The Handbook of GeoTest GeoBiax - The Laboratory of Geomaterials

The Handbook of GeoTest GeoBiax 

Georgopoulos Ioannis-Orestis 1 

Vardoulakis Ioannis 2 

October 6, 2005 

1 PhD Student, NTU Athens, Greece 

2 Professor, NTU Athens, Greece

Nobody believes the numerical results, but the numerician himself. 

Everyone believes the experimental results, but the experimentalist.

To my beloved parents and sister 

Sarantos, Panoraia and Eleni

Contents 

Preface 

ix 

1 An overview of the Geobiaxial apparatus 1 

2 The Geobiaxial load frame 3 

2.1 Short Description of the frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

2.2 Overview of the frame controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

2.3 Transducers installed on the frame - External transducers . . 7 

2.3.1 Bongshin CRC-5t-External Load Cell . . . . . . . . . 7 

2.3.2 CDI Displacement Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

3 The GeoLab biaxial apparatus 13 

3.1 Base plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

3.2 Biaxial apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

3.2.1 Linear Voltage Displacement Transducers-RDP-D2-200A 17 

3.2.2 Cell - Pore Pressure lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

3.2.3 Axial stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

3.2.4 Side rigid walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 

3.2.5 Biaxial sled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 

3.3 Biaxial cell house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 

3.4 Biaxial cell house lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 

4 The VJ Tech volume change apparatus (VJT310/SN:0134) 73 

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 

4.2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 

4.3 Control Module Valve Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

4.4 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

5 Triaxial and permeability control column - S5427B 81 

5.1 Functions of components and valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 

5.2 Sample Installation, Application of Cell Pressure . . . . . . . 84 

5.3 Filling the Burettes, Vacuum Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 

5.3.1 Filling the Cap Burettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 

5.3.2 Filling the Pedestal Burettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 

i

5.4 Back Pressure Application, Degree of Saturation . . . . . . . 86 

5.5 Consolidation of Sample, Permeability Measurement . . . . . 87 

5.6 Shearing the Sample, Terminating the Test . . . . . . . . . . 88 

5.7 Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 

6 Acknowledgements 89

List of Figures 

1.1 The biaxial apparatus of Laboratory of Geomaterials in NTU 

Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

2.1 Side view of the Geobiaxial load frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

2.2 The Geobiaxial load frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

2.3 Bongshin load cell calibration certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

2.4 Bongshin load cell calibration certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

2.5 Bongshin calibration certificate, 2004-12-23 . . . . . . . . . . 9 



2.8 Bongshin CRC-5t Load Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

2.9 CDI external displacement transducer on the top of the biaxial 

cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

3.1 Top view of the biaxial apparatus base plate . . . . . . . . . . 14 

3.2 The biaxial apparatus base plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

3.3 The Geobiax apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

3.4 Side and top view of the Geobiax apparatus . . . . . . . . . . 15 

3.5 Sketch of the Geobiax apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

3.6 RDP-D2-200A displacement transducer cable plug . . . . . . 17 

3.7 Top view of the RDP-D2-200A displacement transducer with 

its mounting block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

3.8 RDP-D2-200A-6136 calibration certificate . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

3.9 RDP-D2-200A-6136 calibration certificate, 2005-02-15 . . . . 19 

3.10 RDP-D2-200A-6136 transducer for sled movement . . . . . . 20 


3.12 RDP-D2-200A-6529 transducer for lateral displacement . . . 21 






3.18 RDP-D2-200A-6236 transducer for axial displacement . . . . 25 


iii


3.21 RDP-D2-200A-6397 transducer for axial displacement . . . . 26 







3.28 WF17060-SN780036 Cell pressure transducer calibration certificate 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

3.29 Cell Pressure Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

3.30 RS-T106377 Pedestal pressure transducer calibration certificate 34 

3.31 RS-T117884 Top cap pressure transducer calibration certificate 35 

3.32 RS Pressure Transducers specification spreadsheet . . . . . . 36 

3.33 Pore Pressure Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

3.34 External load cell installed in biaxial load frame . . . . . . . 37 

3.35 Pane cake load cell, LGP-310/SN:555328 . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 

3.36 Top and side view of biaxial top cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 

3.37 Subminiature load cell, LPM-510/SN:501319 (Channel-08), 

LPM-510/SN:532393 (Channel-09), LPM-510/SN:541590 (Channel- 

10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

3.38 Side and top view of the biaxial pedestal . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

3.39 LPG310-555328-Pancake load cell spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . 41 

3.40 LPG310-555328-Pancake load cell calibration certificate . . . 42 

3.41 LGP310-555328 load cell calibration, 2005-02-18 . . . . . . . 43 

3.42 LPG310-555328-Pancake load cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

3.43 LPM510-501319-Pancake load cell spreadsheet . . . . . . . . 45 

3.44 LPM510-501319-Pancake load cell calibration certificate . . . 46 

3.45 LPM510-501319 load cell calibration, 2005-02-18 . . . . . . . 47 

3.46 LPM510-501319-Pancake load cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 









3.55 Side rigid walls of the biaxial apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 

3.56 Top and side view of the two rigid walls of the biaxial apparatus 56 




3.60 LPM510-501315 load cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60




3.64 LPM510-501311 load cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 




3.68 LPM510-501316 load cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 

3.69 Sled of the biaxial apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 

3.70 The GeoLab biaxial cell house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 

3.71 The GeoLab biaxial cell house lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

4.1 VJT volume change apparatus (photo taken from VJT web 

site) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 

4.2 VJT volume change apparatus front panel, VJT310/SN:0134 75 

4.3 VJ Tech volume change apparatus displacement transducer 

reference manual, LSC-HS25-12071 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 


calibration, 2004-05-25, LSC-HS25-12071 . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 





4.7 VJ Tech volume change apparatus displacement transducer, 

LSC-HS25-12071 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 

4.8 VJ Tech volume change apparatus, VJT310/SN:0134 . . . . . 79 

5.1 Triaxial and permeability control column - S5427B (Photo 

taken from Geotest web site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 

5.2 GeoLab triaxial and permeability control column - S5427B . 82

List of Tables 

2.1 Bongshin CRC-5t External Load Cell Calibration Table . . . 7 

3.1 RDP-D2-200A-6136 Calibration Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 







3.8 WF17060-SN780036-Cell Pressure Transducer Calibration Table 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

3.9 RS-T106377-Pore Pressure (Pedestal) Transducer Calibration 

Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 

3.10 RS-T117884-Pore Pressure (Top Cap) Transducer Calibration 

Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 

3.11 LGP310-Pancake Load Cell Calibration Table . . . . . . . . . 40 

3.12 LPM510-SN501319-Subminiature Load Cell Calibration Table 44 






4.1 LSC-HS25-12071 Calibration Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

vii

Preface 

One authority after another has simply evaded the task of experimental 

investigation by assuming that some of the elements affecting the stability 

of earthwork are so uncertain in their operation as to justify their rejection... 

As a matter of fact, although these uncertain elements are neglected in 

investigations, engineers in designing, and still more contractors in executing 

works, do not neglect them, nor could they do so without leading to a 

blameworthy waste of money in some instances, and to a discreditable failure 

in others. The result of the present want of experimental data is then simply 

that individual judgement has to be exercised in each instance without that 

aid from careful experimental investigation which in these times is enjoyed 

in almost every other branch of engineering... Sir Benjamin Baker, 1881: 

The Actual Lateral Pressure of Earthwork 

Unfortunately, the research activities in soil mechanics had one undesirable 

psychological effect. They diverted the attention of many investigators 

and teachers from the manifold limitations imposed by nature on 

the application of mathematics to problems in earthwork engineering. As a 

consequence, more and ore emphasis has been placed on refinements in sampling 

and testing and on those very few problems that can be solved with 

accuracy. Yet, accurate solutions can be obtained only if the soil strata 

are practical homogeneous and continuous in horizontal directions... On 

the overwhelming majority of jobs no more than an approximate forcast is 

needed, and if such a forecast cannot be made by simple means it cannot be 

made at all. Karl Terzaghi and Ralph Peck, 1948: Preface to Soil Mechanics 

in Engineering Practice. 

ix

Chapter 1 

An overview of the 

Geobiaxial apparatus 

The biaxial apparatus is a plane-strain testing device that was developed 

by I. Vardoulakis and A. Drescher of the Department of Civil and Mining 

Engineering, University of Minnesota, with grants from the National Science 

Foundation (NFS) and the State of Minnesota. 

The investigation of the failure phenomena in soils requires adequate 

experimental techniques. The most common failure mechanism in soils is 

shear-band formation which cannot be properly investigated with the classical 

devices such as direct shear, simple shear and triaxial compression 

apparatus. The biaxial apparatus is designed to allow for free shear-band 

formation, since unconstrained formation of a planar shear-band is kinematically 

possible due to free moving of a bottom plate sliding on a linear 

bearing. More importantly, the biaxial device not only allows measurements 

of the stress-strain response prior to failure but also the stress-displacement 

characteristics of the localized zone. Thus, the biaxial apparatus combines 

the features of the triaxial and the direct shear apparatus by improving on 

their shortcomings. 

The soil specimen is a right rectangular prism with dimensions 140×40× 

80mm surrounded by a thin membrane. Two vertical rigid walls 80mm apart 

restrict the deformation of the specimen to plane-strain. The axial load is 

kinematically applied by an enlarged upper plate guided to prevent any tilt 

or eccentricity. The enlarged bottom plate is horizontally guided by a linear 

bearing parallel to the plane deformation. All surfaces in contact with the 

specimen are glass lined and lubricated to minimize friction: two porous 

stones centrally located in the upper and lower plates allow for drainage 

in drained tests and for pore pressure measurements in undrained tests. 

The assemblage is placed into a confining pressure cell (internal diameter 

D int = 350mm, external diameter D ext = 400mm, height H = 575mm), in 

a loading frame in order to apply the confining pressure up to σ 3 = 883kPa, 

1

The Handbook of GeoBiax 

Figure 1.1: The biaxial apparatus of Laboratory of Geomaterials in NTU 

Athens 

with a factor of safety 10:1 and to drive the top plate vertically, via a piston, 

which has a diameter of d piston = 28.58mm. Internally located load cells 

allow for measurement of the axial load, its eccentricity and the friction along 

the vertical side walls. LVDT displacement transducers monitor the axial 

and the lateral displacements of the specimen and the horizontal movement 

of the base; minimum of three LVDT’s is recommended, with the possibility 

to incorporate more for accurate lateral displacement measurements. 

2

Chapter 2 

The Geobiaxial load frame 

2.1 Short Description of the frame 

The Geotest S7520 Load Frame is a variable speed machine with a load 

capacity of 50kN (10.000lbs). The speed range is from 0.0000254mm/min 

(0.000001in/min) to 6.350000mm/min (0.250000in/min). The lower platen 

is 203.2mm (8in) hard coated aluminium with concentric circles for centering 

samples. The upper cross arm is high strength aluminium with a rifle 

bolt (quick adjust) feature allowing rapid height adjustment with built-in 

absolute leveling of crossbar. The center adjusting screw in crossbar has 3 

thread combinations to adapt to nearly all load cell and proving ring combinations. 

Other adapters can be furnished upon request. The gearbox is 

machined from high strength aluminium alloy and is fitted with very high 

quality gears and ball bearings to assure a smooth machine of long lasting 

quality. The main lifting spindle travels through a precision sleeve to eliminate 

any side movement of the lower platen. A special polyurethane bellows 

protects the lifting screw from contamination and seals in the lubrication for 

the life of the machine. The chassis is coated with durable powder coating 

which is baked on in special ovens to provide a long lasting scratch resistant 

surface that cleans easily. The tie rods are notched every 6 inches for the 

rifle bolt mechanism to function. They are made from high strength aluminium 

with a hard coat anodized surface that is coated with the teflon for 

ease of operation. The upward or downward movement for the machine is 

protected from over travel by two switches to protect the unit from damage. 

2.2 Overview of the frame controls 

The above frame has eight controls: 

• ‘Power Switch’. This supplies the components with A/C power. 

3


Figure 2.1: Side view of the Geobiaxial load frame 

4


Figure 2.2: The Geobiaxial load frame 

5


• ‘Test’. This is a momentary contact switch that will start the machine 

going in an upward direction to compress the sample. 

• ‘Return’. This will lower the platen to prepare for the start of another 

test. 

• ‘Jog +’. This will allow the operator to raise the platen small amounts 

without changing other speeds that were preset. 

• ‘Jog -’. This will allow the operator to lower the platen small amounts 

without disturbing other settings. 

• ‘Stop’. This will stop the machine anytime during a movement taking 

place. This is used after a ‘Test’ or ‘Return’ move to enable the 

machine to change direction. 

• ‘Home’. This is used after the completion of a test to return the platen 

downward at the Highest rate of speed. It will go down until contacting 

a lower limit switch and at that time it will reverse and go up until 

it reaches the limit and then shuts off. This allows a precise starting 

point for feature tests. 

• ‘Rate Control’. This is 6 digit thumb wheel switch used to adjust 

the speed of the machine. Imagine a decimal point to the left of 

the 1st digit (on the left). The maximum rate is 6.350000mm/min 

(0.250000in/min). Any number higher than that will be rejected. The 

lowest speed is 0.0000254mm/min (0.000001in/min). This setting has 

to be made before the ‘Test’ or ‘Return’ buttons are pressed. 

In the following pages, instructions for the biaxial assembly, drawings of 

the biaxial frame and the P315X User Guide for the microstep power/drive/indexer 

installation and user reference manual are given. 

6


Operator GIO & NITHE GIO GIO 

Place GeoLab GeoLab GeoLab 

Date 2004-12-23 2005-02-18 2005-04-06 

Time 11:20 13:50 19:10 

Maximum compressive load (kN) 50.0 50.0 50.0 

Calibration constant (kN/mV) 1.647 1.638 1.644 

Linearity 99.9632% 99.9458% 99.9957% 

Excitation voltage (V) 10.07 10.09 10.09 

Voltage Sensitivity (mV/V) 3.014 - 2.955 

Sampling rate (samples/sec) 1.000 1.000 1.000 

Temperature/Humidity 24.8 0 C/38% 23.3 0 C/31% 23.3 0 C/32% 

Table 2.1: Bongshin CRC-5t External Load Cell Calibration Table 

2.3 Transducers installed on the frame - External 

transducers 

The biaxial frame is also equipped with three externally installed transducers. 

