2YNC GHG Mitigation Final Draft Report 30 06 10 .pdf

Updating Existing and Developing New Programs that Include Measures to Abate GHG Emission Outputs 

1.0 Introduction 

1.1 General Background of the Yemen Second 

National Communication (YSNC) Project 

Yemen is an arid Middle Eastern country, occupying an area of 527,970 square 

kilometers at the south western tip of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered to the 

north by Saudi Arabia and to the East by Oman. It has a 1,900-kilometer coastline 

along the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. Yemen is characterized by five major land 

systems: (1) hot and humid coastal plain, (2) the temperate Yemen Highlands, (3) the 

Yemen High Plateaus and Hadramawt – Mahrah Uplands, (4) the desert interior, and 

(5) the islands. 

Recognizing climate change threats, the government of Yemen ratified the United 

Nations framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 21 February 1996 

and immediately initiated a process to meet its commitments under the Convention. 

With the GEF/Netherlands financial/technical assistance (1997-2001), the GOY 

completed important enabling activities for climate change including, the Initial 

national communication (INC), the GHG inventory, mitigation analysis, policy 

frameworks for the reduction of GHG emissions and the enhancement of forest 

sinks. 

UNDP’s support to Yemen in terms of sustainable environmental development has 

focused assistance towards compliance with international environmental 

conventions, aiming at (a) promoting environmental governance in mainstreaming 

sustainable development and implementing relevant policy, legal and regulatory 

measures, and (b) capacity development to implement global environmental 

conventions primarily through UNDP-GEF portfolio for Climate Change (Yemen’s 

Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC (1998-2001) and Top-up Enabling 

Activity (1999-2001). 

The project will enable Yemen to prepare its Second National Communication to the 

Conference of Parties (CoP) in accordance with Article 12 of the UNFCCC after the 

successful completion and submission of its Initial National Communication to the 

CoP8 in 2001. It will assist in building national capacities to fulfill Yemen’s 

commitments to the Convention on a continuing basis; enhance general awareness 

and knowledge of government planners on issues related to climate change and 

reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, thus enabling them to take such issues into 

account in their national development agenda; and mobilize additional resources for 

Prof. Dr. Towfick Sufian and Prof. Dr. Abdulraqib Asaad Sana’a - March, 2010 1


projects related to climate change and mitigation of greenhouse gases; projects 

which may be eligible also for further funding or co-funding by GEF or other 

multilateral or bilateral organizations. Moreover, the project will address the energy 

sector as the main source of GHG emissions that is vulnerable to the expected 

climate change. 

Yemen has submitted to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework 

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) its Initial National Communication (INC) 

report in 2001, through funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF), 

management of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and execution 

by the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE). The INC report established a 

national inventory of greenhouse gases (GHG), assessed Yemen’s vulnerability to 

climate change, and proposed a mitigation strategy to reduce GHG emissions in the 

various sectors along with some adaptation measures. In December 2001, phase II 

of the climate change enabling activity was conducted, and national reports on 

financial and technological needs for three main specific sectors (energy, water and 

agriculture) were submitted and published. In order to continue to fulfill 

commitments to the UNFCCC in accordance with the relevant decisions of the 

Conference of Parties (CoP) using IPCC guidelines, this project intends to prepare 

Yemen’s Second National Communication (SNC), and by recalculating 1995 

Inventory (using GPG 2000 and GPG 2003) an updated GHG emission inventory will 

be generated to bridge the gaps and reduce the uncertainties encountered in the 

previous inventory. 

YSNC study includes four main components that need extensive investigation, 

analysis and development and these are; 

1- A national GHG inventory of emissions by sources and removals by sinks for 

the year 2000 is undertake and time series for 1995-2000 following the new 

guidelines adopted by CoP, 

2- Updating existing and developing new programs that include measures to 

abate GHG emissions outputs, 

3- A Policy Framework to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change for 

the selected areas. 

4- Identify the constraints, gaps, and related financial, technical and capacity 

needs. 

The YSNC second component mentioned above is the theme of this study report. 

1.2 Updating Existing and Developing New 

Programs that include Measures to Abate GHG 

Emission Outputs 

The first GHG emission abatement analysis for Yemen performed in the frame of the 

Yemen’s INC consisted of development of two GHG scenarios: (i) GHG Baseline 



Scenario and (ii) GHG Abatement Scenario. Projections have already been made for 

the time horizon 1995-2020 and were to a great extent, sector-specific ones. They 

were built up for three direct GHGs and some GHG source categories such as: energy 

& transport; LUC; agriculture; waste, industrial processes. Energy and transport have 

been analyzed in semi-quantitative manner. A cost-benefit analysis has been carried 

out for such sectors. The rest of the sectors are analyzed qualitatively. Selection of 

measures for energy and transport sectors has been made taking into account 

situation of energy sector at that time and key sources of GHG emissions. The tool 

used for development of energy & transport emissions scenario was the LEAP 

version 95.0 for baseline scenario. 

GHG abatement measures/technology options identified under Yemen’s INC have 

undergone a prioritization process through the Yemen’s FTNA exercise. The FTNA 

was a continuation of the work carried out under Yemen’s INC and other related 

activities. 

Having the GHG inventory as the starting point for the GHG abatement analysis and 

given the data gaps related to this inventory, gaps and uncertainties of the same 

nature were present to the abatement analysis exercise as well. There are some new 

strategies and action plans recently adopted by the Government of Yemen that 

would have their impact to the GHG abatement in Yemen, therefore both scenarios 

(baseline and abatement scenario) need to be updated and improved. 

The GHG abatement analysis under the SNC will be sector-specific, by covering more 

sectors than previous studies but putting a high emphasis on energy and transport 

sectors which contribute a significant share to the Yemen’s overall emissions. The 

Baseline Scenario developed under the Yemen’s INC will be subject to revision, 

update and adjustments in accordance with the new development conditions. 

The GHG inventory base year 2000 will serve as the starting point of the GHG 

analysis. The GHG abatement analysis will go up to 2025, i.e., 5 years beyond the 

analysis carried out under INC. There is also a need to update and revise all details 

and assumptions made. The list of abatement options proposed for the abatement 

scenario for each sector will be reviewed and updated in the light of new 

developments and needs and key source categories. The impact of specific emission 

reduction actions / options will be measured (quantitative to the possible extent) 

against the baseline scenario. Criteria of prioritization will be revisited and updated 

as well. In the course of the selection process, the stocktaking team agreed to 

consider two distinct Tiers of options/measures (Tier 1 and Tier 2) as following: 

Win-win options measures that could be delivered / implemented faster, 

cheaper and easier. 

Long – term options that need significant resources. 



The scenarios for energy, including transport sector will be based on LEAP 2000 

Software (the latest version). IPCC Excel Spreadsheets will be utilized in case that no 

specific software will be available. Selection of abatement options will be done 

though a multi-criteria analysis. 



2.0 General Background of the Country’s 

Socio-economic and Energy Supplying & 

Consuming Sectors 

2.1 Yemen Population 

Yemen’s population has doubled in size since 1990 and with an annual growth rate 

of 3.0 percent is set to almost double again by 2025 (from 19.7m in 2004 to 38m in 

2025). 

In the year 2000, which is the Base Year for this study, the population reached 17.9 

million inhabitants margin living in 2.66 million household, which makes an average 

density of 6.7persons/household. 25.16% of the total country’s households were 

urban and the rest, 74.84% constitute the rural households which are scatter around 

the country in small clusters of villages. 

2.2 Economy Sector 

Yemen is a low income country with GDP of US$300 per capita in 1995 which have 

grown to US$900 in the year 2006. The GDP growth rate in the year 2006 reached 

+3.2%. 

The GDP (Gross Domestic Product) for the Base Year 2000 was projected to be YER 

1,539,386 million Yemeni Rials (US$ 9561.404 million US dollars) [1] . The 

corresponding GDP per capita was US$ 533.31 with an inflation rate (CPI) of 10.3%. 

2.3 The Energy Sector 

The Energy Sector in the Republic of Yemen is divided into the following four 

categories: 

i. Oil and Gas 

ii. Electrical Power 

iii. Renewable Energy (Solar, Geothermal, Biomass, Landfills and Wind) 

iv. Wood and Charcoal 


Metric tones ×1000 


2.3.1 Oil and Gas 

Yemen is a small oil producing country and does not belong to the Organization of 

the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Income from oil production constitutes 

70 to 75% of Government Revenue and about 90% of its exports [1] . 

Currently (up to year 2008) crude Oil is the main primary source of energy in Yemen. 

Oil production has reduced from 404,110bbl/day in 2004, to 364,384bbl/day in the 

year 2006. 

Yemen has two Oil Refineries which are actively refining crude Oil to its byproducts. 

One of these is in Aden with a refining capacity of 110,000bbl/day and the other in 

Marib with a refining capacity of 10,000bbl/day. 

The 2004 Census reported the total production of the refineries in terms of the 

byproducts and for three consecutive years 2004, 2005 and 2006 [2] . Table (2.1) 

shows the total petroleum by products in metric tons for these three years and 

Figure (2.1) depicts the byproducts in a chart. 

Table (2. 1): Petroleum Products for the Three Consecutive Years 2004, 2005 and 

2006 

Product Type Year 2004 

(metric tons) 

Year 2005 

(metric tons) 

Year 2006 

(metric tons) 

Gas 659 000 682 000 705 000 

Benzene 1 138 000 1 195 000 1 189 000 

Diesel 2 260 000 2 448 000 2 550 000 

Kerosene 399 000 218 000 214 000 

Mazot 1 340 000 1 029 000 1 052 000 

TOTAL 5 796 000 5 572 000 5 710 000 

7000 

6000 

5000 

4000 

3000 

2000 


0 

Year 2004 Year 2005 Year 2006 

Mazot 

Kerosene 

Diesel 

Benzene 

Gas 

Figure (2. 1): Chart of the Petroleum Products for the three consecutive years 2004, 2005 

and 2006 


Power Plants and 

Generation Capacity (MW) 


In the early 90’s large quantity of Natural Gas reserve were discovered. The 

estimated quantity of about 17 trillion cubic feet (480 million cubic meters) of this 

discovered Natural Gas was published [1] . In 1997, in order to commercially develop 

this large quantity of fuel energy, Yemen Gas Company joined with various private 

companies to establish Yemen Liquefied Natural Gas (YLNG). 

