Session 2 - Nicolae Anastasiu.pdf - Cnr -cme

Science 

European Unconventional Gas Developments 

- an alternative for the future - 

Prof. Dr. Nicolae Anastasiu 

Cor. Member of Romanian Academy 

Prof.M.Brânzilă, Dr.Antoneta Seghedi 

Prof.N.Anastasiu - Romania 

EUGD-March11-2013

Science 


• Introduction 

Contents 

1.Types of Unconventional 

Resources 

2. Investigation methods 

3. Unconventional Gas Descriptioninternational 

standard 

4. Case Studies – Eastern Europe 

5. Gas Shales features – the 

Carpathians and Foreland 

• Conclusions 


EUGD-March11-2013 

2

Introd 

1.UR. 

Types 

2. 

Methode 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 

5. Romania Conclusion- 


Conventional plays 

Accumulations in medium to highly 

porous reservoirs with sufficient 

permeability to allow gas to flow to 

Well bore 

Vertical or horizontal completions 

Production from formation matrix, 

natural flow 

Production rates depend on 

permeability and porosity and 

estimated ultimate recoveries 

Unconventional plays 

Deposits of natural gas found in 

relatively impermeable rock formations 

(tight sands, shale and coal beds) 

Key technologies are horizontal drilling 

and modern hydraulic fracturing 

Production from natural and induced 

fractures (e.g shales are the source 

rock) 

Total organic carbon (TOC), thermal 

maturity and mineralogy determine 

reservoir and ultimate completion 

Development plans on a field basis 

Development plans on a well by well 



3

•The petroleum system – from conventional to unconventional 

Why, an unconventional resource? 


Reservoir conv. 

permeable 

Conventional 

Source rock 

oil 

water 

bioGas 

Conclusion 

-SWOT 

Bio-gas=conv 

Thermo-gas=unconv 

Unconventional – shale gas 

Aquifer – 150 m 

Shale thermo-gas - 3000 m 

reservoir impermeable 



4

Unconventional resources 


Production in 2010 was 283 billion cubic feet per day 

1. 

1.Oil sands – No 

2.Gas shales – Shale gas 

3.Tight gas inTight sand – compact formations 

(or secondary recovery) 

4.Coal Bed Methane 

5. Methane hydrate (in sea sediments) 

2. 



5

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methode 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 

5. Romania Conclusions 


Reserves-Tcm 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

24 

Shale Gas in place, by Rogner (AWR) - 2009 

11 

27,2 8,8 11,6 12,5 (364,9) 

U.S.A. Canada Europe China Implied rest of 

world 

9 

19 

34 

Tight 

CBM 

Shale Mean of estimate 



6

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Oil sands (bituminous sands) 

Location : Canada, Kazakhstan, Rusia, Madagascar, SUA; 

Fort McMurray = 3 400 km 2 

Reserves: Canada, Alberta: 177 Md barili, 

Status: semisolide, viscosity is high (10 000 centipoise) = extra heavy oil 

Exploitation: open pit (quarry); or pit by hundred meters - green house effect 

. 

Production: in 2006 = 1,26 mil barili/zi (44% from total in Canada; 80 new 

Projects) 

Profit = 21,75 $/barili (conventional oil=12,41$/baril) 

Secondary recovery- heavy metals: 

vanadiu, nickel, plumb, zinc, cobalt, mercur, crom, cadmiu, seleniu, cupru, m 

angan. 



7

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Exploitation in a Quarry 

McMurray Fm. - Oil sands Alberta 



8

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 

5. Romania 

Conclusions 


...din faciesuri continentale 

Continental facies….. 


Photo: B.Varban 

Canale de bioturbaţie 

Burrows 

Laminaţii concoide 

Trough lamination 


Scurgeri de ţiţei – 

Oil flow - bitum 


9

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 

5. Out-Wells 

Conclusion 


Data 

-SWOT 



Workers....and machineries 



10

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Tight sands (and Tight gas ) very low permeability 

It is stuck in a very tight formation underground, trapped in unusually 

impermeable, hard rock, or in a sandstone or limestone formation that is 

unusually impermeable and non-porous. 

Location: many countries - USA, Canada, Rusia,Venezuela,Australia, 

Argentina, China, Egipt…..on hundred-thousand SqKm. 

Reserves: 100 000 x 10 9 m 3 , in SUA- 1600 reservoires, 900 gas filelds. 

Status: very low permeability (1 nanodarcy), and effective porosity - in 

sandstones, limestones. 

