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Mmmm, Jazz<br />
http://www.7dvt.com/print/111157<br />
Published on Seven Days (http://www.7dvt.com)<br />
Mmmm, Jazz<br />
Soundbites<br />
By Dan Bolles [06.12.13]<br />
They came, they saw, they scatted … er, musically speaking. And with the final notes of Poncho<br />
Sanchez and Ray Vega drifting into the night air on Sunday, the curtain closed on the 30th annual<br />
Burlington Discover Jazz Festival.<br />
Traditionally, this would be the part of my annual recap column where I run through the long list of<br />
festival highlights — and maybe lowlights — from the 10 days that were. But I approached jazz<br />
fest a little differently this year. I took a more leisurely route to jazz enlightenment, picking my<br />
spots instead of going all out and trying to get to as many shows as I could. Frankly, favoring<br />
quality over quantity was refreshing. And it allowed me to appreciate the shows I caught from a<br />
more relaxed perspective, which is really the best way to absorb music. To that end, there were two<br />
performances in particular that stood out to these ears and, I think, captured the heart of the festival.<br />
Or at least captured my heart. (Aww…)<br />
In last week’s missive [1], I rolled out a long-standing column gimmick in which I gaze into the<br />
future and review a show I haven’t yet seen, in this case Saturn People’s Sound Collective [2] at<br />
the FlynnSpace. I don’t use that trick often, and even then only when I’m reasonably sure I won’t<br />
be made to look like an idiot the following week. I’m pleased to report SPSC held up their end of<br />
the bargain. Mostly.<br />
In that column, I opined that the band would not merely be a local highlight but a “festival topper,<br />
period.” In hindsight, that prediction was a little overeager. The 20-person arkestra was indeed a<br />
highlight, though whether they really stood on par with some of the other festival greats is surely<br />
debatable. What isn’t debatable is that Brian Boyes’ outfit is a deeply imaginative and profoundly<br />
gifted group who are already a must-see local act even after only a handful of public performances.<br />
As a bandleader, Boyes is an energetic and commanding presence, using his full body to coax every<br />
last ounce of emotion from his players. With his mussed mop of hair and sharp jacket, he kind of<br />
reminded me of a young Michael Chorney, a similarly adventurous local composer whose<br />
influence on Boyes is obvious and likely stems from their time together in another spacey big band,<br />
viperHouse.<br />
Like Chorney, Boyes has a brilliant ear for melody, couching delicate phrases within deceptively<br />
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complex arrangements. This is music that stimulates both the mind and soul, but not nearly as<br />
aggressively as, say, Steve Reich, another influence. Boyes’ compositions are surprisingly<br />
accessible and listenable despite his many-tentacled approach, which is a credit to his skill. Like<br />
another local music scribe I spoke to in the crowd that night, I was prepared for something more<br />
challenging, a little weirder. I was pleasantly surprised to find Boyes striking an agreeable balance.<br />
My only quibble is that the FlynnSpace itself might not be the best venue for a band with so many<br />
acoustic variables: brass, reed instruments, strings, vocals, electric guitar, percussion, etc. At times,<br />
I got the impression that band members were having a hard time hearing each other, which led to<br />
some disjointed moments, especially certain attacks that hit with less than the required force. Still,<br />
minor sound issues aside, it was tremendous performance.<br />
And then there was Gretchen. Sweet, sweet Gretchen.<br />
I have a confession. Even after delving deep into Gretchen Parlato [3]’s career and music, after<br />
reading virtually everything that’s been written about her, and even after speaking with her and<br />
writing a cover story singing her praises, I still found the notion that “Gretchen Parlato’s voice is an<br />
instrument” to be a cute bit of music-crit hyperbole. Hell, I even interviewed the guy who was<br />
among the first critics to use those words to describe her, Steve Greenlee.<br />
I was wrong. Steve was right.<br />
Parlato’s late set at the FlynnSpace last Saturday was among the finest performances I’ve seen. Not<br />
just in jazz. I mean period. And, yes, her voice is absolutely an instrument. And a divine one at that.<br />
I’m not sure I have never seen anyone do the things with a human voice that Gretchen Parlato can<br />
do. And it’s not that she can sound like a trumpet or a saxophone or a cello — though I’ll concede<br />
those comparisons are reasonable. It’s the emotion she evokes, often wordlessly, though not<br />
necessarily by scatting. It’s the heartbreaking hitch in a quiet, mournful wail. It’s the precision with<br />
which she effortlessly glides through arpeggios as if her throat has valves. It’s the softness in her<br />
tone that, even from 50 feet away, makes it seem like she’s whispering in your ear.<br />
Parlato’s set was short, barely an hour by my watch. But I’d wager she gave the audience more<br />
chills during those 60 minutes than were felt during the rest of the festival combined. In the<br />
moment, I was surprised the crowd didn’t rally more heartily for an encore. Even by stiff jazz-festaudience<br />
standards it seemed a subdued effort, and Parlato didn’t return. In hindsight, I suspect<br />
what was really happening was that we were all still mystified by what we had just seen. Which<br />
was, simply put, greatness.<br />
BiteTorrent<br />
If there is one thing this column loves, it’s a good gimmick. And the upcoming VALOR fundraiser<br />
for the Girls Rock VT [4] at Nectar’s on Saturday, June 15, is not merely a good gimmick, it’s a<br />
great one. VALOR stands for Vermont Arm-Wrestling Ladies of Rock. Really. The fundraiser is a<br />
double-elimination arm-wrestling tournament pitting eight local female rockers against each other,<br />
“Over the Top” style. As of press time, the contestants have yet to be announced, which means I<br />
can’t handicap the tourney for you. However, if you go and want to get some friendly wagering in<br />
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Finding Her Voice: Gretchen Parlato<br />
http://www.7dvt.com/print/110254<br />
Published on Seven Days (http://www.7dvt.com)<br />
Finding Her Voice: Gretchen Parlato<br />
By Dan Bolles [05.29.13]<br />
If you read up on jazz singer Gretchen Parlato [1], you’ll inevitably encounter some variation of the<br />
phrase, “She uses her voice like an instrument.” That may be the ultimate compliment in a genre<br />