One for measuring the axial force, a second one for measuring the axial 

displacement and a third measuring the volume change of the specimen. 

2.3.1 Bongshin CRC-5t-External Load Cell 

The Bongshin CRC-5t is an external compressive 50kN capacity load cell, 

installed on the upper cross arm, used for measuring the axial force applied 

by the piston of the biaxial apparatus to the specimen. The wiring connection 

of the transducer consists of a shielded four-cable wire, which ends to 

a 5 pin socket plug (240 0 ). The wiring connections are as follows: 

• Red = Excitation voltage + 

• Blue = Excitation voltage − 

• Green = Output voltage + 

• Yellow = Output voltage − 

• Shield = Ground 

The specification spreadsheet and calibration certificate issued by the 

GeoTest is given in Figures 2.3 and 2.4, while the regular calibration sheets 

follow in Figure 2.5, Figure 2.6 and Figure 2.7. 

7


Figure 2.3: Bongshin load cell calibration certificate 

Figure 2.4: Bongshin load cell calibration certificate 

8


Calibration of Load Cell BONGSHIN-CRC-5t, External Load Cell 

GeoLab-GIO & NITH-23 December 2004 

60,0 

Compressive Load [kN] 

50,0 

40,0 

30,0 

20,0 

y = 1,64593x + 0,68389 

R 2 = 0,99975 

10,0 

0,0 

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 

Voltage [mV] 

Figure 2.5: Bongshin calibration certificate, 2004-12-23 


GeoLab-GIO & NITHE-18 February 2005 

25,0 


20,0 

15,0 

10,0 

y = 1,63776x + 0,59580 

R 2 = 0,99946 

5,0 

0,0 

0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 

Voltage [mV] 


9



GeoLab-GIO - 06 April 2005 

60,0 


50,0 

40,0 

30,0 

20,0 

y = 1,64317x + 1,33511 

R 2 = 0,99996 

10,0 

0,0 

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 

Voltage [mV] 


Figure 2.8: Bongshin CRC-5t Load Cell 

10

Model CR Series 

Compression Load Cell (200Kg ~ 20t) 

Canister Type 

PT1/2 

M 

70 40 

The CR ser ies load cells are designed for measuring 

compressive loads up to 20 tonnes are particulary suited for 

industial application where optimum precision is needed. 

Featuring high-alloy tool steel construction for excellent 

repeatability, the unique element design provides high 

rated output (3mV/V) with low deflection. It is recommended 

that the load cell should incorporate the flat, solid, machined 

bearing plate and mounting plate to provide the highest 

accuracy. 

- Hermetically sealed 

- Robust high capacity design 

- High rated output (3mV/V) 

SPECIFICATIONS 

MODEL CRU CRC CRD 

Rated capacity (R.C.) 

200, 500Kg, 

1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20t 

Rated output (R.O.) 3mV/V ±0.1% 3mV/V ±0.2% 

Non-linearity


Figure 2.9: CDI external displacement transducer on the top of the biaxial 

cell 

2.3.2 CDI Displacement Transducer 

A 25mm-spindle CDI displacement transducer is installed on the top cap of 

the biaxial cell. The transducer is used for monitoring the axial displacement 

of the specimen externally, and thus the measurement has restricted 

accuracy, as far as the axial deformation of the specimen is concerned. 

11


12

OPERATING MANUAL FOR 

LOGIC BASIC SERIES 

ELECTRONIC INDICATORS

Choice of Three Power Sources 

1. Batteries 

A set of two Manganese Dioxide Lithium batteries will operate this electronic 

indicator for approximately 250 hours of normal usage. Because milliamperehour 

ratings vary widely with manufacturers, normal usage time is very hard to 

predict. The lithium battery used in this indicator is an IEC standard, type 

CR2450. The indicators are shipped with the batteries not installed, and should 

not be installed until battery operation is desired. 

NOTE: This indicator has an ”AUTO-OFF” feature to conserve battery life. After 

10 minutes of ”no activity” (no key presses or spindle movement), the gage will 

turn itself off. This feature may be disabled if continuous operation is desired; see 

”AUTO-OFF On/Off” instructions in this book. 

Installing Batteries 

Using a narrow screwdriver, gently pry under the tab on the left side of plastic 

bezel and slide out the battery tray as you turn the indicator face side down. 

Page 2

Insert two batteries, ”+” side up, into tray cavities, then slide the tray back into its 

bezel slot, taking care that the batteries stay in proper position. 

AC Adapter 

AC adapters (providing 9VDC at 30ma. maximum to the indicator from a 115 or 

230 VAC, 50/60 Hz line source) may be purchased from CDI. Although other 9V 

AC adapters with a 3/32” (2.5mm) mini-plug (center +) may be used, CDI 

adapters are recommended because they include current limiting to prevent 

damage from line fluctuations. 

For 115 V (USA) operation - Order CDI Part #G11-0012 

For 230 V (Europe) operation - Order CDI Part #G11-0014 

First insert the mini-plug into the socket on the lower left side of the bezel (see 

drawing on page 2), then plug the adapter into a wall outlet. After turning the 

indicator ”ON”, disable the ”AUTO-OFF” feature; see ”AUTO OFF On/Off” on 

page 6. 

2. Data I/O Connector 

Power also may be provided through the data I/O connector, for special fixturing 

or applications where the indicator is integrated with another piece of equipment 

A ripple-free 5 VDC (4.9 to 5. 7 V) regulated voltage source is required. CDI 

Cable #G13-0034 or a custom variation of another CDI data cable must be used. 

Contact CDI for full information. 

Page 3

Button Functions 

NOTE: Most functions are active on 

release of button(s). 

Key 

OFF 

Function Controlled 

– Press & Release: Turns indicator off 

ON/CLR 

- Press & Release: Turns indicator on, or clears/resets indicator. 

With HOLD off: Clears display to ”0” 

With MAX HOLD on: Clears display to spindle position, leaves 

HOLD on. 

-Press & Hold (For longer than 5 seconds): Enter/Exit display and 

key test mode. 

HOLD 

– Press & Release: Turns hold function on/off and cancels last 

selection. 

2ND 

– Press & Hold (for more than 2 seconds until 2ND is displayed): 

Enables 2ND and 3RD functions such as TR REV (Travel 

Reverse), IN/MM and AUTO OFF. 

CHNG 

- Used with 2ND key to activate selectable resolution. 

Page 4

Display-Operating Prompts & Conditions 

Menu selection items under HOLD. 

AUTO-OFF is enabled to conserve 

battery life. 

Travel reversed; display 

counts DOWN with inward 

movement. 

Negative reading. No sign is 

displayed for positive 

readings. 

Indicator ready for 2ND or 

3RD function key entry 

sequences. 

Displays IN for English 

(inch), or MM for Metric 

measure units. 

Page 5

Operating Instructions 

To Turn 

AUTO OFF On/Off 

- Press and hold "2ND" until 

2ND appears at bottom of 

display then release. 

- Press and release "OFF" 

within 3 seconds. 

NOTE: An hourglass appears at 

left side of display if 'AUTO 

OFF' is active. 

TO 

Clear Display … 

to zero 

- Press and release "ON/CLR". 

To Verify 

DATA I/0 FORMAT 

To view the current output format. 

- Press and release "2ND", until the 2ND appears in display, then "ON/CLR" 

and "2ND" in sequence. Format information is displayed for about 3 seconds, 

then indicator automatically returns to normal operation. Format information is 

displayed as: 

RS232 =rS232 

MTI compatible =SEr 

CDI mux BCD =Cdi 

Bypass =bP 

Page 6

To Use 

HOLD 

To select type of HOLD - Freeze, Minimum or Maximum: 

-Press and hold "HOLD" until cursor moves under desired type of hold; FRZ, 

MIN or MAX, then release. 

To turn HOLD On/Off: 

• Press and release "HOLD" 

• MAX HOLD - Holds and displays highest reading. 

• MIN HOLD - Holds and displays lowest reading. 

• FREEZE HOLD - Freezes display when "HOLD" button is pressed. 

NOTE: Pressing CLR button resets indicator to spindle position. 

To Change 

INCH/MILLIMETER 

To change from one to the other: 

- Press and hold "MOVE/2ND" until 2ND appears at bottom of display then 

release. 

- Press and release "TOL" within 3 seconds. 

NOTE: MM or IN will appear at bottom of display. 

To Turn 

INDICATOR ON 

Press "ON/CLR" and release when 'clr' 

appears on display 

To Turn 

INDICATOR OFF 

- Press and release "OFF" 

Page 7

TO 

Reset to DEFAULT 

A total reset: clears all user settings and returns to factory-set defaults. 

1. Press and hold "2ND" until 2ND appears at bottom of display, then release. 

2. Press and release "ON/CLR" 

within 3 seconds. 

3. Press and release "CHNG" within 

3 seconds. 

NOTE: Cannot be done if Lock 

feature is on. 

3 

To Change 

RESOLUTION 

-Press and hold "2ND" until 2ND appears at bottom of display then release. 

- Press and release "ON/CLR" within 3 seconds. 

- Press and release "HOLD" within 3 seconds. 

2 1 

Use "CHNG" key to step through available resolution selections: 

1 = .00005" (.001mm) 

2 = .0001" (.002mm) 

3 = .00025" (.005mm) 

4 = .0005" (.O1mm) 

5 = .001" (.02mm) 

Press and release "CHNG" and "2ND" simultaneously to save. 

Note: Only resolutions coarser than indicator resolution-as-purchased are 

available. 

Page 8

To Enter 

TEST MODE 

Press and hold (for more than 5 seconds) "ON/CLR" to enter 'display and key' 

test mode. 

To Exit 

TEST MODE 

Press and hold (for more than 5 seconds) "ON/CLR" to exit 'display and key' test 

mode. 

To Change 

TRAVEL DIRECTION 

- Press and hold "2ND" until 2ND appears at bottom of display then release. 

- Press and release "HOLD" within 3 seconds. 

Note: Arrow in upper right corner will show positive direction of spindle travel. 

NOTE: Most functions are active on release of key(s). 

Page 9

Internal Memory 

"LOGIC" Series indicators and remote displays include internal non-volatile 

memory to store all factory default and user settings. When the indicator is turned 

on, user settings and preset numbers will be the same as when the indicator was 

turned off. 

NOTE: Many of the user settings are stored when the indicator is turned ‘Off’ by 

using the "OFF" key, or when the indicator turns itself off (AUTO OFF). However, 

if the indicator is turned off by removing power (by disconnecting the AC adapter 

or cutting power through the Data 1/0 connector), some or all of the user settings 

and/or changes may be lost! 

Page 10

Operating Precautions 

1. Do not use the bottom of the spindle stroke as a base of measurement 

reference, as it is protected with a rubber shock absorber to prevent shock to the 

internal mechanism. The spindle should be offset .005”-.010" (.12 -.25 mm) from 

the bottom of travel. 

2. Use of CDI type MS-10 or similar sturdy stands or fixtures for indicator 

mounting, where the base plate and indicator are mounted to a common post, is 

highly recommended for accurate and repeatable readings. The indicator must 

be mounted with the spindle perpendicular to the reference or base plate. If the 

indicator is stem-mounted, protect the indicator from attempted rotation, and from 

being stuck or bumped, to prevent stem/case mechanical alignment damage. Do 

not over-tighten the mounting mechanism, and use clamp mounting rather than 

set screws if at all possible, to prevent damage to the stem. 

3. The bezel face can be rotated from its normal horizontal position for 

convenient viewing. Rotation is limited to 270 degrees and attempts to force it 

past its internal stop may damage the indicator. 

4. Frequently clean the spindle to prevent sluggish or sticky movement. Dry 

wiping with a lint-free cloth usually will suffice, but isopropyl alcohol may be used 

to remove gummy deposits. Do not apply any type of lubricant to the spindle. 

Spindle dust caps and spindle boots are available for operation in dirty or 

abrasive environments. 

1" Spindle dust cap - Order CDI Part #A21.0131 

l” Spindle boot - Order CDI Part #CD170-1 

Use a soft cloth dampened with a mild detergent to clean the bezel and front face 

of the indicator. Do not use aromatic solvents as they may cause damage. 

5. Extremely high electrical transients - from nearby arc welders, SCR 

motor/lighting controls, radio transmitters, etc. - may cause malfunctions of the 

indicator's internal circuitry or 'ERROR 1' indications, even through the electronic 

design was created to minimize such problems. If at all possible, do not operate 

the indicator in plant areas subject to these transients. Turning the indicator 'OFF' 

for a few seconds, then back 'ON' from time-to-time may eliminate any problems. 

Also, use of an isolated AC line (for AC adapter operated indicators and AC 

powered remote displays), or an AC line filter - plus solid grounding of stands 

and fixtures - is recommended in these conditions. 

Page 11

Additional Display-Operating Prompts & Conditions 

FLASHING DIGIT or +/- sign - Digit or sign affected by ‘CHNG’ key when setting 

or changing preset numbers. 

FLASHING READING, with HIGH or LOW displayed Reading is out of 

tolerance, to the high or low side. 

ERROR 1 - Spindle speed too fast, high electrical noise, etc. 

ERROR 2 - Counter overflow, i.e. counter number (spindle + preset number) out 

of counter range. 

ERROR 3 - Improper tolerance combination, i.e. both "HIGH" and 'LOW" set to 

'O' or same number, or "LOW' set to a higher number than 'HIGH'. Occurs only 

when 'TOL' is on. 

ERROR 4 - Display overflow, i.e. number too large to be properly displayed. 

Moving spindle to acceptable range eliminates error message. 