Depth, and burial: 3000-3500 m, versus conventional gas, la 1000- 

1500 m. 

Extraction: by secondary recovery, with horisontal drilling, and hydraulic 

fracturing. 

Production: in SUA, din 40000 wells = 2-3 Trilioane cf=0,8-1 Bil m 3 /y. 



11

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Tight Sands 

50-100 m aquifer 

Tight gas 

3000 m 

CO 2 

We can solve green house effect! 

Secondary 

Recovery: 

De la 30…la 70% 



12

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Coal Bed Methane (CBM) 

and 

Underground Coal Gasification-UCG/GTL-Fischer Tropsch gas to liquids 

Location in fossil coal areas , brown coal, 

Reserves: 7 500 Tcf, in the world, 700 Tcf in USA, 

Status: solid, close to shales, sandstones, tens of meters thickness. 

Depth: hundred m. to 1500 m. 

Extraction : can be extracted and injected into natural gas pipelines 

for resale. 

Production: 8 500 m 3 /day: in 2010 USA – 1886 -BCF 



2

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



CBM 

1500 m 

UCG/GTL 

100-200m 

Brown coal 

Higher rank of coal 



Lignite 

lowest rank of coal 

15

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Methane hydrate (gaz hidrati) 

These interesting formations are made up of a lattice of frozen 

water, which forms a sort of 'cage' around molecules of methane. 

These hydrates look like melting snow. 

It is stable in ocean floor sediments at water depths greater than 300 

meters, and where it occurs, it is known to cement loose sediments in 

a surface layer several hundred meters thick. 2˚ C, P>30 atm. 

Methane hydrates may contain more organic carbon than the world's 

coal, oil, and conventional natural gas – combined = 

from 7,000 Tcf to over 73,000 Tcf. 



16

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



423.488 km². 



17

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Last but not least…. 

Gas shales to Shale gas 

Location: in 48 basins, 32 countries, with 70 de shale formations: 

USA, Canada, Rusia, Venezuela, Australia, Argentina, China, 

Egipt…..tens to hundred km 2 . 

Reserves: UE (2,4 Tcm), China (36 Tcm), USA (24,4 Tcm) and Mexico 

(10,9Tcm). 

Status: v.low permeability-10 nanodarcy, porosity is low, brittle rocks. 

Depth (burrial condition): 3000-3500 m, with slates, and black shales. 

Exploitation by drilling, and wells – horizontal, and hydraulic fracturing. 

Production: 11 Tcf (cca 4 Md m 3 -2020 in the world; in USA, 2010 – 

24% din total ; next 20 years….35% 



18

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



On production 

2011 - > 100 000 drills 

24% 

HP 

HP 

HP 

R 

Not yet 

HP 

High potential-HP 

International 

- interest 

HP 



19

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



S.U.A. 

Mexic 

China 

Pakistan 

Australia 

Africa de Sud 

Tunisia 

Maroc 

Venezuela 

Argentina 

Chile 

Paraguay 

Europa 

Germania 

Norvegia 

Danemarca 

Polonia 

Ucraina 

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 

509 

1783 

1444 

311 

0 

545 

1022 

50 

41 

317 

388 

232 

14 

0 

5096 

226 

481 

2350 

566 

651 

1160 

5294 

424 

1189 

6540 

8211 

10985 

11212 

Reserves - Bcm 

13732 

19281 

24406 

Source: EIA Report April 2011 

36100 


unconventional 

conventional 



20

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Europe Geological Map – Romania location 

Romania 



22


Introd 

Franta 

Germania 

Olanda 

Norvegia 

Marea Britanie 

Danemarca 

Suedia 

Polonia 

Turcia 

Ucraina 

Lituania 

1.UR.Ty 

Types 

Reserves: Trmc 

- 

Geological Age 

mil.y 

France 

German 

y Holland UK Sweden Norway Poland Hungary 

Romani 

a 

Ucraine 

3,1 0,57 1,16 2,35 5,3 0,54 1,19 

Miocene 226 

12 

Cretaceous 80 Weald Clay 

481 

150 Alum Posidoni Posidon 

Jurasic 

Shale a Shale ia Shale 

Carbonifer 

Devonian 

Silurian 

Cambrian 

2. 