that historically has placed a premium on musicality over flash, and has tended to view vocalists<br />
more as entertainers than serious musicians. For example, consider that it took the prestigious<br />
Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz Performance at the University of Southern California 15 years to<br />
admit its first vocalist. And that vocalist was Gretchen Parlato.<br />
Increasingly, savvy jazz fans have become smitten with the 37-year-old Parlato, who will perform<br />
on Saturday, June 8, as part of this year’s Burlington Discover Jazz Festival. Vermonters will then<br />
have the chance to hear for themselves why she annually ranks at or near the top of critics’ polls of<br />
the world’s finest jazz vocalists. For five years running, Parlato was named one of DownBeat<br />
magazine’s “rising star” female vocalists, before being named the No. 2 Best Female Vocalist in<br />
2012. That’s the same year she was named the Best Female Vocalist by the Jazz Journalist<br />
Association. But these lofty accolades only tell part of Parlato’s story.<br />
Famed producer Quincy Jones has said that jazz is equal parts soul and science. That notion goes a<br />
long way toward describing Gretchen Parlato’s appeal. Some singers amaze with virtuosic<br />
technique, profound displays that seem to defy the very limits of the human voice. Others petition<br />
more directly to our emotional sensibilities, thoughtfully tugging our heartstrings with a sly turn of<br />
phrase or a gentle croon. Rare is the singer who can do both. And when they come around, we tend<br />
to refer to them familiarly: Billie, Ella, Frank.<br />
“Gretchen” may not be there yet, but she gives us every reason to believe that her day will come,<br />
and soon. Combining the ability and elegance of a classic jazz diva with the curiosity and vision of<br />
the genre’s forward-thinking pioneers, Parlato represents a bold evolution of the jazz singer. No,<br />
she is not the next Billie Holiday or Sarah Vaughan — and she would be the first to say so. She is<br />
Gretchen Parlato. And she is the face of a new generation of vocalists who are challenging our<br />
perceptions of how the human voice can be instrumental — literally and figuratively — in jazz<br />
music.<br />
Parlato was born and raised in Los Angeles and grew up in an eminently musical household. Her<br />
father is Dave Parlato, a respected jazz bassist who played with Frank Zappa in the 1970s, as well<br />
as with Barbra Streisand and Henry Mancini, among others. Her grandfather, Charlie Parlato, was a<br />
singer and trumpet player who performed with Lawrence Welk. Parlato’s mother is a musician,<br />
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artist and graphic designer — she designed Gretchen’s website.<br />
“My family was really big on exposing me to all types of music and art. Very early on there were<br />
all types of sounds in the house,” says Parlato in a phone interview from her current home in New<br />
York City. “It was a beautiful way to be spoiled.”<br />
Parlato attended the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts, a public school that specializes<br />
in conservatory-style artistic training. There, she realized that music would become more than a<br />
casual pursuit.<br />
“I realized I needed and wanted to thrive off of an artistic community,” she says of her high school<br />
experience. “That was when the realization happened that music wasn’t just a hobby, that this was<br />
what I have to do with my life.”<br />
It was also when Parlato began to approach her voice as an instrument.<br />
Grammy-nominated jazz singer Tierney Sutton [2] was her private voice teacher while Parlato was<br />
attending LACHSA in the early 1990s, and worked with the young singer over the nine years<br />
following. Parlato also worked as nanny to Sutton’s son, and the two women have remained close<br />
ever since, with Sutton advising and appearing on Parlato’s early recordings. Sutton says Parlato’s<br />
unique talent was obvious from the outset.<br />
“My immediate impression of Gretchen was that she had something special,” she says by phone<br />
from California.<br />
Sutton explains that when meeting new students for the first time, she asks them to bring in a<br />
recording of themselves singing so they don’t have to perform for her cold. Parlato chose a school<br />
recording in which she sings a note-perfect rendition of Stan Getz’s saxophone solo on<br />
“Desafinado” (which, ironically, means “out of tune” in Portuguese).<br />
“I just went, ‘Holy shit. What am I going to do with this girl? How can I not screw her up?’” Sutton<br />
recalls.<br />
She says she put Parlato on a “no-vocalist diet,” prescribing a listening regimen solely of<br />
instrumental music.<br />
“I knew from my own experience that if I had continued to listen to Sarah Vaughan, I’d be a dental<br />
hygienist now,” quips Sutton. “The quality of my voice was different, so I listened to horn players<br />
for their musical ideas. ”<br />
Like Sutton, Parlato sings in a natural register that is higher toned than that of classic songbirds<br />
such as Vaughan, Ella Fitzgerald or Nina Simone — the most famous female tenor in jazz. Sutton<br />
says she encouraged her star pupil to embrace the unconventional qualities of her own voice.<br />
“I had been through that rodeo before,” says Sutton. “But there is nothing you can do but be who<br />
you are. So I didn’t want anybody to mess with the sensibilities she already has vocally. And I<br />
could tell she had the ability to listen to serious instrumental stuff.”<br />
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Finding Her Voice: Gretchen Parlato<br />
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One of Parlato’s hallmarks is her ability to incorporate styles from beyond the traditional<br />
parameters of the jazz idiom into her own work. In particular, she is greatly intrigued by the<br />
rhythms of Brazilian music, and counts bossa nova legend Astrud Gilberto among her most<br />
significant influences. That multicultural aspect of Parlato’s style was nurtured at the University of<br />
California at Los Angeles, where she majored in ethnomusicology and jazz studies.<br />
“That was a breakthrough that exposed me to what was possible in art and music,” Parlato says.<br />
“To hear singers from all over the world, what they’re doing with their voices and what they have<br />
been doing since the beginning of time, it opens you up.”<br />
In 2001, Parlato entered the Monk Institute at USC, which had been an instrumental program since<br />
its inception in 1986. Sutton was teaching there at the time and had recommended Parlato apply.<br />
