Introduction Acknowledgements
Introduction Acknowledgements
Introduction Acknowledgements
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10<br />
<strong>Acknowledgements</strong><br />
<strong>Introduction</strong><br />
General geography of Greece<br />
Greece is a relatively small country, and with a surface area of 132,000 km 2 it is only<br />
half as big as the UK. Encompassed, however, in this modest area, is a great diversity<br />
of habitats, exceeding many European countries of much larger size. For example, one<br />
can encounter in Epirus alpine areas complete with lush conifer forests, dramatic peaks<br />
and extensive snowfields that physiographically resemble Switzerland. On the other<br />
hand, some regions of the southern Aegean are closer to Africa than to Athens, and<br />
their climate and habitats reflect this proximity. Southeastern Crete for example, contains<br />
one of the few true European deserts, an area closely resembling certain hammada<br />
regions of the Middle East.<br />
Greece is a country of mountains and islands. The Pindos range, an extension of<br />
the Dinaric Alps, forms the backbone of peninsular Greece. A number of smaller<br />
mountains originate as spurs from this block, although some, including Mount<br />
Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece (2,917 m elevation) arise in relative isolation.<br />
A second major mountain block, the Rhodopes, located in Thrace, runs in a<br />
roughly east-west direction separating Greece and Bulgaria. The Peloponnese, a smaller<br />
peninsula in the south, is as mountainous as the mainland and encompasses several<br />
peaks exceeding 2,000 m in elevation.<br />
With the exception of a few large flat regions located mostly in Thessaly and<br />
Thrace, the country lacks extensive plains. Typically the mountains drop rather steeply<br />
into the sea and are generally flanked only by narrow coastal plains. While this has historically<br />
translated into meager agricultural outputs, it also means that large areas of<br />
the country are, by virtue of their steep and mountainous terrain, relatively protected<br />
from human activities.<br />
To visitors, Greece conjures up images of islands and there is a good reason for this.<br />
The country encompasses close to 10,000 islands and islets, the vast majority of which<br />
are found in the Aegean Sea. However, due to difficult transportation and the harsh<br />
conditions, only about 200 of them are inhabited. These islands vary significantly in<br />
physical and biological characteristics so that visiting a number of them may be necessary<br />
to obtain a good understanding of the region.<br />
Climate<br />
The climate in Greece is broadly classified as Mediterranean, with mild, rainy winters<br />
and long, dry summers. Typically the bulk of the annual precipitation, in the form of<br />
11
12 <strong>Introduction</strong><br />
<strong>Introduction</strong> 13<br />
t<br />
[a{ak<br />
Kraljevo<br />
Lovech<br />
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA<br />
Montana<br />
Kruπevak<br />
Vratsa<br />
1913<br />
Gabrovo<br />
Sliven<br />
Troglav<br />
SARAJEVO<br />
Niπ<br />
Burgas<br />
Gora≠de YUGOSLAVIA Pirot<br />
Yambol<br />
2376 Botev<br />
∏ibenik<br />
2228<br />
Kazanl≤k<br />
SOFIYA<br />
Plo‹no<br />
Novi Pazar<br />
Leskovac<br />
Stara Zagora<br />
Split<br />
Mostar<br />
(Sofia)<br />
2386 2522<br />
CROATIA<br />
Magli‹ Durmitor<br />
Bra{<br />
2155<br />
Pernik<br />
Plovdiv<br />
Dimitrovgrad<br />
Pogled<br />
Pazardzhik<br />
Kirklareli<br />
Priπtina<br />
Kyustendil<br />
Hvar<br />
2925<br />
Asenovgrad Khaskovo<br />
Edirne<br />
2484 Pe‹<br />
Musala<br />
Komovi 2656<br />
Kor{ula<br />
]aravica<br />
Blagoevgrad<br />
Lüleburgaz<br />
K≤rdzhali<br />
Dubrovnik<br />
Podgorica<br />
2693<br />
Prizren<br />
Kumanovo<br />
Jezercë<br />
2914<br />
Vikhren<br />
Tekirda‘<br />
Lake<br />
Tetovo<br />
Kukës<br />
SKOPJE<br />
Scutari Vardar<br />
Shkodër<br />
2748<br />
Komotini<br />
Palagru≠a<br />
2764 Titov<br />
Ke≈an<br />
Croatia<br />
Xanthi<br />
Kourab<br />
Ulcinj<br />
Drama<br />
Alexandroupoli<br />
Peshkopi<br />
Lezhë<br />
ADRIATIC<br />
Serres<br />
Prilep<br />
Kavala<br />
SEA<br />
TIRANË (Tirana)<br />
Samothraki<br />
Bartin<br />
BLACK SEA Zonguldak<br />
Karabük<br />
Düzce<br />
Bolu<br />
Sariyer<br />
2378<br />
Izmit<br />
Köro‘lu Da‘i<br />
Adapazari<br />
Istanbul<br />
Yalova<br />
SEA OF<br />
MARMARA<br />
Iznit Lake<br />
Mudanya<br />
Bilecik<br />
Bursa<br />
Polatli<br />
Bozüyük<br />
Karacabey Lake<br />
2543<br />
Eski≈ehir<br />
Lake Ku≈<br />
Uluda‘<br />
Sivrihisar<br />
Ulubat<br />
Foggia<br />
Bari<br />
Durrës<br />
Bitola<br />
Elbasan<br />
Lake Ohrid<br />
Thessaloniki<br />
Lake<br />
Kalamaria<br />
(Salonica)<br />
Prespa<br />
Veroia<br />
Polygyros<br />
Korçë<br />
Katerini<br />
Kosani<br />
Thasos<br />
2030<br />
Athos<br />
Eceabat<br />
Çanakkale<br />
Gökçeada<br />
Limnos<br />
Edremit<br />
Balikesir<br />
A n<br />
Kütahya<br />
a t o l i<br />
Afyon<br />
Ak≈ehir a Lake<br />
Ak≈ehir<br />
Brindisi<br />
Vlorë<br />
2917<br />
U≈ak<br />
Potenza Matera<br />
ITALY<br />
2248<br />
Mt Pollino<br />
Taranto<br />
Gulf of<br />
Taranto<br />
Lecce<br />
2485<br />
2637<br />
Papingut<br />
Smolikas<br />
Ioannina<br />
Kerkyra Igoumenitsa<br />
(Corfu)<br />
Corfu<br />
Mt Olympus<br />
Larisa<br />
Trikala<br />
Lamia<br />
Volos<br />
Northern<br />
Sporades<br />
Skyros<br />
Euboea<br />
Mytilini (Mytilène)<br />
Lesbos<br />
Chios<br />
Chios Çe≈me<br />
Manisa<br />
Izmir<br />
Aydin<br />
E‘ridir<br />
Lake Bey≈ehir Lake<br />
Kula<br />
Dinar<br />
Isparta 2980<br />
Burdur<br />
Delegöl Da‘i<br />
Acigöl Burdur<br />
Nazilli<br />
lake<br />
Denizli<br />
Chalkida<br />
TYRRHENIAN<br />
SEA<br />
Cosenza<br />
Crotone<br />
Catanzaro<br />
Leucade<br />
Keffalonia<br />
Samos<br />
2457<br />
Parnassos<br />
AEGEAN SEA<br />
