localities of District Kotli, Azad Kashmir.
Rank
Name of Taxa
Abundance
Dudial
Mangla
Mirpur city
Khari Sharif
Akal Garh
Islam Garh
Chak Sawari
Palak
Jari Kas
Afzal Pur
1 Pieris brassicae 491 99 61 45 49 23 35 30 61 36 52
2 Junonia orithya 312 40 21 35 25 15 40 21 41 23 51
3 Colias erate 214 31 11 24 16 11 30 14 36 14 27
4
Danaus
200 25 14 30 9 4 35 12 27 14 30
chrysippus
5 Pontia daplidice 160 21 11 20 12 5 27 10 21 13 20
6 Pieris canidia 159 19 9 17 13 9 21 11 19 14 27
7 Danaus genutia 141 20 10 19 7 6 17 9 21 12 20
8 Eurema hecabe 121 15 9 17 6 3 21 7 14 10 19
9 Papilio polytes 90 17 5 14 3 - 19 5 11 6 10
10 Pieris rapae 82 6 2 11 - 5 21 6 9 3 19
11 Pieris ajaka 73 12 3 15 6 - 12 3 6 2 14
12
Papilio
61 9 3 11 2 3 11 7 5 - 10
demoleus
13 Colias fieldi 50 7 3 9 - 2 7 4 - 7 11
14 Graphium
31 6 - 5 2 - 5 2 3 5 3
cloanthus
15 Vanessa cardui 19 3 1 4 - 5 2 1 1 2 -
16 Papilio polyctor 12 2 1 3 1 1 - - 1 2 -
17 Papilio
9 - 3 1 2 - 1 1 - - 1
machaon
18 Euthalia garuda 5 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1
19 Ariadne merione 3 1 - 1 - - - - - - 1
20 Danaus
limniace
2 1 - - - 1 - - - - -
No of
∑N=2235 N=334 N=168 N=281 N=154 N=93 N=305 N=143 N=277 N=163 N=316
Individuals
No of Species 18 17 18 15 13 17 16 16 15 17
Table V.
Calculated values of diversity indices from different localities of district Bhimber, Azad Kasmir.
S.No.
Name of place
Shannon-Wiener’s
index (H)’
Shannon’s
Equitability J’
Margalef’s
index (d)
Simpson’s index
D 1-D 1/D
R1 Index
1 Pindi Chunja 3.460 0.885 3.151 0.110 0.889 9.041 0.571
2 Chumb 3.638 0.856 3.253 0.099 0.900 10.060 0.555
3 Kot J amil 3.166 0.883 2.278 0.126 0.874 7.936 0.590
4 Barnalah 2.977 0.781 2.612 0.163 0.836 6.116 0.576
5 Samahni 3.009 0.790 2.423 0.156 0.843 6.397 0.673
6 Berhing 3.754 0.900 3.016 0.087 0.913 11.494 0.556
7 Choki 3.643 0.910 2.739 0.087 0.913 11.494 0.566
8 Bhimber city 3.325 0.873 2.426 0.116 0.883 8.583 0.576
9 Mangloora 3.428 0.900 3.116 0.094 0.905 10.559 0.583
10 Kadalah 3.004 0.788 2.903 0.165 0.834 6.049 0.673

32
M.R. KHAN ET AL.
Table VI.-
The collective rank list along with the list of Taxa collected from different localities of District Bhimber, Azad
Kashmir.
Rank
Name of Taxa
Abundance
Berhing
Choki
Bhimber city
Samahni
Chumb
Bernala
Kot Jamal
Pindi
Chunja
Mangloora
Kadala
1 Pieris brassicae 340 49 37 45 51 45 37 25 13 11 27
2
Danuas
252 31 19 25 45 35 36 21 11 9 20
chrysippus
3 Colias erate 216 35 16 35 41 39 21 14 5 7 3
4 Colias electo 172 19 21 17 26 26 17 15 14 8 9
5 Peris ajaka 140 26 17 21 13 13 9 21 11 9 -
6
Danuas
95 21 19 23 9 5 4 5 2 - 7
limniace
7 Junonia orithya 88 13 24 11 3 19 - 7 9 2 -
8 Pontia daplidice 66 5 31 9 - 7 5 - 5 3 1
9
Papilio
61 17 15 - 5 5 4 3 - 5 7
demoleus
10 Pieris rapae 47 15 11 5 - 9 3 - 1 3 -
11
Papilio
41 11 13 - 5 3 - 4 2 - 3
machaon
12 Pieris canidia 42 10 6 6 - 13 2 - 3 - 2
13 Danaus genutia 31 9 - 3 2 11 1 2 - 3 -
14 Catopsila
29 6 - 7 5 4 - - 3 - 4
pomana
15 Eurema hecabe 27 - 2 3 - 8 - 7 4 2 1
16 Papilio polytes 24 6 - - 5 7 2 - 1 1 2
17 Ariadne merione 19 5 4 - 3 2 2 1 - 1 1
18 Euthalia garuda 12 3 2 2 1 1 2 - 1 - -
19 Satyrus spp. 6 1 2 - - 1 - - - 1 1
No of
∑N=1708 N=282 N=239 N=212 N=214 N=253 N=145 N=125 N=85 N=65 N=88
Individuals
No of Species 18 16 14 14 19 14 12 15 14 14
The calculated values of Margalef’s index
from Kotli ranged from 2.078 (Holar) 2.55 (Fateh
Pur). Remaining all the localities yielded the
diversity values in between these two, indicating
that richness was slightly higher at Fateh Pur and
was slightly lower at Holar (Table I). The yielded
values of this index from all the localities visited
indicate that there was no any big difference in the
richness of butterflies in these districts.