The young singer auditioned for a panel that included jazz luminaries Wayne Shorter, Terence<br />
Blanchard and Herbie Hancock. Under the guidance of those masters and alongside fellow students<br />
such as guitarist and vocalist Lionel Loueke [3], she began to unearth and hone the traits that would<br />
come to define her, both personally and as a musician.<br />
“It was an intense experience,” says Parlato of her two years at the Monk Institute. “It’s not just<br />
about music. It’s about your own soul searching and development. You go through a huge<br />
transformation, a breakdown, break-through process.<br />
“You come out knowing much better what you want to do, and how you want to do it,” Parlato<br />
continues, using words that evoke a certain famous Sinatra song. “It allows you to look into<br />
yourself and discover how you want to present yourself, to do things your way.”<br />
Parlato says part of her independent spirit stems from her time with Loueke, who would become a<br />
frequent collaborator at the Monk Institute and was later a driving force on her 2009 album, In a<br />
Dream. Parlato credits the West African musician with exposing her to atypical global rhythmic<br />
patterns, which she has incorporated into her style.<br />
“To just keep time with Lionel can throw people off, including me,” she says. “But he’s such a<br />
beautiful musician. I’ve learned so much about texture, melody and harmony from him. He’s very<br />
special.”<br />
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Sutton recalls of the Monk Institute, “the influences of all the players there were really diverse — it<br />
wasn’t just jazz as usual.”<br />
Nor was Parlato’s performance at the 2004 Thelonious Monk International Jazz Vocals competition<br />
in Washington, D.C., which she won as something of a dark horse. Having recently graduated and<br />
moved to New York City, Parlato was a relative unknown, in part because she had yet to record a<br />
project as a solo artist. Over the years since, she’s been a guest vocalist on more than 50 recordings<br />
by artists including Shorter, Loueke and Esperanza Spalding.<br />
Parlato now has three albums of her own, including two on the cutting-edge indie label ObliqSound<br />
[4], based in New York and Hamburg, Germany. But she didn’t record her first solo album until her<br />
self-titled debut in 2005.<br />
“I used to get frustrated with her,” admits Sutton, who urged Parlato to record her own music from<br />
an early age. “It took her a long time to put something out for real. But she told me, ‘I just don’t<br />
think I’ve found my voice yet. I don’t feel like I’ve got something to offer that is really my own,’”<br />
Sutton explains. Then she adds, “God bless her, she was right. I give her a lot of credit for not<br />
taking my advice.”<br />
It’s difficult to find much negative criticism of Gretchen Parlato. What little there is tends to parrot<br />
an age-old — and, frankly, tired — argument about what should and shouldn’t be considered jazz.<br />
Can someone who reinterprets Duke Ellington’s “Azure” alongside the breezy, 1990s new-jack<br />
swing of SWV’s “Weak,” [5] as Parlato did on In a Dream, really be called a jazz singer? And what<br />
about those covers of Mary J. Blige’s “All That I Can Say” and Simply Red’s “Holding Back the<br />
Years” on her 2011 album, The Lost and Found? This is the leading voice of jazz in the 21st<br />
century?<br />
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Finding Her Voice: Gretchen Parlato<br />
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Yes. And no.<br />
“For me to say I’m a jazz singer could be a stretch to a traditionalist,” concedes Parlato. But that<br />
statement comes with a caveat.<br />
“It’s a broader term now,” she continues. “We can incorporate any influence or any genre and<br />
redefine it.”<br />
Reuben Jackson [6] is the host of “Friday Night Jazz,” a jazz radio program that airs weekly on<br />
Vermont Public Radio. He assumed the post from longtime host George Thomas last year after<br />
having spent 20 years as the curator of the Duke Ellington Collection at the Smithsonian Museum<br />
in Washington, D.C. He says Parlato’s willingness to push boundaries is simply part of a<br />
longstanding tradition of innovation in jazz.<br />
“In order to be someone’s central-casting version of a jazz singer, it seems like you have to say it<br />
every third sentence to let people know your jazz credentials as a singer,” Jackson says. “It’s<br />
refreshing to hear someone who is so obviously musically committed to a breadth of material,” he<br />
continues, citing as an example Parlato’s stunning, unlikely interpretation of the Miles Davis and<br />
Bill Evans staple “Blue in Green” [7] from The Lost and Found.<br />
“The original versions of those songs are already the definitive versions. So I don’t want to imitate<br />
anything. There’s no point,” says Parlato of her approach to deconstructing established, sometimes<br />
iconic compositions. “But a beautiful song is a beautiful song,” she continues. “So you break it<br />
down and then add your own story. You want to honor the beauty of the original but do something<br />
new.”<br />
Parlato’s version of that Kind of Blue centerpiece is an impressionistic digression that is almost<br />
unrecognizable from the original. However, Parlato evokes the Prince of Darkness’ somber<br />
cerulean melancholy with breathy, yearning tones that kind of sound like a trumpet, even as she’s<br />
singing the lyrics written by jazz vocalist and composer Meredith d’Ambrosio.<br />
“It’s the power of nuance,” explains Jackson of Parlato’s innovative bent. “Someone like Billie<br />
Holiday or even Miles Davis, who could recast a melody in a subtle way. It’s reinvention, but it’s<br />
not hitting you over the head with scat singing. Gretchen has that sublime power, where it’s like<br />
being knocked over with a muted trumpet.”<br />
Indeed, subtlety has long been a key to Parlato’s approach. Even in conversation she is soft-spoken<br />
and thoughtful. In concert, she often favors a sleek, understated black dress that renders her almost<br />
indistinguishable from her bandmates, rather than call attention to herself as a front person.<br />
In his review of a 2009 concert for the Boston Globe [8], jazz critic Steve Greenlee writes that<br />
Parlato presented herself as a “fully integrated member of her band,” who “appears to see herself<br />
less as a singer than as a musician whose instrument happens to be her voice.” He adds of her<br />
hushed delivery that Parlato “softly moans some lyrics, stretches out syllables for two and three<br />
bars, and adds wordless vocals that are more like sax solos than scat.” He likened her voice to a<br />