Methods 

Age of Gas Shales formations / Countries/Reserves 

320 

360 

420 

520 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

Shale 

Namuri 

an 

marine 

Shales 

4. Case- 

EastEur 


0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 

113 

424 

566 

651 

1160 

1189 

2350 

Reserves – Bil (Md.)cm 

Devonia 

n shales 

Alum 

shale 

Bitumin 

ous 

Slate 

Mako 

5096 

Miocene 

shales 

Black 

5294 

shalesgraptolit 

Black 

es shales 

Shale Gas Fields in the Europe 

- red area 



Source: EIA Report 


April 2011 

24

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methode 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Objectives and methods 

An example 

Investigation related to GS will be by outcrops records 

...and description, 

related to: 

1. Map location 

2.Topo of GPS position (Lat/Long/Elev) 

3. Facies descriptions 

4. Boundaries, extension 

5.Sampling – Analysis (XR,SEM,TOC 

etc) 



26

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Investigation by Core and Well Log –records 

(to use in sequence analysis) 

Wells Logs 

…to have information on geometry bodies…depositional systems….systems tracts 



27

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



by Data Integration and Interpretation 

to provide the following: 

Rock-log calibration of open-hole logs for the development of 

petrophysical models to determine productive properties. 

Y 

Integrate the rock data with well logs, fracture stimulation techniques, 

and production test results. 

A 

L 

O 

N 

G 

W 

A 



28

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Gas Shales – 

What means Gas Shales? 

“complexity of formations” 

What properties GS have – a condition for succes! 

Where we can find GS in Romania? 

- Geological units; 

- Geological age; 

- Potential Sedimentary Formations. 

A potential for shale gas are: 

Synonym= “șisturile bituminoase = bituminous 

slate”, 

= argilele bituminoase, 

= “argilele negre = black shale” 

= argilite (=slate) etc. și, alte petrotipuri 

generatoate de hidrocarburi : 

= bit.marls, limestones ? 

= “rocile sursă (=source rock)“ sau “rocile 

mamă“ 


All with captiv natural gas. 


29

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Gas shales – different facies 

-Bit shale (kerogen); 

-Slate; 

-Bit marls; 

-Silty shale. 



30


Introd 

Facies- the main features: 

Lithofacies Organofacies Petrophysics Geomechanics 

Lithofacies: 

Mineralogy and 

clay mineralogy 

Petrography 

Granofacies 

(Grain size) 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

Sedimentary 

structures 


2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

Organofacies 

TOC 

Ro-% 

Kerogen 

HI, OI, T o C-max 

mat, 

TAI-Thermal 

alter; 

CAI-Conodonte 

Alt, Index 

4. Case- 

EastEur 


Petrophysics 

Porosity 

Permeability 

Well Logs: 

-Gamma Ray 

-Resistivity 

-SP 

-ECSpectroscopy 

-PE-Platform 

Express 


Rock Mechanics: 

Young Module 

Poisson ratio 

Methodes : 

Optic microscopy, XRay, SEM, DThermalAnalysis, DTGravimetric, Grain-size 

analysis, Sequence analysis, Vectorial analysis, 

RockEval:TOC,vitrinite reflectance, Thermal alteration, wireline field…so on 

31

The main futures – international standard 


•Black shale 

Si-Ca-Clay 

•Organic siliceous Shale 

•Organic mudstone 

•Gray Siliceous Shale 

•Gray mudstone (marls) 

Mineralogy- 

Barnett 

K1 

Grain size 

Shepard 

K2 

HI 

•Slate, SEM organic slate 

•Silty shale, claystone 


Barnett – 

blue area 


Ro-% 

32

USA-Texas and Pennsylvania 

Romania – the EastCarpathians 


Barnett 

Photo: DOE/NETL-2011/1478 

Photo: N.Anastasiu 

Oligocene – Buzau Valley 

Marcellus 



2 

9 

33

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Where is gas 

locate? 

-free; 

-adsorbed; 

-absorbed. 

Microporosity, 

SEM 

Organic 

Matter 

Fluoresc 

ence UV 

Intergranular space Intracrystal voids Microfractures 


Gas remain by thermal decomposition of kerogen to petroleum 


34

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Romania 

in 

the Europe Union 

Shale gas resources 

31 



35

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 




Eastern European case studies 

Detail – Tectonic Map 

Rom 

m 

Tari (2012) 

Romm 



36

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



CONVENTIONAL 

Gas 

Black Sea 

Oil 

Paraschiv, 1979-modified 



37


1-C.Or 2-Pl.Mo. 3-Pl.Mold. 4-Dep.Bar. 5-Dep.Get. 6-Dep.Pann. 7-B.Trans. 

• mobile alpine regions (Carpathian chain and North Dobrogea area), 

• intermountain basins (Transylvanian and Pannonian basins) 

• pre-alpine cratons (Moesian, Scythian and Moldavian Platforms). 

