Role of Intellectual Property Rights In National Innovation Ecosystem
Role of Intellectual Property Rights In National Innovation Ecosystem
Role of Intellectual Property Rights In National Innovation Ecosystem
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<strong>Role</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong><strong>In</strong>tellectual</strong> <strong>Property</strong> <strong>Rights</strong><br />
<strong>In</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>In</strong>novation <strong>Ecosystem</strong><br />
R A Mashelkar
Top Patenting US Universities - 2007<br />
University<br />
Patent Granted<br />
2007<br />
University <strong>of</strong> California 333<br />
Mass. <strong>In</strong>stitute <strong>of</strong> Technology 141<br />
California <strong>In</strong>stitute <strong>of</strong> Technology 116<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin 91<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Texas 90<br />
Stanford University 85<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Central Florida 57<br />
Columbia University 55<br />
Cornell University 54
George Whitesides<br />
•Highest cited scientist in the world<br />
•Market capitalization <strong>of</strong> companies floated<br />
from his Harvard Univ Based research is $ 20 bn
Act allows transfer <strong>of</strong> exclusive control over government<br />
funded inventions to universities and businesses<br />
operating with federal contracts for commercialization.<br />
Contracting universities and businesses are permitted to<br />
exclusively license the inventions to other parties.<br />
Federal government retains "March-in" rights to license<br />
the invention to a third party, where it determines that<br />
invention is not being made available to the public on a<br />
reasonable basis.
Pre-1980, University share <strong>of</strong> patents only<br />
0.03%<br />
10 folds increase in patents in last 15 years<br />
Universities filing ~ 4000 patent applications<br />
annually<br />
Also issuing ~ 3500 licenses & options annually
Recombinant DNA technology, central to the<br />
biotechnology industry, Stanford University and University<br />
<strong>of</strong> California<br />
Cisplatin and caboplatin cancer therapeutics, Michigan<br />
State University<br />
Metal Alkoxide process for taxol production, Florida State<br />
University<br />
Artificial lung surfactant for use with newborn infants,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> California<br />
Haemophilus B conjugate vaccine, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Rochester<br />
Process for inserting DNA into eucaryotic cells and for<br />
producing proteinaceous materials, Columbia University<br />
TRUSOPT (dorzolamide) ophthalmic drop used for<br />
glaucoma, University <strong>of</strong> Florida<br />
And others……
Stanford University: 1950 vs. Today<br />
<strong>National</strong> Medal<br />
<strong>of</strong> Science<br />
0 30<br />
Nobel Prize 0 28<br />
Winners<br />
Annual Budget $100M $3.2B<br />
Sponsored<br />
Research<br />
$11M $1.06B
A University Can Be A Wellspring Of<br />
<strong>In</strong>novation<br />
• Stanford graduates, faculty and staff have<br />
launched approximately 1200 companies in<br />
the last 50 years<br />
• More than 50% <strong>of</strong> Silicon Valley product is due<br />
to companies started by Stanford alumni
Stanford Strategy<br />
Encourage graduating students and faculty to start<br />
companies (Over 1200 companies to date accounting for<br />
over 50% <strong>of</strong> Silicon Valley output)<br />
Create <strong>In</strong>dustrial Park with inexpensive land leases (now<br />
over 150 companies in the “Research” Park)<br />
Offer cutting-edge education to company employees<br />
(Engineering Honors Cooperative Program; now reaches<br />
hundreds <strong>of</strong> companies over the internet)<br />
Assist in development <strong>of</strong> Venture Capital <strong>In</strong>dustry<br />
Form <strong>In</strong>dustrial Affiliates Programs (now over 40)
Waves <strong>of</strong> <strong>In</strong>novation in Silicon Valley History
Amazing Numbers!<br />