cello. And a muted trumpet. And a trombone.<br />
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Finding Her Voice: Gretchen Parlato<br />
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“She doesn’t see the band as a supporting character,” reiterates Greenlee, speaking by phone from<br />
Portland, Maine, where he is now managing editor of the Portland Press Herald and Maine Sunday<br />
Telegram. “She’s part of the band, and she incorporates her voice as if it were another instrument.<br />
She interacts with her voice like piano would with a bass. In some ways, she’s more of an<br />
improviser than most jazz vocalists are.”<br />
Critic Larry Appelbaum [9] agrees that Parlato is unique among modern jazz vocalists, calling her<br />
sound “instantly identifiable” in a recent email. Appelbaum is a regular contributor to several<br />
publications, including JazzTimes. He also hosts a jazz radio program in Washington, D.C., and<br />
serves as the senior music reference specialist in the music division of the Library of Congress.<br />
Appelbaum says Parlato’s technical skill, combined with her profound musicality, set her apart not<br />
merely as a vocalist but as a musician.<br />
“She doesn’t have a large voice, but her ear and intonation allow her to sing in tune without<br />
resorting to studio production tricks,” writes Appelbaum. “I think that’s also why so many<br />
musicians call her for recording dates. She has the discipline and precision control of a studio<br />
singer who can nail difficult intervals and phrasing. Her sound, approach and sensibility help make<br />
her a musician, not just a singer.”<br />
“The defining characteristic of a jazz singer is someone who doesn’t approach a song the same way<br />
every time,” adds Greenlee. “The essence of jazz is improvisation. She improvises every time she<br />
sings.”<br />
Parlato seems to have little use for definitions of her music or whether what she does fits neatly into<br />
classifications of jazz.<br />
“To me, it’s not even anything to argue about,” she says. “Jazz is a style of music that was the<br />
popular music of the day at a certain time and now has grown and transformed. We’re moving with<br />
it and it’s moving with us. There is room for someone who wants to carry that tradition and honor<br />
that. And there is room for other people to push it in a new direction.”<br />
VPR’s Reuben Jackson agrees.<br />
“You could put her under a microscope and pick apart every little detail,” he says. “But it’s really<br />
about what you do with the material. It’s about curiosity. That’s what keeps pushing jazz forward.”<br />
Parlato’s next project is a live album, her first. Due out this summer, it was recorded over a series of<br />
New York City shows in December 2012 and features two different bands. One includes Taylor<br />
Eigsti, Burniss Earl Travis and Kendrick Scott; the other has Eigsti, Alan Hampton and Mark<br />
Guiliana. All are longtime collaborators with Parlato.<br />
She says that record is primarily composed of songs from her previous albums, but that the live<br />
versions will be markedly different from the studio cuts, capturing a chemistry that can only happen<br />
in concert.<br />
“These songs open up and there is a lot of space around them,” Parlato explains. “They change in<br />
the moment when we play them live.”<br />
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That’s an enticing prospect for fans, particularly considering that, according to Sutton, Parlato’s<br />
beguiling live persona is perhaps her most impressive trait. And it was the last part of her musical<br />
soul to fully bloom, Sutton adds — the final discovery in a complex and challenging science.<br />
“Because Gretchen has such a pure instrumental quality, translating that into a performance persona<br />
took her a minute,” explains Sutton. “To watch her, in every aspect, say she has to do this her own<br />
way, be her own person, bring in influences that are most dear to her — that was a lesson to me to<br />
tell other students. When you really take those risks, it takes a while for people to understand it and<br />
frame it in a way an audience can absorb.”<br />
As her reputation grows, more and more audiences are doing just that: absorbing the brilliance of<br />
Gretchen Parlato.<br />
“The only thing I can do is to continue to create and offer my own music, and for it to come from a<br />
genuine place,” Parlato says. “I don’t know how to define that. But as long as it’s honest, who cares<br />
what you call it?”<br />
Gretchen Parlato performs at the 2013 Burlington Discover Jazz Festival Saturday, June 8, at the<br />
FlynnSpace in Burlington, 8 and 10 p.m. $25. flynntix.org [10]<br />
Source URL: http://www.7dvt.com/2013finding-her-voice-gretchen-parlato<br />
Links:<br />
[1] http://www.gretchenparlato.com/<br />
[2] http://www.tierneysutton.com/<br />
[3] http://www.lionelloueke.com/<br />
[4] http://www.obliqsound.com/<br />
[5] http://youtu.be/WXH8g1M2Q78<br />
[6] http://www.7dvt.com/2012vpr-jazz-reuben-jackson<br />
[7] http://youtu.be/3iOUNR6GdWw<br />
[8] http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2009/10/16/parloto/<br />
[9] http://larryappelbaum.wordpress.com/tag/larry-appelbaum/<br />
[10] http://flynntix.org<br />
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Parlato transports audience with masterful performance | The L...<br />
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Parlato transports audience with masterful performance<br />
POSTED ON MAY 18, 2013 BY ANNA BUCHHOLZ IN ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT WITH 0 COMMENTS<br />
On a night overflowing with music, jazz singer Gretchen Parlato concluded this season’s Jazz Series with an<br />
exquisite concert on Friday night, May 10, backed by keyboardist Fabian Almazan, bassist Chris Morrissey and<br />
drummer Mark Guiliana. Parlato sang tunes from her albums “In a Dream” and “Lost and Found,” showcasing each<br />
musician’s individual voice while also creating a uni-fied texture and mood behind Parlato.<br />
Coming from a musical family, Parlato first gained attention when she won first place in the Thelonious Monk Institute<br />
Interna-tional Vocal Competition and has continued to turn heads in her solo work as well as her collaborations with<br />
Wayne Shorter, Es-peranza Spalding, Marcus Miller and Herbie Hancock, among others.<br />
The concert began with piano, bass and drums setting the groove to “Within Me” before Parlato walked on stage. A<br />
four-note line laid down by the bass set the stage under the delicate colors of brushes by the drummer and twinkling<br />
melodies by the piano until Parlato entered. The relaxing mood of the evening was immediately set when she began<br />