The country’s first Liquefaction Plant at Balhaf on the Arabian Sea Coast is expected 

to deliver a total of 6.7 million tons of LNG per year [1] , initial shipments are expected 

by the end of 2009. Based on this, Natural Gas will not be considered as a source of 

energy in the Baseline analysis but will be considered as a fuel that will be used to 

run electrical generators in the coming years. 

2.3.2 Electrical Power 

The state owned Public Electricity Corporation (PEC) is the body responsible for the 

generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Yemen.PEC operates three 

thermal power plants with heavy oil (mazot) fired boilers and a number of diesel 

power stations, with the former being the major source of generation (49.29% of 

total generated for the year 2000 ), interconnected in a power network system of 

about 1161 km, 132 kV transmission lines [3] . The total installed capacity in the year 

2000 amounted to 882.47 MW and 3414.3 GWH of total energy generated. Tables 

(2.2) to (2.6) and Figures (2.2 to (2.6) show the data of the Electrical Power Sector in 

Yemen for the years 2000 to 2004 [3] (PEC annual report, 2004). 

Table (2. 2): PEC Power Plants and Generation Capacity in (MW) [3] 

Plant Type 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Thermal Power Plants 435.00 435.00 435.00 435.00 435.00 

Diesel Power Plants 215.55 215.55 281.55 277.55 353.55 

Isolated Diesel Units 231.92 231.92 244.40 284.40 316.46 

Total 882.47 882.47 960.95 997.13 1105.01 

1200 


800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Year 

Isolated Diesel 

Units 

Diesel Power 

Plants 

Thermal Power 

Plants 

Figure (2. 2): Chart of the PEC Power Plants and Generation Capacity (MW) [3] 


Power Plants Efficiencies (%) 

Power Plants Maximum 

Loads (MW) 


Table (2. 3): PEC Power Plants Maximum Loads in (MW) [3] 

Plant Type 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 


Diesel Power Plants 122.80 126.20 135.70 210.80 280.40 

Isolated Diesel Units 142.00 145.00 146.40 137.43 141.90 

Total 678.30 686.10 678.10 766.20 846.30 


800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Year 

Isolated Diesel Units 

Diesel Power Plants 

Thermal Power Plants 

Figure (2. 3): Chart of the PEC Power Plants Maximum Loads (MW) [3] 

Table (2. 4): PEC Power Plants Efficiencies as a (%) [3] 

Plant Type 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 


All Diesel Power Plants 37.18 37.98 38.54 39.31 39.33 

Overall Average 

Efficiency 

29.49 29.40 30.05 30.59 30.94 

45 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Year 

Thermal 

Power Plants 

All Diesel 

Power Plants 

Overall 

Average 

Efficiency 

Figure (2. 4): Chart of the PEC Power Plants Efficiencies as a (%) [3] 


Power Plants Average Rate of 

Fuel Consumption 

(Liters/GWH) 

Power Plants Energy Generated 

and Energy Sold (GWh) 


Table (2. 5): PEC Power Plants Energy Generated and Energy Sold in (GWH) [3] 

State of Energy 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Generated 3414.30 3643.93 3768.86 4096.12 4337.52 

Sold 2078.85 2243.26 2476.92 2736.36 2937.32 

5000 

4000 


2000 


Generated 

Sold 

0 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Year 

Figure (2. 5): Chart of the PEC Power Plants Energy Generated and Energy Sold in (GWH) [3] 

Table (2. 6): PEC Power Plants Average Rate of Fuel Consumption (Liters/GWH) [3] 

Plant Type 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fuel Type 

Thermal Power 0.331 0.339 0.339 0.342 0.334 Mozot 

Plants 

All Diesel Power 

Plants 

0.283 0.279 0.269 0.265 0.253 Diesel 

0.4 

0.35 

0.3 

0.25 

0.2 

0.15 

0.1 

0.05 

0 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 

Year 

Thermal 

Power Plants 

All Diesel 

Power Plants 

Figure (2. 6): Chart of PEC Power Plants Average Rate of Fuel Consumption (Liters/GWH) [3] 



The total fuel consumed in the year 2000 was 903,640 tons of Mazot for the thermal 

generation and 118,842 tons of Diesels for the Diesel Fuel Generation. 

2.3.3 Renewable Energy (Solar, Geothermal, Biomass and Wind 

Energy) 

Four main sources of renewable energies available in abundance in Yemen and 

which can be harnessed and utilized. Recent study for the “Renewable Energy 

Strategy” for Yemen carried by the Ministry of Electricity and PEC [4] showed that 

Yemen has very high potential of renewable energy which can be obtained from 

Solar, Wind, Biomass and Geothermal sources. The average solar radiation is about 

18 - 26 MJ/m 2 /day over 3,000 hours per year clean blue sky [5] and the theoretical 

potential for solar electric using concentrated solar power (CSP) reaches about 2.5 

million MW [4] . Wind energy on the other hand reaches a potential of 308,000 MW 

and Geothermal potential of about 304,000 MW [4] . 

Table (2.7) extracted from the above study illustrates the theoretical potential and 

technical potential power that can be converted to electrical energy in MW from all 

these sources. 

Table (2.7): Renewable Energy Potentials in the ROY [4] in (MW) 

Resource 

Theoretical 

Potential 

(MW) 

Gross 

(MW) 

Technical Potential 

Practicable 

(MW) 

Wind 308,722 123,429 34,286 

Geothermal 304,000 29,000 2,900 

Solar electric 

CSP 2,446,000 1,426,000 18,600 

Biomass 

Landfill gas 10 8 6 

Hydropower 

Existing dams 

Major wadis 

Solar thermal 

Domestic SWH 

1 

12 – 31 

MW thermal 

3,014 

- 

11 – 30 

MW thermal 

278 

- 

- 

MW thermal 

278 

Here the ”Theoretical potential” implies the physical, meteorological or biochemical 

energy available in a certain region and at a certain time or period and the “Gross 

technical potential” implies the achievable potential using known technologies 

Prof. Dr. Towfick Sufian and Prof. Dr. Abdulraqib Asaad Sana’a - March, 2010 10


taking into account technical factors and land-use. The “Practical technical potential” 

however, implies the potential that takes into account electricity grid accessibility. 

2.3.4 Wood and Charcoal Energy 

Fuel Wood and Charcoal are still the biggest source of energy for most of rural and 

for a few urban areas of Yemen. This fuel has the most serious environmental 

impact. The base year 2000 consumption is estimated to be 34.68 Million GJ which is 

equivalent to 2.168 Million Metric Tons [6] . 

2.4 Energy Consuming Sectors 

There are five main Sectors that can be classified as major consumers of energy in 

Yemen and these are: 

1- The Household Sector 

2- The Transport Sector 

3- The Commercial Sector 

4- The Industrial Sector 

5- The Agricultural Sector 

In the year 2000 [6] more than 82% of the energy consumed in Yemen goes to the 

Household and Transport Sectors. This is expected to increase with time since both 

sectors are directly related to the population growth whereas the other sectors are 

dominantly related to the economic growth. 

The transport sector alone consumed an estimated 52% of the total energy 

consumption in Yemen for the year 2000. In terms of fuels, four major fuels are used 

in the transport sector and these are Gasoline, Diesel, Fuel Oil and Jet Fuel. Land 

transportations (including private and public transport vehicles and freight vehicles) 

are the main consumers of Gasoline and Diesel fuels where as Sea and Air freights 

consumes the Oil and Jet Fuel. 

It is expected that the Transport and Household Sectors will dominate the impact on 

the energy map during the period of study and indeed together with the Power 

Sector they will constitute the major players in the energy scenario. 

2.5 Total Energy Consumption in Yemen 

With the estimated 34.68 Million GJ Wood fuel and 159.21 Million GJ of Oil products 

consumed in the year 2000 puts the total primary energy consumption in the 



Republic of Yemen at 194.39 Million GJ, which in terms of fuel volume to be about 

5.841 Million Metric Tons of fuels. 

2.6 Data Collection 

In order to verify and update data for the energy consumption in the Household Sector, the 

Commercial Sector and the Industrial Sector, survey questionnaires were developed and 

field surveys were undertaken in several rural areas for the Household Sector survey and 

four cities, Sana’a, Taiz, Hodiadah and Aden for the Commercial and Industrial Sectors 

surveys. 

The survey questionnaires designed were as follows: 

a- Survey Questionnaire related to Rural Households (fuels and energy used for lighting 

and cooking). 

b- Survey Questionnaire related to Cement and Food Industries (fuels and energy used 

in these industries). 

c- Survey Questionnaire related to Commercial End Uses (fuels used in restaurants, 

bakeries, charcoal production, waste burning etc.) 

Several line Ministries were consulted and collected data from and these were: 

1- Ministry of Planning and Development. 

2- Central Statistic Authority. 

3- Ministry of Electricity and Water. 

4- Public Electricity Authority (PEC). 

5- Public Transport Authority. 

6- Environmental Protection Authority (EPA). 



3.0 Base Year 2000 Data 


The major sectors that consume energy in the Republic of Yemen (ROY) are five 

sectors as follows: 

1. Household Sector 

2. Commercial Sector 

3. Industrial Sector 

4. Transport Sector 

5. Agriculture Sector 

The above sectors consume primary fuels and do not produce any secondary fuels 

except the power stations used in the industrial and commercial sectors. The only 

sector that consumes primary fuels as an input and produces electricity (secondary 

fuels) to be used by other sectors is the electrical power sector. 