Page 12

Data Output 

'LOGIC' Series indicators and remote displays provide users with multiple data 

output formats. The cable attached to the indicator when it is turned on 

determines the output format in use. Cables for each format can be purchased 

from CDI. These cables also provide remote control of 'ON/CLR' and 'HOLD' 

functions, plus +5v regulated power input. For special applications, an ERROR 

FLAG output and/or custom cables also can be provided; contact CDI for 

information. 

CAUTION: Use of cables other than those provided or approved by CDI can 

cause irreparable damage to the indicator or data output port, and such damage 

is not covered by the CDI Limited Warranty. 

Standard RS232 Format - Communications protocol is 1200 baud, no parity, 8 

data bits, 1 stop bit. RS232 can be read by any IBM PC-compatible computer, 

RS232 serial printer or other device, provided the device can be set to this 

protocol. A DB25 pin adapter may be necessary for non-standard devices. 

"WINDOWS" terminal and other communications software, "WEDGE" software, 

etc., may be used with this format. 

Cables Required: 

CDI #GO3-0018 - For IBM Compatible PC (CDI indicator to DB25F) 

CDI #GO3-0021 - For CDI serial printer types G19-0001/Gl9- 0002 & G19-0003 

(CDI indicator to DB25M) 

MITUTOYO Compatible Format - Use with MITUTOYO compatible printers, 

collection devices, etc. 

Cable Required: 

CDI #G03-0019 - CDI indicator to MTI 10 pin 

Page 13

CDI (Multiplexed BCD) Format - Furnished with pigtails one end. 


CDI #Gl3-0034 - Also may be used for remote control of 'ON/CLR' or 'HOLD' 

functions, or external power (+5V regulated) input. (CDI indicator to pigtail wires.) 

BYPASS FORMAT - Permits indicator to be used as a probe for the CDI remote 

display: bypasses 'raw' unprocessed signals from the detector system directly to 

the data output connector. In this operation mode, power for the indicator is 

supplied by the remote display. 


CDI #Gl3-0022 - CDI indicator to 6-pin DIN 

IMPORTANT- Indicator and remote display must be of same base resolution. If 

the two (2) are different base resolutions, you will experience compatibility 

problems. 

Page 14

Limited Warranty 

"PLUS SERIES" INDICATORS ARE WARRANTED FOR A PERIOD OF ONE 

YEAR AGAINST DEFECTIVE MATERIALS OR WORKMANSHIP. THIS 

WARRANTY DOES NOT APPLY TO PRODUCTS THAT ARE MISHANDLED, 

MISUSED, ETCHED, STAMPED, OR OTHERWISE MARKED OR DAMAGED, 

NOR DOES IT APPLY TO DAMAGE OR ERRONEOUS OPERATION CAUSED 

BY USER TAMPERING OR ATTEMPTS TO MODIFY THE INDICATOR. UNITS 

FOUND TO BE DEFECTIVE WITHIN THE WARRANTY PERIOD WILL BE 

REPAIRED OR REPLACED FREE OF CHARGE AT THE OPTION OF CDI. A 

NOMINAL CHARGE WILL BE MADE FOR NON-WARRANTY REPAIRS, 

PROVIDED THE UNIT IS NOT DAMAGED BEYOND REPAIR. 

CHICAGO DIAL INDICATOR CO., INC. 

1372 Redeker Road - Des Plaines, IL 60016 

Telephone: 847/827-7186 

FAX: 847/827-0478

Chapter 3 

The GeoLab biaxial 

apparatus 

In this Chapter a short description of the biaxial apparatus will be given. 

Behind the ‘term’ biaxial apparatus, four main parts are hidden: The base 

plate, the biaxial cell house, the apparatus itself and the lid. 

3.1 Base plate 

This is the lower plate of the biaxial apparatus. It is placed on the moving 

plate of the frame, and serves as a ‘datum’, on which the biaxial apparatus 

will be later on placed. The base plate has 18 openings, which serve for 

cable connections of submersible transducers (displacement transducers and 

load cells) as well as ports for cell and pore pressure. At the moment 14 

openings serve as connections to the internal transducers, while the other 3 

are used to connect the cell pressure line and the two pore pressure lines to 

the biaxial permeability panel (see Chapter 5). The last one is left free for 

any additional internal transducer. 7 RDP displacement transducers and 7 

submersible load cells are connected to the base pedestal via socket plugs. 

These are 4-way socket plugs, firmly installed on the biaxial base plate. A 

set of nuts and ferrules is used so as to prevent the silicon oil leaking from 

the base plate. All submersible transducers are connected to these socket 

plugs, according to their corresponding number. 

3.2 Biaxial apparatus 

As already mentioned, a right prismatic specimen 140×40 × 80mm is tested 

under plane strain conditions. The biaxial apparatus is designed in such 

a way that it may allow for free shear band formation, and monitoring of 

post-failure material behavior. The basic parts of the biaxial apparatus are 

the application and monitoring of the axial stress, the system of two rigid 

13


Figure 3.1: Top view of the biaxial apparatus base plate 

Figure 3.2: The biaxial apparatus base plate 

14


Figure 3.3: The Geobiax apparatus 

Figure 3.4: Side and top view of the Geobiax apparatus 

walls that restrict the deformation in the x 3 axis and the moving sled, which 

allows for the free shear band formation and post-failure monitoring. 

In the following, technical specifications concerning the biaxial apparatus 

are given. Moreover, the initial design and the patent documentation are 

also available. 

15


Figure 3.5: Sketch of the Geobiax apparatus 

16


Figure 3.6: RDP-D2-200A displacement transducer cable plug 

3.2.1 Linear Voltage Displacement Transducers-RDP-D2-200A 

The following displacement transducers are used for measuring the axial 

and lateral deformation of the specimen as well as the sled movement, after 

the initiation of the shear band. There are 7 submersible RDP-D2-200A 

displacement transducers installed in the cell. The supply voltage may range 

from 6 to 12 Volts (regulated at 50mA) and gives at 6 Volts a nominal output 

of 0.16V/mm. In this case the supply voltage is regulated at 10 Volts DC. 

The wiring connection of the transducers consists of a shielded four-cable 

wire, which ends to a DIN 5-pole 240 0 socket plug. The wiring connections 

apply for all displacement transducers as follows: 


• Black = Excitation voltage − 

• White = Output voltage + 

• Green = Output voltage − 


RDP-D2-200A-6136 (Channel-01) 

The RDP-D2-200A-6136 is a linear displacement transducer used for measuring 

the horizontal movement of the sled inside the biaxial cell, as soon as 

the shear band forms (Channel 01). 

The calibration certificate issued by the company is given in Figure 3.8, 

while the regular calibration sheets follow in Figure 3.9 

17


Figure 3.7: Top view of the RDP-D2-200A displacement transducer with its 

mounting block 

Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-15 

Time 11:50 

Maximum spindle (mm) 14.51 

Calibration constant (mm/mV) 3.742 

Linearity 99.9955% 

Excitation voltage (V) 10.09 

Voltage Sensitivity (mV/V) 385 

Sampling rate (samples/sec) Datascan 7220 

Temperature/Humidity 

22.9 0 C/40% 

Table 3.1: RDP-D2-200A-6136 Calibration Table 

18


Figure 3.8: RDP-D2-200A-6136 calibration certificate 

Calibration of RDP-D2-200A-6136-Channel-01 

GeoLab-GIO & NITHE-15 February 2005-DATASCAN 7220 

16,00 

14,00 

12,00 

y = 3,74211x + 6,84198 

R 2 = 0,99996 

Displacement [mm] 

10,00 

8,00 

6,00 

4,00 

2,00 

0,00 

-2,000 -1,500 -1,000 -0,500 0,000 0,500 1,000 1,500 2,000 

Voltage [V] 

Figure 3.9: RDP-D2-200A-6136 calibration certificate, 2005-02-15 

19


Figure 3.10: RDP-D2-200A-6136 transducer for sled movement 



the lateral deformation of the specimen inside the biaxial cell (Channel 

02). 

The regular calibration sheets follow in Figure 3.11 



the lateral deformation of the specimen inside the biaxial cell (Chan- 

Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-15 

Time 11:35 








22.8 0 C/40% 


20




16,00 

14,00 

12,00 

y = 3,90448x + 7,68367 

R 2 = 0,99996 


10,00 

8,00 

6,00 

4,00 

2,00 

0,00 

-2,000 -1,500 -1,000 -0,500 0,000 0,500 1,000 1,500 2,000 

Voltage [V] 


Figure 3.12: RDP-D2-200A-6529 transducer for lateral displacement 

21


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-15 

Time 11:35 








22.8 0 C/40% 



nel 03). 





the axial deformation of the specimen inside the biaxial cell, on the 

top cap (Channel 04). 





the axial deformation of the specimen inside the biaxial cell, on the 

top cap (Channel 05). 



22




16,00 

14,00 

12,00 

y = 3,71473x + 6,83541 

R 2 = 0,99996 


10,00 

8,00 

6,00 

4,00 

2,00 

0,00 

-2,000 -1,500 -1,000 -0,500 0,000 0,500 1,000 1,500 2,000 

Voltage [V] 



23


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-15 

Time 13:25 








22.9 0 C/41% 





16,00 

14,00 

12,00 

y = 3,99459x + 6,72407 

R 2 = 0,99995 


10,00 

8,00 

6,00 

4,00 

2,00 

0,00 

-2,000 -1,500 -1,000 -0,500 0,000 0,500 1,000 1,500 2,000 

Voltage [V] 


24


Figure 3.18: RDP-D2-200A-6236 transducer for axial displacement 

Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-15 

Time 13:25 








22.9 0 C/41% 



25




16,00 

14,00 

12,00 

y = 3,89697x + 6,78895 

R 2 = 0,99997 


10,00 

8,00 

6,00 

4,00 

2,00 

0,00 

-2,000 -1,500 -1,000 -0,500 0,000 0,500 1,000 1,500 2,000 

Voltage [V] 


Figure 3.21: RDP-D2-200A-6397 transducer for axial displacement 

26


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-15 

Time 11:05 








22.8 0 C/40% 






06). 






07). 



In the following, the technical references, manuals and calibration certificates 

of the RDP-D2-200A displacement transducers are given. 

27




16,00 

14,00 

12,00 

y = 4,06525x + 7,17143 

R 2 = 0,99998 


10,00 

8,00 

6,00 

4,00 

2,00 

0,00 

-2,000 -1,500 -1,000 -0,500 0,000 0,500 1,000 1,500 2,000 

Voltage [V] 



28


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-15 

Time 12:20 








22.9 0 C/40% 





16,00 

14,00 

12,00 

y = 4,12748x + 6,70747 

R 2 = 0,99996 


10,00 

8,00 

6,00 

4,00 

2,00 

0,00 

-2,000 -1,500 -1,000 -0,500 0,000 0,500 1,000 1,500 2,000 

Voltage [V] 


29



30

HOME DISPLACEMENT PRESSURE ACCELERATION CALIBRATION TECH SUPPORT 

INDEX LOAD ELECTRONICS TORQUE ANGLE CONTACT US 

D2 Spring Return DC LVDT Displacement Transducer 

Over Travel 

Unit Type Stroke Dim. L Dim. X Dia. D1 Weight Approx. Spring Force (Max) 

Inward Outward 

D2/100A ±2.5mm 70gms 120gms 5.5mm 4.5mm 

53.5mm 43mm 20.6mm 

D2/200A ±5mm 70gms 120gms 3mm 2mm 

The RDP Electronics D2 series are a dc LVDT transducer which makes them probably the most robust position 

sensor available. The term dc LVDT refers to a position sensor that has all the benefits of the LVDT 

measurement principle but has built-in dc to dc signal conditioning. Our dc LVDT displacement transducer 

units have no contact across the position sensor element ensuring very long life. The captive guided spring 

return dc LVDT displacement transducer units have an internal spring that pushes the armature (the moving 

part of the measurement sensor) to its outward position. The armature of the dc displacement transducer is 

guided in low friction bearings. This type of sensor is appropriate for applications where the part being 

measured may move well out of the range of the measurement sensor. 

RDP Electronics also manufacture ac sensors for use where the temperature or other environmental factors 

preclude the use of dc lvdt transducer units. 

Electrical Specification 

Supply 

Output 

Linearity (% error of full scale) 

Output load (recommended) 

Output ripple (filtered) 

Output bandwidth (Electrical) 

Output Impedance 

Zero Temperature Coefficient 

Span Temperature Coefficient 

Operating Temperature Range 

Electrical Termination 

Options & Accessories 

Transducer Probe tips 

MB01 

MB02 

Various Transducer Options 

6 to 12V regulated at 50mA 

0.16V/mm nominal (with 6V supply) 

±0.5% standard. 0.25% and 0.1% optional on some models. 

20k Ohms 

2mV rms at zero, 10mV rms at F.S. 

0 to 75Hz (filtered) 

100 Ohms (unfiltered output) 

±0.05% F.S./°C 

±0.02% F.S./°C 

-10°C to +50°C 

2m screened cable (Longer available to order) 

Replacement / alternative probe tips for our position sensors 

Mounting block for 20.6mm position sensors 

Mounting block for 8 or 9.5mm diameter position sensors 

Miscellaneous options for RDP position sensors 

Due to the RDP Electronics policy of on-going development, specifications may change without notice. 

Any modification may affect the specification of our equipment.

Document Reference:- www.rdpe.com/displacement/lvdt/general/d2-spring.htm, updated 20020419 

©RDP Electronics Ltd, Grove Street, Heath Town, Wolverhampton, WV10 0PY, United Kingdom. 

Tel +44 (0)1902 457512, Fax +44 (0)1902 452000, URL www.rdpe.com, e-mail (sales only) sales@rdpe.com, 

other departments mail@rdpe.com.


