Louise Hashemi and Barbara Thomas

Cambridge University Press 

978-0-521-69087-4 - Grammar for First Certificate with Answers, Second Edition 

Louise Hashemi and Barbara Thomas 

Frontmatter 

More information 

for First 

Certificate 

Second edition 

Self-study grammar 

reference and practice 

LOUISE HASHEMI and 

BARBARA THOMAS 

Grammar 

with answers 

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org




Frontmatter 


CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi 


The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK 

www.cambridge.org 

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521690874 

© Cambridge University Press 2008 

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception 

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, 

no reproduction of any part may take place without the written 

permission of Cambridge University Press. 

First published 2003 

Second edition 2008 

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge 

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library 

ISBN 978-0-521-69087-4 paperback with audio CD 

ISBN 978-0-521-69104-8 paperback without answers 





Frontmatter 


Acknowledgements 

The authors would like to thank their editors, Alison Sharpe, Anna Teevan and 

Lynn Townsend, and also the following people for their comments and advice: 

Shahla Hashemi, Neca Huntic and Christina Wylie. 

The authors and publishers would also like to thank the following teachers from 

around the world who commented on the material in its draft form: 

Roger Scott, Bournemouth, UK; Mairi Beaton, Lyon, France; Elisabeth de Lange, 

Beckum, Germany, Helen Gialias, Bournemouth, England; Mechthild Hesse, Bad 

Homburg, Germany; Diana Hopkins, Bath, England; Scott Lusher, Izmir, Turkey; 

Mark Nettle, Bath, England; Graham Palmer, Royston, England; Martin Parrott, 

London, England; Dmitris Primolis, Archanes, Greece; Susan 

Rastetter-Gies, Aschaffenburg, Germany; Nick Shaw, A Coruna, Spain; Anna 

Sikorzynska, Warsaw, Poland; Sylvia Sommer, Lyon, France; Roy Sprenger, Troyes, 

France. 

The authors and publishers are grateful to the following for permission to 

reproduce copyright material. It has not always been possible to identify the 

sources of all the material used and in such cases the publishers would welcome 

information from the copyright owners: 

p.23: text adapted from ‘Me and my glad rags’ by Liz Gill, Financial Times ‘How 

to spend it’, December 2002; p.32: adapted extract from ‘Hurled through the door’ 

by Max Wooldridge, Observer, 6 February 2000 © Max Wooldridge, reproduced 

with permission of Max Wooldridge; p.198: adapted text from The Language of 

Clothes by Alison Lurie, published by Henry Holt and Company (Owl Books) © 

Alison Lurie, reproduced with permission of A. P. Watt Ltd on behalf of Alison 

Lurie; p.213: adapted extract from ‘World Standard English’, The Cambridge 

Encyclopaedia of the English Language, 1997, by David Crystal, reproduced with 

permission of Cambridge University Press. 

Photographs: p. 6: Powerstock Zefa; p. 11: Picture Desk/Kobal; p. 12: Powerstock 

Zefa; p. 13: Jaimie Duplass/Shutterstock; p. 21: Stockbyte; p. 31: Art Directors 

and Trip; p. 32: Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd/Alamy; p. 56.1: Network 

Photographers; p. 56.2: Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd; p. 56.3: Digital Vision 

Ltd./SuperStock; p. 56.4: inmagine/digital vision; p. 64: Alamy.com; p. 70: Robert 

Harding Picture Library; p. 77: Corbis UK Ltd; p. 84: Simon Heaton/Alamy; p. 87: 

Anthony Blake Picture Library; p. 88: f1 online/Alamy; p. 91a: Greg Evans Picture 

Library; p. 91b: Greg Evans Picture Library; p. 91c: Robert Harding Picture Library 

Ltd; p. 91d: Rex Features; p. 100: Art Directors and Trip; p. 104: JUPITERIMAGES/ 

Brand X/Alamy; p. 125: Art Directors and Trip; p. 135: JUPITERIMAGES/ 

PHOTOS.COM /Alamy; p. 153: Popperfoto; p. 182a: Juha Tuomi/Shutterstock; 

p. 182b: Rex Features; p. 182c: Powerstock Zefa; p. 182d: Robert Harding Picture 

Library Ltd; p. 187: Charles Taylor/Shutterstock; p. 196: Art Directors and Trip; p. 

197: Rex Features; p. 216: Mandy Godbehear/Shutterstock; p. 222: Rex Interstock. 

Produced by Kamae Design, Oxford 

iii 

Present perfect and past simple 





Frontmatter 


Contents 

Introduction vii 

Entry test ix 

1 Present tenses 

Present simple; present continuous; state verbs 1 

2 Past tenses 

Past simple; past continuous; used to (and to be used to); would 8 

3 Present perfect and past simple 

Present perfect simple and past simple; present perfect simple and continuous 16 

4 Past perfect 

Past perfect simple and continuous 26 

5 Future 1 

Present tenses for future; will; future continuous 35 

6 Future 2 

Going to; future in the past; present after time adverbs; future perfect; to be about to 45 

7 Adjectives 

Comparative and superlative adjectives; position; order; adjectives ending in -ing and -ed 56 

8 Adverbs 

Formation; adverbs and adjectives easily confused; comparative and superlative 

adverbs; modifiers; position 64 

9 Questions 

Yes/no questions; short answers; question words; question tags; agreeing 72 

10 Countable and uncountable nouns; articles 

Countable and uncountable nouns; a(n), the and no article; special uses of articles 81 