This section will present the expected data for the Base Year 2000 of the study for all 

sectors. 

3.2. Base Year Data for the Households Sector (HHs) 

In the year 2000, Yemen population reached 17,928,400 [1, 6] distributed to about 

2.66 million household. About 25.16% of theses households are urban households 

(UHHs) and the rest are rural households (RHHs). The key data for the year 2000 for 

this sector (sub-sector, and end uses’) is given in the following sub-sections. 

3.2.1 Urban Households (UHHs) 

1) UHHs lighting map 

About 89.74% of urban household have access to the main electricity grid [6] and use 

electricity for lighting, heating, cooling and other purposes. On the average, each 

household consumed about 1.291 MWH in the year 2000 [6] and in terms of energy 

intensity (EI) this gives 4.648 GJ of electricity. This energy intensity is used for several 

purposes as shown in Table (3.1) and Figure (3.1) below: 



Table (3.1): UHH Energy Intensity Share for the Base Year 2000 

Purpose Base Year 2000 (%) Share EI/HH in (GJ) 

Lighting 46.10 2.142 

Refrigeration 31.22 1.451 

Other uses 14.24 0.662 

Water heating 4.39 0.204 

Space cooling 4.05 0.189 

Total 100 4.648 

Base Year 2000 Share 

4.39% 

4.05% 

EI/HH (GJ) For Base Year 

2000 

0.204 0.189 

14.24% 

46.10% 

0.662 

2.142 

31.22% 

Lighting 

Refrigeration 

Other uses 

Water heating 

Space cooling 

1.451 

Lighting 

Refrigeration 

Other uses 

Water heating 

Space cooling 

Figure (3.1): Charts of the UHH Energy Intensity Share for the Base Year 2000 

Non-electrified UHHs (10.26%) use kerosene and LPG devices for lighting [6] . The base 

year energy intensities for both devices are given in Table (3.2) and depicted in chart 

form in Figure (3.2) below: 

Table (3.2) Non-electrified UHH Fuel and Energy Intensity Share for the Base 

Year 2000 

Fuel Base Year 2000 (%) EI/HH in (GJ) 

Share 

Kerosene 9.45 0.23 

LPG 0.81 4.14 

Total 10.26 4.37 




EI/HH (GJ) for 

BaseYear2000 

0.81% 

0.23 

9.45% 

Kerosene 

LPG 

4.14 

Kerosene 

LPG 

Figure (3.2): Chart of the Non-electrified UHH Fuel and Energy Intensity Share for the Base 

Year 2000 

2) UHHs Cooking Map 

All urban dwellers cooking use three types of cooking devices mainly LPG, Kerosene 

and Wood Stoves. The base year data for the consumed energy intensities for these 

devices is as shown in Table (3.3) and Figure (3.3) below: 

Table (3.3): UHH Cooking Energy Intensity Share for the Base Year 2000 

Device type Base Year 2000 (%) EI/HH in (GJ) 

Share 

LPG stove 80.39 16.4 

Kerosene Stove 11.96 0.606 

Wood stove 7.65 5.672 



11.96% 

7.65% 

EI/HH(GJ) for Base Year 

2000 

5.672 

LPG stove 

80.39% 

Kerosene 

Stove 

Wood stove 

0.606 

16.4 

LPG stove 

Kerosene Stove 

Wood stove 

Figure (3.3): Charts of the UHH Cooking Energy Intensity Share for the Base Year 2000 



3.2.2 Rural Households (RHHs) 

1) RHHs Lighting Map 

About 27.31% of the rural households are connected to the electricity grid [6] and use 

electricity for lighting and other related purposes. On the average, each household 

consumed about 421.667 KWH in the year 2000, and in terms of Energy Intensity (EI) 

this gives 1.518GJ of electricity. This electrical energy is used for several purposes as 

shown in Table (3.4) and Figure (3.4) below: 

Table (3.4) RHH Energy Intensity Share for the Base Year 2000 

Purposes Base Year 2000 (%) Share EI/HH in (GJ) 

Lighting 39.26 0.596 

Refrigeration 34.38 0.522 

Other uses 26.36 0.400 



EI/HH(GJ) for Base Year 2000 

26.36% 

39.26% 

0.4 

0.596 

34.38% 

Lighting 

Refrigeration 

Other uses 

0.522 

Lighting 

Refrigeration 

Other uses 

Figure (3.4): Charts of the RHH Energy Intensity share for the Base Year 2000 

Non-electrified RHHs (72.69% of RHH) use two types of lighting devices, kerosene 

Lamps and LPG Lamps. The base year energy intensity used per device is estimated 

as shown in Table (3.5) and charts in Figure (3.5) below: 

Table (3.5): Non-electrified RHH Energy Intensity Share for the Base Year 2000 


Share 

Kerosene 67.13 6.062 

LPG 5.56 2.94 

Total 72.69 9.002 




EI/HH (GJ) for Base Year 

2000 

5.56% 

67.13% 

Kerosene 

LPG 

2.94 

6.062 

Kerosene 

LPG 

Figure (3.5): Charts of the Non-electrified RHH Energy Intensity Share for the Base Year 

2000 

Based upon the data collected through a study performed by the mitigation team in 

the year 2008 [7] , a third lighting device is used which is the diesel lamp. Therefore, 

the modified base year lighting map for non-electrified RHHs will be as shown Table 

(3.6) below: 

Table (3.6): Non-electrified RHH Energy Intensity Share for Base Year 200 Modified 


Share 

Kerosene 67.13 6.062 

LPG 5.56 2.94 

Diesel 0.0 - 

Total 72.69 9.002 

We will point to the energy intensity of diesel used per household and percentage of 

RHHs which use diesel lamps in the baseline scenario. 

2) RHHs Cooking Map 

All RHHs cook and use three types of cooking devices [6] . The base year data shared 

among these devices is estimated as shown in Table (3.7) below: 

Table (3.7) RHH Cooking Energy Intensity Share for the Base Year 2000 

Cooking devices Base Year 2000 (%) Share EI/HH in (GJ) 

LPG stove 30.36 8.2 

Kerosene stove 2.64 2.414 

Wood stove 67.00 25.781 




Also based on the data collected through a field study performed by the mitigation 

team in the year 2008 [7] , a fourth cooking device is used, which is animal waste 

stove (AW stove). Hence, the modified base year cooking map for RHHs will be as 

shown in Table (3.8) below: 

Table (3.8): RHH Cooking Energy Intensity Share for the Base Year 2000 Modified 

Cooking Device Base Year 2000 (%) EI/HH in (GJ) 

Share 

LPG Stove 30.36 8.2 

Kerosene Stove 2.64 2.414 

Wood Stove 67.00 25.781 

AW Stove 0.0 - 

Total 100% 36.395 

We will point to the energy intensity of AW stove used per household and the 

percentage of RHHs which use animal waste in the baseline scenario. 

3.3 Base Year Data for the Commercial Sector 

In the base year 2000, the estimated energy consumption in all sub-sectors of the 

Commerce Sector in terms of different types of fuels used was as shown in Table 

(3.9) below: 

Table (3.9): Energy Intensity Consumption by Fuel in the Commerce Sector 

for Base Year 2000 

Fuel 

Energy Intensity (EI) in (Million GJ) 

Electricity 2.651 

LPG 4.731 

Diesel 9.628 

Total 17.01 

The above consumed energies were distributed among three sub-sectors as shown 

in Table (3.10) below: 

Table (3.10): Energy Intensity Consumption by Sub-Sector and Fuel for 

Base Year 2000 

Sub-sector EI/Sub Sector in (Million GJ) Fuel 

General service 0.385 Electricity 

Unbilled users 0.727 Electricity 

Other sub-sector s 1.539 Electricity 

Other sub-sectors 4.731 LPG 

Other sub-sectors 9.628 Diesel 

Total 17.01 



Based on the results of the field study survey [9] performed by the mitigation team in 

the year 2008, the above sub-sector called " other sub- sectors " in Table (3.10) 

include commercial entities that use energy such as Restaurants, Bakeries, Hotels, 

Private Hospitals etc.. These were grouped into four "end-use" categories as follows: 

1) Cooking 

2) Bakeries 

3) Privet power stations (for private hospitals, hotels,) 

4) Other end use (which includes electrical devices, diesel devices, such as 

commercial water pumps, different military purposes devices. 

Each end-use category has at least one device as shown in Table (3.11) below and 

from the data collected the energy intensity was calculated for the base year 2000. 

Note only LPG, Diesel and Electrical device have been considered here as the energy 

consuming devices. The energy intensities for the other devices will be given in the 

baseline scenario for year 2008 and the expected values for other future years. 

Table (3.11): Field Survey Results of EI Consumption by End-Uses of Other 

Sub-Sectors for Base Year 2000 

End-uses Devices Used Fuel Used EI for Base Year 2000 

in (Million GJ) 

Cooking LPG Stoves LPG 4.6421 

Bakeries LPG Devices 

Diesel Devices 

LPG 

Diesel 

0.0889 

2.3977 

Private Power Diesel Generators Diesel 0.6478 

Stations 

Other End-Uses 

Electrical Devices 

Diesel Devices 

Electricity 

Diesel 

1.5390 


Total 15.8985 

3.4 Base Year Data for the Industrial Sector 

All industries in Yemen are grouped into three main categories as follows: 

1- Cement Industry 

2- Food Industry 

3- Other Industry 

Based on the results of the Field Survey [8,10] carried out by the mitigation team in 

the year 2008 and those results obtained in the previous study of the 1 st National 



Communication [6] the estimated consumption per category for the base year 2000, 

will be as shown in Table (3.12). 

Figure (3.12): Energy Consumed by Industrial Sector for the Base Year 2000 

by Category 

Category 

Base Year 2000 Energy 


Energy Share as a 

(%) 

Cement Industry 9.911 63.8 

Food Industry 3.775 24.3 

Other Industries 1.848 11.9 

Total 15.534 100 

The main end uses of each category and their energy consumption are further 

detailed below in Table (3.13): 

Table (3.13): Energy Consumption of End Uses for each Industrial Sector 

Category, for the Base Year 2000. 