Operator 

GIO & NITH 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-15 

Time 14:05 

Maximum pressure (kPa) 1.000 

Calibration constant (kPa/mV) 10.144 



Voltage Sensitivity (mV/V) 9.771 

Sampling rate (samples/sec) DataScan 7220 


22.9 0 C/41% 

Table 3.8: WF17060-SN780036-Cell Pressure Transducer Calibration Table 

3.2.2 Cell - Pore Pressure lines 

One cell pressure line is used to fill the cell with silicon oil. This is a noncorrosive 

and non-conductive material, used to apply the cell pressure. The 

cell is filled from the bottom, via the base plate. A system of a pressure 

transducer with a de-airing block with two on-off valves is installed on the 

base plate. On the other hand, the top cap as well as the pedestal of the 

specimen are connected to the biaxial permeability panel via two pressure 

lines. Two sets of de-airing blocks with on-off valves and pressure transducers 

are also connected to the above two lines. Any silicon oil leakage is 

prevented from the cell via the openings that are used for the pore pressure 

lines, with the application of a set of nuts and ferrules. 

WF17060-SN780036-Cell Pressure Transducer 

The WF17060-SN780036 is a pressure transducer used for measuring the cell 

pressure of the biaxial cell. The wiring connection of the transducer consists 

of a shielded four-cable wire, which ends to a 5 pin socket plug (240 0 ). The 

wiring connections are as follows: 


• Green = Excitation voltage − 

• Blue = Output voltage + 

• Yellow = Output voltage − 


Calibration sheets of the above pressure transducer follow in Figure 3.28. 

31


Calibration of Pressure Transducer WF17060-SN.780036 [Cell] 


1.800 

1.600 

1.400 

1.200 

y = 10,12143x - 6,65321 

Pressure [kPa] 

1.000 

800 

600 

400 

y = 10,10330x - 7,40592 

R 2 = 0,99969 

R 2 = 1,00000 

200 

0 

-20,0 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0 160,0 180,0 

-200 

Voltage [mV] 

Figure 3.28: WF17060-SN780036 Cell pressure transducer calibration certificate 

Figure 3.29: Cell Pressure Line 

32


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-15 

Time 14:05 








22.9 0 C/41% 

Table 3.9: RS-T106377-Pore Pressure (Pedestal) Transducer Calibration Table 

RS-T106377-Pore Pressure Transducer-Pedestal 

The RS-T106377 is a pressure transducer used for measuring the pore pressure 

of the specimen near the pedestal. The wiring connection of the transducer 

consists of a shielded four-cable wire, which ends to a 5 pin socket 

plug (240 0 ). The wiring connections are as follows: 

• Blue = Excitation voltage + 

• Green = Excitation voltage - 

• Red = Output voltage + 

• Yellow = Output voltage - 


A typical specification spreadsheet for such RS pressure transducers is 

given in Figure 3.32, while in Figure 3.30 the regular calibration sheet is 

given. 

RS-T117884-Pore Pressure Transducer-Top Cap 

The RS-T117884 is a pressure transducer used for measuring the pore pressure 

of the specimen near the top cap. The wiring connection of the transducer 

consists of a shielded four-cable wire, which ends to a 5 pin socket 

plug (240 0 ). The wiring connections are as follows: 

• Blue = Excitation voltage + 

• Green = Excitation voltage - 

• Red = Output voltage + 

33

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Low Viscosity Silicone (CAS # 63148-62-9) INCI Name: Dimethicone 

Product 

Information 

Clearco Pure Silicone Fluid 20cSt is a low viscosity 100% 

Polydimethylsiloxane (CAS # 63148-62-9) that does not contain additives or 

solvents. This fluid is Chemically Inert to most materials including Rubber, 

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showing excellent stability when exposed to low temperatures for long 

periods of time. 

A primary application is as a vehicle or ingredient in cosmetic and personal 

care product formulations. Clearco PSF-20cSt offers high spreadability, low 

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Pure Silicone Fluid 20cSt is a low 

viscosity 100% silicone with a 

viscosity slightly higher than water. 

Other uses include Damping Fluid –Low Temperature Bath Fluid –Hydraulic 

Fluid – Mold Release Agent - Lubricant. 


Chemical Name Polydimethylsiloxane 

INCI/CTFA Name Dimethicone 

CAS # 63148-62-9 

Appearance 

Clear Liquid – Odorless 

& Tasteless 

Viscosity Class Low 

Non-Flammable Yes 

Thermally Stable Yes 

Availability 1 – 5 – 55 gallon drums 

Minimum Order 1 Gallon 

FEATURES 

• Low Viscosity 

• Excellent Lubrication 

• Non-Flammable 

• Excellent Low Temperature Performance 

• Pour Point: -85°F 

• Chemically Inert 

• High Compressibility 

• High Damping Action 

• High Oxidation Resistance 

cSt. 

Specific 

Gravity 

Retractive 

Index 

Pour 

Point 

°F 

Flash 

Point °F 

Open Cup 

TYPICAL PRODUCT DATA 

Surface 

Tension Dynes 

cm @ 25C 

Thermal 

Expansion 

cc/cc/C 0-150C 

Thermal 

Conductivity 

BTU 

Maximum 

Volatility % 

Wt 

5 0.916 1.397 -120° 277° 19.7 0.00105 0.067 90 0.36 

20 0.953 1.401 -85° 442° 20.8 0.00107 0.082 10 0.36 

50 0.963 1.402 -67° 588° 20.8 0.00106 0.087 0.5 0.36 

100 0.968 1.4030 -67° 604° 20.9 0.000925 0.090 0.5 0.36 

200 0.967 1.4031 -61° 575° 21.0 0.000925 0.090 0.5 0.36 

350 0.973 1.4032 -58° 637° 21.1 0.000925 0.092 0.5 0.36 

500 0.973 1.4033 -58° 662° 21.1 0.000925 0.092 0.5 0.36 

1,000 0.974 1.4035 -58° 658° 21.1 0.000925 0.092 0.5 0.36 

10,000 0.975 1,4035 -53° 601° 21.3 0.000925 0.090 2.0 0.36 

60,000 0.977 1.4035 -47° 601° 21.3 0.000925 0.090 2.0 0.36 

Specific Heat 

BTU/lb. F 

For More Information or To Request a Sample 

Contact: 

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Tel: 215 639-2640 

Fax: 215 639-2919 

Email: info@clearcoproducts.com 

Web: www.clearcoproducts.com

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET 

Product Identification: PURE SILICONE FLUID 20cSt 

CLEARCO PRODUCTS CO., INC 

Emergency Telephone Number 

3430-G PROGRESS DR CHEM-TEL: 1 (800) 255 3924 

BENSALEM, PA 19020 

Telephone: 1 (800) 533 5823 

Date Prepared: 03/22/04 nc 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

SECTION II HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS/IDENTITY INFORMATION 

INGREDIENT 

DESCRIPTION 

% Weight CAS 

Number 

ACGIH 

PPM 

TLV 

MG/M3 

ACGIH 

PPM 

STEL 

MG/M3 

OSHA 

PPM 

PEL 

MG/M3 

SARA 

313 

Polydimethylsiloxane 100% 63148-62-9 N/E N/E N/E N/E N/E N/E N/E 

NFPA = National Fire Protection Association 

Flammability 1 Instability/Reactivity 0 Health 0 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

SECTION III 

PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS 

Boiling Point >35°C / 95°F 

Specific Gravity (H2O=1) 0.95 

Vapor Pressure (25°C) 

Negligible. 

Vapor Density (Air = 1): 

Negligible. 

Evaporation Rate (EE=1) 214°F / 101.1°C (Closed Cup) 

LEL: No Data UEL: No Data 

Extinguishing Media: All standard firefighting media 

Special Fire Fighting Procedures: None Known 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

SECTION V - REACTIVITY DATA 

Stability: 

Conditions to Avoid: 

Hazard Polymerization: 

Incompatibilities: 

Hazardous Decomposition 

/Combustion: 

Stable 

None 

Will Not Occur 

None Known 

Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Silicone Dioxide & Formaldehyde

SECTION VI HEALTH HAZARD DATA 

Acute Signs/Effects of Overexposure: 

Eye Contact: May cause Mild Eye Irritation. 

Skin Contact: None Known. 

Inhalation: None Known. 

Ingestion: 

None Known. 

Medical Conditions Aggravated: 

None Known 

Other: 

None Known 

Chronic Effects of Overexposure: None Known 

Emergency and First Aid Procedures: 

Ingestion 

None Known 

Skin 

Wash with soap and water 

Inhalation 

None Known 

Eyes In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and get medical attention if irritation 

persists. 

This product or one of its ingredients present 0.1% or more is not listed as a carcinogen or suspected carcinogen by NTP, IARC, or OSHA. 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

SECTION VII - PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING AND USE 

Spill Response: Wipe, scrape or soak up in an inert material and put in a container for disposal. Wash walking surfaces with detergent and water to 

reduce slipping hazard. 

Disposal Method: Disposal should be made in accordance with Federal, State and Local regulations. Incineration recommended in approved 

incinerator according to Federal, State, and Local regulations.. 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

SECTION VIII - PROTECTION AND PRECAUTIONS 

Ventilation: 

Respiratory Protection: 

Eye and Face Protection: 

Protective Gloves: 

Other Protective Equipment: 

None Known 

None Known 

Safety Glasses 

None Known 

None Known 

Precautions to be taken in Handling and Storage: None Known 

Engineering Controls: 

None Known 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

SECTION IX - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION DATA 

DOT Proper Shipping Name: 

DOT Hazard Class: 

DOT Labels: 

UN/NA Number: 

Placards: 

Export: 

None 

None 

None 

None 

None 

None 

EPA Hazard Waste: None 

Sara Hazard Class: 

WHMIS Hazard Class: No Known WHMIS Class 

CPSC Classification 

None 

Transportation Class: None 

RID (OCTI) None 

ADR (ECE) None 

RAR (IATA) None 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

DISCLAIMER 

Information presented herein has been compiled from information provided to us by our suppliers and other sources considered to be dependable and 

are accurate and reliable to the best of our knowledge and belief but are not guaranteed to be so. We make no warranty as to the results to be obtained 

in using any material and since conditions of use are not under our control, we must necessarily disclaim all liability with respect to the use of any 

material supplied by us.


Calibration of Pore Pressure Transducer 

RS-T106377 [Pedestal] 


1.800 

1.600 

1.400 

1.200 


1.000 

800 

600 

400 

y = 9,74542x + 3,76982 

R 2 = 0,99985 

y = 10,05333x + 0,29207 

R 2 = 0,99999 

200 

0 

-20,0 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0 160,0 180,0 

-200 

Voltage [mV] 

Figure 3.30: RS-T106377 Pedestal pressure transducer calibration certificate 

• Yellow = Output voltage - 


A typical specification spreadsheet for such RS pressure transducers is 

given in Figure 3.32, while in Figure 3.31 the regular calibration sheet is 

given. 

34


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-15 

Time 14:05 








22.9 0 C/41% 

Table 3.10: RS-T117884-Pore Pressure (Top Cap) Transducer Calibration 

Table 

Calibration of Pore Pressure Transducer 

RS-T117884 [Top cap] 


1.800 

1.600 

1.400 

1.200 


1.000 

800 

600 

400 

y = 9,70351x + 2,79534 

R 2 = 0,99983 

y = 10,01093x + 0,10676 

R 2 = 0,99999 

200 

0 

-20,0 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0 160,0 180,0 

-200 

Voltage [mV] 

Figure 3.31: RS-T117884 Top cap pressure transducer calibration certificate 

35


Figure 3.32: RS Pressure Transducers specification spreadsheet 

Figure 3.33: Pore Pressure Line 

36


Figure 3.34: External load cell installed in biaxial load frame 

In the following, the pressure transducers’ reference manuals and calibration 

certificates are presented. 

3.2.3 Axial stress 

A system of five load cells (one external and four internal) is used in order 

to measure with accuracy the axial load applied to the specimen during the 

test. The load cell configuration allows for the estimation of the friction 

between the piston and the cell bush. More importantly, the axial load 

eccentricity can also be estimated during the test. Due to the side walls, 

that restrict the deformation of the specimen in the x 3 axis, an estimation 

of the friction developed on the side walls can also be made. 

An external load cell of 50kN capacity is mounted on the biaxial load 

frame (Bongshin CRC-5t). This is used for external monitoring of the axial 

load. One internal pan cake load cell is installed in the top cap of the 

specimen (LGP 310). The difference between these two load cells gives the 

friction of the cell bush. On the other hand, three subminiature load cells 

are also installed under the pedestal of the specimen, in an angle of 120 0 

(LPM 510). The sum of these three subminiature load cells compared with 

the axial load coming from the pane cake load cell, installed on the top cap, 

gives the friction on the two side walls. Finally, the eccentricity of the axial 

load on the pedestal can be estimated from the three subminiature load 

cells. 

37


Figure 3.35: Pane cake load cell, LGP-310/SN:555328 

Figure 3.36: Top and side view of biaxial top cap 

38


Figure 3.37: Subminiature load cell, LPM-510/SN:501319 (Channel-08), 

LPM-510/SN:532393 (Channel-09), LPM-510/SN:541590 (Channel-10) 

Figure 3.38: Side and top view of the biaxial pedestal 

39


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-18 

Time 13:50 

Maximum compressive load (kN) 22.5 

Calibration constant (kN/mV) 0.738 




Sampling rate (samples/sec) 1.000 


23.3 0 C/31% 

Table 3.11: LGP310-Pancake Load Cell Calibration Table 

LGP310-Pancake Load Cell 

The LGP310-Pancake Load Cell is a 22.5kN submersible compressive load 

cell used for measuring the axial force applied by the piston of the biaxial 

apparatus to the specimen (Channel 14). The wiring connection of the 

transducer consists of a shielded four-cable wire, which ends to a 5 pin 

socket plug (240 0 ). The wiring connections are as follows: 







GeoTest is given in Figures 3.39 and 3.40, while the regular calibration 

sheet follows in Figure 3.41. 

LPM510-SN501319-Subminiature Load Cell 

The LPM510-SN501319-Subminiature Load Cell is a 2.25kN submersiblesubminiature 

compressive load cell used for measuring the axial force on the 

pedestal of the biaxial apparatus (Channel 08). The wiring connection of 

the transducer consists of a shielded four-cable wire, which ends to a 5 pin 




40


CERTIFICATE OF CALIBRATION 

Transducer Model: LGP 310 

Serial Number: 962518 

Capacity: 10000 

Calibration Date: 9/15/2003 

Excitation: 10 

Calibration Factor: 3.002 

Input Resistance: 389 

Output Resistance: 283 

Temperature Range: 60-160 

LBS 

VDC 

MV/V Tension 

Ohms 

Ohms 

Degrees F 

An output of 1.195 MV/V is induced when 

a shunt resistor of 59K ohms is applied across (-) Excitation and (-) Signal. 