11 Pronouns and determiners 

Possessives; reflexive pronouns; each other etc.; there and it; someone etc.; all, most, 

some and none; each and every; both, neither etc. 91 

12 Modals 1 

Use of modals; obligation; necessity 100 

13 Modals 2 

Permission; requests; offers; suggestions; orders; advice 110 

iv 





Frontmatter 


14 Modals 3 

Ability; deduction: certainty and possibility; expectations 118 

15 The passive 

The passive; to have something done 127 

16 Reported speech 

Tense changes in reported speech; reporting in the same tense; verbs used for 

reporting; reporting questions 135 

17 The to infinitive and -ing 

Verb + to infinitive; verb + infinitive without to; verb + -ing; verb + object 

+ to infinitive; verb + that; adjectives 145 

18 Phrasal verbs 

Meaning and form; verb + preposition; verb + adverb; verb + preposition + adverb 155 

19 Conditionals 1 

Zero, first, second and third conditionals; mixed conditionals 164 

20 Conditionals 2 

Unless; in case; as / so long as; provided that; I wish / if only; it’s time; I’d rather; 

otherwise / or else 174 

21 Prepositions 1 

Prepositions of place and time 182 

22 Prepositions 2 

Prepositions which follow verbs and adjectives; prepositions to express who, how 

and why; expressions with prepositions 191 

23 Relative clauses 

Defining and non-defining relative clauses; relative pronouns and prepositions 200 

24 Linking words 1 

Because, as and since; so and therefore; in order to, to + infinitive and so (that); so 

and such; enough and too 207 

25 Linking words 2 

In spite of and despite; but, although and though; even though and even if; 

participle clauses; before and after + -ing; when, while and since + -ing 216 

Key 224 

Recording scripts 240 

Appendix 1: Phrasal verbs 256 

Appendix 2: Irregular verbs 257 

Grammar glossary 258 

v 





Frontmatter 


To the student 

Who is this book for? 

This book is for anyone preparing for the 

Cambridge First Certificate in English exam 

and covers the grammar needed for the 

exam. You can use it with a general English 

language course for extra grammar practice 

or with practice tests as part of a revision 

programme. You can use it in class or for 

self-study. 

How do I use this book? 

There are two ways to use this book. You can 

either start at Unit 1 and work through to the 

end of the book, or you can do the Entry test 

on p.ix to find out which units you need most 

practice in and begin with those. 

What is in this book? 

This book contains 25 units. Each unit is in 

four parts: 

A: Context listening This introduces the 

grammar of the unit in context. This will 

help you to understand the grammar more 

easily when you study section B. It also gives 

you useful listening practice. Listen to the 

recording and answer the questions. Then 

check your answers in the Key before you 

read the Grammar section. 

B: Grammar Read through this section 

before you do the exercises. For each 

grammar point there are explanations with 

examples. You can also refer back to this 

section when you are doing the exercises. 

C: Grammar exercises Write your answers to 

each exercise and then check them in the Key. 

D: Exam practice Each unit has a writing 

task and one other exam task. These have 

been designed to give you practice in the 

vii 

Introduction 

grammar for that unit as well as helping 

you to get to know the different parts of 

the exam. The Use of English tasks test the 

grammar presented in that unit, but they 

also test other areas of grammar (which are 

presented in the rest of the book). In the 

actual First Certificate exam, each question 

would test a different grammatical point. 

The Key 

The Key contains: 

● answers for all the exercises. Check your 

answers at the end of each exercise. The 

Key tells you which part of the Grammar 

section you need to look at again if you 

have any problems. 

● sample answers for exercises where you 

use your own ideas to help you check your 

work. 

● sample answers for all the writing tasks in 

the Exam practice section. Read these after 

you have written your own answer. Study 

the language used and the way the ideas 

are organised. 

The Recording scripts 

There are recording scripts for the Context 

listening in each unit, and for the Exam 

practice listening tasks. Do not look at the 

script until after you have answered the 

questions. It is a good idea to listen to the 

recording again while you read the script. 

Note on contractions 

This book generally uses contractions, for 

example I’m for I am, wasn’t for was not, 

because these are always used in speech and 

are common in written English. The full 

forms are used in formal written English. 





Frontmatter 


To the teacher 

This book offers concise yet comprehensive 

coverage of the grammar students need for 

the Cambridge First Certificate in English 

exam. It can be used for self-study or with 

a class. It will be particularly valuable for 

revision, for students retaking the exam and 

for candidates in classes where some students 

are not entered for the exam. Sections A, 

B and C are designed to be useful for all 

students, whether entered for the First 

Certificate exam or not. 

The Entry test 

The entry test can be used diagnostically as 

a means of prioritising the language areas to 

be covered, either for a class, or for individual 

students. 

A: Context listening This section is suitable 

for classroom use. Many of the tasks can be 

done in pairs or small groups if appropriate. 

B: Grammar This section is designed for 

private study, but you may wish to discuss 

those parts which are particularly relevant to 

your students’ needs. 

C: Grammar exercises This section can be 

done in class or set as homework. Students 

can be encouraged to check their own work 

and discuss any difficulties they encounter. 

viii 

D: Exam practice This section can be used 

to familiarise students with the exam task 

types while offering further practice in the 

grammar for each unit. Each task is followed 

by a Grammar focus task, designed to raise 

students’ awareness of a particular language 

point covered in that unit. The book contains 

at least one task from each part of the 

Reading, Writing, Use of English and Listening 

papers. There are more tasks from the Use of 

English paper than the others because it is a 

grammar-based paper. The writing tasks cover 

the full range of tasks which students may 

come across in the exam, including emails, 

articles, essays, short stories and letters. The 

Writing hints offer extra support in the form 

of useful words and expressions. 

In classes where only some of the students 

are entered for the First Certificate exam, 

you might prefer to set exam tasks as extra 

work for exam candidates only. Alternatively, 

you could set the tasks for all students, as a 

further opportunity to practise the grammar 

of each unit.

Louise Hashemi and Barbara Thomas

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