Category End Uses Base Year 2000 

Energy Consumption 


Cement Industry 

Food Industry 

Other Industries 

Process Heat 

Rock Machineries 

Power Stations 

Others 

Power Stations 

LPG Processes 

Others 

Machineries 

Charcoal Processes 

Others 

6.552 

1.424 

1.438 

0.497 

2.876 

0.396 

0.503 

1.300 

0.135 

0.413 

Total 15.534 

Type of 

Fuel Used 

Mazot 

Diesel 

Diesel 

Electricity 

Diesel 

LPG 

Electricity 

Diesel 

Charcoal 

Electricity 

3.5 Base Year Data for the Transport Sector 

The Transport Sector in Yemen can be divided into two main Categories namely 

Passenger Category and Freight Category. All passenger transportation is carried 

either by road and this involve cars and buses or by air. More than 90% of passenger 

transportation is attributed to the road transportation. 



Passenger transportation however, is classified into two types: 

1- Private Transportation (involves the use of cars of various types, minibuses 

etc.) 

2- Public Transportation (involves the use of Taxies, Buses and Airplanes) 

For the Base Year 2000, the estimated energy consumption for the whole sector is 

depicted in Table (3.14). 

Table (3.14): Energy Consumption of the Transport Sector for the Base Year 

2000, by Type of Transportation. 

Means 

Type of 

Transportation 

Base Year 2000 

Energy Consumption 


Type of 

Fuel Used 

Passengers cars and 

13.960 Gasoline Road 

/Private Minibuses 

Passengers 

/Public 

Taxies 

Buses 

Airplanes 

7.999 

9.974 

4.940 

Gasoline 

Diesel 

Jet Fuel 

Road 

Road 

Air 

Freight Small Lorries 

Large Lorries 

Others 

Sea 

35.686 

31.560 

0.731 

1.040 

Gasoline 

Diesel 

Diesel 

Mazot 

Road 

Road 

Road 

Sea 

Total 105.890 

3.6 Base Year Data for the Agricultural Sector 

Two types of fuels are used in this sector, which are Diesel and Electricity. Diesel fuel 

is mainly consumed by Agricultural Tractors and Water Pumps while electricity is 

used for all other end uses processes. 

The Base Year 2000 energy consumption by this sector is shown in Table (3.15) 

below: 

Table (3.15): Energy Consumption of the Agricultural Sector for the Base Year 

2000 by Fuel and End Use 

End Use 

Base Year 2000 Energy 

Fuel Used 

Consumption in (Million GJ) 

Tractors 0.693 Diesel 

Water Pumps 2.344 Diesel 

Others 0.038 Electricity 

Total 3.075 



3.7 Base Year Data for the Electrical Power Sector 

Based on the data collected from the Public Electricity Cooperation (PEC) [3] which 

has been given in Chapter Tow, the base year 2000 data is as shown in Table (3.16 

(a), (b) and (c)) below: 

Table (3.16 (a)): Power Plants Capacities for Base Year 2000 by Plant Type 

Plant Type Base Year 2000 Plant Capacities Fuel Used 

in (MW) 

Steam Turbines 435.00 Mazot 

Urban Diesel 

215.55 Diesel 

Units 

Isolated Diesel 

231.92 Diesel 

Units 

Total 882.47 

Table (3.16 (b)): Power Plants Efficiencies and Primary Fuels Consumption 

for Base Year 2000. 

Plant Type Base Year 2000 

Plants Efficiencies 

(%) 

Rate of Primary 

Fuels 

Consumption 

(liters/GWH) 

Total 

Consumption in 

Energy Units 

(Million GJ) 

Steam 

28.92 0.331 37.501 

Turbines 

All Diesel 

37.18 0.283 5.052 

Units 

Total - - 42.553 

Table (3.16 (c)): Total PEC Energy Generated, Transmitted, Sold and Lost 

for the Base Year 2000. 

Energy Base Year 2000 

Generated Energy 

3414.30 GWH 

Transmitted Energy 

3026.64 GWH 

Sold Energy 

2078.85 GWH 

Total T & D Losses (as a % of 

31.32 % 

Energy Transmitted) 



4.0 Baseline Scenario 

4. 1 Introduction 

The baseline scenario examines how energy consumption patterns are likely to 

change during the study period in the absence of any policy measures. In order to 

develop a baseline scenario for the Republic of Yemen, it is required to know at least 

the following elements: 

1- Microeconomic Variables 

2- Energy Resources 

3- Energy Supplies 

4- Energy Demand 

The first three elements have been given in section two and the last element has 

been detailed in section three. 

In this section the Baseline Scenario for the GHG emission and Energy Balance will be 

developed based on the modified data already developed for the Base Year 2000. 

The Baseline Scenario will span the time frame of 25 years starting with the base 

year 2000. 

The Baseline Scenario will be developed here sector by sector for all the energy 

consuming sectors considered in Yemen for the GHG emissions. 

4.2 Baseline Scenario for the Households Sector 

The average household size in Yemen is about 6.47 persons per household and it is 

expected to remain constant over the time frame under consideration. The total 

number of households is also expected to grow on an average of about 3.5% per 

year. 

Based on these expected growths, the expected population and household 

demographic map for the time horizon under considerations will be as shown in 

Table (4.1). 



Table (4.1): Expected Demographic Map of the ROY Population and Total 

Households for the Time Horizon (2000-2025) 

Population (Millions) 

Total Households 

(THHs) (Millions) 

Urban Households 

(UHHs) as a % of 

(THHs) 

Rural Households 

(RHHs) as a % of 

(THHs) 

2000 


2.660 

25.16 

74.84 

2004 

19.746 

3.052 

26.80 

73.20 

2008 

22.658 

3.502 

28.40 

71.80 

2015 


4.456 

31.20 

68.80 

2020 


5.292 

33.20 

66.80 

2025 

40.670 

6.286 

40.81 

64.75 

An ongoing electrification program [4] is expected to increase the percentage of the 

electrified households both in the urban and rural areas. Accordingly we should 

expect the percentage of electrification of the UHHs and RHHs to follow the map 

depicted in Table (4.2). 

Table (4.2): Expected UHHs and RHHs Electrification Map for Time Horizon 

(2000 - 2025) 

Urban Households 

(UHHs) (%) 

Rural Households 

(RHHs) (%) 

2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

89.74 90.90 92.01 93.10 94.50 94.86 

27.31 30.20 31.61 38.98 44.60 46.57 

Having established above the demographic and electrification maps for Yemen, the 

baseline scenario for the urban and rural households sub-sectors are developed in 

the following sections. 

4.2.1 Baseline Scenario for the Households Sector Lighting 

The expected Lighting Maps for the Urban and Rural Sub-Sectors are shown in Tables 

(4.3) & (4.4) below respectively. 



Table (4.3): Expected UHHs Lighting Map as a (%) – Baseline Scenario, 

Year (2000 – 2025) 

Lighting Device 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

Electrical Lamps 89.74 90.90 92.01 93.10 94.50 94.86 

Kerosene Lamps 9.45 8.40 7.40 6.49 5.14 4.89 

LPG Lamps 0.81 0.70 0.59 0.41 0.36 0.25 

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 

Table (4.4): Expected RHHs Lighting Map as a (%) - Baseline Scenario, 

Year (2000 – 2025) 

Lighting Device 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

Electrical Lamps 27.31 30.20 31.61 38.98 44.66 46.57 

Kerosene Lamps 67.13 65.40 60.54 58.07 53.63 52.29 

LPG Lamps 5.56 4.40 6.35 2.07 1.61 1.14 

Diesel Lamps 0.00 0.0 1.50 0.88 0.10 0.00 


4.2.2 Baseline Scenario for the Households Sector Cooking 

The expected Cooking Maps for the Urban and Rural Sub-sectors are shown in Tables 

(4.5) & (4.6) below respectively. 

Table (4.5): Expected UHHs Cooking Map as a (%) – Baseline Scenario, 

Year (2000 – 2025) 

Cooking Device 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

LPG Stoves 80.39 82.50 84.70 88.50 91.53 92.50 

Kerosene Stoves 11.96 10.90 9.60 7.10 6.75 5.62 

Wood Stoves 7.65 6.50 5.70 4.40 2.02 1.88 




Table (4.6): Expected RHHs Cooking Map as a (%) - Baseline Scenario, 

Year (2000 – 2025) 


LPG Stoves 30.36 35.20 40.00 54.36 60.18 72.29 

Kerosene Stoves 2.64 6.00 9.40 2.01 1.75 1.01 

Wood Stoves 67.00 58.80 47.00 40.80 36.07 25.60 

Animal Wastes 0.00 0.0 3.60 2.83 2.00 1.10 

Stove 


4.3 Baseline Scenario for the Commercial Sector 

As part of the GHG Emission study it was requested that an update to the data must 

be obtained to include in to the study. The Baseline Scenario here thus includes all 

the newly updated date that was obtained through a field survey that was carried 

out by the Mitigation Team during the year 2008 [9] . 

The survey included data collected from Restaurant, Bakeries, Charcoal making and 

Sewage Burning Dumps. Based on this data modification the Baseline Scenario for 

the Commercial Sector has been developed. Again like the Household Sector, the 

Baseline Scenario for the Commercial Sector has been carried for each individual 

sub-sector. 

4.3.1 Baseline Scenario for the General Service Sub-Sector 

The Baseline Scenario for the General Service Sub-Sector which includes the public 

buildings, street lightings and water pumping is shown in Table (4.7) 

Table (4.7): Expected Energy Consumption for the General Service 

Sub-Sector in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario, Year (2000 – 2025) 

End User 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

Public Buildings 0.214 0.227 0.239 0.264 0.276 0.303 

Street Lighting 0.044 0.052 0.060 0.079 0.096 0.117 

Water Pumping 0.127 0.138 0.148 0.191 0.277 0.298 

Total 0.385 0.417 0.447 0.534 0.649 0.628 



4.3.2 Baseline Scenario for the Unbilled Uses Sub-Sector 

The Baseline Scenario for the Unbilled Uses Sub-Sector, which includes Military 

Camps and offices and in general all other end uses, is shown in Table (4.8). 