Special Instructions: 

Wiring Code 

RED 

(+)Excitation 

A&B 

BLACK 

(-) Excitation 

C&D 

WHITE 

(+)Signal 

F 

GREEN 

(-) Signal 

E 

This is to certify that the following instrument was calibrated using loading 

equipment traceable to NIST through one or more of standards. The unit was 

found to meet or exceed all published sales literature accuracy specifications. 

Date of Shipment: 9/26/2003 

Re-Calibration Date: 1 year after Shipment Date 

Figure 3.39: LPG310-555328-Pancake load cell spreadsheet 

41


Figure 3.40: LPG310-555328-Pancake load cell calibration certificate 

42


Calibration of Load Cell LGP310-555328-22,5kN-Channel-14 

GeoLab-GIO & NITHE-18 February 2005-PCI6024 E-Loading 

25,0 

20,0 

y = 0,73731x - 0,06177 

R 2 = 0,99999 


15,0 

10,0 

5,0 

0,0 

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 

Voltage [mV] 

Figure 3.41: LGP310-555328 load cell calibration, 2005-02-18 

Figure 3.42: LPG310-555328-Pancake load cell 

43


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-18 

Time 14:20 








23.4 0 C/31% 

Table 3.12: LPM510-SN501319-Subminiature Load Cell Calibration Table 





















44



Transducer Model: LPM 510 


Capacity: 100 


Excitation: 5 





LBS 

VDC 

MV/V Compression 

Ohms 

Ohms 

Degrees F 




Wiring Code 

RED 

BLACK 

WHITE 

GREEN 

(+)Excitation 


(+)Signal 

(-) Signal 






Figure 3.43: LPM510-501319-Pancake load cell spreadsheet 

45


Figure 3.44: LPM510-501319-Pancake load cell calibration certificate 

46


Calibration of Load Cell LPM510-501319-Channel-08 


3,0 


2,5 

2,0 

1,5 

1,0 

y = 0,12515x + 0,22027 

R 2 = 0,99927 

0,5 

0,0 

0,0 2,5 5,0 7,5 10,0 12,5 15,0 17,5 20,0 22,5 

Voltage [mV] 

Figure 3.45: LPM510-501319 load cell calibration, 2005-02-18 

Figure 3.46: LPM510-501319-Pancake load cell 

47





Capacity: 100 


Excitation: 5 





LBS 

VDC 


Ohms 

Ohms 

Degrees F 




Wiring Code 

RED 

BLACK 

WHITE 

GREEN 

(+)Excitation 


(+)Signal 

(-) Signal 







48



49


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-18 

Time 14:20 








23.4 0 C/31% 




2,5 

2,0 


1,5 

1,0 

0,5 

y = 0,11755x - 0,46710 

R 2 = 0,99699 

0,0 

0,0 2,5 5,0 7,5 10,0 12,5 15,0 17,5 20,0 22,5 

Voltage [mV] 


50

















3.2.4 Side rigid walls 

A system of two vertical side rigid walls restrict the lateral deformation of the 

specimen in the x 3 axis. Both rigid walls are equipped with a glass surface in 

51





Capacity: 100 


Excitation: 5 





LBS 

VDC 


Ohms 

Ohms 

Degrees F 




Wiring Code 

RED 

BLACK 

WHITE 

GREEN 

(+)Excitation 


(+)Signal 

(-) Signal 







52



53


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-18 

Time 14:20 








23.4 0 C/31% 




3,5 

3,0 


2,5 

2,0 

1,5 

1,0 

y = 0,12641x + 0,16395 

R 2 = 0,99606 

0,5 

0,0 

0,0 2,5 5,0 7,5 10,0 12,5 15,0 17,5 20,0 22,5 

Voltage [mV] 


54



order to minimize the friction. One of the two walls is transparent, so as to 

allow for visual monitoring of the shear band formation and evolution. The 

other rigid wall is instrumented with three subminiature load cells. These 

load cells measure the lateral stress σ 1 , the stress applied on the plane, 

where the deformation of the specimen is forbidden. The two rigid walls are 

firmly bolted on the pedestal via four bolts and are connected between each 

other via four rods. In this way, no lateral movement of the two side walls 

is allowed. 



compressive load cell used for measuring the axial force exerted 

by the specimen to the two rigid walls (Channel 11). The wiring connection 

of the transducer consists of a shielded four-cable wire, which ends to a 5 

pin socket plug (240 0 ). The wiring connections are as follows: 





55


Figure 3.55: Side rigid walls of the biaxial apparatus 

Figure 3.56: Top and side view of the two rigid walls of the biaxial apparatus 

56


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-18 

Time 15:10 








24.6 0 C/32% 
























57





Capacity: 100 


Excitation: 5 





LBS 

VDC 


Ohms 

Ohms 

Degrees F 




Wiring Code 

RED 

BLACK 

WHITE 

GREEN 

(+)Excitation 


(+)Signal 

(-) Signal 







58



59




3,0 

2,5 


2,0 

1,5 

1,0 

y = 0,12155x - 0,26049 

R 2 = 0,99822 

0,5 

0,0 

0,0 2,5 5,0 7,5 10,0 12,5 15,0 17,5 20,0 22,5 25,0 

Voltage [mV] 


Figure 3.60: LPM510-501315 load cell 

60





Capacity: 100 


Excitation: 5 





LBS 

VDC 


Ohms 

Ohms 

Degrees F 




Wiring Code 

RED 

BLACK 

WHITE 

GREEN 

(+)Excitation 


(+)Signal 

(-) Signal 







61



62


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-18 

Time 15:10 








23.6 0 C/32% 




3,5 

3,0 


2,5 

2,0 

1,5 

1,0 

y = 0,12664x + 0,04612 

R 2 = 0,99943 

0,5 

0,0 

0,0 2,5 5,0 7,5 10,0 12,5 15,0 17,5 20,0 22,5 25,0 27,5 

Voltage [mV] 


63













In the following, the subminiature load cells’ reference manuals and calibration 

certificates are given. 

64





Capacity: 100 


Excitation: 5 





LBS 

VDC 


Ohms 

Ohms 

Degrees F 




Wiring Code 

RED 

BLACK 

WHITE 

GREEN 

(+)Excitation 


(+)Signal 

(-) Signal 







65



66


Operator 

GIO & NITHE 

Place 

GeoLab 

Date 2005-02-18 

Time 15:30 








23.6 0 C/33% 




3,0 

2,5 


2,0 

1,5 

1,0 

y = 0,12161x + 0,03771 

R 2 = 0,99923 

0,5 

0,0 

0,0 2,5 5,0 7,5 10,0 12,5 15,0 17,5 20,0 22,5 25,0 

Voltage [mV] 


67



68

COOPER INSTRUMENTS & SYSTEMS 

LOAD CELLS 

LGP 310 - PANCAKE LOAD CELL 

Low profile “pancake” type cells are engineered to measure loads 

from 5 to 500,000 pounds. The tension/compression LGP 310 

is designed with a threaded hole running through the center of 

the cell. The LGP 310 utilizes two stabilizing diaphragms, which are 

welded to the sensing member to reduce off-center and side-loading 

effects. A load button may be desirable when using in compression or a 

pull plate when using in tension. This model must be used on a flat, 

smooth surface to achieve rated specifications. This unit can be hermetically 

sealed for added durability. Options available with this unit 

include: 0-5 Vdc, 4-20 ma output, fatigue rating, high/low temperature 

compensation and ultra precision accuracy. 

• LOW PROFILE 

• TENSION/COMPRESSION 

• WIDE CAPACITY RANGE 

• STAINLESS STEEL 

• ECONOMICALLY PRICED 

• 0-5 VDC OR 4-20 MA 

OPTION OUTPUT 

• 5 LB TO 500,000 LB 


LOAD RANGES: 5 lb to 500,000 lb 

LINEARITY: 

5 lb to 25 lb - ±0.2% FS 

50 lb to 500,000 lb - ±0.1% FS 

HYSTERESIS: 

5 lb to 25 lb - ±0.1% FS 

50 lb to 500,000 lb - ±0.08% FS 

REPEATABILITY: 5 lb to 25 lb - ±0.1% 

50 lb to 500,000 lb - ±0.03% 

MATERIAL: 

5 lb to 200,000 - lb, 17-4 PH S.S. 

300,000 lb to 500,000 lb 4340 Painted 

TEMP. RANGE: 60˚ to 160˚ F 

OUTPUT: 

5 to 25 LB - 2mv/v 

50 to 500,000 LB - 3mv/v 

BRIDGE RESISTANCE: 350 ohm 

EXCITATION: 

10 Vdc 

SAFE OVERLOAD: 50% Over Capacity 

DEFLECTION: 

.003" F.S. 

CONNECTOR (Not Incl.): 5 lb to 5000 lb - PTO6A-10-6S 

7500 lb to 500,000 lb - 

MS3106A-14S-6S 

G" K" 

AVAILABLE RANGES Dia Dia 

D" H" F" B.C. Thru T A" B" C" 

5; 10; 25 lb 2.50 .80 6 2.000 .19 1/4-28UNF .82 .75 1.25 

50; 100; 250; 500; 1000 lb 3.00 1.00 6 2.250 .28 3/8-24UNF .82 .75 1.25 

2000; 3000; 4000; 5000 lb 3.50 1.00 6 2.625 .34 1/2-20UNF .82 .75 1.25 

7500; 10,000; 15,000 lb 5.50 1.80 8 4.500 .40 1-14UNS 1.25 1.50 2.00 

20,000; 30,000; 50,000 lb 6.00 1.80 8 4.875 .53 1 1/2-12UN 1.25 1.50 2.00 

75,000; 100,000 lb 9.00 2.50 12 7.750 .66 2-12UN 1.25 1.50 2.00 

150,000; 200,000 lb 11.00 2.50 12 9.500 .78 2 1/2-12UN 1.25 1.50 2.00 

300,000; 400000; 500,000 lb 14.00 4.25 12 11.750 1.03 3 1/2-8UN 1.25 1.50 xxx 

*Stocked ranges are in bold type. 

xx “C” dimension varies on high ranges 

Bolt holes (K) are counter-bored for ranges 15,000 lb and below 

ALLOWABLE EXTRANEOUS FORCE WITHOUT DAMAGE 

Side Load Bending Torque Total 

(Lbs) (lb/in) (lb/in) Extran. Forces 

25; 50; 100; 250; 500 lb 50% 40% 25% 100% 

1000; 2000; 3000; 4000; 5000 lb 30% 25% 25% 100% 

10,000; 15,000; 20,000; 30,000; 50,000 lb 20% 20% 15% 100% 

100,000; 150;000; 200,000 lb 20% 20% 10% 100% 

300,000; 400,000; 500,000 20% 20% 10% 100% 

www.cooperinstruments.com 

1-800-344-3921 

sales@cooperinstruments.com 

Revised 04/22/02


Transducer Model: LGP 310 


Capacity: 10000 


Excitation: 10 





LBS 

VDC 

MV/V Tension 

Ohms 

Ohms 

Degrees F 




Wiring Code 

RED 

(+)Excitation 

A&B 

BLACK 


C&D 

WHITE 

(+)Signal 

F 

GREEN 

(-) Signal 

E 





Re-Calibration Date: 1 year after Shipment Date

COOPER INSTRUMENTS & SYSTEMS 

LOAD CELLS 

LPM 510 - SUBMINIATURE LOAD CELLS 

Models LPM 510 (compression only) and LPM 512 (tension/ 

compression) subminiature load cells are designed to measure 

load ranges from 50 grams to 1000 pounds with a high 

frequency response rate. The subminiature dimensions, including 

diameters from 0.38" to 0.75" and Heights of 0.13" to 0.25" allow these 

units to be easily incorporated into systems having limited space. A 

small (1.0" long x 0.08" thick) circuit board is included in each load 

cell’s lead wire cable for temperature compensation. 


• TENSION/COMPRESSION 

• WAFER-THIN 

• UP TO 1000 LB 

• HIGH/LOW TEMP. OPTION 

• 50 GMS TO 1000 LB 

COMPRESSION ONLY 

LOAD RANGES: 

LINEARITY/HYSTERESIS: 

REPEATABILITY: 

MATERIAL: 

TEMPERATURE RANGE: 

OUTPUT: 

BRIDGE RESISTANCE: 

EXCITATION: 

SAFE OVERLOAD: 

CABLE: 

50 g to 1000 lb 

50 g to 500 g - ±0.5% F.S. 

1000 g to 1000 lb - ±0.25% F.S. 

±0.1% F.S. 

Stainless Steel 

60˚ to 160˚ F 

50 g - 5mv/v 

50 g to 500 g - 15mv/v 

1000 g 1.5mv/v 

510 to 1000 lb - 2mv/v 

50 g to 500 g - 500 ohm 

1000 g to 1000 lb - 350 ohm 

5 Vdc 

50% Over Capacity 

5 ft 

AVAILABLE RANGES D1" D2" H" 

50; 150; 250; 500; 1000 g 

5; 10; 25; 50 lb .38 .09 .13 

100; 250 lb .50 .12 .15 

500; 1000 lb .75 .25 .25 

*Bold type indicates load cells stocked for quick delivery 

LPM 512 - SUBMINIATURE LOAD CELL 


LOAD RANGES: 

LINEARITY: 

HYSTERESIS: 

REPEATABILITY: 

MATERIAL: 

TEMPERATURE RANGE: 

OUTPUT: 

BRIDGE RESISTANCE: 

EXCITATION: 

SAFE OVERLOAD: 

CABLE: 

50 g to 1000 lb 

±0.5% F.S. 

±0.5% F.S. 

±0.1% F.S. 