$1,426 Million in Royalties<br />
$54 Billion in Licensed Products Sales<br />
435,000 new Jobs<br />
18,178 new <strong>In</strong>vention Disclosures<br />
11,089 new Patent filings<br />
5,327 new Licenses (10% to Start-Up<br />
Companies)
Patents Filed<br />
12000<br />
10000<br />
8000<br />
6000<br />
4000<br />
Patents Filed<br />
2000<br />
0<br />
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
<strong>In</strong>spiring Stories<br />
• Stanford<br />
• MIT<br />
• Cambridge<br />
• Oxford<br />
• Others following in Europe & Asia Pacific
How to Bridge the gap<br />
23<br />
Academic<br />
Research<br />
Catalyst<br />
Program<br />
Events<br />
Commercial<br />
Enterprise<br />
Grant<br />
Program<br />
<strong>In</strong>novation-<br />
Teams
MIT ECOSYSTEM<br />
TECHLINK<br />
INNOVATION<br />
CLUB<br />
I-TEAMS<br />
SEBC<br />
VCPE<br />
ENTREPENEURSHIP<br />
CENTER<br />
$100K<br />
COMPETITION<br />
MIT SLOAN<br />
24<br />
DESHPANDE<br />
CENTER<br />
MIT VMS<br />
MIT TLO<br />
MIT<br />
ENTERPRISE<br />
FORUM<br />
COMMERCIALIZATION
Greater Boston Area<br />
HARVARD<br />
BOSTON COLLEGE<br />
BOSTON UNIVERSITY<br />
BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY<br />
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY<br />
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY<br />
TUFTS UNIVERSITY<br />
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS @BOSTON<br />
University innovation led wealth and jobs<br />
• $7.4 billion boost to the regional economy<br />
• 48,750 new University jobs<br />
• 37,000 new other jobs for workers in the region<br />
• continuing education for 25,000 non-degree students
University (Conventional)<br />
Generation <strong>of</strong> new Knowledge<br />
Enterprise<br />
Creation <strong>of</strong> Wealth & Jobs<br />
University (new)<br />
(Public Good)<br />
(Private Good)<br />
Balancing new knowledge generation &<br />
wealth creation<br />
(Public & Private Good)
The Cambridge Phenomenon<br />
Then:<br />
-University largely ignored IP issue<br />
-Adopted a liberal attitude to what academics did<br />
- <strong>In</strong>dustrial liaison merely acted as ‘window’<br />
on what university did- little exchange or dialogue
Cambridge Now
Principal Components that Caused and Shaped Cambridge Phenomenon after<br />
1960s<br />
Seiko Epson<br />
Research<br />
Lab<br />
Analysys<br />
Toshiba<br />
Cambridge<br />
Research<br />
Laboratory<br />
Cambridge<br />
<strong>In</strong>teractive<br />
System<br />
Olivetti Research<br />
Laboratory<br />
(acquired by<br />
AT&T in 1999)<br />
MRC<br />
Laboratory<br />
<strong>of</strong> Molecular<br />
Biology<br />
Cambridge<br />
Science Park<br />
Judge <strong>In</strong>stitute <strong>of</strong><br />
Management<br />
Studies<br />
CAD<br />
Centre<br />
Acorn<br />
Cambridge<br />
University<br />
1970<br />
1960<br />
CCL<br />
Barclays Bank<br />
PA<br />
Technology<br />
1980<br />
St. John<br />
<strong>In</strong>novation<br />
Centre<br />
Cambridge Research and<br />
<strong>In</strong>novation Ltd (CRIL)<br />
Scientific<br />
Generics<br />
Sinclair<br />
Radionics<br />
The Technology<br />
Partnership<br />
TTP<br />
Eicon<br />
Research<br />
Ltd<br />
Sinclair<br />
Research Ltd<br />
<strong>In</strong>stitute <strong>of</strong><br />
Biotechnolog<br />
y<br />
Cantab<br />
Pharmaceuticals<br />
Glaxo<br />
Nickerson<br />
Biotech<br />
Laboratory<br />
Hitachi<br />
Cambridge<br />
Laboratory<br />
TTP Ventures<br />
Glaxo <strong>In</strong>stitute<br />
<strong>of</strong> Applied<br />
Pharmacology<br />
BP<br />
Unilever Cambridge<br />
Centre for Molecular<br />
<strong>In</strong>formatics<br />
Cambridge<br />
Network<br />
1990<br />
<strong>In</strong>stitute <strong>of</strong><br />
Manufacturing<br />
Entropic Research<br />
Laboratory (acquired<br />
by Micros<strong>of</strong>t in 1999)<br />
Amadeus Capital<br />
Partners<br />
2000
Top Universities & Organizations – PCT Filings 2007<br />
Organization<br />
Electronics and Telecommunications<br />
Research <strong>In</strong>stitute<br />
Agency for Science, Technology & Research<br />