Table (4.8): Expected Energy Consumption for the Unbilled Uses Sub-Sector in 

(Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario, Year (2000 – 2025). 

End Uses 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

Unbilled End Uses 0.2727 0.729 0.732 0.296 0.742 0.745 

Total 0.727 0.729 0.732 0.738 0.742 0.745 

4.3.3 Baseline Scenario for the Other Sub-Sectors 

The Baseline Scenarios for the Energy Consumption by the Other Sub-Sectors which 

includes: 

a) Cooking End Use - energy consuming devices for cooking in restaurants and 

cafes, as shown in Table (4.9 (a)), 

Table (4.9 (a)): Expected Energy Consumption for the Other Sub-Sectors; 

Cooking End Use in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario, Year (2000 – 2025). 


LPG Stoves 4.642 6.000 7.371 11.046 15.173 19.689 

Wood Stoves - - 0.137 0.205 0.353 0.366 

Charcoal Stoves - - 0.129 0.193 0.351 0.345 

Total Energy 4.642 6.000 7.637 11.444 15.677 20.400 

b) Bakeries End Use – energy consumed by bread making bakeries as shown in 

Table (4.9 (b)), 



Table (4.9 (b)): Expected Energy Consumption for the Other Sub-Sectors; 

Bakeries End Use in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario, Year (2000 – 2025). 

Bakery Device 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

LPG Devices 0.089 0.100 0.141 0.212 0.300 0.377 

Diesel Devices 2.397 3.100 3.794 5.704 7.900 10.167 

Kerosene 

- - 1.672 2.506 3.500 4.466 

Devices 

Wood Devices - - 0.058 0.087 0.100 0.155 

Total Energy 2.486 3.200 5.665 8.509 11.800 15.169 

c) Private Power Stations End Use – energy consumed by private power station 

generating electricity as shown in Table (4.9 (c)), 

Table (4.9 (c)): Expected Energy Consumption for the Other Sub-Sector; 

Private Power Stations in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario, Year (2000 – 2025). 

Type of Device 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

Diesel Generators 0.648 0.651 0.653 0.658 0.662 0.665 

Total Energy 0.648 0.651 0.653 0.658 0.662 0.665 

d) The Rest of End Use – energy consumed by the rest of other uses as shown in 

Table (4.9 (d)). 

Table (4.9 (d)): Expected Energy Consumption for the Other Sub-Sector; 

Rest of Other End Uses in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario, Year (2000 – 2025). 

Type of Device 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

Electrical Devices 1.539 1.996 2.453 3.688 4.936 6.605 

Diesel Devices 6.583 6.610 6.636 6.682 6.692 6.701 

Total Energy 8.122 8.606 9.089 10.370 11.628 13.306 



4.4 Baseline Scenario for the Industrial Sector 

We expect that a mild growth will occur to the cement and the food industries since 

there are no major new plants being planned for in the near future and therefore, it 

will be assumed based on past growth that the Cement Industries will grow at an 

average rate of 4.46% up to the year 2015 and then very little beyond that while the 

Food Industries may continue to grow at an average of 0.1%. Other industries are 

expected to grow at an annual rate of 1.0%. 

Having incorporated the results of the field survey carried in 2008 [8, 10] , the expected 

energy consumptions in million GJ (M GJ) for the Baseline Scenario of the Industrial 

Sub-Sectors are as shown in the follows sections: 

4.4.1 Baseline Scenario for the Cement Industry 

The Baseline Scenario for the cement industry for the time horizon 2000 - 2025 is as 

shown in Table (4.10). 

Table (4.10): Expected Energy Consumption for the Cement Industry 

in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario, Year (2000 – 2025) 

End Use 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

Process Heat 6.552 6.670 6.788 9.050 9.050 9.050 

Rock Machineries 1.424 1.450 1.475 2.194 2.194 2.194 

Power Stations 1.438 1.462 1.485 2.227 2.227 2.227 

Others 0.497 0.588 0.680 0.680 0.680 0.680 

Total 9.911 10.170 10.428 14.151 14.151 14.151 

4.4.2 Baseline Scenario for the Food Industry 

The Baseline Scenario for the Food Industry for the time horizon 2000 - 2025 after 

considering an average growth rate of 0.1% is as shown in Table (4.11). 



Table (4.11): Expected Energy Consumption for the Food Industry in 

(Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario, Year (2000 – 2025) 

End Use 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

Power Stations 2.876 2.8875 2.889 2.919 2.934 2.949 

LPG Processes 0.396 0.4055 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 

Others 0.503 0.6230 0.743 0.743 0.743 0.743 

Total Energy 3.775 3.916 4.057 4.077 4.092 4.107 

4.4.3 Baseline Scenario for the Other Industries 

The Baseline Scenario for the other industry for the time horizon 2000 - 2025 is as 

shown in Table (4.12). 

Table (4.12): Expected Energy Consumption for the Other Industries 

in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario, Year (2000 – 2025) 

End Use 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

Machineries 1.300 1.353 1.408 1.509 1.586 1.667 

Charcoal Processes 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 

Others 0.413 0.430 0.447 0.480 0.504 0.530 

Total Energy 1.848 1.918 1.990 2.124 2.225 2.332 

4.5 Baseline Scenario for the Transport Sector 

As the total population is growing and so will the demand for road and freight 

transportations. Based on the data available and due to lack of consistency of official 

data obtained the study team reverted to the method of interpolation to estimate 

the figures of expected vehicles for the time horizon of the study. The Baseline 

Scenario for the Transport Sector for the time horizon of the study will then be 

expected to look as is shown in Table (4.13). 

Prof. Dr. Towfick Sufian and Prof. Dr. Abdulraqib Asaad Sana’a - March, 2010 30


Table (4.13): Expected Energy Consumption by the Transport Sector 

in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario, Year (2000 – 2025). 

Type of Vehicle 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

Private Vehicles 13.960 18.900 23.788 33.456 46.700 59.915 

Taxi Caps 7.999 10.900 13.744 19.170 26.800 34.331 

Small Lorries 35.576 48.400 61.126 68.849 71.700 74.488 

Large Lorries 31.216 42.600 53.635 61.078 65.200 69.363 

Buses 9.739 13.400 16.733 23.798 32.800 41.798 

Other Vehicles 0.731 0.734 0.737 0.742 0.746 0.749 

Sea Freight 1.040 1.053 1.065 1.087 1.104 1.121 

Air Freight 4.940 4.999 5.059 5.167 5.245 5.324 

Total Energy 105.881 140.986 175.887 213.347 250.295 287.089 

4.6 Baseline Scenario for the Agricultural Sector 

As the total population is increasing every year the demands for agricultural 

products are expected to increase accordingly. We expect the increase will be in the 

range 1% to 3% in the growth in the Agricultural Sector. It is estimated that the 

agricultural machinery will grow at an average rate of 2.7% since these are the main 

agricultural equipment while other uses will grow at about 1%. 

The Baseline Scenario will then take the form for the Agricultural Sector Energy 

consumption as shown in Table (4.14). 

Table (4.14): Expected Energy Consumption by the Agricultural Sector 

in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario, Year (2000 – 2025). 

End Use 2000 2004 2008 2015 2020 2025 

Tractors 0.693 0.771 0.858 1.039 1.181 1.349 

Water Pumps 2.344 2.643 2.969 3.652 4.280 4.908 

Others 0.038 0.040 0.042 0.045 0.047 0.050 

Total 3.075 3.454 3.869 4.731 5.508 6.307 



4.7 Baseline Scenario for the Electrical Power 

Generation Sector 

As the number of public buildings, commercial places and residential houses etc., are 

growing and so the need for electricity will grow. Two issues face the PEC that 

requires addressing and these are how to increase the generating capacity to fulfill 

the growing needs of electrical power and the other is how to reduce the 

Transmission and Distribution Losses (T & D Losses). 

Since there was very little information about future plans to address the above 

mentioned issues from PEC, we felt it is necessary to look at the past several years 

trend of meeting the needed capacity and T &D losses so that we can assume a 

normal rate of growth for the Baseline Scenario for this sector. Table (4.15) 

illustrates how the electrical generating capacity has increased and the T & D losses 

have decreased between the year 2000 and 2006. 

Table (4.15): PEC Electrical Power Generation Capacity and T&D Losses for the 

Period 2000 to 2006. 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 

Total Generated 882.47 882.47 960.95 997.13 1105.01 1106.01 1131.55 

Capacity (MW) 

Changes w.r.t - 0.0 +78.48 +114.66 +222.54 +223.54 +249.06 

Year 2000(MW) 

% Change - 0.0 8.16 11.50 20.14 20.21 22.01 

T & D Losses (%) 31.32 31.48 27.40 26.33 25.01 24.61 25.09 

Although PEC says it has plans to put in service three NG power stations in the 

future, the only confirmed NG power station is the one been installed in Marib with 

a capacity of 341 MW and will come on service in the year 2010 with efficiency 

between 35% and 40%. The other two are tentatively planned for the year 2014 and 

beyond. But since there is no evidence to support this claim, this study will not 

consider them. 

Therefore, the Baseline Scenario for the Electrical Power Generation Sector will be as 

shown in Table (4.16) below. 