Gas shales 

“unique of individual field formations” 

Gas shales 

6 

Gas shales 

7 

Gas shales 

1 

3 

4 

Gas shales 

oil 

gas 

Gas shales 


5 

2 

8 


38

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Krezsek et al. (2012) 

Geological cross section – specific for the Carpathians 

Black shales with graptolits 

Tari et al. (2012) 

(from Poprawa, 2010) 

K. Rockenbauch 

(RAG) 

Matenco et al. (2010) 



39

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



The Eastern Carpathians CO- Carpaţii Orientali Vârstă 

Cross section 

Grosime 

(m) 

Formațiunea de Sinaia K1 100 

Formaţiunea de Audia (black shale) K1 600 

Audia Formation 

Formațiunea de Cașin Pg1 600 

Formațiunea de Bisericani Pg2 200 

Formațiunea de Tărcuța Pg3 70 

Formațiunea Menilitelor inferioare Pg3 30 

Formațiunea Marnelor brune 

bituminoase (Bituminous Brown Marls 

Fm) 

Formațiunea Disodilelor (Dysodile=bit 

slate Fm) 

Pg3 100 

Pg3 250 

Formațiunea de Podu Morii Pg3 150 

Matenco et al. (2010) 



40

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 


The Eastern Carpathians 


Olig-Dysodile Oil-Schists 




41

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Facies and facies associations 

Valeni 


Microporosity, 

SEM 

Ima 

gine 

CL 

- 

zona 

lity 

Sand 

stone 

Organic 

Matter 


Fluoresce 

nţă UV 

Wacke 



42

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



K1-Audia Fm – Black shales mineralogy versus Standard 

Cretaceous 



2

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



K1-Audia Fm – Black shales organofacies: TOC, Ro, TAI 

Proba 

x 

y 

TOC (wt.%) S1(mg/g) S2(m/g) S3(mg/g) HI OI PI Tmax 

1,31 0,07 0,71 0,25 54 19 0,09 457 

1,23 0,05 0,71 0,23 58 19 0,07 455 

Vitrinite reflectance Kerogen 

Minimum 1,04 K1=Ro, 1.14%. 

Maximum 1,34 K2=Ro, 0.98% 

Aver. 1,19 K4 – fragmente; 

Abat.Standard 0,09 este matur în 

fereastra de petrol. 

1,4 

1,2 

1 

0,8 

0,6 

0,4 

0,2 

0 

1-Kerogen II, 2 – Kerogen I, 3 – TOC % 

0,98 

0,89 

1,31 

1,19 1,21 1,23 

1 2 3 



44



Amadori M. L., et al., 2012 

Oligocene 

Petrofacies: 


Bit. Brown Marls Formation 

Tazlău Tazlău Valley Valley 

•Gray shales, 

•Siltstones, 

•Org. silicolite, 

Photo:N.Anastasiu 

•Org. Marls 

•Bit.micrite 45 

EUGD-March11-2013


Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 


Oligocene Dysodile Formation Bad, Alunis Valley 

(modified from M.Săndulescu, 1994) 

2. 

Methods 

bend zone 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 


Petrofacies: 

•Black shales, 

•Siltstones, 

•Org. silicolite, 

•Slate 

•Sandstones-qz 



46

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Alunis Valley 

Sedimentary structures, and joints: 

Horizontal lamination 

Couple sand-shale-menilite 

FUS micrograded beding 

Joints – 3 regularry directions 

Dysodile Formation – sedimentary structures 




47

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Ro 

EC – Formations organofacies 

OrM 

Good for SG 

Good for SG 

(Source: Grasu, 2007, Amadori, 2012, Anastasiu et al. 2012) 

Good for SG 

Good for SG 

TOC 

T o C 



48

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Moesian Platform 

Maps: Seghedi et al. 2005 

Silurian lithofacies 

West-Băilești 

(1200 m): 

Black argillites 

(delta facies) , 

Green siltstone 

(prodelta facies 

– Baltreș-1985) 

interbeded with 

feldarenite (SS) 

Laminated shales 

East-Călărași 

(100-700 m): 

Graptolite shales, 

Black shales, 

Slate (argilite) 



49

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



East-Călărași Depression 

Silurian 


Logs, by Iordan, 1982 

From ten to hundred meters 


50

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Moldavian Platform 

PM-Platforma Moldovenească 

Formatiunea pelitică Pz1 Cambrian 130 

cambriană (Cambrian 

PM01 pelitic formation) 

PM02 Formatiunea de Rădăuti Pz1 Silurian 1200 

Formatiunea de Fălticeni Ng1 Sarmațian 320 

PM03 (Fm) 

Formatiunea cu 

Ng1 Sarmațian 60 

PM04 Cryptomactra (Fm) 

PM05 

Formatiunea de Bârnova- 

Muntele (Fm) 

Ng1 Sarmațian 70 

Formations thickness 

Brânzilă, 2012 



51

Introd 

1.UR. 