Andros Ikaria<br />
Patra<br />
Korinthos ATHINA (Athens)<br />
Peiraias Agios Dimitrios<br />
2374<br />
Tinos<br />
Kyllini<br />
Milâs<br />
Mu‘la<br />
Dalaman<br />
3086<br />
Bey Da‘lari<br />
Antalya<br />
Gulf of<br />
Antalya<br />
Messina<br />
Reggio di Calabria<br />
IONIAN SEA<br />
Zante<br />
Peloponnese<br />
Pyrgos<br />
Tripoli<br />
Ermoupoli Naxos<br />
GREECE Paros<br />
Amorgos<br />
C y c l a d e s<br />
Bozburun<br />
Rodos (Rhodes)<br />
Rhodes<br />
Megisti<br />
Greece<br />
Kalamata<br />
3323<br />
M Etna<br />
Strait<br />
of<br />
Messina<br />
2404<br />
Tavgetos<br />
Milos<br />
Thira<br />
Catania<br />
Sicily<br />
Siracusa<br />
Kythira<br />
SEA OF CRETE<br />
Kasos<br />
Karpathos<br />
Ragusa<br />
Antikythira<br />
Chania<br />
2456<br />
Psiloritis<br />
Irakleio<br />
Gavdos<br />
Crete<br />
*<br />
BULGARIA<br />
KOSOVO<br />
F.Y.R.O.M<br />
(Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)<br />
ALBANIA<br />
TURKEY<br />
*<br />
SERBIA *<br />
MONTENEGRO *<br />
CROAT-MUSLIM FED.<br />
SERB REP. OF<br />
BOSNIA-H.<br />
National Other<br />
Capital city<br />
over 1,000,000<br />
over 500,000<br />
over 200,000<br />
other main city<br />
other city<br />
D a l m a t i a<br />
MALTA<br />
Tara<br />
S t r a i t o f O t r a n t o<br />
I o n i a n I s l a n d s<br />
J. Morava<br />
MEDITERRANEAN SEA<br />
S t a r a P l a n i n a<br />
Struma<br />
Isk≤r<br />
B al k a n s<br />
P i n d u s<br />
M a c e d o n i a<br />
M t s<br />
Maritsa<br />
R h o d o<br />
* Yugoslavia is divided into 2 federated states : Montenegro and Serbia. Vojvodina and Kosovo are autonomous provinces of Serbia. Since June 1999, Kosovo is under protectorate of UNO.<br />
p e<br />
Maritsa<br />
Dardanelles<br />
Bosporus<br />
G e diz<br />
Büyük Menderes<br />
D o d e c a n e s e s<br />
Sakarya<br />
T a u r u s M t s<br />
0 km 50 100 150 km<br />
Photo 1: Southeast Europe. X. XXX<br />
Photo 1: Physical map of Greece. X. XXX<br />
BOSNIA-H.<br />
CROATIA<br />
MONTENEGRO<br />
YUGOSLAVIA<br />
ADRIATIC<br />
SEA<br />
ITALY<br />
Podgorica<br />
S t r a i t o f O t r ant o<br />
IONIAN<br />
SEA<br />
National Capital (3,093,000 In 93)<br />
over 350,000<br />
over 150,000<br />
over 100,000<br />
other main city<br />
other city<br />
0km 28 56 84 km<br />
Lavara<br />
Soufli<br />
SEA OF<br />
1511<br />
1827 Echinos<br />
MARMARA<br />
Tykhero<br />
Kato<br />
Iasmos<br />
Sapes<br />
2212 Nevrokopi 2232<br />
Xylagani<br />
2029 Sidirokastro<br />
1963<br />
Irakleia<br />
Chrysoupoli<br />
Agios<br />
Charalampos<br />
L Dojran L Kerkinitis<br />
Nea Karvali<br />
Skoutari<br />
Keramoti<br />
Rodolivos 1956<br />
Nea Peramos<br />
Kilkis Xylopoli<br />
1127 Thasos<br />
Samothraki<br />
1091<br />
Samothraki<br />
Aridaia<br />
1611<br />
Kolpos<br />
L Volvi<br />
2524<br />
Koufalia<br />
Lake<br />
L Koronia Nea Apollonia Orfanou<br />
Edessa<br />
Prespa<br />
Gerakarou<br />
Arnissa<br />
2334<br />
L Vegoritis Alexandreia Platy<br />
1165<br />
Arnaia<br />
Florina<br />
Naousa<br />
Amyntaio<br />
Vasilika Galatista<br />
Aiginio<br />
Akra<br />
Mesimeri<br />
Plaka<br />
Vergina<br />
Akrathos<br />
2030<br />
Ptolemaïda<br />
2052<br />
Kastoria<br />
Athos<br />
Akra<br />
L Kastorias<br />
Korinos<br />
Mourtzeflos 430<br />
Maniakoi<br />
Nea Moudania<br />
Moudros<br />
Neos<br />
Argos Orestiko<br />
Myrina<br />
2111<br />
Thermaïkos<br />
2194<br />
Kassandreia<br />
Akra Agia<br />
Galatini<br />
Koufos<br />
Eirinis<br />
2520<br />
Velvendos<br />
Kolpos<br />
Siatista Servia<br />
Akra Drepano<br />
Limnos<br />
Leptokarya<br />
L Aliakmonas<br />
Akra<br />
Akra<br />
Paliouri<br />
2917<br />
Paliouri<br />
Olympos<br />
Platamonas Kassandras<br />
Mithymna 968<br />
Grevena<br />
Pyrgetos<br />
Agios Efstratios Agios<br />
2637<br />
Elassona<br />
Efstratios<br />
Smolikas<br />
1615<br />
Deskati<br />
Sigri<br />
Konitsa<br />
1978<br />
Tyrnavos<br />
Akra Sigri<br />
Agia<br />
800<br />
2497<br />
Eresos<br />
Verdikoussa<br />
Gioura<br />
Polichnitos<br />
Kalampaka<br />
1054<br />
Piperi<br />
Lesvos Plomari Akra<br />
Metsovo<br />
Nikaia<br />
Maleas<br />
Kyra Panagia<br />
(Lesbos)<br />
Farkadhon<br />
Ereikoussa<br />
Stefanoviki 1551<br />
2204<br />
Alonnisos Peristera<br />
Othonoi<br />
906<br />
Katsikas 2469<br />
Rigaio<br />
Skantzoura<br />
Mathraki<br />
Pagasitikos<br />
Liapades<br />
Filiates<br />
Pramanta Pyli<br />
680<br />
Akra Kartsino<br />
Karditsa<br />
Nea Anchialos<br />
Argalasti<br />
Patitiri<br />
Sofades<br />
Skopelos<br />
Farsala<br />
Kolpos<br />
Akra<br />
2393<br />
Skiathos<br />
Skyros<br />
Paramythia 1974<br />
Skopelos<br />
Skyros<br />
Vamvakas<br />
2184<br />
Kallifoni<br />
Almyros<br />
Igoumenitsa<br />
Neo Monastiri<br />
792<br />
Kerkyra<br />
Marmaro<br />
Domokos<br />
530<br />
1726<br />
Valaxa<br />
Antipsara<br />
1297<br />
Perdika<br />
Thesprotiko<br />
Istiaia<br />
(Corfu)<br />
Lefkimmi<br />
Kanallaki<br />
2042<br />
Pelasgia<br />
Psara<br />
Volissos<br />
Parga Filippiada Petas<br />
Stylida<br />
Loutra<br />
Akra Sarakiniko Akra Kymis<br />
Arta<br />
Makrakomi<br />
Aidipsou<br />
Mantoudi<br />
Kymi<br />
Chios<br />
Paxoi<br />
Molos<br />
2315<br />
1343 1743 Oxylithos<br />
Antipaxoi<br />
Krikellos<br />
Akra Meston<br />
Karpenisi<br />
2152<br />
Agios Konstantinos<br />
Amvrakikos Kolpos<br />
Psachna<br />
Ochthonia<br />
Pyrgi<br />
Preveza<br />
Oiti<br />
Malesina<br />
Nea Artaki<br />
Vonitsa Amfilochia<br />
Akra Masticho<br />
Evvoia (Euboea)<br />
2510 Kato Tithorea<br />
Martino<br />
Aliveri<br />
Drosia<br />
Krieza<br />
Giona<br />
Lefkada Palairos<br />
Samos<br />
1924<br />
Orchomenos<br />
1589<br />
2457<br />
Davlia<br />
Akraifnio<br />
Eretria<br />
Almyropotamos<br />
Amfissa<br />
Akra Kafireas<br />
Parnassos<br />
Levadeia<br />
Kandila<br />
Schimatari Agioi<br />
Neo Karlovasi<br />
Samos<br />
AEGEAN SEA<br />
1434<br />