Table (4.16): Electrical Power Generated in (MW) – Baseline Scenario 

by Type of Fuels, Year (2000 - 2025) 

Generation 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

Fuel 

Mazot Turbine 435.0 435.0 435.0 435.0 435.0 435.0 

All Diesel Units 447.5 447.5 696.6 696.6 696.6 696.6 

NGT 1 0.0 0.0 341.0 341.0 341.0 341.0 

Geothermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Wind 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Solar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Total Power 882.5 882.5 1131.6 1472.6 1472.6 1472.6 



5.0 Energy Demands and Emissions for 

the Baseline Scenario 


It has been shown in section four that the ROY energy consumption or demand 

structure is represented by five energy consuming sectors, mainly the Household 

Sector, the Commerce Sector, the Industrial Sector, the Transport Sector and the 

Agricultural Sector. The Transport Sector consumes primary fuels only while the rest 

of these sectors consume both primary and secondary fuels. Furthermore the 

Electrical Power Sector which consumes primary fuels and produces secondary fuels 

is added to the above five main sectors. The Electrical Power Sector however, feeds 

all the sectors with secondary fuels (electricity) except the Transport Sector. 

The Baseline Scenario (or reference scenario) for the energy demand for all sectors 

individually over the time horizon of the study has been developed in section four 

and this development has been based on the following facts and figures: 

 

The base year 2000 data, 

The data collected from the field survey carried by the Mitigation Team [7-10] , 

The Government annual statistical data [11] , 

The results of the Year 2004 General Census [2] , 

 

 

 

The Government Policies and Plans over the time horizon of the study 

period [3, 4, 12] , 

The results, indicators and recommendations of the previous Mitigation 

Study carried for the 1 st National Communication [6] , 

UNDP and other Climate Change reports. 

This section will present the analysis and its estimated results for the ROY Energy 

Demand, Energy Balance, Electrical Energy Generation and GHG Emission for the 

Baseline Scenario developed earlier over the time horizon of the study. 



5.2 Energy Demand Estimation 

Using LEAP 2000 the Estimated Energy Demand by Fuel and by Sector for the ROY 

over the study period has been obtained and is shown in Tables (5.1) and (5.2) and 

their corresponding charts depicted in Figures (5.1) and (5.2) below: 

Table (5.1): Estimated Energy Demand in (Million GJ) - Baseline Scenario 

for ROY by Fuels; All Sectors, Year (2000 - 2025). 

Type of Fuel 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

Wood 34.7 64.4 76.0 79.6 81.0 66.5 

Solar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Residual Fuel Oil 7.6 7.8 8.5 10.1 10.2 10.2 

Natural Gas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

LPG 19.3 26.2 36.3 46.9 61.4 80.5 

Kerosene 8.3 8.3 8.9 10.1 11.6 13.2 

Jet Kerosene 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3 

Gasoline 57.6 83.3 105.1 121.5 145.1 168.7 

Electricity 7.3 9.2 11.3 13.8 17.1 21.0 

Diesel 62.0 81.5 98.9 112.4 128.4 144.7 

Charcoal 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 

Animal Waste 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 

Total Energy 201.8 285.7 351.1 400.7 460.9 511.1 

Figure (5.1): Chart of the Estimated Energy Demand in (Million GJ) - Baseline Scenario 

for ROY by Fuels; All Sectors, Year (2000 - 2025). 




for ROY by Sectors; All Fuels, Year (2000 - 2025). 

Sector 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

Households 60.3 96.1 116.5 130.0 143.6 146.1 

Commerce 17.0 20.3 26.3 32.3 41.1 51.0 

Industry 15.5 16.1 17.6 20.4 20.5 20.6 

Transport 105.5 149.6 186.6 213.3 250.2 287.1 

Agriculture 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.7 5.5 6.3 

Total Energy 201.8 285.7 351.1 400.7 460.9 511.1 

Figure (5.2): Chart of the Estimated Energy Demand in (Million GJ) - Baseline Scenario 

for ROY by Sectors; All Fuels, Year (2000 - 2025). 

The results shown above look reasonable and logical. It is quite clear that the 

Transport Sector demands most of the energy (about 52% of total in 2000 rising to 

about 56% of total in 2025) and thus burns the largest quantity of fuels. The 

Household Sector comes next in consuming energy with about 30% of total in 2000 



falling to about 28.6% of total in 2025. Commerce and Industrial sectors share 

almost the rest of the demand with about 1.5% of total, which is the lowest, 

demanded by the Agriculture Sector. The Transport and Household Sectors can be 

said to be the main contributors to the GHG emission and thus air pollutions. 

Petro Products and Wood are the main and largest fuels burned. The Petro Products 

constitute about 79% of total fuel burned in 2000 increasing to about 83% of total in 

2025. The Wood Fuel burned on the other hand falls from about 17% of total in 2000 

to about 13% of total in 2025. 

5.3 Energy Balance Estimation 

The Energy Balance Estimation for the Baseline Scenario by Balance Category has 

been obtained using LEAP 2000 software for the ROY over the study period and the 

results are depicted in Table (5.3). 


for ROY by Fuels, Energy Balance Category; All Sectors, Year (2000 - 2025). 

Fuel Type 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

Petro Products 159.70 212.04 263.60 306.20 362.42 423.04 

Electricity 7.30 9.17 11.28 13.80 17.10 21.03 

Wood Fuel 34.70 64.36 75.22 79.60 80.98 66.50 

Charcoal 0.10 0.14 0.27 0.30 0.39 0.48 

Animal Wastes 0.0 0.0 0.76 0.70 0.59 0.38 

Total 201.80 285.71 351.13 400.70 460.87 511.43 

5.4 Energy Demand by the Electrical Power Generation 

Sector in the ROY 

Based on the data obtained from the Public Electricity Cooperation (PEC) a Baseline 

Scenario was developed for the Electrical Power Generation Capacity in chapter four. 

The corresponding Energy Generated and Primary Fuel-Energy Consumption are 

developed and shown in Tables (5.4) and (5.5) and their corresponding charts in 

Figures (5.3) and (5.4) below: 

The total Generated Energy output increases from 10.6 Million GJ in 2000 to 27.0 

Million GJ in 2025 approximately two and half folds. The corresponding primary fuel 

energy needed for this generation increased from 35.8 Million GJ in 2000 to 81.7 

Million GJ in the year 2025. 



Table (5.4): Electrical Energy Generated in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario 

by Fuel, Year (2000 – 2025). 

Generation Fuel 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

Mazot Turbine 9.3 9.9 10.3 10.3 10.9 10.3 

All Diesel Units 1.4 3.1 3.3 5.2 7.6 10.2 

NGT 1 0.0 0.0 2.1 3.3 4.9 6.5 

Geothermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Wind 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Solar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Total Energy 10.6 13.0 15.7 16.9 22.8 27.0 

Figure (5.3): Chart for the Electrical Energy Generated in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario by 

Fuel, Year (2000 – 2025). 

Table (5.5): Primary Fuel-Energy Demand to Generate the Electrical Energy 

in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario by Fuels, Year (2000 - 2025). 

Generation Fuel 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

Mazot Turbine 32.1 34.4 35.5 35.6 35.6 35.6 

All Diesel Units 3.7 8.4 8.9 13.9 20.5 27.4 

NGT 1 0.0 0.0 6.1 9.4 14.0 18.7 

Geothermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Wind 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Solar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Total Energy 35.8 42.7 50.5 58.9 70.1 81.7 



Figure (5.4): Chart for the Primary Fuel-Energy Demand to Generate the Electrical 

Energy in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario by Fuels, Year (2000 - 2025). 

5.5 Baseline Scenario for the GHG Emissions 

The Global Warming Potential of GHG Emissions (all greenhouse gases) for the 

Baseline Scenario of the ROY projected over the time horizon of the study, as 

developed using LEAP 2000 Software Program, are detailed in Tables (5.6), (5.7) and 

(5.8) below. 

The resulted Transformation Energy Balance for the Baseline Scenario is as shown in 

Table (5.6) for all Fuels and all Sectors. 



Table (5.6): Transformation Energy Balance in (Million GJ) – Baseline Scenario, 

All Fuels, All Sectors, Year (2000 - 2025). 

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

Unmet 

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Requirements 

Outputs 10.6 13.1 15.7 14.7 22.8 27.0 

Imports 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 

Exports 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Domestic -10.6 -13.1 -15.7 -14.7 -22.8 -27.5 

Requirements 

Total 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Figure (5.5): Chart for the Transformation Energy Balance in (Million GJ) – Baseline 

Scenario, All Fuels, All Sectors, Year (2000 - 2025). 

The Global Warming Potential GHG Emission for the demand side is further detailed 

in Table (5.7) and Figure (5.6). The Transport and Household Sectors is seen to 

dominate the emission over the time horizon. At this Baseline Scenario the GHG 

Emission looks to increase three folds over the time horizon. The expected figure of 

30.6 B Kg CO 2 eq. will be reached in the year 2025. 



Table (5.7): Demand Side GHG Emissions for the ROY by Sector, All Fuels – Baseline 

Scenario; Global Warming Potential (All GWPs: Billion Kg CO 2 Eq., Year (2000 - 2025). 

Sector 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Households 1.8 2.4 2.9 3.1 3.5 4.2 5.1 

Commerce 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.2 

Industry 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 

Transport 7.5 10.6 13.3 14.0 15.2 17.8 20.4 

Agriculture 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 

Total 11.7 15.7 19.4 20.6 22.5 26.4 30.6 

Figure (5.6): Chart for the Demand Side GHG Emissions for the ROY by Sector, All Fuels – 

Baseline Scenario; Global Warming Potential (All GWPs: B Kg CO 2 Eq.): Year (2000 - 2025). 



Figure (5.7): Chart for the Supply Side (Electricity Generation) GHG Emissions for the ROY 

by Sector, All Fuels – Baseline Scenario; Global Warming Potential (All GWPs: M Kg CO 2 

Eq.): Year (2000 - 2025). 

Adding the GHG Emission produced by the Electrical Power Generating Sector 

illustrated in Figure (5.7) to the Demand Side Emission (Table (5.8) and Figure (5.8)) 

the GHG Emission for the Baseline Scenario rise to 14 Billion Kg CO 2 Eq. in the base 

year 2000 and still increases to 34.2 Billion Kg CO 2 Eq., which is just less than two and 

half folds of increase. 