singing.<br />
Amid a plethora of female jazz vocalists, Parlato’s style is truly unique in its intimacy and delicacy of each inflection<br />
and lyric. I can only describe her as having an aura about her; she was calming and almost introspective in her<br />
sound, never sounding forceful or as if she was trying too hard. Her musical style reflected the sultry and sensual<br />
sounds of her voice, with each tune feeling fluid and floating.<br />
Her second tune was a cover of Simply Red’s “Holding Back the Years” from “Lost and Found,” followed by<br />
“Butterfly,” which gave Parlato a chance to add body percussion to its bossa nova groove. Throughout the rest of the<br />
concert, Parlato would play the caxixi or televi shakers (both percussive instruments)either as structural grooves or<br />
extra embellishments. During one tune, Parlato created a percussive vocal track with popping sounds, whistles and<br />
something similar to high squeaks.<br />
Scatting is a typical characteristic of jazz singing, but Parlato’s style did not include this effect, instead improvising<br />
longer melod-ic lines on one syllable. This created more of a textural landscape rather than conventional improvised<br />
soloing.<br />
One tune featured the piano and voice in a duet, created by elastic phrases and rubato lines between each player.<br />
Almazan on piano covered the entire range of the piano, building thick textures of extended chords while Parlato<br />
wove her voice in and out of his composition.<br />
Transitioning into the final tune, drummer Guiliana soloed with meticulous rhythms and metric licks, sounding almost<br />
mechani-cal in his precision, but still musically clever and groove- based. The audience then welcomed her back for<br />
an encore tune called “Winter Wind” from her third album. Parlato wrote the tune and lyrics, which gradually build to<br />
an extended period of all members improvising under her repeatedly singing, “it’s the time of your life… to hold on.”<br />
Amidst all the music on Friday, I temporarily forgot I was in Appleton, Wis., rather than someplace like New York City.<br />
Members of fusion band Snarky Puppy, based in Brooklyn, were seen at Parlato’s concert and then vice versa, with<br />
Parlato’s band joining in the LU-Aroo festivities at Snarky Puppy’s show. Thank you to LU and all the people who<br />
made such a great evening of music possi-ble!<br />
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Profound calm on a summer's day <br />
Cheong Suk-wai <br />
689 words <br />
18 March 2013 <br />
Straits Times <br />
STIMES <br />
English <br />
(c) 2013 Singapore Press Holdings Limited <br />
Gretchen Parlato's sweet lulling voice had the effect of a glass of cold spring water <br />
Review Concert <br />
GRETCHEN PARLATO <br />
Esplanade Recital Studio <br />
Last Friday <br />
Gretchen Parlato is a revelation, with all the elation and elevation that word suggests. <br />
The Los Angeles-based chanteuse was on her first outing in Singapore, but the<br />
audience might well have been present at the dawn of song; so pure, clear and sweet<br />
was her lulling voice. <br />
Like a bird with a bell-tinkle of a call, you wished she would go on and on, such was the<br />
soothing effect of her ruminations. <br />
The evening began "full of love, full of hopes, full of fears", as she cooed on her first of<br />
seven-song set and continued like so to the close. <br />
From musing about April showers to the unravelling of dreams, it was as if she were<br />
sculpting sound out of air, each note perfectly formed and pealing with profound joy as it<br />
emerged from her lips. Her delivery was as unadorned as it was heartfelt, a simple<br />
evocation of the miracle that is music, at once soothing and stirring. <br />
It was art of the utmost subtlety and it seemed that she had curated her performance<br />
right down to her simple dress, which was flecked with blue, gold, orange and white and<br />
might have been torn from a canvas of Van Gogh's. <br />
The audience was doubly blessed this evening by the presence of Parlato's<br />
accomplished trio, comprising the hyper- intuitive keyboardist Taylor Eigsti, the<br />
innovative yet disciplined drummer Justin Brown and the hulking gentle giant of a<br />
bassist, Burniss Earl Travis. <br />
Brown provided a rollicking muffled rumble to most of the proceedings, which was<br />
complemented by Travis' strutting, ever-dependable deep notes. But he stayed<br />
resolutely in the background throughout, to shade Parlato's reflective inflections just so. <br />
Occasionally, Brown would let loose with a synchopated vibe, most notably on the song<br />
Weak, where he coaxed a hopscotch rhythm out of his snares and hi-hat. But for the<br />
most part, he too was content to shape a wide and warm soundscape in which his<br />
collaborators could nestle. <br />
Eigsti lit everything up with his mesmerising, barely-there plinks. He was a born virtuoso<br />
who also plucked the strings in the belly of the grand piano, thumped its wooden body<br />
for emphasis and then let loose a few spooky vibes on the synthesizer atop it. <br />
Through all their ministrations, Parlato soared higher and higher, contemplating the<br />
human condition with grace, clarity and a knowing shrug now and then, especially on her<br />
songs Winter Wind and Without A Sound. <br />
Listeners who came expecting lyricism from her would have missed the point; Parlato<br />
saw herself as an instrument, not as a performer, and so her plaintive renditions seemed<br />
like a host of melodious epiphanies. She said so much with so few words, just as how<br />
one is usually speechless during life's biggest moments. Hers was the soundtrack of<br />
eternal calm, like drinking the sweetest, coldest glass of spring water on a summer's
day. <br />
"Oo-wee, oo-woe, oo-wor, oo-why, oo-me," she crooned on the song Magnus, which<br />
soon got the audience singing along. She had named the tune after a little boy who had<br />
chanted that to his mother's pregnant belly. "One day, the most beautiful girl in the<br />
world/Made the most beautiful boy in the world," continued Parlato, and everyone<br />
swooned as the song cartwheeled to a crescendo. <br />
The crowd clamoured for more, and the musicians came on again with the hypnotic All<br />
That I Can Say, bringing the night to a blissful rest. <br />
From the beginning to the end of this hour-long show, they were an uncommonly tight<br />
act yet, as is the case with the most seasoned artistes, they made it all appear effortless.<br />
For this reviewer at least, Parlato and her trio were the gems that have shone the<br />
brightest at Mosaic this year. Long may they lift the hearts of everyone everywhere.