Lefkada 1158<br />
Agrinio<br />
Thermo<br />
L Trichonida<br />
Itea<br />
Aliartos Thiva<br />
Apostoloi<br />
Avlida<br />
Marathokampos<br />
1413<br />
1398<br />
Akra Kampanos<br />
Akra Fanari<br />
(Leucade)<br />
Panaitolio<br />
1748<br />
Erythres<br />
Marathonas<br />
Astakos<br />
Mataragka Kapareli<br />
Nafpaktos<br />
Parnitha Nea Makri<br />
Platanistos<br />
Akra Doukato<br />
Aitoliko<br />
1409<br />
Kifisia Kolpos Karystos Andros<br />
Makronisi<br />
Mandra<br />
Petalion<br />
Gavrio<br />
Agios<br />
Kamares<br />
Petaliori<br />
Andros<br />
994<br />
Ikaria Christos Kirykos<br />
Agathonisi<br />
Akra Dafnoudi<br />
Mesolongi<br />
Aigio<br />
Arkoi<br />
Ithaki<br />
Xylokastro<br />
Megara Salamina Koropi<br />
1033<br />
Kiato<br />
Tinos<br />
Akra Livada<br />
Ithaki Akra Araxos<br />
Vrachnaïka<br />
Loutraki Agioi Theodoroi<br />
Keratea<br />
650<br />
Akra Papas<br />
Patmos<br />
Leipsoi<br />
Sami<br />
Kato Achaïa<br />
Kalavryta Zevgolatio<br />
Salamina<br />
Voula<br />
Gyaros<br />
Tinos<br />
2341<br />
2374<br />
Lixouri Argostoli<br />
Palaia Lavrio Kea Gyaros<br />
Mykonos<br />
2221<br />
Kyllini<br />
Fokaia<br />
Kefallonia<br />
1627 Poros<br />
Varda<br />
Mykonos<br />
Leros<br />
Erymanthos<br />
Kleitoria<br />
Nemea<br />
Akra Mounta<br />
Chiliomodi Sofiko<br />
Syros Rineia<br />
Aigina<br />
Kea<br />
678<br />
Lechaina<br />
Loutra<br />
Kandila<br />
Agios<br />
Poseidonia<br />
Kalymnos<br />
1199<br />
Donoussa<br />
Argos<br />
Kalymnos<br />
Kos<br />
Akra Skinari<br />
Gastouni<br />
Lygourio<br />
Georgios Kythnos<br />
Levitha<br />
Vartholomio<br />
Naxos<br />
846<br />
Peloponnisos<br />
Poros<br />
Kanala<br />
Poros<br />
Kinaros<br />
Katastari<br />
Amaliada<br />
Tropaia Levidi<br />
Nafplio<br />
Naxos<br />
Kardamaina<br />
Platanos<br />
1981<br />
1113<br />
Paros<br />
756 Zakynthos<br />
Paros<br />
Kos Kefalos<br />
Krestena<br />
Ermioni Serifos<br />
1001<br />
Symi<br />
Zakynthos<br />
Akra Katakolo<br />
Serifos<br />
771<br />
821<br />
Astros<br />
Kranidi Ydra<br />
Keros<br />
Gyali<br />
Trianta<br />
Antiparos<br />
Nisyros<br />
AkraVoudi<br />
(Zante)<br />
Dokos Ydra<br />
Amorgos<br />
698<br />
Zacharo<br />
Akra Marathia<br />
Megalopoli<br />
1419<br />
Sifnos Kamares<br />
Kyparissiakos<br />
Irakleia<br />
Astypalaia<br />
Kamiros<br />
Kato<br />
Afantou<br />
Agios Petros<br />
Spetses Spetses<br />
690<br />
Kolpos<br />
Figaleia<br />
Alimia<br />
Archangelos<br />
Leonidi<br />
K y k l a d e s<br />
Tilos<br />
Emponas Attavyros<br />
Kimolos<br />
Sikinos Ios<br />
Anydro<br />
1215<br />
735<br />
Rodos (Rhodes)<br />
Kyparissia Meligalas<br />
Mirtoö<br />
Ios<br />
Ofidoussa<br />
Chalki<br />
Arfara<br />
Polyaigos<br />
Sikinos<br />
Lindos<br />
Velopoula<br />
Antimilos<br />
Syrna<br />
Sparti<br />
Strofades<br />
Filiatra<br />
1224<br />
Geraki<br />
Falkonera<br />
Vatio<br />
Milos<br />
Folegandros<br />
Gargalianoi Messini<br />
751<br />
Pélagos Milos<br />
Folegandros<br />
Chora<br />
Anafi<br />
Proti<br />
2404<br />
Thira<br />
Anafi<br />
Kattavia<br />
Petalidi<br />
Skala<br />
Akra<br />
Molaoi<br />
Thira 566<br />
Ierax<br />
Makra<br />
Messiniakos Arna<br />
Ananes<br />
Pachia<br />
Emporeio<br />
Akra Prasonisi<br />
Pylos Longa Papadianika<br />
Zafora<br />
Akra Paraspori<br />
Kolpos<br />
Monemvasia<br />
Koroni<br />
Gytheio<br />
Methoni<br />
( C y c l a d e s )<br />
Karavonisia<br />
Sapientza<br />
Areopoli<br />
Akra Akritas<br />
Lakonikos<br />
Astakida Diafani<br />
Kolpos<br />
Neapoli<br />
Schiza<br />
Akra Maleas<br />
Elafonisos<br />
Chamili<br />
Divounia<br />
Karpathos<br />
Karavas<br />
SEA OF CRETE<br />
Vathia<br />
1215<br />
Potamos<br />
Akra Tainaro<br />
Kythira<br />
Karpathos<br />
507 Avlemonas<br />
Kythira<br />
Akra Kastellou<br />
Akra Kapello<br />
600<br />
Kasos<br />
Avgo<br />
Stavros<br />
Skopje<br />
Komotini<br />
F.Y.R.O.M Xanthi<br />
Feres<br />
*<br />
Former Yugoslav Republic<br />
ANATOLIKI MAKEDONIA KAI THRAKI<br />
Alexandroupoli<br />
Mikropoli<br />
of Macedonia<br />
Rodopoli<br />
Drama<br />
Serres<br />
Kavala<br />
Nigrita<br />
Thasos<br />
Mavrothalassa<br />
Polykastro<br />
Asprovalta<br />
Limenaria<br />
Tirana<br />
KENTRIKI MAKEDONIA<br />
Nea Santa Lagkadas<br />
Giannitsa<br />
Evosmo<br />
Thessaloniki (Salonica)<br />
Kalamaria<br />
AGIONOROS<br />
Nea<br />
Roda<br />
(Mont Athos)<br />
Veroia<br />
Polygyros<br />
Karyes<br />
Sfendami<br />
Katerini<br />
Sikea<br />
Kosani<br />
Porto Karras<br />
DYTIKI MAKEDONIA<br />
Mytilini<br />
Larisa<br />
Trikala<br />
Ioannina<br />
Volos<br />
THESSALIA<br />
VOREIO AIGAIO<br />
Kerkyra (Corfu)<br />
Izmir<br />
IPEIROS<br />
Chios<br />
Lamia<br />
STEREA ELLAS<br />
Chalkida<br />
IONIOI NISOI<br />
DYTIKI ELLAS<br />
Nea Liosia<br />
Zografos<br />
Peristerio<br />
Patra<br />
ATHINA (Athens)<br />
Agios Dimitrios<br />
Korinthos<br />
(Corinth) Peiraias<br />
Ermoupoli<br />
Kallithea<br />
Pyrgos<br />
Tripoli<br />
ATTIKI<br />
Rodos (Rhodes)<br />
PELOPONNISOS<br />
NOTIO AIGAIO<br />
Kalamata<br />
*<br />
ALBANIA<br />
TURKEY<br />
I o n i o i N<br />
( I o n i a n I<br />
Priπtina<br />
KOSOVO<br />
YUGOSLAVIA<br />
s l a n d s )<br />
i s o i<br />
MEDITERRANEAN SEA<br />
Thyamis<br />
Aoos<br />
Arachthos<br />
SERBIA<br />
YUGOSLAVIA<br />
Acheloös<br />
Acheloos<br />
Mornos<br />
Aliakmonas<br />
C h a s i a<br />
P i n d o s<br />
V a l t o u<br />
Pineios<br />
Tavropos<br />
Patraïkos Kolpos<br />
Axio s<br />
Spercheios<br />
Alfeios<br />
Kifisos<br />
Strimonas<br />
Korinthiakos Kopos<br />
T a v g e t o s<br />
Kolpos<br />
Kassandras<br />
V o r e i o s E v v o ï k o s K o l p o s<br />
P a r n o n<br />
Evrotas<br />
Argolikos<br />
Kolpos<br />
Nestos<br />
Kolpos<br />
Agiou Orous<br />
Voreioi Sporades<br />
(Northern Sporades)<br />
Plovdiv<br />
BULGARIA<br />
T h r a k i k o P e l a g o s<br />
Gavdos<br />
Ardas<br />