Types 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Sil, FmRadauti, 

Patruti-1982 (Col.UAIC-Iasi). 

III 

Cinerite Nuțasca 

Bad-Meo 

Fm. Cryptomactra 

Fm.Bajura-Cuzlău 

Fm.supraanhidritică 

Fm.infraanhidritică 

II 

Cret-Eoc 

I 

Fm gresoasa 

Fm. Rădăuți 

Ven-Dev 

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 

100 

250 

350 

400 

20 

80 

100 

10 

90 

100 

125 

80 

30 

200 

100 

100 

Fm. Batrânești 

30 

75 

Moldavian Platform – formation age & thickness 

2500 m 

Fm.Valdai 

150 

300 


Data:Brânzilă, 2012 


52

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



Brânzilă, 2012 

Silurian 

I 

I’’ 

SV 

Graptolits shale 

FBatranesti 

Silurian 

1200 m FRadauti 

Pătruţ, 1982 

NE 

Petrofacies 

FRad:Organic black shale, 

Marls, 

Calcareous shale 

sandstone 

FBat: Limestone, marls 



53

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



A synthesis from our data on gas shales formations: 

TOC 

(weight %) 

“each well could be a PhD thesis” 

Kerogen 

quality 

12 Excellent –K- 

III 

Source-rock K-II-marine – 

mixed; 

K-IIIterestrial-gas 

>150 o C Ro: 1,2-1,9, 

K-II, K-III 

2-2,5 Good 400 o C TOC:4,5-Bar; 

3-12-Marc 

2,5-3 High 430 o C Temp- o C: 420- 

480-Ma 

Source-rock, 

dry gas 

termogas 

430 

430 

427 

T o C=430 


425 


54

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



A synthesis from our data on gas shales formations: 

• Carbon Organic Total (TOC-wt% - TOTAL Organic Carbon) is more 

and more, from 0 și 4, when organic matter is present; 

•Vitrinit reflectance give us informations on oil and dry-gas windwos 

and temperature from that level: 

• when Ro < 0,6 =system is immature; 

• Ro = 0,6 to 1.35 = mature systems. 

• Hidrogen Index (mg HC/gTOC) corelate with kerogen cover figures 

more than 600 and less than 50 = that means immature rocks – 

moderate matture; 

Trend production… 



55

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1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 

5.Romania 

Conclusions 


A summary 

• The basic conditions thought to account for the genesis, accumulation 

and preservation of gas shales are present in many European 

geological units; Many oil and gas fields have been discovered in these units. 

•There is a good understanding of the geological formations located 

between 0 and 3500 m, which are mainly of a Neogene age. 

Less well understood are the geological formations deeper than 3500/4000 m, 

which are basically pre-Neogene. 

•Many shales with good petrophysical gas reservoir parameters exist 

from the Paleozoic to the Tertiary. The best is Silurian (Paleozoic) 

•There is a large variety of traps. The predominant type is stratigraphic 

(lithologic) and structural. 

•The gas fields can be considered as small 

to medium in size but occurring with a remarkable frequency 



56

Introd 

1.UR.Ty 

pes 

2. 

Methods 

3.UG- 

Descrip 

4. Case- 

EastEur 



The questions confronting the explorationist are: 

1. where are these new fields located ? 

2. how can they be discovered? 

3. would these be commercial discoveries? 

1. The best opportunities are in deeper than 1,500 – 2 000 

m seated gas shales reservoirs onshore and offshore. 

2. By data accumulated up to the present (reconsideration 

old data according to new concept - processes, sequence 

stratigraphy…depositional systems….) 

3.The new possibilities offered by modern seismic techniques 

in the field of data acquisition and data processing 

(3D and soft…..), improvement of new log operations…. 

3. A refined geological interpretation…… 

can lead to new commercial discoveries everywhere in the world. 



57

References, 


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argilelor gazeifere din Romania (o resursa neconventionala-I). Raport, Arhiva DGRM-MECMA,ANRM. 343 p. 

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58



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