Gretchen Parlato Live<br />
https://www.jazzhistoryonline.com/Gretchen_Parlato_Live.html<br />
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Gretchen Parlato at Rockwood Music Hall, New York City (December 6, 2012)<br />
By Nicky Schrire<br />
It is no small feat for an artist to grow and innovate while paying homage to the jazz<br />
tradition. These opposing traits have led to recent debates on the nature and definition of<br />
jazz. While the vocalists who channel their inner Billie Holiday (some with meticulous<br />
accuracy, their twenty-year old physical forms belying their old souls) tend to be more<br />
easily received by audiences and critics, it takes a certain amount of courage and<br />
audacity to stretch the boundaries of jazz and charter unknown territory. One vocalist<br />
whose creativity excites and inspires me is Gretchen Parlato, a singer well known for her<br />
lilting, soft-toned vocal stylings and her blend of jazz, hip hop, pop and R&B genres. This<br />
week, she performed two shows at New York City’s Rockwood Music Hall as she<br />
recorded a live CD and DVD. Rockwood’s plush red interior and Parlato’s phenomenal<br />
lineup set the scene for an intimate and spirited performance.<br />
The evening featured what Parlato called the “two configurations” of her touring band and<br />
“the core” of her music. Parlato and her band tour extensively and it was fascinating to<br />
hear how the often-performed repertoire has grown and developed over a multitude of concerts. Parlato’s cover of SWV’s “Weak” opened<br />
the set and it was immediately apparent that the musicians were reveling in space, sonic interaction and true spontaneity. Kendrick Scott’s<br />
clean attack on the drum kit was familiar but never predictable. He would often drop out and then re-enter, never letting time lapse. Burniss<br />
Earl Travis’ use of electric bass on this tune was particularly effective and stylistically appealing. It also provided nice contrast when he<br />
moved to acoustic bass for tunes like Francis Jacob’s “On the Other Side” (from Parlato’s second album, “In a Dream”). Parlato noted that<br />
Travis had started playing with her in March of this year and knew all her music after about two gigs on the road. Clearly, Travis is a kindred<br />
spirit and a perfect fit for Parlato’s brand of jazz. I had my reservations when two slower, R&B-infused tunes (Lauryn Hill’s “All That I Can<br />
Say” and “Better Than”) were played one after another. However, Parlato’s original composition “Better Than” had developed so beautifully<br />
since I last heard it that I completely forgot we’d been in ballad territory for a while. Parlato had the audience sing along on a newly created<br />
recurring motive that wove in and out of the arrangement. This new aspect only added to her spellbinding rendition.<br />
Many critics focus on Parlato’s breathy style of singing but they fail to recognize that Parlato is acutely aware of her delivery of both lyrics<br />
and wordless, improvised phrases. And her feathery tone is merely one facet of her vocal technique. When improvising, she adopts a direct,<br />
breathless tone and the flexibility and range of her instrument is all at once apparent. These traits were very much on display with<br />
awe-inspiring solos on Djavan’s “Flor De Lis” and Simply Red’s “Holding Back the Years”. It’s impossible to mention the above two songs and<br />
not take note of Parlato’s musical kinship with pianist Taylor Eigsti. Eigsti’s playing is simultaneously sensitive, supportive and present. He<br />
solos with immense agility and panache, and as an accompanist, he introduces succinct repeated phrases that compliment and highlight a<br />
drum, bass or vocal line. His ostinato patterns were particularly effective at the end of Wayne Shorter’s “Juju”. The song appeared on both<br />
Parlato’s self-titled debut album (in a medley with “Footprints”) and her recent, critically acclaimed record “The Lost and Found”. Tonight’s<br />
performance was utterly mesmerizing, almost trance inducing.<br />
By this time, the rhythm section had changed to Alan Hampton on bass and Mark Guiliana on drums. As a long-time admirer of Parlato’s<br />
music, I felt a tad nostalgic seeing Hampton playing bass again. Her most recent album saw Derrick Hodge hold down the bass position so it<br />
was nice to revisit this particular personnel. Hampton opened “Juju” with the expected bass line only to steer the tune in a different direction<br />
from both album versions. With Eigsti’s harmonic input, the song displayed quite dark undercurrents and the use of a pedal point at several<br />
stages breathed new life into the song. “Alô, Alô”, usually Parlato’s solo tour de force, benefited from the percussive input of Giuliana on kit,<br />
Eigsti on the piano lid and Hampton on the body of his bass. It was also incredibly fun to watch them get percussively creative with their<br />
instruments all while Parlato, not skipping a beat, played her televi shakers with focus and sung on.<br />
The evening closed with Hampton and Parlato’s co-creation, “Still.” Hampton wrote the music and Parlato contributed the lyrics to this<br />
deceptively simple, highly catchy tune. With Hampton switching to guitar, Travis returned to claim the bass and Scott joined in on an extra<br />
snare drum. The performance of this song perfectly captured the magic of Parlato and her band. There was so much joy in the delivery of<br />
this beautifully crafted tune that the already content audience couldn’t help but share in the feelings of admiration and love that Parlato and<br />
1 of 2 3/28/13 11:16 AM
Gretchen Parlato Live<br />
https://www.jazzhistoryonline.com/Gretchen_Parlato_Live.html<br />
her band were celebrating on stage.<br />
The album and DVD will be released in early 2013. For more information about Parlato’s upcoming performances, visit gretchenparlato.com<br />
Photo by Nicky Schrire. L-R: Taylor Eigsti, Gretchen Parlato, Burnis Earl Travis, Kendrick Scott.<br />
Content copyright 2013. Jazz History Online.com. All rights reserved.
Gretchen Parlato: The Lost and Found<br />
http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=38845<br />
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CD/LP/Track Review<br />
Gretchen Parlato: The Lost and Found (2011)<br />
By C. MICHAEL BAILEY, Published: June 27, 2011<br />
Gretchen Parlato is emerging as the most important jazz singer since<br />
Cassandra Wilson. Her vocal approach is so unique and her repertoire so<br />
eclectic that she stands to create a jazz vocal genre unto herself. After<br />
placing first in the 2004 Thelonious Monk International Jazz Vocals<br />
Competition, Parlato released her eponymous debut, self-produced, in<br />
2005. Warmly received, she followed her freshman effort up in 2009<br />
with In a Dream (Obliqsound), her critical gravity growing.<br />
And those are just Parlato's recordings as leader. She has been a featured vocalist on many<br />
records, including David Binney's Greylen Epicenter (Mythology, 2010) and Esperanza Spalding's<br />
Chamber Music Society (Concord Music Group, 2010).<br />
Much anticipated, The Lost and Found appears, revealing Parlato's sonic evolution toward an end<br />
very different from Wilson's. Where Wilson has intently explored the earthy, organic nature of the<br />
music she sings, Parlato has entered the laboratory to distill her music to its bare essence: a<br />
whisper, a scent, an echo, a suggestion. Her light, no-pressure approach better reveals the<br />
harmonic metaphysics of the songs she sings, whether originals or standards.<br />
The Lost and Found draws much from her two previous releases. Parlato's Wayne Shorter fixation<br />
that prompted her to include the saxophonist's "Juju/Footprints" medley on her first recording,<br />
and "ESP" on In A Dream, reprises "Juju" alone on The Lost and Found. The fondness that Parlato<br />
has for impressionistic music manifests itself in her version of Miles Davis/Bill Evans "Blue in<br />