Stainless Steel 

60˚ to 160˚ F 

50 g to 500 g - 10mv/v 

1000 g to 1000 lb - 2mv/v 

50 g to 500 g - 500 ohm 

1000 g to 1000 lb - 350 ohm 

5 Vdc 

50% Over Capacity 

5 ft 

TENSION\COMPRESSION 

AVAILABLE RANGES D" T H" L" Q" 

50; 150; 250; 500; 1000 g .50 #4-40 UNC .29 .18 4 

5; 10; 25; 50; 100 lb .50 #4-40 UNC .29 .18 4 

250; 500; 1000 lb .75 1/4-28 UNF .38 .31 20 

Q - Max torque allowed inch-lbs 

www.cooperinstruments.com 

1-800-344-3921 

sales@cooperinstruments.com 

10/29/04




Capacity: 100 


Excitation: 5 





LBS 

VDC 


Ohms 

Ohms 

Degrees F 




Wiring Code 

RED 

BLACK 

WHITE 

GREEN 

(+)Excitation 


(+)Signal 

(-) Signal 





Re-Calibration Date: 1 year after Shipment Date


Figure 3.69: Sled of the biaxial apparatus 

3.2.5 Biaxial sled 

The third main part of the biaxial apparatus is the sled, on which the 

pedestal is sat. The sled is able to freely slide along its axis, which allows for 

free shear band formation. The movement of the sled is monitored through 

a displacement transducer. The initiation of the shear band is marked by 

intense sled movement. The two axial displacement transducers combined 

with the sled displacement transducer allow for continuous monitoring of 

the hodogragh of the shear band. The last, in combination with the shear 

band inclination, allows for the study of the material post-failure behavior. 

3.3 Biaxial cell house 

This is the cell, which houses the biaxial apparatus (see photo 3.70). It 

is made of plexiglass, capable of sustaining pressures up to 833kPa, with 

a factor of safety equal to 10. The internal diameter of the cell is D int = 

350mm, the external diameter D ext = 400mm and the height of the cell is 

equal to H = 575mm. The cell is also transparent so as to allow for visual 

contact with the specimen during the test. The watertightness of the cell 

is achieved with an O-ring, properly engraved in the base plate. Another 

O-ring is also installed on the lid. 

69


Figure 3.70: The GeoLab biaxial cell house 

3.4 Biaxial cell house lid 

The last part of the biaxial apparatus is the cell lid (see photo 3.71). This 

is the top cap of the cell, which is placed at the end, after the specimen 

has been properly placed in the apparatus. The lid is a plate made of steel, 

with four holes at its corners. Four steel rods pass through the base plate 

up to the lid. A set of nuts are used to tight the four rods. In this way 

watertightness of the biaxial cell is achieved. The cell lid has also a cell 

pressure line, connected to the biaxial permeability panel. The cell pressure 

is applied via compressed air, through the lid. A pressure gauge is also 

connected to the cell pressure line. 

A piston for the application of the deviatoric charging is also installed on 

the biaxial lid. It is able to slide without friction, while a bush is installed 

in the inner part of the piston to prevent any leakage of compressed air 

from cell. A mounting block for the installation of a displacement gauge or 

transducer is also installed on the piston. 

70


Figure 3.71: The GeoLab biaxial cell house lid 

71


72

Chapter 4 

The VJ Tech volume change 

apparatus 

(VJT310/SN:0134) 

4.1 Introduction 

Apart from the four displacement transducers, monitoring the lateral deformation 

of the specimen in the x 1 axis, the volume change of the specimen 

is also measured by a VJ Tech automatic volume change apparatus. This 

measurement, compared with the one of the four displacement transducers 

is a global one. The VJ Tech automatic volume change apparatus allows for 

two different methods of measuring diaphragm displacement. The apparatus 

has a piston area of 40.97cm 2 and a distance stroke of 25mm. The capacity 

of the standard unit is 100ml, while the overall dimensions of the apparatus 

are 220×170×350mm, weighting up to 8kgr. The apparatus consists of two 

chambers, which may sustain up to 1000kPa internal pore water pressure. 

The apparatus has two on-off valves. A “Bypass” and “Volume Change” 

valve and a “Flow up” and “Flow down” valve. The first valve allows water 

bypass the apparatus (when in saturation) or measure the volume of the water 

expelled or sucked by the specimen (during the consolidation or drained 

compression/extension) while the second one selects whether water coming 

in or out of the specimen will be sent to the upper or lower chamber of 

the volume change apparatus. The switching between the upper and lower 

chamber allows for infinite specimen volume change. 

The apparatus utilises an external measuring medium, either a linear 

strain transducer or digital dial gauge. The linear strain transducer is 

mounted by a bracket, which holds the transducer in place and monitors 

the vertical movement of the piston of the apparatus. The LSC-HS25-12071 

linear displacement transducer is used for this reason. 

73


Figure 4.1: VJT volume change apparatus (photo taken from VJT web site) 

4.2 Installation 

The back pressure line from the triaxial set-up should be connected to the 

right hand side of the reversing control module box, when viewed from the 

front. The left hand side connection on the control module box should be 

connected to the back pressure valve situated in the base of the triaxial cell. 

The linear strain transducer or digital dial gauge indicator should be 

mounted using the appropriate bracket so that its lower spindle end rests 

against the moving anvil protruding from the side of the volume change cell. 

The unit must be slowly filled using de-aired water by setting the left 

hand valve on the module, to the “Volume Change” position, as marked, 

and the lefthand valve to the “Flow up” position. Any entrapped air can 

then be bled from the unit by releasing the bleed cell valve located in the 

centre of the top of the cell chamber, as the de-aired water is fed into the 

cell. When water exudes from the bleed valve in the upper plate of the cell, 

tighten the screw to seal the upper chamber. It is then necessary to repeat 

the procedure from the lower chamber; the apparatus must be lifted off the 

reversing control box and inverted to remove the air. It will be necessary 

to reverse the water flow direction of “Flow down” using the flow valve, in 

order to fill both sides of the apparatus. 

After removing the air, it is advisable to leave the apparatus overnight, 

or at least eight hours, with an internal pressure of approximately 700kPa. 

This will allow any remaining trapped air to be absorbed into the solution. 

After this period, the apparatus should be carefully flushed out using new de- 

74


Figure 4.2: VJT volume change apparatus front panel, VJT310/SN:0134 

aired water, and thus displacing the aerated water. This flushing procedure 

must be carried out in both upper and lower chambers. It may be necessary 

to repeat this procedure once more, if any signs of air pockets occur during 

the first two days of operation. 

4.3 Control Module Valve Positions 

The reversing control module VJT310 has the following controls and operating 

positions. These are two valves. The one on the left hand side of the box 

which has two positions: “Volume Change” and “Bypass” (see Figure 4.2). 

The other valve is situated on the righthand side of the box and has two 

positions: “Flow up” and “Flow down”. In order to bypass the automatic 

volume change apparatus, the lefthand side valve must be in the “Bypass” 

position, which will allow the water to flow directly through the triaxial cell 

without going through the volume change apparatus. To measure the actual 

volume change, the lefthand side valve must be set to the “Volume Change” 

position and the righthand side either to “Flow up” or “Flow down” positions. 

If during a test the apparatus is nearing its maximum volume change 

(100ml), the range of the apparatus can be increased by changing the flow 

direction using the righthand side valve. 

4.4 Calibration 

The VJT310 is easily calibrated, whether using the linear strain transducer 

or the digital dial gauge. Both devices measure from zero to full scale 

electrically and do not have a centre zero point. Thus the user can calibrate 

the device from zero to 100ml in engineering units. The transducer and 

the dial gauge should be connected to the appropriate readout device which 

should be switched on at least 12 hours before attempting the calibration. 

75


Operator GIO GIO GIO 

Place GeoLab GeoLab GeoLab 

Date 2004-05-25 2004-06-15 2005-02-15 

Time 08:41 15:25 09:15 

Maximum spindle - 25.90mm 25.95mm 

Calibration constant 0.390mm/mV 0.389mm/mV 0.391mm/mV 

Linearity 99.9997% 99.9997% 99.9999% 

Excitation voltage 10.00Volts 10.11Volts 10.09Volts 

Voltage Sensitivity 6.41mV/V 6.59mV/V 6.55mV/V 

Sampling rate - 1.000samples/sec - 

Temperature - 22.5 0 C 

Humidity - 35.5% 

Table 4.1: LSC-HS25-12071 Calibration Table 

The LSC-HS25-12071 used as the displacement gauge of the apparatus 

has a maximum spindle of 25.8mm and its volt sensitivity (5.21V excitation 

voltage) is 6.7mV/V (Calibration 1997-09-16, WF). Figures 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5 

show the reference manual and calibration sheets of the above mentioned 

displacement transducer. Table 4.1 summarises the calibration constants. 

The wiring connection of the transducer consists of a shielded four-cable 

wire, which ends to a 5 pin socket plug (240 0 ). The wiring connection of the 

displacement transducer follows the below mentioned cabling: excitation 

voltage + (red), excitation voltage − (yellow), output voltage + (green), 

output voltage − (blue) and ground (shield). 

At the end of this section, technical reference, calibration certificate and 

invoices of the VJT Automatic Volume Change Apparatus are given. 

76


Figure 4.3: VJ Tech volume change apparatus displacement transducer reference 

manual, LSC-HS25-12071 

Calibration of LSC HS25/12071 

GeoLab-GIO-25 March 2004-PCI 6024E 

30,0 


20,0 

10,0 

y = 0,38971x - 0,64866 

R 2 = 1,00000 

0,0 

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 

Voltage [mV] 

Figure 4.4: VJ Tech volume change apparatus displacement transducer calibration, 

2004-05-25, LSC-HS25-12071 

77



GeoLab-GIO-15 June 2004-PCI 6024E 

30,0 


20,0 

10,0 

y = 0,38864x + 0,24046 

R 2 = 1,00000 

0,0 

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 

Voltage [mV] 


2004-06-15, LSC-HS25-12071 


GeoLab-GIO-15 February 2005-DATASCAN 7220 

30,0 


20,0 

10,0 

y = 0,39070x + 0,30740 

R 2 = 1,00000 

0,0 

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 

Voltage [mV] 


2005-02-15, LSC-HS25-12071 

78


Figure 4.7: VJ Tech volume change apparatus displacement transducer, 

LSC-HS25-12071 

Figure 4.8: VJ Tech volume change apparatus, VJT310/SN:0134 

79


80

NEOTEK 

M e as uring & 

Te s ti n g S ys t em s 

Yπ' οψιν κ. 

ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ ΙΩΑΝ-ΟΡΕΣΤ. 

E. M. ΠOΛYTEXNEIO 

ΣEMΦE 

TOMEAΣ MHXANIKHΣ 

ΥΠΟΨΗΦΙΟΣ ∆Ι∆ΑΚΤΟΡΑΣ 

THΛ 210 7721373 

210 7721374 

FAX 210 7721302 

ΘEMA 

ΣΥΣΚΕΥΗ ΜΕΤΑΒΟΛΗΣ ΟΓΚΟΥ 

ΠPOΣΦOPA 

Nο: 4 - 9028 - 4954 

17 Φεβ 2005 

1. 

2. 

HP. ΠOΛYTEXNEIOY 5, 

αα 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

ZΩΓPAΦOY-AΘHNA 

10. 

157 73 

ΣXETIKA 

Eχουµε την ευχαριστηση να σας προσφερουµε τα ακολουθα ειδη που πιστευουµε οτι καλυπτουν τις απαιτησεις σας: 

ΠOΣ ΠEPIΓPAΦH MONA∆A ΣYNOΛO 

1 ΣΥΣΚΕΥΗ ΜΕΤΑΒΟΛΗΣ ΟΓΚΟΥ, ως συνηµµένη αναλυτική προσφορά. 1 582.10 

1 582.10 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

Xρονος Παραδοσης: 5-10 ηµερες απο ληψεως της παραγγελιας, ΣYNOΛO 1 582.10 

εκτος απο περιπτωσεις ανωτερας βιας. 

0.00 

0.00 

Tοπος Παραδοσης: AΘHNA 

ΣYNOΛO 1 582.10 

Προελευση: AΓΓΛIA 

ΦΠA 18% 284.78 

Πληρωµη: 0 % Προκαταβολη µε την παραγγελια 

100 % τοις µετρητοίς εντός 30 ηµερών. ΣYNOΛO ΕΥΡΩ 

1 866.88 

Iσοτιµία σε ∆PAXMEΣ µε 

ΦΠA 

636 139 

Eγκατασταση: 

Iσχυς: 30 ηµερες. 

Kρατησεις 

∆εν απαιτειται. Oποιαδήποτε τεχνική συµβουλή 

παρέχεται ∆ΩPEAN 

Κρατήσεις περιλαµβάνονται. 

1. Oι παραγγελιες επιβεβαιωνονται εγγραφως 

2. Tα ειδη θα πρεπει να αποθηκευθουν ασφαλως µεχρι την παραλαβη των 

και να παραληφθουν εντος 10 ηµερων. 

3. Oι τιµες ισχυουν για το συνολο των προσφεροµενων ανα 

ειδος µοναδων. Mερικος επιµερισµος µονον κατοπιν συµφωνιας. 

4. Tα ειδη συνηθως καλυπτονται απο εγγυηση καλης λειτουργιας 12 

µηνων απο την παραδοση. Aναλυτικοι οροι Eγγυησης διατιθενται 

απο την Eταιρια µας. 

5. Oι όροι πληρωµής ισχύουν και για την παραγγελία, εκτός αν δηλωθεί 

διαφορετικά. 

6. Tα είδη παραµένουν στην κυριότητά µας µέχρι τελικής εξόφλησης. 

E10.01,1 

Προµηθευτης: 

VJT - IMPACT 

Eιµαστε στη διαθεσή σας για οποιαδηποτε 

συµπληρωµατικη πληροφορια ή διευκρινιση 

χρειαστειτε και σας ευχαριστουµε για το 

ενδιαφερον σας στα προϊοντα µας. 