Table (5.8): Total GHG Emissions for the ROY by Source, All Fuels – Baseline 

Scenario; Global Warming Potential (All GWPs: Billion Kg CO 2 Eq., Year (2000 - 

2025). 

Source Side 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Demand Side 11.7 15.7 19.4 20.6 22.5 26.4 30.6 

Electrical 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.6 

Power 

Generation 

Total 14.0 18.2 22.3 23.6 25.6 29.8 34.2 



Figure (5.8): Chart of the Total GHG Emissions for the ROY by Source, All Fuels – Baseline 

Scenario; Global Warming Potential (All GWPs): Year (2000 - 2025). 



6.0 The Mitigation Scenario for the 

Republic Of Yemen (ROY) 


When one inspects the result of the baseline scenario given in section five, one can 

see that the sectors which consume most of the energy are: 

1. The Transport Sector 

2. The Household Sector 

3. The Commercial Sector 

These three sectors consume almost 90.58% of the total energy demand in the year 

2000 and almost 94.74% of the total energy demand in the year 2025. Therefore, 

one can confidently say that the main sources of air pollution in the ROY are due to 

the above three sectors and thus are a priority for consideration in the development 

of the mitigation scenarios in this section. Furthermore the Mazot used in Cement 

Industries and the Diesel used in other Industries as well as the fuels used in the 

Power Sector will be taken into account for improvement in the mitigation as they 

play an effective role play in the air pollution. 

In this section, several mitigation options will be introduced and a Mitigation 

Scenario will be developed. We will choose those options which lead to a reasonable 

reduction in GHG Emissions. 

6.2 Mitigation Options 

It is well known that the demand for the energy increases as the economy of the 

country grows and the income of the individuals rise. Although this is true for any 

country in the world the difference will only be in the level of growth and increase. 

The corresponding incremental increase in consuming energy raises the growth in 

GHG emissions and therefore, the key issue in analyzing mitigation options will be 

how to reduce the growth in emissions? The first step to achieving this goal is to 

establish a group of suitable mitigation options for the country. The second step is to 

develop the mitigation scenarios based on those selected options. 

For the ROY, the mitigation options will be considered for both: 

1. The energy demand side and 

2. The energy supply side. 



The aim is to suggest mitigation options which can be used in developing a 

mitigation scenario which leads to reduce all GWPs to a reasonable level. These 

levels however, will be reached if the Government of ROY issues the necessary laws 

and regulations for the suggested mitigation options to be taken into considerations 

in both sides. 

6.3 Demand Side Mitigation Options 

The focus here will be on the four most energy demanding sectors; Household, 

Commerce, Industry and Transport. Several mitigation assumptions are suitable for 

the ROY. 

These assumptions will be taken into account in introducing the suitable options to 

be used in developing the mitigation scenario for the ROY. Each sector will be 

considered for its options and its mitigation scenario before merging them all to 

form one mitigation scenario for the ROY. It must be kept in mind that all options 

should be started in 2012, as we are in 2010, it is reasonable to assume that these 

options will need two years to disseminate and become fully applicable. 

6.3.1 Household Sector Mitigation Options 

The following mitigation options are suitable for the Household Sector and the 

government can implement these options without any difficulties. 

1) Lighting Scenario Option 

In addition to the baseline scenario, the government of the ROY can implement an 

option program of increasing the number of electrified urban and rural households 

such that the Electrical lamps replace gradually the Kerosene and LPG lamps towards 

the end of 2025. 

For the Urban Households this option translates into increasing the UHHs electricity 

lamps by an average of 3.5% annually to replace the Kerosene and LPG lamps. The 

Mitigation Lighting Map for the UHH will than become as shown Table (6.1). 

Table (6.1): UHHs Lighting Map in (%) - Mitigation Scenario Option, 

Year (2000 - 2025) 

Lighting Device 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Electrical 89.74 93.32 96.50 96.87 97.60 98.86 99.35 

Lamps 

Kerosene 9.45 6.34 3.46 3.11 2.40` 1.14 0.65 

Lamps 

LPG Lamps 0.81 0.34 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 

For the Rural Households the option translates also into increasing the RHHs 

electricity lamps to cover the reduction in the use of Kerosene, LPG and Diesel 



lamps. The Mitigation Lighting Map for the RHHs will than become as shown in Table 

(6.2). 

Table (6.2): RHHs Lighting Map in (%) - Mitigation Scenario Option, Year (2000 - 

2025) 

Lighting 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Device 

Electrical 27.31 30.90 64.00 67.50 72.8 81.65 87.7 

Lamp 

Kerosene 67.13 65.00 32.74 30.55 25.8 17.74 12.20 

Lamp 

LPG Lamp 5.56 4.10 3.16 1.90 1.4 0.61 0.10 

Diesel Lamp 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 


2) Efficient Lighting Scenario 

A further Mitigation Option would be to set up a program to install efficient lighting 

system that is to encourage people to replace present standard and florescent 

electrical lamps by the new efficient compact florescent lamps. This could reduce 

electricity consumed in electrified urban and rural household by at least 20 to 30% 

and hence reduce the amount of fuels burnt to generate electricity. Again we 

assume that this would come in effect by the year 2012. The efficient lighting option 

may consume between 45 to 60% of the electricity used by conventional lighting 

system. 

3) Efficient Refrigerators Scenario 

It is required from the government to introduce an efficient standard for 

refrigerators by the year 2012 So that by the year 2025 all refrigerators in the 

country can be assumed to meet this new standard. 

6.3.2 Commercial Sector Mitigation Options 

For the Commercial Sector an Option of “Natural Gas (NG) fuel used to substitute for 

the LPG, Diesel, Kerosene and wood fuels used in Bakery fired systems” can be taken 

for Mitigation. Such an option is suitable for the commercial sector so that it can 

switch to fuel with lower GHG emissions. The option include replacing NG fired 

systems for traditional, LPG, Diesel, Kerosene, and wood-fired systems which bake 

daily bread for urban residents. Hence, the commercial mitigation scenario for 

gradual fuel switching to NG-fired systems will be as shown in Table (6.3), noting that 

this option comes in effect in the year 2012. 



Table (6.3): Fuel Switching to NG-Fired Systems Option by Urban Bakeries in (%) - 

Mitigation Scenario Option, Year (2000 - 2025) 

Sys. Type 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

NG sys 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 74.79 100 

LPG sys 3.78 3.00 3.44 2.22 1.41 0.84 0.00 

Diesel sys 96.22 97.00 65.52 53.33 40.23 16.81 0.00 

Kerosene 0.00 0.00 29.31 23.33 17.64 7.56 0.00 

sys 

Wood sys 0.00 0.00 1.73 1.12 0.72 0.00 0.00 


6.3.3 Industrial Sector Mitigation Options 

An option for the Industrial Sector would be for a “Natural Gas (NG) fuel to be 

substituted for mazot fuel used in the cement industry and the charcoal used in the 

other industries”. 

Switching to NG in cement and other industries is an important option since this 

switch will result in lower GHG emissions. Based on this option, the mitigation 

scenario for gradual fuel switching to NG will be as shown in Tables (6.4) and (6.5) 

starting in the year 2012. 

Table (6.4): Gradual Fuel Switching to NG Option in Cement Industries in (%) – 


Fuel type 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Mazot 100 100 100 60 50 25 0.00 

NG 0.00 0.00 0.00 40 50 75 100 


Table (6.5): Gradual Fuel Switching to NG Option in Other Industries in (%) – 


Fuel type 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Charcoal 100 100 100 60 50 25 0.00 

NG 0.00 0.00 0.00 40 50 75 100 




6.3.4 Transport Sector Mitigation Options 

1) Gasoline Vehicles to Substitute Diesel Vehicles (Buses and large Lorries). 

Currently switching to gasoline is seen as a good option for improving air quality as 

well as being a good way to mitigating Co 2 emissions. The gradual switch from Diesel 

fuel to NG fuel for the Buses and large Lorries would then be as shown in Table (6.6) 

and (6.7). 

Table (6.6): Switching Diesel Lorries to Gasoline Lorries in (%) - Mitigation Scenario 

Option, Year (2000 - 2025) 

Fuel Type 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Diesel 100 100 100 95 80 48 15 

Gasoline 0 0 0 5 20 52 85 


Table (6.7): Switching Diesel Buses to Gasoline Buses in (%) - Mitigation Scenario 

Option, Year (2000 - 2025) 

Fuel Type 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Diesel 100 100 100 90 70 34 10 

Gasoline 0 0 0 10 30 66 90 


2) Improved vehicle efficiency 

Since no exact information exists on the total number of new vehicles and the total 

number of old once, the assumption of improving vehicle efficiency is very 

necessary. This means that the energy intensity of each type of vehicles is expected 

to decrease over time in the mitigation scenario to become as shown in Table (6.8). 

This table can be achieved by applying new regulations for existing and imported 

vehicles. The improvement will be assumed to be effective starting in the year 2012. 

Table (6.8): Improved Vehicle Fuel Economy Standards and Efficiency, Energy 

Intensity in (%) per Vehicle Type - Mitigation Scenario Options, Year (2000 - 2025) 

Vehicle type 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Privet cars 100 100 100 98 94 91 89 

Taxis 100 100 100 98 94 91 89 

Small lorries 100 100 100 98 95 92 90 

Large lorries 100 100 100 98 95 92 90 

Buses 100 100 100 98 94 91 89 

Other 

vehicles 

100 100 100 98 97 95 94 



Finally on the Demand Side it is worth considering the irrigation systems in the 

agriculture sector. At the present about 99.99% of the irrigation system in this sector 

are based upon diesel pumps for pumping ground water. Although most of the water 

wells in the higher land of Yemen are deeper (300m to 600m) than the economical 

depth for the Solar Pumps, the lower lands and coastal agricultural areas wells are 

within the economical depth (30m to 100m) required for these Solar Pumps. These 

wells also constitute a larger percentage of the total wells in Yemen and therefore, a 

suitable mitigation option is switching to solar pumping irrigation systems in the 

lower lands and coastal areas. 