The calculated values of Margalef’s index
from district Mirpur ranged from 2.66 (Palak) to
3.02 (Chwawari). Remaining all the station yielded
this index values from 2.77 to 3.01 (Table III),
indicating that richness of butterflies from all the
sites of this district did not show much difference in
the butterflies' distribution.
The calculated values of Margalef’s index
from district Bhimber ranged from 2.27 sites (Kot
Jamil) to 3.25 (Chumb). Remaining all the yielded
the diversity values ranging from 2.42 to 3.01
(Table V). Indicating that species richness was
slightly lower at Kot Jamil and slightly higher at
Chumb.
The calculated values of Simpson's index (D)
at district Kotli ranged from 0.087 (Holar) to 0.162
(Dongi). The calculated values of Simposon's index
(I-D) ranged from 0.834 (Dongi) to 0.912 (Holar).
The calculated values of this index (I/D) ranged

BUTTERFLIS OF AZAD KASHMIR 33
from 6.142 (Dongi) to 11.499 (Holar) (Table I).
The Simpson's index is sampled size
dependent and values decrease with the increase in
sample size. Therefore, its reciprocal from I-D or
I/D is usually used in ecological data, which
indicates that the calculated values of index
increases with increasing diversity (James and
Shugart, 1970).
During the present study, both the reciprocal
forms of the index were used and calculated values
(D) of this index from district Mir Pur ranged from
0.082, 0.088 (Islamgaragh and Mirpur City
respectively) to 0.155 (Khari Sharif). The calculated
values of I-D, ranged from 0.833 (Mangla) to 0.918
(Islam Garh). The calculated values of I/D ranged
from 6.430 (Chechian) to 11.286 (Mirpur city)
which indicates that species abundance was highest
at Mirpur City and was lowest at Khari Sharif. The
calculated values of Simpson's index (D) at sites of
district Bhimber ranged from 0.087 (Berhring and
Choki respectively) to 0.165 (Kadala).
The calculated values of I-D ranged from
0.834 (Kadala) to 0.913 (Bhering and Choki
respectively). The calculated values of I/D ranged
from 6.049 (Kadala) to 11.494 (Berhing and Choki,
respectively). The highest abundance was obtained
from, Berhing and Choki, and lowest abundance
was obtained from Kadala. Berhing and Choki are
adjacent sites to each other and the flora of both the
sites is almost the same. The highest abundance
obtained is due to dense flowering plants.
The last index used is R1 index of Nakamura
(Nakamura and Toshima, 1995, 1999). The index
shows the number of species and individuals in the
sampled area. If the calculated values go near to 1 it
indicates that more and more species and
individuals are recorded from the area.
The calculated values of this index from Kotli
ranged from 0.0575 (Sensah) to 0.600 (Holar and
Dongi, respectively). Remaining all the stations
yielded the values between these values (Table I),
indicating that the number of species and
individuals is not very much different at all the
sampled sites of this district.
The calculated values of RI from Mirpur
district ranged from 0.558 (Dudial) to 0.571
(Jerykas and Khari Sharif) (Table III).
The calculated values of RI index from all the
sites of district Bhimber ranged from 0.555
(Chumb) to 0.673 (Kadala and Samahani) (Table
V).
The calculated values of all indices from all
the sampled sited of district Kotli, Mirpur and
Bhimber showed that despite the big difference in
the total number of individuals there was not a big
difference in diversity of butterflies in the area
under the present study.
The present study is the first study of this
type in the area. Therefore, it is very difficult to say
whether any species is supported by the enriched
flora or any species is at the verge of extinction.
Therefore, it is suggested that the area under
present study should be continuously monitored to
observe any changes in the diversity of the
butterflies, because the changes in the diversity can
only be observed through continuous monitoring
and comparing the data of very year.
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(Received 28 July 2004, revised 30 November 2005)