E vros<br />
Edirne<br />
Orestiada<br />
Dardanelles<br />
Akra Sideros<br />
Antikythira<br />
Akra Agios Dragonada<br />
Akra Spatha<br />
Ioannis<br />
Elasa<br />
Ormos<br />
Dia<br />
Kolpos<br />
Almyrou<br />
Limin Chersonisou<br />
Siteia Palaikastro<br />
Chanion<br />
Malia Neapoli<br />
Zakros<br />
Souda<br />
Kastelli Agios Nikolaos<br />
Rethymno Perama Anogeia<br />
1476<br />
Arkalochori<br />
2147 Kalo Chorio<br />
Kournas<br />
2456<br />
Krousonas<br />
Psiloritis<br />
Koufonisi<br />
1331<br />
2452<br />
Ano Viannos Ierapetra<br />
Samaria<br />
Sfakia<br />
Moires 1231<br />
Palaiochora<br />
Chrysi<br />
Asimi<br />
Nea<br />
Alikarnassos<br />
Rodopos<br />
Irakleio<br />
Chania<br />
Kastelli<br />
Elos<br />
KRITI<br />
Tympaki<br />
Evros<br />
Didymoteicho<br />
TURKEY<br />
european part<br />
Akra Lithino<br />
Kriti (Crete)<br />
D o d e k a n i<br />
( D o d e c<br />
Pserimos<br />
a n e s e )<br />
BLACK SEA<br />
Istanbul<br />
Bosporus<br />
s o s<br />
MEDITERRANEAN SEA<br />
Photo 1: Physical map of Greece. X. XXX<br />
BOSNIA-H.<br />
CROATIA<br />
MONTENEGRO<br />
YUGOSLAVIA<br />
ADRIATIC<br />
SEA<br />
ITALY<br />
Podgorica<br />
S t r a i t o f O t r ant o<br />
IONIAN<br />
SEA<br />
National Capital (3,093,000 In 93)<br />
over 350,000<br />
over 150,000<br />
over 100,000<br />
other main city<br />
other city<br />
Capital of administrative region<br />
0km 28 56 84 km<br />
L L<br />
L<br />
L<br />
L<br />
L<br />
L<br />
L<br />
Lavara<br />
Soufli<br />
SEA OF<br />
Echinos<br />
Kato<br />
Nevrokopi<br />
Iasmos<br />
Sapes<br />
Tykhero<br />
MARMARA<br />
Xylagani<br />
Sidirokastro<br />
Irakleia<br />
Chrysoupoli<br />
Agios<br />
Charalampos<br />
Dojran<br />
Kerkinitis<br />
Nea Karvali<br />
Skoutari<br />
Keramoti<br />
Rodolivos<br />
Nea Peramos<br />
Kilkis Xylopoli<br />
Thasos<br />
Samothraki<br />
Samothraki<br />
Aridaia<br />
Kolpos<br />
Volvi<br />
Koufalia<br />
Lake<br />
Koronia Nea Apollonia Orfanou<br />
Edessa<br />
Prespa<br />
Gerakarou<br />
Arnissa<br />
Vegoritis Alexandreia Platy<br />
Arnaia<br />
Florina<br />
Naousa<br />
Amyntaio<br />
Vasilika Galatista<br />
Aiginio<br />
Akra<br />
Mesimeri<br />
Plaka<br />
Vergina<br />
Akrathos<br />
Ptolemaïda<br />
Kastoria<br />
Akra<br />
Kastorias<br />
Korinos<br />
Maniakoi<br />
Nea Moudania<br />
Mourtzeflos<br />
Moudros<br />
Neos<br />
Argos Orestiko<br />
Myrina<br />
Thermaïkos Kassandreia<br />
Akra Agia<br />
Galatini<br />
Koufos<br />
Eirinis<br />
Velvendos<br />
Kolpos<br />
Siatista Servia<br />
Akra Drepano<br />
Limnos<br />
Leptokarya<br />
Aliakmonas<br />
Akra<br />
Akra<br />
Paliouri<br />
Platamonas<br />
Paliouri<br />
Kassandras<br />
Mithymna<br />
Grevena<br />
Pyrgetos<br />
Agios Efstratios Agios<br />
Elassona<br />
Efstratios<br />
Deskati<br />
Sigri<br />
Konitsa<br />
Tyrnavos<br />
Akra Sigri<br />
Agia<br />
Eresos<br />
Verdikoussa<br />
Gioura<br />
Polichnitos<br />
Kalampaka<br />
Piperi<br />
Lesvos Plomari Akra<br />
Metsovo<br />
Nikaia<br />
Maleas<br />
(Lesbos)<br />
Farkadhon<br />
Kyra Panagia<br />
Ereikoussa<br />
Stefanoviki<br />
Alonnisos Peristera<br />
Othonoi<br />
Katsikas<br />
Rigaio<br />
Skantzoura<br />
Mathraki<br />
Pagasitikos<br />
Liapades<br />
Filiates<br />
Pramanta Pyli<br />
Akra Kartsino<br />
Karditsa<br />
Nea Anchialos<br />
Argalasti<br />
Patitiri<br />
Sofades<br />
Skopelos<br />
Farsala<br />
Kolpos<br />
Akra<br />
Skiathos<br />
Skyros<br />
Paramythia<br />
Skopelos<br />
Skyros<br />
Vamvakas<br />
Kallifoni<br />
Almyros<br />
Igoumenitsa<br />
Neo Monastiri<br />
Kerkyra<br />
Marmaro<br />
Domokos<br />
Perdika<br />
Thesprotiko<br />
Istiaia<br />
Valaxa<br />
Antipsara<br />
(Corfu)<br />
Lefkimmi<br />
Kanallaki<br />
Pelasgia<br />
Psara<br />
Volissos<br />
Parga Filippiada Petas<br />
Stylida<br />
Loutra<br />
Akra Sarakiniko Akra Kymis<br />
Arta<br />
Makrakomi<br />
Aidipsou<br />
Mantoudi<br />
Kymi<br />
Chios<br />
Paxoi<br />
Molos<br />
Oxylithos<br />
Antipaxoi<br />
Krikellos<br />
Akra Meston<br />
Karpenisi<br />
Agios Konstantinos<br />
Amvrakikos Kolpos<br />
Psachna<br />
Ochthonia<br />
Pyrgi<br />
Preveza<br />
Malesina<br />
Nea Artaki<br />
Vonitsa Amfilochia<br />
Akra Masticho<br />
Kato Tithorea<br />
Martino<br />
Aliveri Evvoia (Euboea)<br />
Drosia<br />
Krieza<br />
Lefkada Palairos<br />
Orchomenos Samos<br />
Davlia<br />
Akraifnio<br />
Eretria<br />
Almyropotamos<br />
Amfissa<br />
Levadeia<br />
Akra Kafireas<br />
Kandila<br />
Schimatari Agioi<br />
Neo Karlovasi<br />
Samos<br />
AEGEAN SEA<br />
Lefkada<br />
Agrinio<br />
Thermo<br />
Trichonida<br />
Itea<br />
Aliartos Thiva<br />
Apostoloi<br />
Avlida<br />
Marathokampos<br />
Akra Kampanos<br />
Akra Fanari<br />
(Leucade)<br />
Panaitolio<br />
Erythres<br />
Marathonas<br />
Astakos<br />
Mataragka Kapareli<br />
Nafpaktos<br />
Nea Makri<br />
Platanistos<br />
Akra Doukato<br />
Aitoliko<br />
Kifisia Kolpos Karystos Andros<br />
Makronisi<br />
Mandra<br />
Petalion<br />
Gavrio<br />
Agios<br />
Kamares<br />
Petaliori<br />
Andros<br />
Ikaria Christos Kirykos<br />
Agathonisi<br />
Akra Dafnoudi<br />
Mesolongi<br />
Aigio<br />
Arkoi<br />
Ithaki<br />
Xylokastro<br />
Megara Salamina Koropi<br />
Kiato<br />
Tinos<br />
Akra Livada<br />
Ithaki Akra Araxos<br />
Vrachnaïka<br />
Loutraki Agioi Theodoroi<br />
Keratea<br />
Akra Papas<br />
Patmos<br />
Leipsoi<br />
Sami<br />
Kato Achaïa<br />
Kalavryta Zevgolatio<br />
Salamina<br />
Voula<br />
Gyaros<br />
Tinos<br />
Lixouri Argostoli<br />
Palaia Lavrio Kea Gyaros<br />
Mykonos<br />
Fokaia<br />
Poros<br />
Kefallonia<br />
Varda<br />
Kleitoria<br />
Mykonos<br />
Leros<br />
Nemea<br />
Akra Mounta<br />
Chiliomodi Sofiko<br />
Syros Rineia<br />
Aigina<br />
Kea<br />
Lechaina<br />
Loutra<br />
Kandila<br />
Agios<br />
Poseidonia<br />
Kalymnos<br />
Donoussa<br />
Argos<br />
Kalymnos<br />
Kos<br />
Akra Skinari<br />