Council <strong>of</strong> Scientific & <strong>In</strong>dustrial Research<br />
Seoul <strong>National</strong> University <strong>In</strong>dustry Foundation<br />
Korea <strong>In</strong>stitute <strong>of</strong> Science & Technology<br />
Hong Kong Applied Science & Technology<br />
Research <strong>In</strong>stitute<br />
Korea Research <strong>In</strong>stitute <strong>of</strong> Bioscience<br />
& Biotechnology<br />
<strong>National</strong> University <strong>of</strong> Singapore<br />
Korea Advanced <strong>In</strong>stitute <strong>of</strong> Science<br />
& Technology<br />
Country<br />
S Korea<br />
Singapore<br />
<strong>In</strong>dia<br />
S Korea<br />
S Korea<br />
China<br />
S Korea<br />
Singapore<br />
S Korea
CSIR’s IP Policy (1996)<br />
Statement <strong>of</strong> the IP Policy<br />
“The maximization <strong>of</strong> the benefits to CSIR from its<br />
intellectual property by stimulating higher levels <strong>of</strong><br />
innovation through a judicious system <strong>of</strong> rewards,<br />
ensuring timely and effective legal protection for its<br />
IP and leveraging and forging strategies alliances for<br />
enhancing the value <strong>of</strong> its IP.”<br />
CSIR Targets (Vision 2001)<br />
Portfolio <strong>of</strong> 500 foreign patents (then 80 in 1996)<br />
Portfolio <strong>of</strong> 1000 <strong>In</strong>dian patents (then 436 in 1996)
STRATEGY TO IMPLEMENT THE POLICY<br />
•Balanced system <strong>of</strong> recognition and rewards;<br />
•structured in-house and external pr<strong>of</strong>essional training programmes;<br />
•assessment <strong>of</strong> techno-legal and business information in related IP<br />
documents;<br />
•establishing and enforcing a formal mechanism <strong>of</strong> recording and<br />
authentication ;<br />
•encourage the publication <strong>of</strong> R&D results in scientific papers only after<br />
careful consideration <strong>of</strong> the consequences on IP rights.<br />
•availing the services <strong>of</strong> high class national and foreign consultants and<br />
attorneys;<br />
•monitoring national & international patents through access to on-line<br />
databases;<br />
•Analysing and assessing techno-legal and business information & market<br />
intelligence to identify strategic alliances;<br />
•Strengthening the IPMD <strong>of</strong> CSIR<br />
•Mobilizing public opinion and influencing government decision/policy on<br />
diverse IP issues through analytical and scientific studies .
160<br />
140<br />
120<br />
100<br />
6 4 4 7 8 10 11 22 38 39 39<br />
80<br />
US patents granted to CSIR<br />
Awareness<br />
Building<br />
Overdrive<br />
149 141 142<br />
111<br />
IP Policy<br />
Lack <strong>of</strong> Awareness<br />
69<br />
1992-93<br />
1993-94<br />
1994-95<br />
1995-96<br />
1996-97<br />
1997-98<br />
1998-99<br />
1999-00<br />
2000-01<br />
2001-02<br />
2002-03<br />
2003-04<br />
2004-05<br />
2005-06<br />
1991-92<br />
1990-91<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
Rationalisation
% share <strong>of</strong> CSIR in the total US patents granted to<br />
<strong>In</strong>dians (excluding foreign assignees)<br />
70.0<br />
60.0<br />
50.0<br />
40.0<br />
30.0<br />
20.0<br />
10.0<br />
0.0<br />
64.3<br />
57.6<br />
62.0<br />
45.9<br />
49.6<br />
33.0<br />
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Global Partnerships
NCL patents trigger <strong>In</strong>dia’s emergence as a<br />
global R&D platform<br />
NCL’s patents on polycarbonates<br />
<br />
Licensed to GE in early nineties<br />
“If they are so good, why are we not there ”<br />
– Jack Welch, CEO - GE<br />
GE’s decision to set up Jack Welch R&D<br />
Centre in Bangalore (1995)<br />
Others follow – today 300+ R&D centres set<br />
up by multinationals
NCL patents breaking monopolies<br />
THPE [1,1’,1”-Tris(4’-hydroxyphenyl) ethane]<br />
a branching agent for the synthesis <strong>of</strong> high<br />
grade polycarbonates.<br />
Breaking Hoechst Celanese (US)’s monopoly<br />
through Excel (<strong>In</strong>dia) manufacturing based on<br />
NCL patents.
