Phylum Porifera
Phylum Porifera
Phylum Porifera
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asconoid sponge syconoid sponge leuconoid sponge
asconoid type: Leucolenia
syconoid type: Sycon
leuconoid type: Xestospongia
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Tubular, upright<br />
demosponges
“Encrusting” forms
Family Clionidae<br />
!!special archeocytes (etching cells)<br />
!!significant contribution to bioerosion<br />
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•!Sexual<br />
•!most sponges are<br />
hermaphrodites<br />
!!at an appropriate time sperm<br />
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and transported by water currents<br />
to another, in which fertilization<br />
occurs<br />
!!sperm are modified<br />
choanocysts, whereas eggs are<br />
either modified archaeocysts or<br />
choanocysts<br />
Sperm release –<br />
“smoking sponge”
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Cellularia<br />
(sponges with cellular tissue)<br />
Symplasma<br />
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•!Famous example are the<br />
Stromatoporoids<br />
•!Reefbuilders in the Silurian<br />
and Devonian, Gotland is<br />
perhaps the best known<br />
Silurian locality<br />
•!Contain both spicules and a<br />
calcareous skeleton<br />
•!Environmentally dependant<br />
morphologies, e.g. in low or<br />
high energy environments
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megascleres<br />
microscleres
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•!“Glass sponges”<br />
•!Exclusively marine, common deepsea<br />
sponges today<br />
•!Not necessarily attached but may<br />
have root tufts anchoring them<br />
•!Similar adaptations in the fossil<br />
record<br />
•!Silica skeleton<br />
The Venus flower<br />
basket Euplectella
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Hydnoceras from the<br />
Devonian of New York<br />
State, preserved in a<br />
fine sandstone<br />
Retifungus from the<br />
Devonian Hunsrück<br />
shale of southern<br />
Germany, only known<br />
locality of this sponge
Retifungus preserved within the black<br />
Hunsrück Shale, pyrite has replaced or<br />
covers the siliceous spicules and<br />
produces the non reflective parts of the<br />
x-rays.
“Protospongia” also from the<br />
Hunsrück Shale but seen on<br />
the actual surface, it exhibits<br />
a very distinct framework of<br />
siliceous spicules and fibres.<br />
Can reach up to 1 m in<br />
dimension, but complete<br />
specimens are very rare.
Diagoniella cyathiformis; middle Cambrian of Canada
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-!Sponge like appearance<br />
! bag-like organisms with<br />
a soft skin armored with<br />
star-shaped calcareous<br />
sclerites<br />
-!most likely filter feeders<br />
-!typically only spines are<br />
found<br />
-!spines are aragonitic<br />
-!-spines are for protection<br />
not support<br />
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Chancelloria racemifundis<br />
Allonnia, Burgess Shale, British Columbia<br />
Chancellorids from the Burgess Shale were first reconstructed as<br />
a typical sponge with a simple vase shaped.
M2($-0,1'25*/%$,2'-),'/(&&(3'0")(%6"(%0'0",'+(22*$'),/()1'-31'<br />
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Diagoniella and Protospongia<br />
Early hexactinellids<br />
! most likely high Mg calcite spicules
Eiffelia araniformis<br />
with organic lining<br />
(Class Calcarea)<br />
Heteractinida indet<br />
(Class Calcarea)<br />
Diagoniella<br />
Hexactinellid spicules<br />
(Class Hexactinellida)<br />
stemgroup silicispongia <br />
stemgroup Calcarea
;,0-
!()*+,)-3'5"#$(6,3#'<br />
Symplasma<br />
Cellularia<br />
Calcarea Hexactinellida<br />
Demospongia<br />
Hexactinellida Demospongia<br />
Calcarea<br />
a traditional view<br />
<strong>Porifera</strong><br />
a modern view
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