Green," and a cover of Simply Red's "Holding Back The Years," rendered as diaphanous mist,<br />
Parlato's light voice perfect for the role.<br />
The singer's reprise of "Juju," possesses a crystalline translucence, made acute by Dayna<br />
Stephens' wandering saxophone and pianist Taylor Eigsti's run-rampant sonic investigations. Her<br />
soft voice provides stark contrast to its support, making for an edgy affair all the way around.<br />
Lauren Hill's "All That I Can Say," a successful vehicle for Mary J. Blige, proves equally successful<br />
for Parlato, who imparts a lighter contemporary vibe to the song.<br />
1 of 3 3/28/13 11:12 AM
Gretchen Parlato: The Lost and Found<br />
http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=38845<br />
Parlato is a young and vibrant artist, from whom we are only beginning to hear, and whose future<br />
is bright, indeed.<br />
Track Listing: Holding Back The Years; Winter Wind; How We Love; Juju; Still; Better than; Alo,<br />
Alo; Circling; Henya; In a Dream (Remix); All That I Can Say; Me and You; Blue in Green; The<br />
Lost and Found; Without a Sound.<br />
Personnel: Gretchen Parlato: vocals; Taylor Eigsti: piano; Derrick Hodge, Alan Hampton: bass;<br />
Kendrick Scott: drums; Dayna Stephens: tenor saxophone.<br />
Record Label: ObliqSound<br />
Style: Vocal<br />
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April 1, 2011<br />
Look Back at a Legend, Then Revisit Disco<br />
By NATE CHINEN<br />
Aretha Franklin<br />
A marvelous talent shrouded in needless luxury: that’s the usual take-away on Aretha Franklin’s<br />
tenure at Columbia Records, which lasted from the time she was 18 to 24. “Take a Look: Aretha<br />
Franklin Complete on Columbia” (Columbia/ Legacy) attempts a corrective. A lavish reissue<br />
package — 11 CDs and a DVD of clips from “The Steve Allen Show” — it keeps an abiding focus on<br />
that incandescent voice. The earliest albums are nominally jazz, with songbook standards in<br />
genteel combo settings. (From the vantage of a culture that has seen the fifth songbook album<br />
from Rod Stewart, it may seem Ms. Franklin’s career unfolded in reverse.) You hear her poise and<br />
projection; you also hear the influence of Dinah Washington, and not only on “Unforgettable,” a<br />
Washington tribute album from 1964. Not surprisingly Ms. Franklin’s most electrifying<br />
performances have a firm foothold in the church. “Won’t Be Long,” one of the first tracks she<br />
recorded for Columbia, captures her better than the lustrous orchestral ballads and brittle pop<br />
songs of later sessions. But she was adaptable with her gift, then as now, and there are auspicious<br />
moments scattered throughout this set. Greatness was just up ahead. It didn’t come from<br />
nowhere.<br />
Gretchen Parlato<br />
The new breed of jazz singer is a chameleon, intuitive and watchful, preoccupied with mood and<br />
flow. Gretchen Parlato has been one of these for a while, but she hasn’t given us an album as<br />
transfixing as “The Lost and Found,” which ObliqSound is to release on Tuesday. Engaging deeply<br />
with the pianist Taylor Eigsti, the bassist Derrick Hodge and the drummer Kendrick Scott, she<br />
fashions a mellow, drifting sound informed by Brazil and Wayne Shorter and organic R&B. (Her<br />
associate producer, the keyboardist Robert Glasper, exerted a strong influence, it’s clear.) She<br />
covers tunes by Simply Red and Mary J. Blige and the samba luminary Paulinho da Viola. There<br />
are a few sleek originals, and tracks with Ms. Parlato’s words set to music by Mr. Shorter and Mr.<br />
Eigsti, among others. Her lyrics frame introspection in terms of changing seasons, the sun and the<br />
stars, the afterimage of a dream. It could easily be precious, but it suits Ms. Parlato and her<br />
ethereal control.
Gretchen Parlato: “The Lost and Found” (2011, Obliq Sound)<br />
Written by Andrea Canter, Contributing Editor<br />
Tuesday, 19 April 2011<br />
If ever a record label matched (in name) the artistry of its talent, it’s Obliq Sound when it comes<br />
to Gretchen Parlato. And if modern jazz singing is all about using the voice as an instrument,<br />
Parlato has put her instrument front and center, not with free improvisation and intervallic<br />
gymnastics, but with a restrained palette and the power of suggestion. When I think of Parlato, I<br />
don’t hear Charlie Parker; I hear Miles Davis.<br />
Winner of the 2004 Thelonious Monk Vocal Competition, Gretchen Parlato has quickly evolved a<br />
sound based largely on nuance and subtlety, appealing as much to Brazilian, R&B and pop<br />
audiences as to modern jazz listeners. On her third release, she offers an eclectic soundscape of<br />
15 songs, four of her own compositions, 6 more with her own lyrics (including her take on Wayne<br />
Shorter’s “Juju”). Her band fits her musical attitude perfectly—Taylor Eigsti, himself a young<br />
phenom on keyboards; much accomplished Derrick Hodge on bass; another young upstart, Kendrick Scott, on drums; with guest<br />
turns from saxophonist Danya Stephens, guitarist Alan Hampton (who contributes “Still”), and co-producer/keyboardist Robert<br />
Glasper (who contributes “A Dream Remix”).<br />
Despite the diversity of source material, Parlato’s airy delivery provides a consistent sonic transparency from one track to the<br />
next, from the wispy opening cover of Simply Red’s “Holding Back the Years” to the ambient closing of Eigsti’s “Without a<br />
Sound.” In between, her vocalese soars in tandem with Stephens’s sax on “Juju, reaching its most haunting edges on Ambrose<br />
Akinmisure’s “Henya;” her whispering echoes create a celestial fantasy of Glasper’s “A Dream Remix.” Her swaying acappella<br />
vocal/percussion performance on Paulinho da Viola’s “Alo Alo” (sung in Portuguese) and charming vocal duo with composer Alan<br />
Hampton on “Still” are other high points.<br />
While Parlato sails on waves of impressionism, she’s buoyed by the more assertive finesse of her band, particularly Taylor Eigsti<br />
who sparkles on “Winter Wind” and “Blue and Green” and, most exquisitely, on “Henya,” while Hodge and Scott provide the<br />
soul and heartbeat throughout.<br />
The CD package comes with the full set of lyrics for all 15 tracks, a welcome addition that confirms (my) suspicion that<br />
Gretchen Parlato’s success may lie as much in her poetry as in her vocal stylings. The Lost and Found highlights both talents.<br />
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Parlato keeps it cool<br />
Rising jazz star tops iTunes chart with modern, intimate sound<br />
THE OTTAWA CITIZEN APRIL 9, 2011<br />
Rising jazz star Gretchen Parlato.<br />
Photograph by: Image supplied, The Ottawa Citizen<br />
The Lost and Found ****<br />
Gretchen Parlato (ObliqSound)<br />
Call her the anti-Céline Dion. Instead, Gretchen Parlato is winning over listeners with a much more<br />
understated, intimate sound. Parlato has been a voice apart ever since she won the Thelonious Monk<br />
International Jazz Vocals Competition in 2004 (just ahead of Ottawa's Kellylee Evans), instantly<br />
recognizable thanks to her pure, cool timbre and the sighing, susurrant quality of her voice.<br />
Her latest CD, The Lost and Found, released last week and already topping the iTunes jazz chart, is<br />
an impressive and generous collection of 15 tracks that delve expertly and with much feeling into<br />
Parlato's many interests.<br />
The disc's hip-hop quotient is considerable. Take, for example, the beat-driven cover of Holding Back<br />
The Years that opens Parlato's CD. Co-producer Robert Glasper, a pianist equally at home in jazz<br />
and hiphop settings, has converted the Simply Red pop-soul tune into little more than a four-chord<br />
loop, animated by Kendrick Scott's catchy beat. The tune is minimalist but mesmerizing, thanks to<br />
Parlato's delivery and to the masterful layering of Taylor Eigsti's piano and Fender Rhodes.