NEOTEK O.E. Π.Ξύστρης & Σια 

Eλ. Bενιζέλου 105 

N. Σµύρνη 17122, AΘHNA 

τηλ: 210-9341533 & 9359142 

φαξ: 210-9359778 

Παν. Nικολακόπουλος 

4-9028- 4954---------

NEOTEK 

M easuring & 

Te sti n g S ys t em s 

2 

ΑΝΑΛΥΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΣΦΟΡΑ ΣΕ ΕΥΡΩ ΓΙΑ ΠΑΡΑ∆ΟΣΗ ΩΣ ΠΡΩΤΗ ΣΕΛΙ∆Α 

Hµ/νια 17-2-2005 

Nο.: 4- 9028 - 4954 

EI∆OΣ KΩ∆IKOΣ ΠEPIΓPAΦH 

MONA∆A Ποσ 

01.00 VOLUME CHANGE APPARATUS 

ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΤΗΣ VJT 

ΣYNOΛO 

01.01 VJT0300 Auto Volume Change 

1 487.50 1 1 487.50 

01.02 Bracket for LSCT 

94.60 1 94.60 

ΣYNOΛO EI∆OYΣ 1 ANEY ΦΠA, EYPΩ: 

1 582.10 

02.00 ΕΝΑΛΛΑΚΤΙΚΑ: 

VOLUME CHANGE APPARATUS 

ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΤΗΣ IMPACT 

02.01 SL780 VOLUME CHANGE AUTOMATIC 100CC 

865.33 0.00 

02.02 SL781 CHANGEOVER VALVE ASSEMBLY 

718.67 0.00 

02.03 SL727 BRACKET LSCT INSTEAD OF GAUGE 

82.13 0.00 


0.00 

Eιδη µε µηδενικη ποσοτητα δεν περιλαµβανονται στο αθροισµα 

ΓENIKO ΣYNOΛO EYPΩ: 

1 582.10 

OI ΓENIKOI OPOI ΠOY ∆IEΠOYN THN ΠAPOYΣA 

ΠPOΣΦOPA ∆I∆ONTAI ΣTHN ΣYNOΠTIKH MAΣ 

ΠPOΣΦOPA ΠOY AΠOTEΛEI ANAΠOΣΠAΣTO 

MEPOΣ THΣ ΠAPOYΣHΣ 




τηλ: 210-9341533 & 9359142 

φαξ: 210-9359778

NEOTEK 






ΣEMΦE 



THΛ 210 7721373 

210 7721374 

FAX 210 7721302 

ΘEMA 

ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΑΚΟΣ ΕΞΟΠΛΙΣΜΟΣ 

ΠPOΣΦOPA 

Nο: 4 - 9028 - 5009 

07 Iουν 2005 

1. 

2. 


αα 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 


10. 

157 73 

ΣXETIKA 



1 VJT0300 Auto Volume Change 1 862.35 

1 862.35 

1 VJT0284 LSCT Mounting Block 118.44 

118.44 

1 107100 STALC3 Submersible Triaxial Load Cell 50kN 1 330.25 

1 330.25 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

Xρονος Παραδοσης: 30-45 ηµερες απο ληψεως της παραγγελιας, ΣYNOΛO 3 311.04 


0.00 

0.00 


ΣYNOΛO 3 311.04 


ΦΠA 19% 629.10 



3 940.14 


















E10.01,1 


VJT - APPLIED 








τηλ: 210-9341533 & 9359142 

φαξ: 210-9359778 


4-9028- 5009--------ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ ΙΩΑΝ-ΟΡΕΣΤ.--

NEOTEK 






ΣEMΦE 



THΛ 210 7721373 

210 7721374 

FAX 210 7721302 

ΘEMA 

ΠPOΣΦOPA 

Nο: 4 - 9028 - 4950 

17 Φεβ 2005 

SUBMERSIBLE LOAD CELL & VOLUME CHANGE 

1. 

2. 


αα 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 


10. 

157 73 

ΣXETIKA 



1 SUBMERSIBLE LOAD CELLS & VOLUME CHANGE, ως συνηµµένη 

5 760.00 

αναλυτική προσφορά. 

5 760.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

Xρονος Παραδοσης: 30 ηµερες απο ληψεως της παραγγελιας, ΣYNOΛO 5 760.00 


0.00 

0.00 


ΣYNOΛO 5 760.00 


ΦΠA 18% 1 036.80 



6 796.80 

Iσοτιµία σε ∆PAXMEΣ µε 

ΦΠA 

2 316 010 


















E10.01,1 


∆ΙΑΦΟΡΟΙ 








τηλ: 210-9341533 & 9359142 

φαξ: 210-9359778 


4-9028- 4950---------

NEOTEK 

M easuring & 

Te sti n g S ys t em s 

2 

ΑΝΑΛΥΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΣΦΟΡΑ ΣΕ ΕΥΡΩ ΓΙΑ ΠΑΡΑ∆ΟΣΗ ΩΣ ΠΡΩΤΗ ΣΕΛΙ∆Α 

Hµ/νια 17-2-2005 

Nο.: 4- 9028 - 4950 


MONA∆A Ποσ 

01.00 SUBMERSIBLE LOAD CELL 50kN 

ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΤΗΣ WYKEHAM FARRANCE 

ΣYNOΛO 

01.01 17120A01 Submersible load cell 50kN 

2 900.00 1 2 900.00 

02.00 ΕΝΑΛΛΑΚΤΙΚΗ Α' 

SUBMERSIBLE LOAD CELL 50kN 



2 900.00 

02.01 SL745 LOAD CELL SUMBERSIBLE 50KN 

1 452.00 0.00 

03.00 ΕΝΑΛΛΑΚΤΙΚΗ Β' 

SUBMERSIBLE LOAD CELL 50kN 

ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΤΗΣ APPLIED 


03.01 107100 STALC3 Triaxial Load Cell 50kN 

1 101.31 0.00 

04.00 VOLUME CHANGE APPARATUS 

ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΤΗΣ WYKEHAM FARRANCE 


0.00 

0.00 

04.01 17044 Volume Change Apparatus 100cc capacity, complete with change over valves 1 760.00 1 1 760.00 

04.02 17015 Linear Strain Transducer 25mm travel, 2 metre cable. Mounting bracket 

1 045.00 1 1 045.00 

available separately 

04.03 17051 Mounting Bracket for strain transducer 

55.00 1 55.00 


2 860.00 

05.00 ΕΝΑΛΛΑΚΤΙΚΗ Α' 


ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΥΤΗΣ VJT 

05.01 VJT0300A Automatic Volume Change, complete with LSCT transducer and bracket 2 381.79 0.00 


0.00 

OI ΓENIKOI OPOI ΠOY ∆IEΠOYN THN ΠAPOYΣA 

ΠPOΣΦOPA ∆I∆ONTAI ΣTHN ΣYNOΠTIKH MAΣ 

ΠPOΣΦOPA ΠOY AΠOTEΛEI ANAΠOΣΠAΣTO 

MEPOΣ THΣ ΠAPOYΣHΣ 




τηλ: 210-9341533 & 9359142 

φαξ: 210-9359778

ΑΝΑΛΥΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΣΦΟΡΑ ΣΕ ΕΥΡΩ ΓΙΑ ΠΑΡΑ∆ΟΣΗ ΩΣ ΠΡΩΤΗ ΣΕΛΙ∆Α 3 

Hµ/νια 17-2-2005 Nο.: 4- 9028 - 4950 


MONA∆A Ποσ ΣYNOΛO 

06.00 ΕΝΑΛΛΑΚΤΙΚΗ Β' 



06.01 SL780 VOLUME CHANGE AUTOMATIC 100CC 

786.66 0.00 

06.02 SL781 CHANGEOVER VALVE ASSEMBLY 

653.34 0.00 

06.03 SL722 TRANSDUCER 25MM TRAVEL + DIN 

997.34 0.00 

06.04 SL727 BRACKET LSCT INSTEAD OF GAUGE 

74.66 0.00 


0.00 

Eιδη µε µηδενικη ποσοτητα δεν περιλαµβανονται στο αθροισµα 

ΓENIKO ΣYNOΛO EYPΩ: 

5 760.00 

NEOTEK O.E. Π.Ξύστρης & Σια, Eλ. Bενιζέλου 105, N. Σµύρνη 17122, AΘHNA 

τηλ: 210-9341533 & 9359142 # φαξ: 210-9359778 # AΦM 091695973 ∆OY N.ΣMYPNHΣ # www.neotek.gr

SOIL AND ROCK 

TESTING 

Pressure Transducers 

VJ Tech pressure transducers are very stable and accurate providing 

reliable data for both soils and concrete tests. 

A de-airing block is available for use with VJ Tech pressure 

transducers, part number VJT0280. 

ORDERING INFORMATION AND SPECIFICATIONS 

Part No. VJT0250 VJT0255 VJT0319 VJT0320 

Range 10 Bar 25 Bar 350 Bar 700 Bar 

Output 

100mV 

Combined non-liearity, 

hysteresis & repeatability error ±0.2% full scale ±0.25% full scale ±0.2% full scale ±0.2% full scale 

Excitation 

10V DC 

Zero setting ±3mV ±3mV ±3mV ±3mV 

Span setting ±3mV ±3mV ±3mV ±3mV 

Operating temperature -40 to +90ºC -40 to +125ºC -40 to +90ºC -40 to +90ºC 

-10 to +50ºC -10 to +50ºC -10 to +50ºC 

(compensated) (compensated) (compensated) 

Pressure Connection 1 ⁄4 inch BSP male 1 ⁄4 inch BSP male 1 ⁄4 inch BSP female 1 ⁄4 inch BSP female 

Construction Stainless Steel ingress Single piece Stainless Steel ingress Stainless Steel ingress 

protected to IP65 stainless steel protected to IP65 protected to IP65 

Height 85mm 102mm 66mm 66mm 

Diameter 18mm 27mm 30mm 30mm 

Weight 150g 150g 200g 200g 

350 and 700 Bar pressure transducers are for use with concrete 

compression machines and the DHR2000 digital readout unit. 

Automatic Volume Change Transducer 

The VJ Tech designed automatic volume change unit is used with our 

triaxial cells for continuous and precise measurement of volume 

change during a test.The top chamber has an initial capacity of 

100ml. When used in conjunction with the changeover valve box, this 

capacity becomes unlimited. 

or sent to a data logger.This permits the accurate determination of 

volume change within the soil sample and can also be used in 

permeability testing. 

The changing volume within the cylinder moves a piston, connected 

to a transducer or dial gauge. Resulting data can either be recorded 

ORDERING INFORMATION 

VJT0310 

VJT0310D-MIT 

VJT0310A 

VJT0301 

VJT0300 

VJT0300D-MIT 

VJT0300A 

Top Chamber 

Top Chamber with digital dial gauge 

Top Chamber with LSCT transducer 

Changeover Valve Box only 

Top Chamber and Changeover Valve Box only 

Automatic Volume Change complete with 

digital dial gauge 

Automatic Volume Change complete with 

LSCT transducer and bracket 


Part No VJT0310 VJT0310D-MIT VJT0310A VJT0300 VJT0300D-MIT VJT0300A 

Capacity 100ml Unlimited 

Accuracy 

>±0.05ml 

Dimensions (L x W x H) 180 x 180 x 240mm 210 x 270 x 360mm 

Weight 4.7kg 8kg 

www.vjtech.co.uk VJ Tech • Building Better Technology 21

Transducers and Accessories 

VJ Tech supply a range of analogue and digital transducers from some 

of the worlds leading manufacturers. All of which work seamlessly 

with the full complement of our data logging acquisition systems. 

Types of transducer available from VJ Tech 

• Displacement (LSCT) 

• Displacement (digital dial gauge) 

• Pressure 

• Load Cells, both submersible and external Z-Beam and 

S-Beam types 

• Load rings with both mechanical and digital dial gauges 

Refer to the advanced testing section for details of specialised testing 

transducers. 

All VJ Tech transducers are supplied with a 2m cable and plug. 

Quoted values are typical and subject to calibration. 

Displacement Transducers (LSCT) 

Our linear displacement transducers give infinite resolution and 

excellent linearity. They are of rugged construction with low voltage 

and current consumption. 


Part No. VJT0270 VJT0271 VJT0272 

Range 10mm 25mm 50mm 

Resolution 

Non linearity (best fit) 

Excitation 

Infinite 

0.1% of full scale 

2 to 10V, AC or DC 

Rated (F.S.) Output 5.3mV/V 7mV/V 3.6mV/V 

Spring force 250g 250g 300g 

Operating temperature 

-10 to +60ºC 

Construction 

Stainless steel 

Weight 140g 150g 200g 

Displacement Digital Dial Guages 

VJ Tech offers accurate and reliable digital dial gauges which are 

simple to use yet have many features such as a large LCD display, 

imperial/metric conversion, direction change, zero setting and on/off. 

The 50mm digital dial gauge also features a background colour change 

to the LCD display for Go/No Go determination. All digital dial gauges 

are powered by battery when used with VJ Tech data logging systems. 


Part No. Resolution Range Accuracy 

VJT0105-MIT 0.001mm 0 - 12.5mm 0.003mm 

VJT0110-MIT 0.001mm 0 - 25mm 0.003mm 

VJT0111-MIT 0.01mm 0 - 25mm 0.02mm 

VJT0115-MIT 0.001mm/0.01mm 0 - 50mm 0.006mm 

(switchable) 

Mechanical Dial Gauges are available as alternatives for manual tests. 

VJT0105-MIT 

VJT0110-MIT 


Part No. Divisions Range Rotation 

VJT0105-M 0.002mm 0 - 12mm clockwise 

VJT0105-MAC 0.002mm 0 - 12mm anti-clockwise 

VJT0107-M 0.0001 inch 0 - 0.5 inch clockwise 

VJT0107-MAC 0.0001 inch 0 - 0.5 inch anti-clockwise 


VJT0109-M 0.001 inch 0 - 1 inch clockwise 


VJT0115-MAC 0.01mm 0 - 50mm anti-clockwise 

VJT0100 

Brake Attachment for dial gauges 

Other ranges are available on request from VJ Tech. 