Gastouni<br />
Lygourio<br />
Georgios Kythnos<br />
Levitha<br />
Vartholomio<br />
Poros<br />
Kanala<br />
Naxos<br />
Poros<br />
Kinaros<br />
Katastari<br />
Amaliada<br />
Tropaia Levidi<br />
Nafplio<br />
Naxos<br />
Kardamaina<br />
Platanos<br />
Paros<br />
Zakynthos<br />
Paros<br />
Kos Kefalos<br />
Krestena<br />
Ermioni Serifos<br />
Symi<br />
Zakynthos<br />
Akra Katakolo<br />
Astros<br />
Kranidi Ydra<br />
Serifos<br />
Keros<br />
Gyali<br />
Trianta<br />
Antiparos<br />
Nisyros<br />
AkraVoudi<br />
(Zante)<br />
Dokos Ydra<br />
Amorgos<br />
Zacharo<br />
Akra Marathia<br />
Megalopoli<br />
Sifnos Kamares<br />
Kyparissiakos<br />
Irakleia<br />
Astypalaia<br />
Kamiros<br />
Kato<br />
Afantou<br />
Agios Petros<br />
Spetses Spetses<br />
Kolpos<br />
Figaleia<br />
Alimia<br />
Archangelos<br />
Leonidi<br />
K y k l a d e s<br />
Tilos<br />
Emponas<br />
Kimolos<br />
Sikinos Ios<br />
Anydro<br />
Rodos (Rhodes)<br />
Kyparissia Meligalas<br />
Mirtoö<br />
Ios<br />
Ofidoussa<br />
Chalki<br />
Arfara<br />
Polyaigos<br />
Sikinos<br />
Lindos<br />
Velopoula<br />
Antimilos<br />
Syrna<br />
Sparti<br />
Strofades<br />
Filiatra<br />
Geraki<br />
Falkonera<br />
Vatio<br />
Milos<br />
Folegandros<br />
Gargalianoi Messini<br />
Pélagos Milos<br />
Folegandros<br />
Chora<br />
Anafi<br />
Proti<br />
Thira<br />
Anafi<br />
Kattavia<br />
Petalidi<br />
Skala<br />
Akra<br />
Molaoi<br />
Thira<br />
Ierax<br />
Makra<br />
Messiniakos Arna<br />
Ananes<br />
Pachia<br />
Emporeio<br />
Akra Prasonisi<br />
Pylos Longa Papadianika<br />
Zafora<br />
Akra Paraspori<br />
Kolpos<br />
Monemvasia<br />
Koroni<br />
Gytheio<br />
Methoni<br />
( C y c l a d e s )<br />
Karavonisia<br />
Sapientza<br />
Areopoli<br />
Akra Akritas<br />
Lakonikos<br />
Astakida Diafani<br />
Kolpos<br />
Neapoli<br />
Schiza<br />
Akra Maleas<br />
Elafonisos<br />
Chamili<br />
Divounia<br />
Karpathos<br />
Karavas<br />
SEA OF CRETE<br />
Vathia<br />
Potamos<br />
Akra Tainaro<br />
Kythira<br />
Karpathos<br />
Avlemonas<br />
Kythira<br />
Akra Kastellou<br />
Akra Kapello<br />
Kasos<br />
Avgo<br />
Stavros<br />
Skopje<br />
F.Y.R.O.M<br />
Komotini<br />
Xanthi<br />
Feres<br />
*<br />
Former Yugoslav Republic<br />
ANATOLIKI MAKEDONIA KAI THRAKI<br />
Mikropoli<br />
of Macedonia<br />
Rodopoli<br />
Drama<br />
Serres<br />
Kavala<br />
Nigrita<br />
Thasos<br />
Mavrothalassa<br />
Alexandroupoli<br />
Polykastro<br />
Asprovalta<br />
Limenaria<br />
Tirana<br />
KENTRIKI MAKEDONIA<br />
Nea Santa Lagkadas<br />
Giannitsa<br />
Evosmo<br />
Thessaloniki (Salonica)<br />
Kalamaria<br />
AGIONOROS<br />
Nea<br />
Roda<br />
(Mont Athos)<br />
Veroia<br />
Polygyros<br />
Karyes<br />
Sfendami<br />
Katerini<br />
Sikea<br />
Kosani<br />
Porto Karras<br />
DYTIKI MAKEDONIA<br />
Mytilini<br />
Larisa<br />
Trikala<br />
Ioannina<br />
Volos<br />
THESSALIA<br />
VOREIO AIGAIO<br />
Kerkyra (Corfu)<br />
Izmir<br />
IPEIROS<br />
Chios<br />
Lamia<br />
STEREA ELLAS<br />
Chalkida<br />
IONIOI NISOI<br />
DYTIKI ELLAS<br />
Nea Liosia<br />
Zografos<br />
Peristerio<br />
Patra<br />
ATHINA (Athens)<br />
Agios Dimitrios<br />
Korinthos<br />
(Corinth) Peiraias<br />
Ermoupoli<br />
Kallithea<br />
Pyrgos<br />
Tripoli<br />
ATTIKI<br />
Rodos (Rhodes)<br />
PELOPONNISOS<br />
NOTIO AIGAIO<br />
Kalamata<br />
*<br />
ALBANIA<br />
TURKEY<br />
I o n i o i N<br />
( I o n i a n I<br />
Priπtina<br />
KOSOVO<br />
YUGOSLAVIA<br />
s l a n d s )<br />
i s o i<br />
MEDITERRANEAN SEA<br />
Thyamis<br />
Aoos<br />
Arachthos<br />
SERBIA<br />
YUGOSLAVIA<br />
Acheloös<br />
Acheloos<br />
Mornos<br />
Aliakmonas<br />
Pineios<br />
Tavropos<br />
Patraïkos Kolpos<br />
Axio s<br />
Spercheios<br />
Alfeios<br />
Kifisos<br />
Strimonas<br />
Korinthiakos Kopos<br />
Kolpos<br />
Kassandras<br />
V o r e i o s E v v o ï k o s K o l p o s<br />
Evrotas<br />
Argolikos<br />
Kolpos<br />
Nestos<br />
Kolpos<br />
Agiou Orous<br />
Voreioi Sporades<br />
(Northern Sporades)<br />
Plovdiv<br />
BULGARIA<br />
T h r a k i k o P e l a g o s<br />
Gavdos<br />
Ardas<br />
E vros<br />
Edirne<br />
Orestiada<br />
Dardanelles<br />
Akra Sideros<br />
Antikythira<br />
Akra Agios Dragonada<br />
Akra Spatha<br />
Ioannis<br />
Elasa<br />
Ormos<br />
Dia<br />
Kolpos<br />
Almyrou<br />
Limin Chersonisou<br />
Siteia Palaikastro<br />
Chanion<br />
Malia Neapoli<br />
Zakros<br />
Souda<br />
Kastelli Agios Nikolaos<br />
Rethymno Perama Anogeia<br />
Arkalochori Kalo Chorio<br />
Krousonas<br />
Kournas<br />
Koufonisi<br />
Ano Viannos Ierapetra<br />
Sfakia<br />
Moires<br />
Palaiochora<br />
Chrysi<br />
Asimi<br />
Nea<br />
Alikarnassos<br />
Rodopos<br />
Irakleio<br />
Chania<br />
Kastelli<br />
Elos<br />
KRITI<br />
Tympaki<br />
Evros<br />
Didymoteicho<br />
TURKEY<br />
european part<br />
Akra Lithino<br />
Kriti (Crete)<br />
D o d e k a n i<br />
( D o d e c<br />
Pserimos<br />
a n e s e )<br />
BLACK SEA<br />
Istanbul<br />
Bosporus<br />
s o s<br />
MEDITERRANEAN SEA<br />
Photo 1: Political map of Greece. X. XXX<br />
Megisti<br />
Megisti
14 <strong>Introduction</strong><br />
<strong>Introduction</strong> 15<br />
Photo 1: Meadow in the mountains of central Greece. P. Pafilis<br />
Photo 2: Rhodopes Mountains along the northern border with Bulgaria. A. Trichas<br />
Photo 3: Pindos, the “mountainous spine” of Greece. A. Trichas<br />
Photo 4: Vipera berus can be found in the mountains of northern Greece. J. Van der Voort
16 <strong>Introduction</strong><br />
<strong>Introduction</strong> 17<br />
Photo 5: The peak of Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. A. Trichas<br />
Photo 6: Venetiko Islet (right), Schinousa Island, Agrilou and Ophidou Islets (left and center),<br />
and Keros Island in the back. ?. ???<br />
Photo 7: The green Megali Diavati Islet in Skyros Archipelago, hosting an astonishing<br />
population of giant Podarcis gaigeae. ?. ???
