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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope-based model for ecoregions for the the nationwide ecosystem management of Japan 25 the exceedingly high mean proximity index of the Tertiary Mountains and Hills class thus making it the most connected single patch of all regions (Fig. 2e). Analysis on the landscape level shows strong patch size heterogeneity and strongest connectivity among all regions (Table 1). 3.1.4 Region D – Hokkaido Interestingly, the land percentage of all physiotope classes in Hokkaido is almost similar to NE Japan, the only difference being the absence of Mesozoic Granite Mountains in Hokkaido. Hokkaido is characterized by fragmented coarse grain size with relatively low connectivity which is distributed unevenly across the region, particularly Paleozoic-Mesozoic Mountains and Tertiary Mountains and Hills (Fig. 2a-2f). Analysis on a landscape level shows that this region has the biggest mean patch size, lowest patch size heterogeneity, very low connectivity and most fragmented patches (Table 1). 4. Discussion Landscape compostion of physiotope classes among the geological regions vary. Inner Zone of SW Japan consists of older terranes, volcanic landforms and the highest percentage of Mesozoic granite rocks formed around 150 million years ago. Both NE Japan and Hokkaido consist mainly of newer terranes of Tertiary mountains (formed around 20 million years ago) and Quaternary terranes (Fig. 2a). Jurassic accretionary prisms occupied the largest area of the pre- Neogene basement rock of SW Japan when igneous activity and regional metamorphism was most intensive. But during the Neogene era, Neogene sedimentary basins were formed only in certain parts of SW Japan while the entire of NE Japan and Hokkaido were covered with Neogene strata. During the Pleistocene-Holocene period, uppermost Pleistocene and Holocene strata formed extensive Quaternary plains in NE Japan and Hokkaido, while forming a majority of small and narrow plains in SW Japan (Kimura, Hayami & Yoshida 1991). The late Quaternary was also characterized by major changes in species distribution and composition of biotic communities (Delcourt & Delcourt 1988).The Outer Zone of SW Japan is unique both in landscape composition and configuration, being dominated by Paleozoic-Mesozoic Mountains. In terms of physiotope class configuration, Inner Zone of SW Japan has the most complicated mosaic with small, non-contiguous, independent patches distributed all across the region. NE Japan is unique, characterized by a large, continuous patch of Tertiary Mountain and Hills class type on the Japan Sea side and a solitary Quaternary Plain with Volcanic Ash Soil in the Kanto plains (Fig. 2b-2f). Complexity of landscape mosaics can be linked to the habitat types formed within. The dominant Tertiary mountains and hills patch of NE Japan coincide with the Fagus crenatae (broad-leaved deciduous forest) region's extent (MOE, 1989). Quaternary Plains with volcanic ash soil class type is unique because they are situated next to volcanic regions which supply the debris and being soil originating from tephra, it is among the most productive soil in the world (Shoki & Takahashi, 2002). The ecologically applicability of the results lies in ecoregion delineation of Japan. The 12 climate-influenced ecoregions nested in each geological region display the significance of the Japan Sea, Okhotsk Sea and the Pacific Ocean's influences on each unit and act as the main controlling factor over the physiotope regions (Fig. 1). Even though defining the ecoregions for Japan is not an easy task and will require more extensive study, this physiotope model of ecoregions has potential as a basemap used in conjunction with environmental databases for further refinement of this study and for other research and management purposes. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope-based model for ecoregions for the the nationwide ecosystem management of Japan 26 References Bailey, R.G., 1996. Ecosystem geography. New York: Springer-Verlag: 51-120 Delcourt, H., & Delcourt, P., 2008. Quaternary landscape ecology: Relevant scales in space and time. Landscape Ecology, 2(1): 23-44 Kato, H. 1992, Fossa Magna A masked border region separating southwest and northeast Japan. Bulletin of the Geographical Survey of Japan, 43 (1/2) :1-30 Kimura, T., Hayami, I., Yoshida, S., 1991. Geology of Japan, University of Tokyo Press: 127- 240 McGarigal, K., Marks, B.J., 1994. FRAGSTATS: Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. Reference manual. Forest Science Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon, 134 p. Omernik, J., 2004. Perspective on the nature and the definition of ecological regions. Environmental Management, 34 suppl. 1: S27-S38 Omernik, J.M. & Bailey, R.G., 1997. Distinguishing between watersheds and ecoregion. Journal of American Water Resource Association, 96178: 935-949 Shoji, S., Takahashi, T., 2002. Environmental and agricultural significance of volcanic ash soils. Global Environmental Research, 6(2): 113-135 Wadachi, K. ed. 1974. Kishou no jiten. Tokyo-dou Shuppan: 96 Yoshikawa, T., Kaizuka, S., & Ota, Y., 1981. The Landforms of Japan. University of Tokyo Press: 50 Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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Section 9 Symposia
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Measures of landscape structure as
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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Management and conservation of Medi
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