VJT0115-MIT 

VJT0111-MIT 

20 

VJ Tech • Building Better Technology 

www.vjtech.co.uk

Chapter 5 

Triaxial and permeability 

control column - S5427B 

The control column is designed to provide a simple but yet high quality and 

relatively inexpensive means to control cell and back pressure and to keep 

track of saturate movement for single unit triaxial or flexible wall permeability 

cell. All the basic elements, (regulators, valves, burettes and gauges) 

necessary to accomplish the above tasks are built in as permanent components. 

Others such as pore pressure transducers and pressure cartridge are 

portable items. They can be easily connected only for the time they are 

needed, so that they can serve as a number of units, helping to reduce cost 

without compromising quality. 

A pressure source such as an air compressor of sufficient capacity to 

give at least 5psi higher pressure than the maximum anticipated lateral 

(cell) pressure must be available. If vacuum saturation is desired, a vacuum 

source should also be available. Some systems (excluding this one) use 

a venturi tube (referred as vacuum generator) to obtain vacuum from a 

pressure source. We consider that method to be extremely inefficient as it 

takes large quantities of air or compressed gas to obtain moderate vacuums. 

It is more desirable to have a small vacuum pump. 

Note that all components such as valves, regulators, burettes, gauges 

and connections are numbered on the schematic and are referred to by that 

number in the operating instructions. 

The instructions are broken down into the following sections: 

5.1 Functions of components and valves 

The Main Supply Pressure Valve (1) is on the middle of the middle of the rear 

top surface at the base. Its function is to provide a convenient way to shut off 

the supply pressure regulators, when the equipment is not in use to prevent 

pressure loss by the normal bleed of the regulators. The Pressure Supply 

81


Figure 5.1: Triaxial and permeability control column - S5427B (Photo taken 

from Geotest web site 

Figure 5.2: GeoLab triaxial and permeability control column - S5427B 

82


Connector (2) is on the middle of the rear top surface of the base, to provide 

an easy connection to the compressor. The Cell Pressure Regulator is an air 

pressure regulator, hooked up in series with the low back pressure regulator, 

so that it will automatically correct any changes of the back pressure to 

keep a set effective confining pressure constant during conditioning of the 

sample. Supply pressure must be at least 5 psi higher than the output of this 

regulator for proper operation. The output pressure is increased by turning 

the control knob clockwise, and decreased by counter clockwise. Minimum 

output is about 1.5 psi, when no back pressure is connected to it. When 

back pressure is connected to it, the minimum output will equal the back 

pressure. Change the output of the regulator only when sufficient supply 

pressure is available to it and set it minimum output only after back pressure 

is removed from the system. A Digital Pressure Gauge is used to display 

accurately all available pressures by switching valve No.22 to corresponding 

position. To extend battery life the gauge will automatically shut off itself in 

5 minutes after the last turn on. In other case an analog pressure gauge may 

be installed. The Low Back Pressure Regulator will automatically change 

the output of the cell and high back pressure regulators, but will not be 

affected by changes of the output of these regulators. The output pressure 

from this regulator cannot be higher than the output of the cell pressure 

regulator. The regulator output should be set to minimum before shutting 

off supply valve No.1. The High Back Pressure Regulator is the same as 

the cell pressure regulator. It will work only if valve No.1 is open and 

the cell pressure regulator is in operation. The output pressure from this 

regulator can not be higher than output from the cell pressure regulator. A 

valve, called Selector Valve for Pedestal is used to select low or high back 

pressure, vacuum or vent applied at the pedestal. The Filling Valve is used 

to let saturation water in or out of the pedestal burettes. On the other hand, 

the Burette Selector Valve for Pedestal allows to switch between small and 

large burettes. The Small Burette for Pedestal has a capacity of 3.0ml. 

Each 0.1ml is numbered. Each line between numbers represents 0.01ml. 

The Large Burette for Pedestal is approximately 40.0ml capacity. Each 

ml is numbered. Each line between numbers represents 0.1ml. When the 

Saturation Valve for Pedestal has its handle in the vertical position and the 

arrow of the valve is pointing to Saturation, it is open. It is closed when the 

handle is in the horizontal position. The Bulkhead Connector for Pedestal 

is located on the right side of the panel. It is used for tubing connection to 

pedestal saturate connector on the cell base. The above description stands 

also for the top cap (Selector Valve for Cap, Filling Valve, Burette Selector 

Valve for Cap, Large Burette for Cap, Small Burette or Cap, Saturation 

Valve for Cap, Bulkhead Connector for Cap). The Bulkhead Connector for 

Cell Pressure is located on the right side of the panel. It is used for tubing 

connection to the top of the cell. Finally, the Selector Valve for Pressure 

Gauge is used to connect the digital or analog pressure gauge to measure 

83


low and high back pressures, cell and supply pressures, while the Bulkhead 

Connector for Vacuum is located on the back topside of the base mount. 

The outside vacuum source shall be connected to this fitting. 

5.2 Sample Installation, Application of Cell Pressure 

1. Disconnect cell pressure line from top of cell and remove cell top together 

with cell wall. Leave guide post, which also serves as dial indicator 

rest, in place. If the cell wall is stuck to the ‘O’ ring on the base, 

push down on the cell top a couple of times to break free the ‘O’ ring. 

2. Place porous plate, filter paper (if used) and sample on pedestal. 

3. Install membrane. To obtain a good seal, we suggest applying some 

vaseline on the ‘O’ ring of the cap and pedestal before placing the 

membrane. Install porous plate, filter paper and cap on the top of 

the sample, and roll membrane up on cap. The heavier wall ‘O’ rings 

should always be installed on the cap and pedestal (covered by membrane) 

but the thinner ‘O’ ring is installed above and below this ‘O’ 

ring on top of membrane. 

4. Connect the two pore lines to the cap. Tighten nuts by wrench with 

moderate force. 

5. Place cell wall together with cell top on base. Guide hole, of course, 

should be lined up with guide post. For triaxial cell the piston rod 

must be pulled up all the way and locked in place. For permeability 

check, check axial strain pin before pushing cell wall down over ‘O’ 

ring seal on base. Change the extension of the pin by adding one or 

more extensions if necessary. 

6. Pass the three tie rods through the holes in the cell top and screw 

them into the base. Be careful not to drop the rods because that would 

damage the threads. Tighten the rods by hand. The rods should screw 

in with a little force if they are vertical. If they are difficult to turn, 

check vertical alignment and turn cell slightly if needed. For the last 

1/8 ′ , screw the rods alternately so that the cell top will be pulled down 

evenly. 

7. Fill cell with silicon oil. Leave about 1/4 ′ air under top plate. Loosen 

locking collar of the piston rod for triaxial cell; bring the rod in contact 

with the cap and lock again. For permeability cell, take a reading of 

sample length with the portable dial indicator if desired. 

84


8. Connect bulkhead fitting No.21 (on side of panel) to the top of cell. 

Use a wrench to tighten nut to the fitting with moderate force. 

9. Connect bulkhead fittings No.12 to bulkhead on the cell base labeled 

‘Pedestal saturate’, and bulkhead No.19 to bulkhead labeled ‘Cap Saturate’ 

on the cell base. It is very important to match the above 3 

fittings to their mates on the cell. 

10. Apply cell pressure. Check that the cell pressure regulator is in minimum 

setting (Turn all the way counter clockwise and then clockwise 

about a quarter turn). Open main supply valve No.1. Turn on digital 

or analog pressure gauge and turn selector valve No.22 into cell 

position. Set cell pressure to 5 psi. 

5.3 Filling the Burettes, Vacuum Saturation 

Note: The procedure to fill the burettes is the same regardless if it is done 

before or during the test, provided that the sequence of steps are followed 

as given below: 

5.3.1 Filling the Cap Burettes 

1. Close ‘Saturation’ valve No.18. 

2. Turn selector valve No.13 into ‘Vacuum’ position. 

3. Connect vacuum source to bulkhead fitting No.23. 

4. Submerge end of saturation tubing into pool of suitable water. 

5. Turn selector No.15 into large burette position. 

6. Partially open valve No.14 to let water slowly fill large burette. Do 

not fill burette higher than zero mark. Close valve No.14. 

7. To fill small burette (step 1-4 is done) turn selector No.15 into small 

burette position. 

8. Crack valve No.14 slightly, to let water slowly fill small burette. Do 


9. Put selector valve No.13 into required position (high of low back pressure) 

10. You may open saturation valve No.18. You may shut off vacuum. 

85


5.3.2 Filling the Pedestal Burettes 

1. Close ‘Saturation’ valve No.11. 

2. Turn selector valve No.6 into ‘Vacuum’ position. 

3. Connect vacuum source to bulkhead fitting No.23. 

4. Submerge end of saturation tubing into pool of suitable water. 

5. Turn selector No.8 into large burette position. 

6. Partially open valve No.14 to let water slowly fill large burette. Do 


7. To fill small burette (step 1-4 is done) turn selector No.8 into small 

burette position. 

8. Crack valve No.14 slightly, to let water slowly fill small burette. Do 


9. Put selector valve No.6 into required position (high of low back pressure) 

10. You may open saturation valve No.11. You may shut off vacuum. 

Full saturation of the sample can be reached much faster and at lower 

back pressure if vacuum is employed initially. The permissible level of vacuum, 

however, should be determined by sample conditions and at the intended 

final effective confining pressure. Generally, the sum of the already 

applied cell pressure (5 psi) and vacuum should not exceed the final effective 

confining pressure. 

5.4 Back Pressure Application, Degree of Saturation 

1. Turn both cap and pedestal selector valves No.6 and No.13 to low 

back pressure turn selector valve No.22 into low back pressure position. 

Take a reading of both the cap and pedestal burettes. Check that both 

saturation valves No.11 and No.18 are open. 

2. Set low back pressure to 5 psi. Turn selector valve No.22 into cell 

position to see if cell pressure is now 10 psi. 

3. The sample will be taking water, the progress of which can be followed 

by taking readings of the burette at suitable time intervals. When no 

more change (or very little) is observed raise back pressure another 

5 psi step and do as above. The elapsed time between increments 

depends entirely on the permeability of the sample. 

86


4. It will be observed that the amount of water taken by the sample 

and the time required to reach equilibrium will be less and less at 

each successive back pressure increment. When the water intake will 

become less than one ml for a 5 psi increment one may change over to 

small burette of the pedestal to take accurate readings in much shorter 

time than one could of the large burette. When less than 0.1 ml change 

is observed to reach equilibrium for a 5 psi increment, saturation may 

be considered very close to 100%. With initial vacuum saturation this 

should happen in less than five steps. To check B parameter, if desired, 

see instruction supplied wit the portable pore pressure transducer. 

5.5 Consolidation of Sample, Permeability Measurement 

1. Consolidate the sample with the required effective confining pressure 

(effective confining pressure equals cell pressure minus back pressure). 

Make sure that there is enough room in both burettes for expected 

drain. Take readings of both burettes at convenient time intervals. 

When draining is slowed down sufficiently, change to small burette to 

see clearly when consolidation is complete. 

2. Close both saturation valves No.11 and 18. 

3. Turn pedestal selector valve No.6 into high back pressure position. 

4. Read low back pressure on digital or analog gauge 

5. Turn selector valve No.22 into high back pressure position and set 

high back pressure regulator output to required value, which is low 

back pressure plus desired head. (Each psi above back pressure equals 

70.29 cm water head). Raise effective confining pressure with the same 

value. 

6. Open both saturation valves No.11 and 18. Take readings of burettes 

at suitable time intervals. For samples with low permeability, switch 

to small burette for much faster reading of equal accuracy. 

7. After permeability has been determined, close both saturation valves 

No.11 and 18, turn pedestal selector valve to low back pressure and 

then open both saturation valves No.11 and 18. 

8. You may determine permeability again with a higher confining pressure 

as above. 

87


5.6 Shearing the Sample, Terminating the Test 

When the sample has been consolidated at the final effective confining pressure, 

and all permeability measurements are completed, the test is ended 

for the permeability cell. Proceed to section ‘Termination’ to terminate the 

test. For triaxial test the sample is ready to be sheared. 

1. Place the cell onto the platform of the loading frame. Be careful not 

to crimp the saturation lines. 

2. Install dial indicator onto the piston rod. Bring reaction bar close 

to contact with the top of piston and line them up. Move platform 

upward to make contact, stop and then release piston lock and take a 

reading of axial load display. Set desired strain rate and start again. 

Read axial load display. This is the load necessary to move the piston 

against the cell pressure and should be considered as ‘zero’ load. Let 

the platform rise until the load display starts to increase. Stop again. 

Read axial deformation display. The movement up to this point equals 

the axial consolidation of the sample due to the effective confining 

pressure. 

3. For drained test you may start again without doing anything other 

than reading the burettes. If no recorder is used, than of course, it is 

necessary to read and write down also the axial load end deformation 

at suitable time intervals. Be sure to stop before all the free length of 

piston is used. 

4. For undrained test, connect pore pressure transducer to bulkhead fitting 

on the cell base marked pedestal purge. See instruction for pore 

pressure transducer. 

5. Close both cap and pedestal saturation valves No.11 and 18 and proceed 

with loading. 

5.7 Termination 

1. Reduce low back pressure regulator’ s output to minimum. Close can 

and pedestal saturating valves No.11 and 18. 

2. Reduce high back pressure regulator’ s output to minimum. 

3. Reduce cell pressure to minimum and drain silicon oil from cell, and 

then close main supply valve No.1. 

4. Retract loading platform: remove axial dial indicator if it was installed 

onto the cell;remove the cell from the platform; disconnect cell pressure 

line from top of the cell. Dismount cell and remove the sample. 

88

Chapter 6 

Acknowledgements 

The first author would like to acknowledge the European Research Training 

Program RTN-DIGA (HPRN-CT-2002-00220) for its financial support 

during his nine months training period (15-01-2003/31-10-2003) in Institut 

National Polytechnique de Grenoble, as well as the financial support of 

Alexandros S. Onasis Foundation, through its three years PhD scholarship. 

89


90

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92

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