18 <strong>Introduction</strong><br />
<strong>Introduction</strong> 19<br />
Photo 8: Maquis is characterstic for the Taigetos Mountain area, near Sparta.<br />
F. Wüthrich<br />
Photo 9: Degrading maquis on Keros Island. P. Pafilis<br />
Photo 10: Phrygana on Daskalio Islet, out of Keros Island. ??? P. Pafilis<br />
Photo 11: Mountain torrents like this one on the northern Peloponnese, dry out in summer.<br />
P. Pafilis
20<br />
<strong>Introduction</strong><br />
rain in most of the country and snow in the highland regions, comes during the winter<br />
months. While all of Greece experiences a pronounced dry season during the summer<br />
months, this period varies substantially in length and intensity, and can range anywhere<br />
from 1 to 7 months of the year.<br />
A surprising amount of variation in climatic conditions exists between the different<br />
parts of the country. As a general rule, higher elevations tend to receive more precipitation.<br />
As clouds are forced up the mountain moisture condenses and comes down<br />
in the form of rain or snow on the windward side of a mountain, in contrast, the leeward<br />
side remains comparatively dry. Although this can be observed on a small scale<br />
on individual mountains, it is particularly true for the Pindos mountain chain, which<br />
forms an effective barrier against the prevailing northwest weather fronts by running<br />
in a roughly north-south direction. As a result, western Greece receives significantly<br />
more precipitation than the eastern region. This is also reflected in the fact that there<br />
is substantially more surface water, in the form of lakes and rivers, in the western rather<br />
than the eastern slopes of the Pindos range. As one travels eastwards and southwards,<br />
precipitation progressively decreases and reaches a minimum of less than 400 mm in<br />
the low, “desert” islands of the southeast Cyclades. A similar pattern but on a smaller<br />
scale can be observed on Crete, where western regions around Chania receive more<br />
than twice the precipitation of the far southeast corner around Ierapetra.<br />
Temperature regimes in Greece are influenced by three key factors: latitude, altitude<br />
and distance from the sea. For example, the average January temperature in<br />
northern Greece is as much as 8 0 C warmer than comparable temperatures in Crete<br />
and the southern Dodekanese. This effect is further exacerbated by the higher average<br />
elevations found in the north of the country. As a result, the winter landscape of<br />
Florina or the Prespes Lakes region is regularly blanketed with snow and the overall<br />
conditions resemble central Europe. In regions above 1,000 m snow may remain on<br />
the ground for four months of the year and above 2,000 m this period may extend to<br />
more than half the year.<br />
Greek summers tend to be hot across the country with average July temperatures<br />
in the southern lowlands ranging between 24–27 0 C. Even northern inland regions<br />
around Kastoria and Serres register average July temperatures above 22 0 C demonstrating<br />
the pervasiveness of the summer heat. The only areas that may experience relatively<br />
cooler temperatures are the Aegean islands where the tempering effect of the sea<br />
in combination with the prevailing meltémi winds acts to moderate the summer heat.<br />
Climatic conditions and finding reptiles<br />
Because of their ectotherm physiology, reptiles and amphibians are more dependent<br />
on prevailing thermal conditions than are mammals or birds.<br />
<strong>Introduction</strong> 21<br />
As a result, ambient conditions are of paramount importance for the field herpetologist.<br />
While both regional climate and local microclimatic conditions will shape<br />
the composition of the herpetofauna in an area, prevailing weather will also determine<br />
whether one is likely to encounter a particular species. Different taxa can also differ<br />
widely in their specific thermal preferences. While a cool and partially overcast spring<br />
day in the Cyclades can be warm enough to lure Aegean wall lizards (Podarcis erhardii)<br />
out of their hiding places, it will likely fail to make harduns (Laudakia stellio) appear.<br />
Alternatively, while on a hot summer afternoon in Ikaria, it is still possible to encounter<br />
Ophisops elegans in the open, Lacerta oertzeni will have probably retreated into<br />
their refugia.<br />
Despite its small size, the varied topography of Greece offers a diversity of year<br />
round herpetological opportunities. During the winter months, when snow and cold<br />
conditions prevent herpetological investigations in northern Greece such as the mountains<br />
of Pindos and the Peloponnese, most species of reptiles and amphibians will be<br />
active in the lowlands of Crete or the Dodecanese. On the other hand, when the lowlands<br />
of southern Greece are baking in the summer heat and most reptile species become<br />
inactive, a trip into the highlands of the Rhodopes or the Prespa Lakes can be<br />
particularly rewarding. Thus, the best months for reptile and amphibian observations<br />
in the Aegean and Ionian Islands as well as the lowlands of southern Greece fall in the<br />
months of March through June, and then from September through November. In<br />
contrast, the best period to visit the mountains and the highlands of northern Greece<br />
starts in May and lasts through September.<br />
In practice, there are a number of ways to make the most of a herpetological visit<br />
to Greece. Driving up or down a mountain range can provide access to those elevations<br />
where conditions are most favorable for reptile or amphibian activity at any given<br />
time of the year. On a smaller scale, the aspect of an area can also influence the activity<br />
of reptiles. In our experience, not only do north-facing slopes receive less solar<br />
radiation but are also covered by dense vegetation and have more surface water availability<br />
than south-facing slopes. As a result of these microclimatic conditions they are<br />
best visited during the summer months. In contrast, the snow melts first on the southfacing<br />
slopes and reptiles may emerge from hibernacula in early spring. Lastly, if conditions<br />
are marginal, it is worth focusing search efforts to those particular hours of the<br />
day that are most appropriate for reptiles. For example, when summer temperatures in<br />
southern Greece become prohibitively hot, searching during early morning hours or<br />
even at night along dry stone walls and ravines can be a good way of finding snakes and<br />
lizards.
138<br />
Species accounts<br />
tuberance on the dorsal surface of the tail base and nuptial pads on the forelegs that are<br />
well-developed during the breeding season. The protuberance is thought to function<br />
in predisposing the female’s cloaca to accept the spermatophore.<br />
Notes on biology: Lyciasalamandra helverseni is active from October or November to<br />
March, when mating occurs. This salamander is nocturnal and seems to be more active<br />
on the surface under cool, humid and windless conditions, as well as during and after<br />
rainfall. The rest of the time it hides in underground burrows, cracks and crevices,<br />
rocky walls, etc., usually in groups in order to avoid dehydration. This species reproduces<br />
independently of water. The protuberance on the tail-base is rubbed against the<br />
female’s cloaca during the ventral amplexus, but its precise function is unknown. The<br />
female usually gives birth to 2 fully developed young after a gestation period of 1 year.<br />
Sexual maturity is attained at 3 years. Longevity is estimated to be 14 years. Adults feed<br />
mainly on crawling invertebrates.<br />
Conservation: This species is listed in Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and in<br />
Annexes II and IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive (under the name Mertensiella<br />
luschani, see Remarks). It is protected by national legislation and is listed in the<br />
National Red Data Book as “rare”. Small island populations of L. helverseni encounter<br />
the same problems as all other rare species. The population on Kasos Island is the most<br />
endangered. Main threats to this population are habitat destruction due to over-grazing<br />
and collecting for the pet trade.<br />
Remarks: Before the recent taxonomic re-evaluation, the species was known as<br />
Mertensiella luschani helverseni.<br />
Lyciasalamandra luschani (Steindachner, 1891)<br />
GR: Nyfitsa (Νυϕιτσα) • G: Lykischer Salamander • EN: Lycian salamander<br />
• F: Salamandre de Lycie<br />
Main synonyms: Molge luschani Steindachner, 1891; Salamandra luschani<br />
Boulenger, 1892; Mertensiella luschani Wolterstorff, 1925<br />
Range: This species is found on the<br />
southern coast of Turkey and on the<br />
Greek island of Kastellorizo (Megisti).<br />
Habitat: The Lycian salamander occurs<br />
in various habitat types such as<br />
Mediterranean maquis, pine forest<br />
and scrubland. Shady slopes or valleys<br />
are preferred, particularly those<br />
with a loose substrate and limestone<br />
crevices that provide efficient hiding<br />
places. The species is abundant near<br />
human settlements, inhabiting loose<br />
rock walls and ruins.<br />
Species accounts 139<br />
Identification: The maximum length is 140 mm for males and 150 mm for females.<br />
The tail is usually slightly shorter than the SVL. The head is flat and somewhat longer<br />
than wide. 11–13 weakly defined costal grooves are present at either side of the long,<br />
cylindrical body. There are well-defined parotid glands at the back of the head. The<br />
colouration in this species is highly variable. The dorsal surface varies from pale brown<br />