Doing Business with IP
<strong>In</strong>dian Pharmaceutical <strong>In</strong>dustry<br />
From copying molecules to creating molecules<br />
50s Formulation Mostly imported - MNC Dominance<br />
60s Formulation Based on imported bulk drugs<br />
70s<br />
Formulation<br />
Bulk Drugs<br />
Little Import<br />
<strong>In</strong>digenous manufacture by domestic<br />
companies<br />
80s<br />
Formulation<br />
Marginal imports<br />
Bulk Drugs<br />
Mostly indigenous manufacture based on<br />
domestic R&D<br />
90s<br />
Formulation<br />
Bulk Drugs<br />
<strong>In</strong>significant imports<br />
Net Exporter<br />
2000+ Drugs & Pharma Strong Generics<br />
New Molecule Research
Protecting <strong>Rights</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Poor<br />
UN Commission on Human <strong>Rights</strong><br />
April 2001
Grim Scenario in Health<br />
• 3 million deaths by HIV/AIDS (2.3 million<br />
in sub – Sahara Africa) 1 million deaths by<br />
malaria<br />
• Poorest spend 12% <strong>of</strong> their income on<br />
healthcare as opposed to 2% by rich<br />
• One episode <strong>of</strong> hospitalization wipes <strong>of</strong> all<br />
the assets <strong>of</strong> a poor family
Import <strong>of</strong> medicines by Government<br />
(Section 47)<br />
Acquisition <strong>of</strong> patent right by<br />
Government (Section 102)<br />
Conditional grant <strong>of</strong> patent (Section 47)<br />
Bolar provision ( Section 107A(a)<br />
Research and Experimentation<br />
Exemptions (Section 47)<br />
Revocation <strong>of</strong> Patent in public interest<br />
(Section 66)
Knowledge systems<br />
• Formal<br />
– S&T institutions<br />
– Universities<br />
– <strong>In</strong>dustry<br />
• <strong>In</strong>formal – laboratories <strong>of</strong> life<br />
– Community<br />
– Civilizational<br />
– Parallel<br />
– <strong>In</strong>digenous
Comparison <strong>of</strong> U.S. Patents with references cited in Ayurveda<br />
PRIOR ART<br />
S.N. US PATENT DETAILS REFERENCES CITED<br />
IN AYURVEDA<br />
REMARKS<br />
3 5,725,859 granted on 10 th March 1998<br />
Applicant: Omer Osama L. M.<br />
Application filed on June 3 rd 1996<br />
Title: Plant based therapeutic agent with virustatic and<br />
antiviral effect<br />
Claims: there are four claims. First two claims i.e. 1&2<br />
relate to a method <strong>of</strong> treating a patient infected with DNA<br />
virus <strong>of</strong> the herpes family or DNA hepatitis B or hepatitis C<br />
viruses, or suffering from chronic allergic rhino-sinobronchitis,<br />
by administering to the said patient a<br />
pharmaceutical composition as claimed. Claim 3&4 define a<br />
pharmaceutical composition which comprises at least two <strong>of</strong><br />
the compounds selected from the group consisting <strong>of</strong> 1.<br />
absinthe (artemisia absinthium) 2. Resin <strong>of</strong> mastic (resin<br />
pistacia lenticus) and 3. Fruit <strong>of</strong> delphinium denudatum.<br />
This composition further comprises at least one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
compounds selected from the groups consisting <strong>of</strong> rose<br />
wood (flores rosae), seeds <strong>of</strong> cardamom (fructus ellettaria<br />
cardmomum) and borgae flowers (flores onosma brateatum<br />
boriginaceae).<br />
1. Caraka-samhita,<br />
Ci-101, page 240<br />
Use <strong>of</strong> ellettaria<br />
cardamom in a compound<br />
formulation for treatment<br />
<strong>of</strong> kapha roga.<br />
2. Bhava prakasa<br />
nighantu, page 829<br />
Use <strong>of</strong> delphiniun<br />
denudatum in treatment <strong>of</strong><br />
kapha roga. Chronic<br />
allergic rhino-sino<br />
bronchitis is a form <strong>of</strong><br />
kapha roga.<br />
References<br />
resemble the<br />
treatment<br />
described in<br />
patented<br />
invention.