The contemporary, R&B-tinged grooving continues on a chilledout version of All That I Can Say,<br />
which Mary J. Blige recorded, the trippy, post-production shortie In a Dream Remix and Parlato's own<br />
Better Than. However, there's much more to Parlato than Quiet Storm circa 2011. Other Parlato<br />
songs on The Lost and Found are more exultant, such as How We Love and Winter Wind.<br />
Parlato devotes much of her disc to music by her next-gen jazz contemporaries. She's written lyrics<br />
for moody pieces by Eigsti (Without A Sound), saxophonist Dayna Stephens (the CD's title track), and<br />
trumpeter Ambrose Akinmusire (Henya -a disc highlight thanks to its gravitas). She pushes at genre<br />
boundaries with a cover of the folky Still, a vocal duet with its guitarpicking composer Allan Hampton.<br />
Since her high school days in Los Angeles, Parlato has been mad for bossa nova and other Brazilian<br />
musics, which of course are a natural fit for her gentle, breathy singing. That passion is reflected on<br />
Alô, Alô, a brief, overdubbed, one-woman show of singing and percussion, and by the tack that she<br />
and Eigsti, playing Fender Rhodes, take on their duet Me and You.<br />
Adding another aspect to her disc, Parlato covers -if not Great American Songbook tunes -straightup<br />
jazz tunes. Her way, it should be stressed. Blue In Green has been Glasperized, set to a present-day<br />
groove and made kaleidoscopic with many additional chords.<br />
Wayne Shorter's Juju is the CD's headiest track. Compared to the saxophonist's original, Parlato's<br />
version is slowed down to maximize the mystery, and it builds from its tranquil beginnings to a<br />
ferocious peak, with saxophonist Stephens and Parlato -her voice seemingly transformed into a<br />
powerful siren's call -swirling in tandem. Parlato's ability to wield her voice as an instrument,<br />
improvising all the while, will address any jazz purist's skepticism about her bona fides.<br />
With many of the jazz singers who have risen to the top over the last 15 years, there is arguably a<br />
simple, shorthand way to describe what makes them distinctive and appealing. Cassandra Wilson is<br />
earthy and soulful, Norah Jones is an ingenue with a touch of Texas twang. It's not as easy as it<br />
might seem to peg Parlato. Yes, she's cool and she's got that whispery thing happening. But The<br />
Lost and Found shows that Parlato's artistry is much more than her signature, sighing sound -she can<br />
be absolutely entrancing in so many different ways.<br />
Peter Hum<br />
Pop & Rock<br />
Mischievous Moon ****<br />
Jill Barber (Outside Music)<br />
On her fourth album, gifted singer-songwriter Barber moves away from the dreamy pre-Beatles pop<br />
that defined her 2008 artistic breakthrough, Chances.<br />
This time, she and principal collaborator Les Cooper have crafted a batch of songs that, in some<br />
cases, already sound like standards, all lush orchestration and romantic declaration. But Barber's
master stroke is in keeping the arrangements from sounding too indebted to the Great American<br />
Songbook and throwing in some sweet bossa beat (Took Me by Surprise), playful ballroom sexiness<br />
(A Wish Under My Pillow) and Bacharachian beauty (Any Fool Can Fall in Love).<br />
The first single, Tell Me (with a French version tacked on at the end of the album), winks at light<br />
1970s soul, but it's not representative of this disc's delightful depths.<br />
Bernard Perusse<br />
Kaeshammer ****<br />
Michael Kaeshammer (Alert Music)<br />
The boogie-woogie pianist best known as a must-see live act reaffirms his true colours here: he's an<br />
R&B hound, particularly if there's a New Orleans roll to the beat. We knew that, but the double-time<br />
rhythm and sassy horns of fast-andfabulous opener Rendezvous state the case with unprecedented<br />
eloquence, while Kisses in Zanzibar lays down a slightly steadier secondline shuffle from the Crescent<br />
City.<br />
Pop often takes the centre stage, while jazz rarely gets forgotten for long, but there's a more joyous,<br />
authoritative swing to this disc than we've heard on any of the pianist's previous work. And don't miss<br />
the gorgeous, deeply moving instrumental remake of the Impressions' People Get Ready, one the<br />
reasons this is Kaeshammer's best yet.<br />
Bernard Perusse<br />
First Light Rating **1/2<br />
Easy Star All-Stars (Easy Star Records)<br />
Joyous as their first full-length album of original songs may be, it's hard to escape the conclusion that<br />
Easy Star All-Stars were a lot more engaging when they were giving Pink Floyd, Radiohead or the<br />
Beatles a dreadlocked makeover.<br />
Clocking in at almost an hour, with 14 tracks, First Light's bloated unevenness becomes obvious if<br />
you take out a couple of alternative versions, lose throwaway songs like Paid My Dues, Unbelievable<br />
and All the Way and deep-six out-of-place borderline pop like the title track. What you're left with is<br />
some solid old-school reggae like the anthemic Don't Stop the Music, the brisk and punchy Universal<br />
Law and the wonderful, soulful Reggae Pension.<br />
An uplifting and inviting set, sure, but a bit too disposable.<br />
Bernard Perusse<br />
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