to orange-pink, brighter on the parotid glands, with brown or black spots irregularly<br />
distributed across the back. The head, tail and sides of the limbs are bright orange-pink<br />
and sparsely covered with brown spots. Unlike females, the males possess a spikeshaped<br />
protuberance on the dorsal surface of the tail base and nuptial pads on the<br />
forelegs, best developed during the breeding season. The protuberance is thought to<br />
have a function in predisposing the females’ cloaca to receive the spermatophore.<br />
Notes on biology: Lyciasalamandra luschani is a strictly terrestrial amphibian, mostly<br />
active during the cooler winter months when it can be quite abundant. Mating also<br />
takes place during this period. Mostly nocturnal, it seems to be more active on the sur-
140 Species accounts<br />
Species accounts 141<br />
Photo x: Lyciasalamandra luschani male. K. Sotiropoulos<br />
Photo x: Lyciasalamandra luschani male. A. Trichas<br />
Photo x: Salamandra salamandra. K. Eleftherakos<br />
Photo x: Salamandra salamandra female. Southern Peloponnese. D. Escoriza
142 Species accounts<br />
Species accounts 143<br />
face during and after rainfall, and when atmospheric pressure drops. During the summer<br />
it aestivates in deep underground burrows, rocky cracks or crevices. Reproduction<br />
is independent of water. The protuberance on the tail-base is rubbed against the female’s<br />
cloaca during the ventral amplexus, but its precise function is unknown. The<br />
species is viviparous and usually gives birth to 2 fully developed young after 1 year of<br />
gestation. They can measure as long as 7 cm at birth, and weigh up to 2 grams. Sexual<br />
maturity is reached in 3 years, while longevity is estimated to be over 10 years, exceptionally<br />
reaching 22 years (!). Adults feed mainly on earthworms, slugs and various insects.<br />
Conservation: This species is listed in Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and in<br />
Annexes II and IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive (under the name Mertensiella<br />
luschani, see Remarks). It is protected by national legislation and is listed in the<br />
National Red Data Book as “rare”. The Lycian salamander is very abundant on<br />
Kastellorizo. However, general habitat alteration and loss, habitat modification from<br />
deforestation or logging related activities, urbanization, loss of genetic diversity (a<br />
small population phenomenon), are the main threats for the viability of the species.<br />
Remarks: Populations on Kastellorizo are assigned to the subspecies L. luschani basoglui<br />
(Author, ???).<br />
Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
GR: Salamandra (Σαλαµανδρα), Vrohalida (Βροχαλιδα), Voidaki tou Theou (Βοιδακι<br />
του Θεου) • G: Feuersalamander • EN: Fire salamander • F: Salamandre tachetée<br />
Main synonyms: Lacerta salamandra Linnaeus, 1768; Salamandra maculata<br />
Schrank, 1786; Salamandra maculosa Doderlein, 1872<br />
Range: A species widely distributed<br />
across central and southern Europe,<br />
northwestern Africa and the Middle<br />
East. In Greece it is found throughout<br />
the mainland between 600 and<br />
1,800 m elevation.<br />
Habitat: Salamandra salamandra inhabits<br />
mainly deciduous and mixed,<br />
sometimes conifer forests, where it<br />
hides under logs or stones, in cracks<br />
or crevices, leaf litter, and other<br />
places that provide shelter and moisture.<br />
Populations inhabiting anthropogenic<br />
landscapes and deforested<br />
habitats can be considered relicts of<br />
formerly forest dwellers.<br />
Identification: This species reaches 250 mm in body size. Females are generally larger<br />
than males and possess relatively shorter limbs and tail. The cloaca of the male is much<br />
more swollen than that of the female. The tail is cylindrical and shorter than the SVL.<br />
Parotid glands behind the eyes are prominent and always pigmented. Two rows of poison<br />
glands run down the back and the tail, while two more run along each flank.<br />
Dorsal and lateral surfaces are black with large yellow to orange spots and/or bands.<br />
The ventral surface is black or brownish. This colouration and pattern serve two purposes:<br />
cryptic, where the spots on a black background allow the animal to hide on a<br />
dappled forest floor, or aposematic, where the bright spots indicate poisonous skin secretions.<br />
Notes on biology: A mostly nocturnal species, it spends the day hidden in favourable<br />
places. Females are active through the day in the breeding season. During rainy weather
144 Species accounts<br />
Species accounts 145<br />
Photo x: Salamandra salamandra. A. Trichas<br />
Photo x: Salamandra salamandra foraging for earthworms in leaf litter. A. Trichas<br />
Photo x: Salamandra salamandra. Taigetos, Peloponnese. B. Trapp<br />
Photo x: Salamandra salamandra. Taigetos, Peloponnese. B. Trapp
AGAMIDAE<br />
Laudakia stellio (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Species accounts 197<br />
GR: Krokodilaki (Κροκοδειλακι) • G: Hardun • EN: Rough-tailed agama • F: Stellio<br />
commun<br />
Main synonyms: Lacerta stellio Linnaeus, 1758; Stellio vulgaris Sonnini & Latrellie,<br />
1802; Agama stellio Boulenger, 1885; Stellio stellio Moody, 1980<br />
Range: Greece is the western boundary<br />
for this species, which is distributed<br />
through Turkey, Syria, Lebanon,<br />
Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia,<br />
Cyprus, Jordan and Israel. Within<br />
Greece it is present on the islands of<br />
the east Aegean (on the majority of<br />
islands from Lesbos to Kastellorizo),<br />
the Cyclades (Mykonos, Rhineia,<br />
Delos, Paros, Naxos, Despotico,<br />
Antiparos), Corfu (introduced in<br />
1915), Paxi, and some areas around<br />
Thessaloniki.<br />
Habitat: In the eastern Aegean islands<br />
the species appears in a variety<br />
of habitats including Mediterranean<br />
maquis, phrygana, oak forests, olive<br />
groves and other cultivated areas. It<br />
prefers rocky places or stonewalls. In<br />
other areas of Greece it frequents<br />
olive groves, dry places with phrygana,<br />
and stone walls or archaeological<br />
ruins.
198 Species accounts<br />
Species accounts 199<br />
Photo x: Laudakia stellio daani male. Lesvos. A. Trichas<br />
Photo x: Laudakia stellio daani. Rhodes. A. Trichas<br />
Photo x: Laudakia stellio daani. Ticks are common parasites of rough-tailed agamas, as the<br />
one in the neck of this specimen from Paros. ?. ???<br />
Photo x: Laudakia stellio daani. Samos. E. Razzetti
200<br />
Species accounts<br />
Identification: Laudakia stellio is an unmistakable animal resembling to some extent a<br />
small crocodile. Adult total length is up to 30 cm. The tail is long, almost of the same<br />
length as the body. The body is flat and the head triangular. It is covered with small,<br />
asymmetrically distributed scales and plates. There are many spiny scales on the neck<br />
and the sides of the head. The tail is covered with spiny scales and it does not break easily.<br />
The upper part of the body is dark brown or gray with some yellowish spots on the<br />
back. The belly is whitish, and males have light blue spots on the head. The legs are<br />
long and the ear orifices visible.<br />
Notes on biology: This diurnal lizard is active from early spring until late autumn. It<br />
climbs well and hides in crevices in tree trunks as well in rocks and between the stones<br />
of walls. Males defend their territory by bobbing their heads up and down rhythmically.<br />
Females lay 6–14 eggs at the end of spring. The first offspring appear in mid-July.<br />
Laudakia stellio feeds mainly on arthropods and other invertebrates, but also on lizards<br />
and plant materials, such as fruit.<br />
Conservation: The species is listed in Annex II of the Bern Convention, and in Annex<br />
IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is also protected by Greek Law (Presidential Decree<br />
67/1981).<br />
Remarks: Other Greek names are Kasidis, Korkofila (Icaria), Krokudialos, Krokotavlos<br />
(Samos), Kroka (Halki), Kurkudialos (Kalymnos), and Krokodilos (Mykonos).<br />
ANGUIDAE<br />
Anguis cephallonicus (Werner, 1894)<br />
GR: Konaki tis Peloponnisou (Κονακι της Πελοποννησου) • G: Peloponnes-Schleiche<br />
• EN: Peloponnese slow worm • F: Orvet du Peloponnese<br />
Main synonyms: Anguis fragilis peloponnesiacus Stepanek, 1937<br />
Range: Anguis cephallonicus is endemic<br />
to Greece and distributed<br />
throughout the Peloponnese, Cephalonia,<br />
Zakynthos, Ithaca and<br />
Levkada.<br />
Habitat: Anguis cephallonicus has<br />
been recorded from sea level up to<br />
an altitude of 1,200 m (Mount Taygetos).<br />
It frequents humid areas in<br />
meadows, scrubland, open forest<br />
(deciduous and coniferous), hedgerows<br />
and wooded stream banks. It<br />
also occurs in rural gardens and traditionally<br />
farmed agricultural areas.<br />
Species accounts 201<br />
Identification: Anguis cephallonicus is a legless lizard with a body length of up to 50 cm.<br />
Morphologically it is similar to Anguis fragilis, but adults are more slender and have<br />
narrower heads. The number of scales at mid-body is greater in the former than in the<br />
latter species (34–36 vs 24–26). The back is creamy brown, the flanks and the belly are<br />
dark brown. The borders between these areas of the body are well defined, from the tip<br />
of the nose to the tip of the tail. There is usually a dark stripe, 4–6 cm in length, which<br />
begins from the middle of the neck.<br />
Notes on biology: The available information on the biology of this species is limited.<br />
Generally speaking, some of its habits are similar to those of Anguis fragilis.