Changing <strong>In</strong>dian IPR Mindset:<br />
Relentless Battle!<br />
Publish or Perish<br />
To<br />
Patent, Publish and Prosper<br />
1 June, 1989<br />
<strong>National</strong> Chemical Laboratory
Changing <strong>In</strong>dian IPR Mindset:<br />
Relentless Battle!
Changing <strong>In</strong>dian IPR Mindset:<br />
Relentless Battle!
Changing <strong>In</strong>dian IPR Mindset:<br />
Relentless Battle!
Positioning Universities for the 21 st Century<br />
in the Knowledge Space<br />
High<br />
Bohr<br />
Pastuer<br />
Quest for<br />
Fundamental<br />
Understanding<br />
Edison<br />
Low<br />
Application <strong>of</strong> Knowledge<br />
High
<strong>In</strong>dian Academia & IP<br />
Yesterday<br />
“Publish or Perish”<br />
Tomorrow<br />
“Patent, Publish & Prosper”
<strong>In</strong>dian <strong>In</strong>dustry & IP<br />
Yesterday<br />
“Borrower <strong>of</strong> IP”<br />
Tomorrow<br />
“Creator & Licensor <strong>of</strong> IP”
400<br />
IPR - IN PROCESS & GRANTED AT TATA STEEL<br />
350<br />
Cumulative No. <strong>of</strong> Patents<br />
300<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
63<br />
44<br />
22<br />
274<br />
256<br />
20<br />
174<br />
17<br />
16<br />
106<br />
8 13 16<br />
60<br />
16 19 22<br />
38<br />
Upto 1999 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07<br />
<strong>In</strong>-Process<br />
Granted
<strong>In</strong>dian <strong>In</strong>dustry<br />
Yesterday<br />
“Pride in being First to <strong>In</strong>dia”<br />
Tomorrow<br />
“Will only Pride in Being First to the<br />
World”
<strong>In</strong>dian IQ Creating IP for Foreign Firms<br />
<strong>In</strong>dian IQ generating IP for foreign companies<br />
City<br />
US Patents<br />
granted for<br />
<strong>In</strong>dian firms<br />
US Patents<br />
granted to<br />
foreign firms<br />
with <strong>In</strong>dian<br />
inventors<br />
Total Patents<br />
%IP Created<br />
For foreign<br />
firms<br />
Bangalore<br />
39 435 474 91.8<br />
Delhi<br />
143 186 329 56.5<br />
Hyderabad<br />
94 40 134 29.9<br />
Mumbai<br />
84 183 267 68.5<br />
Pune<br />
87 94 181 51.9<br />
Lucknow<br />
83 16 99 16.2
The Challenge<br />
• <strong>In</strong>dian mind to <strong>In</strong>dian marketplace<br />
• <strong>In</strong>novation in <strong>In</strong>dia for <strong>In</strong>dia<br />
• <strong>In</strong>dian IQ for <strong>In</strong>dian IP
Nano first to the world<br />
Nano – 36 patents!
THANK YOU
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