394 Species accounts<br />
Species accounts 395<br />
Photo x: Zamenis situla. Samos. E. Razzetti<br />
Photo x: Zamenis situla. Western Peloponnese. K. Sotiropoulos<br />
Photo x: Zamenis situla. Milos. G. Kreiner<br />
Photo x: Zamenis situla. Rhodos. B. Trapp
396<br />
VIPERIDAE<br />
Macrovipera schweizeri (Werner, 1935)<br />
Species accounts<br />
GR: Levantoxendra (Λεβαντοχεντρα), Ohia tis Milou (Οχια της Μηλου), Therio<br />
(Θεριο) • G: Milosotter • EN: Cyclades blunt-nosed viper • F: Vipère des Cyclades<br />
Main synonyms: Vipera lebetina schweizeri Werner, 1935; Vipera lebetina siphnensis<br />
Wettstein, 1952; Daboia lebetina schweizeri Obst, 1983; Vipera schweizeri Nilson &<br />
Andrén, 1988<br />
Range: Found only in the Milos Archipelago<br />
(Milos, Kimolos, Polyaigos<br />
and Sifnos).<br />
Habitat: The island ecosystems<br />
where this species is distributed are<br />
more or less similar, phrygana and<br />
maquis being the dominant type. It<br />
prefers humid areas close to water<br />
such as streams, small rivers and lakes,<br />
and is usually found in gardens and<br />
cultivated land.<br />
Identification: A large, robust viper<br />
(total length 1.5 m). The head is<br />
large, triangular, and clearly distinct<br />
from the neck. The eyes are large<br />
with a vertical pupil like in all vipers.<br />
The tail is relatively short. The<br />
head is covered with small, mostly<br />
keeled, scales; apicals: 2–3, nasal: 1,<br />
partially fused with the rostral, oculars:<br />
11–18, upper labials: 9–12,lower<br />
labials: 4–5, ventrals: 126–181 in<br />
23–27 rows, anal undivided: 29–58.<br />
Species accounts 397<br />
Overall, the colour is very variable with a darker zigzag pattern on the dorsal surface of<br />
the body.<br />
Notes on biology: Macrovipera schweizeri is active mainly during the day and is usually<br />
seen out during summer, especially on road surfaces. It is a good climber and during<br />
spring it often creeps up trees to prey on nesting and perching birds. In addition it<br />
seems to be a skilful swimmer, crossing small streams and lakes. It is mainly a diurnal<br />
snake that is also active at dusk or early in the night during the summer. It preys upon<br />
mammals (mostly rodents), birds, lizards (especially on Podarcis milensis) and insects<br />
(usually Coleoptera). Mating occurs in May. The female lays 7–11 eggs, the incubation<br />
period lasts 30–45 days and the young hatch out in August. Hatchlings are 18–25 cm<br />
long. It is the only egg-laying viper in Europe. It is not an aggressive snake and hisses<br />
before attacking.<br />
Conservation: Endemic to the Milos archipelago. Vulnerable. Until the 1970s the<br />
Forest Service classified Macrovipera schweizeri as vermin. Main threats are illegal capture<br />
by reptile collectors, habitat destruction (especially on Milos, which hosts the<br />
largest population), and accidental death on the roads. Milos has a particularly interesting<br />
and valuable geological history and its exceptionally rich subsoil has been exploited<br />
since ancient times. Mining and the new road network are responsible for the<br />
dramatic decrease in the viper population in Milos. This species is listed in Annex II of<br />
the Bern Convention, and also in Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive as<br />
a priority species, while it is protected by Greek Law as well (Presidential Decree<br />
67/1981). Listed in the IUCN Red Data book as “endangered”, whereas in the Greek<br />
Red Data Book of threatened Vertebrates it is referred to as a “vulnerable” taxon.<br />
Remarks: Highly venomous! As mentioned above, colour varies widely. The most impressive<br />
specimens display a red background with a blackish rhombus shape on the<br />
dorsal surface.
398 Species accounts<br />
Species accounts 399<br />
Photo x: Macrovipera schweizeri is endemic to the Milos Archipelago. J. Speybroeck<br />
Photo x: Macrovipera schweizeri. Milos. B. Trapp<br />
Photo x: Macrovipera schweizeri climbs trees, particularly during spring, to feed on birds.<br />
M. Dimaki<br />
Photo x: Macrovipera schweizeri. Milos. B. Trapp
400<br />
Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Species accounts<br />
GR: Ohia (Οχια) • G: Sandotter • EN: Sand viper • F: Vipère ammodyte<br />
Main synonyms: Coluber ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758<br />
Range: North Italy, south Austria,<br />
Balkans and southwest Asia. In<br />
Greece it is present on the mainland<br />
and many islands of the Aegean and<br />
Ionian Seas.<br />
Habitat: Found in a vast variety of<br />
biotopes, from dune ecosystems at<br />
sea level to mountains of 2,500 m<br />
height. It is found on rocky slopes<br />
with a sparse vegetation, phryganic<br />
biotopes and light Mediterranean<br />
forests while also inhabiting manmade<br />
habitats such as gardens, dry<br />
stonewalls, cultivated fields and even<br />
areas close to human settlement.<br />
Identification: Vipera ammodytes is a small-sized, stout-bodied viper of a total length<br />
up to 90 cm, though usually under 65 cm. The head is large and triangular, covered in<br />
small scales. Over each eye is a single, flat scale. The eyes have vertical pupils and are<br />
separated from the upper labials by 2 rows of small scales. At the end of the head is a<br />
distinct nose-horn. The tail is shortened and ends in a spine. Head scalation: 10–13<br />
scales around the eye, 9–11 upper labials, 12–14 lower labials. Body scalation: 21–23<br />
rows of dorsal scales at mid-body, 160–165 ventrals, with the anal shield undivided.<br />
Colouration shows an astonishing variety. A characteristic vertebral band, consisting<br />
of rhomboid blotches fused into a zigzag, runs from the neck to the tail. The band is<br />
usually darker than the background, which varies from light gray or yellowish brown<br />
to dark red, and even melanistic specimens have been reported in rare cases.<br />
Notes on biology: Activity pattern alters according to the season. Though usually active<br />
by day, may be seen after dusk and even at night during warmer periods. It climbs<br />
bushes and trees with ease, especially during spring. The breeding season lasts from<br />
Species accounts 401<br />
April to May. Females lay 12–20 eggs. Vipera ammodytes feeds on small mammals, birds<br />
and lizards. When disturbed it first tries to escape rapidly, hissing loudly. If its escape<br />
route is cut off, it coils up and strikes vigorously.<br />
Conservation: This viper is listed in Annex II of the Bern Convention, and also in<br />
Annex II the EU Habitats Directive. This species is present in many protected areas.<br />
Remarks: Highly venomous! Vipera ammodytes is the most widespread viper in the<br />
country and its venom can prove fatal. For this reason its name has become a synonym<br />
for treason and death in country lore.
402 Species accounts<br />
Species accounts 403<br />
Photo x: Vipera ammodytes meridionalis ready to attack. Western Peloponnese.<br />
K. Eleftherakos<br />
Photo x: Vipera ammodytes meridionalis male. Florina. G. Kreiner<br />
Photo x: Vipera ammodytes meridionalis. Mani Peninsula, Peloponnese. D. Escoriza<br />
Photo x: Vipera ammodytes meridionalis pair. G. Kreiner
424<br />
ment. Goulandris Natural History Museum,<br />
National Center for Wetlands, Thessaloniki.<br />
Christodoulakis, D. 1994. The Greek rock<br />
islets: natural ecosystems of great ecological<br />
value. [in Greek]. Bot. Chro., 11: 9–14.<br />
Clark, R. J. 1967a. Herpetofauna of the islands<br />
of the Argo-Saronic Gulf, Greece.<br />
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 35: 23–36.<br />
Clark, R. J. 1967b. Note on a large viper<br />
from the Cyclades. Brit. J. Herp., 3: 205–<br />
206.<br />
Clark, R. J. 1968a. A collection of snakes<br />
from Greece. Brit. J. Herp., 4: 45–48.<br />
Clark, R. J. 1968b. Aussergewöhnliche<br />
Färbung und Zeichnung bei Vipera ammodytes<br />
meridionalis von einer Griechischen<br />
Insel. Salamandra, 4: 69–72.<br />
Clark, R. J. 1970a. A definite record of T.<br />
marginata Schöpff from the Cyclades,<br />
Greece. Brit. J. Herp., 5: 188–189.<br />
Clark, R. J. 1970b. A further contribution to<br />
the herpetofauna of the islands of the<br />
Argo-Saronic Gulf, Greece. Brit. J. Herp.,<br />
4: 185–188.<br />
Clark, R. J. 1971. Further comments on the<br />
Aegean 4-lined snake Elaphe quatuorlineata<br />
including a consideration of the Amorgos<br />
Elaphe snakes. Brit. J. Herp., 4: 207– 209.<br />
Clark, R. J. 1972. New locality records for<br />
Greek reptiles. Brit. J. Herp., 4: 311–312.<br />
Clark, R. 1989a. A checklist of the herpetofauna<br />
of the Argo-Saronic Gulf district,<br />
Greece. Brit. Herp. Soc. Bull., 28: 8–24.<br />
Clark, R. 1989b. A report on a herpetological<br />
trip to the N. E. Aegean. Herptile, 14:<br />
68–82.<br />
Clark, R. 1989c. Some notes on reptiles and<br />
amphibians from the N. W. Pindos.<br />
Herptile, 14: 99–104.<br />
Bibliography<br />
Clark, R. 1989d. Observations on winter activity<br />
of reptiles in Greece. Herptile, 14:<br />
105–112.<br />
Clark, R. 1990a. An appraisal of the status of<br />
Coluber jugularis and Elaphe quatuorlineata<br />
in Greece, Part 1. Herptile, 15: 42–56.<br />
Clark, R. 1990b. An appraisal of the status of<br />
Coluber jugularis and Elaphe quatuorlineata<br />
in Greece, Part 2. – Cycladean populations<br />
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