If the above option is taken by the Government and encouraged such a replacement 

policy will result in reducing the emission. The replacement of Diesel Water Pumps 

to Solar Water Pumps policy will then be as shown in Table (6.9). Again the 

assumption is that the replacement will become effective in the year 2012. 

Table (6.9): Switching to Solar Water Pumps for Low Lands and Coastal Areas 

Irrigation Systems in (%) - Mitigation Scenario Options, Year (2000 - 2025) 

Device type 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Diesel Pumps 100 100 100 90 80 55 35 

Solar Pumps 0 0 0 10 20 45 65 


6.4 Supply-Side Mitigation Option 

Only the Electrical Power Generation Sector is considered for the Supply-Side 

Mitigation Options for the ROY. This is due to the Electrical Power Sector being a 

contributor to GHG emissions. 

In the Mitigation Scenario for the Power Sector, the share of natural gas turbines 

(NGT) is assumed to be 49.83% by 2025. The assumption will be that NGT generation 

will be further introduced to the grid system with an additional 250 MW by 2012 to 

the existing 341 MW making a total of 591 MW. A further generation station of 350 

MW comes in service in the year 2015 making a total of 941 MW of power generated 

by NGT. A final installation of 400 MW (NTG) power generation station is expected to 

be added to the network by the year 2025 making the total NGT generation of 1,341 

MW by the year 2025. 

The Renewable Energy potential as suggested by the PEC Renewable Energy Strategy 

Study [4] limits the technical potential for viable generation using Geothermal to 

2,900 MW and using Wind to about 34,000 MW as seen in Table (2.7). Biomass 

Energy (Landfill) is also viable for generation up to 6 MW according to the strategy. 

Solar is much abundant but due to the economical cost only Concentrated Solar 

Power (CSP) will be viable to consider introducing up to 100 MW by 2025. 



It is reasonable then to suggest an option where 50 MW of Wind generation comes 

in service by 2012 and gradually increasing to 150 MW in 2015, 300 MW in 2020 and 

800 MW by 2025 which will constitute 29.73% of the total installed capacity. while 

Geothermal generation can start by 100 MW in 2018, 250 MW in 2020 and reaching 

450 MW by the year 2025 which will constitute 16.72% of the total installed 

capacity. Solar generation on the other hand can be introduced later in 2020 with 50 

MW and increase to 100 MW by the year 2025 which will again constitute about 

3.72% of the total installed capacity. 

Based upon the above assumptions of introducing NGT generation and renewable 

generation and due to the aging thermal power generators which will gradually be 

taken out of service an option for the Supply-Side Mitigation Scenario is then 

developed as shown in Table (6.10). 

Table (6.10): Supply-Side Option for Power Generation in (MW) – Mitigation 

Scenario Options, Year (2000 – 2025) 

Type of 2000 2004 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Generation 

Wind 

- - - 50 150 300 800 

Energy 

Geothermal - - - - - 100 450 

Solar - - - - - - 100 

Existing 435 435 435 335 200 100 0.0 

Mazot 

Turbines 

Existing 447.5 447.5 447.5 347.5 247.5 147.5 0.0 

Diesel Units 

NGT - - 341 591 941 941 1341 

Total 882.5 882.5 1223.5 1323.5 1538.5 1558.5 2691.0 

6.5 The Mitigation Scenario for the ROY 

The Mitigation Scenario for the ROY is obtained by feeding all the Sectors and Subsectors 

mitigation scenario options, detailed in the previous section, into LEAP 200 

software to produce the results of the combined effects of the options introduced. 

These options are summarized as follows: 

1) The Household Sector Mitigation Options (three scenarios) 

Electrification Program for Lighting Scenario 

Efficient Lighting Scenario 

Efficient Refrigeration Scenario 

2) The Commercial Sector Mitigation Options (one scenario) 



 

Fuel Switching to NG in bakery- fired system scenario 

3) The Industrial Sector Mitigation Options (two scenarios) 

Fuel switching to NG in cement industries Scenario 

Fuel switching to NG in other industries Scenario 

4) The Transport Sector Mitigation Options ( three scenarios) 

Switching Diesel Lorries to Gasoline ones Scenario 

Switching Diesel Buses to Gasoline ones Scenario 

Improved Vehicle Efficiencies Scenario 

5) The Agricultural Sector Mitigation Options (one scenario) 

Switching to Solar Pumps in Irrigation Systems Scenario 

6) The Electrical Power Generation Sector Mitigation Options (one scenario) 

Switching to NG, Geothermal , Biomass, Wind and Solar Plants 

Scenario 

6.5.1 Mitigation Scenario of the Energy Demands for the ROY 

The estimated energy demands for the ROY based on the developed mitigation 

scenario options over the time horizon by Fuels, Sectors and by Energy Balance 

Category are shown in Tables (6.11), (6.12) and (6.13). This mitigation scenario has 

decreased the total demands for the ROY to about 7% by 2025. 

Table (6.11): The Estimated Demands for the ROY in (Million GJ) – Mitigation 

Scenario by Fuels, All Sectors, Year (2000 – 2025) 

Fuel 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Wood 34.70 64.36 75.96 78.50 79.5 80.91 66.30 

Solar 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.70 1.96 3.20 

Residual 7.6 7.76 8.51 5.90 5.60 3.37 1.10 

Fuel Oil 

Natural Gas 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.70 8.00 15.76 24.50 

LPG 19.30 26.14 36.14 40.10 46.80 60.99 79.90 

Kerosene 8.30 8.32 5.94 5.90 5.30 4.07 2.50 

Jet 

4.90 5.02 5.09 5.10 5.20 5.25 5.30 

Kerosene 

Gasoline 57.60 83.28 109.01 114.20 133.20 185.34 237.5 

Electricity 7.30 9.25 12.32 11.40 12.70 15.74 19.40 

Diesel 6200 79.45 97.07 97.80 89.80 62.57 34.80 

Charcoal 0.10 0.14 0.27 0.20 0.30 0.29 0.30 

Animal 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.80 0.70 0.59 0.40 

Wasted 

Total 201.80 283.72 346.07 365.00 387.80 436.84 475.20 



Figure (6.1): Chart of the Estimated Demands for the ROY in (M GJ) – Mitigation Scenario 

by Fuels, All Sectors, Year (2000 – 2025) 


Scenario by Sectors, All Fuels, Year (2000 – 2025) 


Household 60.3 96.2 114.3 118.4 124.8 137.2 137.9 

Commerce 17 20.3 25.7 28.7 32.2 41.2 51.1 

Industry 15.5 16.1 17.6 18.7 20.4 20.5 20.6 

Transport 105.9 147.6 184.3 194.9 205.7 232.5 259.2 

Agriculture 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.3 4.7 5.5 6.3 

Total 201.8 283.7 346.1 365.0 387.8 436.8 475.2 




by Sectors, All Fuels, Year (2000 – 2025) 


by Detailed Sectors, All Fuels, Year (2000 – 2025) 




Scenario by Fuels, Energy Balance Category, Year (2000 – 2025) 

Fuel 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Petro 159.7 210.0 257.5 269 285.9 322.2 361.5 

products 

Natural gas 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 8.0 15.8 24.5 

Solar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 2.0 3.2 

Electricity 7.3 9.3 12.3 11.4 12.7 15.7 19.4 

Wood fuel 34.7 64.4 76.0 78.5 79.5 80.9 66.3 

Wood 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 

products 

A. Waste 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 

Total 201.8 283.8 346.9 365.0 387.8 437.5 475.2 


by Fuels, Energy Balance Category, Year (2000 – 2025) 

6.5.2 Mitigation Scenario of the Electrical Power Generation for the 

ROY 

Based on the suggested Supply-Side Mitigation Options given in section (6.4) the 

Inputs, Outputs and the Capacities of the power plants are shown in Tables (6.14), 

(6.15) and (6.16). 



Table (6.14): Electrical Power Generation Sector Inputs for the ROY in 

(Million GJ) – Mitigation Scenario by Fuel Source, Year (2000 – 2025) 

Fuel Source 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Mazot turbines 32.1 34.5 35.6 27.4 16.4 8.2 0.0 

Diesel units 3.7 8.6 9.3 6.3 5.3 4.3 0.0 

NGT1 0.0 0.0 9.8 8.6 10.1 13.7 10.7 

NGT2 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 17.8 24.1 31.6 

Geothermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 15.6 

Wind 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.9 2.5 5.2 

solar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 

Total 35.7 43.1 54.6 48.9 50.4 57.2 63.7 

Figure (6.5): Chart for the Electrical Power Generation Sector Inputs for the ROY 

in (M GJ) – Mitigation Scenario by Fuel Source, Year (2000 – 2025) 

Table (6.15): Electrical Power Generation Sector Outputs for the ROY in 

(Thousand GWH) – Mitigation Scenario by Power Plant, Year (2000 -2025) 

Power Plant 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Mazot turbines 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.2 1.3 0.7 0.0 

Diesel units 0.4 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.0 

NGT1 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.0 

NGT2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.7 2.3 3.1 

Geothermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.3 

Wind 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.4 

solar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 

Total 3.0 3.7 4.8 4.4 4.8 5.8 7.0 



Table (6.16): Electrical Power Generation Capacity for the ROY in (MW) – 

Mitigation Scenario by Power Plant, Year (2000 – 2025) 

Power 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Plant 

Mazot 435 435 435 335 200 100 0.0 

turbines 

Diesel units 447.5 447.5 447.5 347.5 247.5 147.5 0.0 

NGT1 0.0 0.0 341.0 341.0 341.0 341.0 341.0 

NGT2 0.0 0.0 0.0 250.0 600.0 600.0 1000.0 

Geothermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 450.0 

Wind 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 150.0 300.0 800.0 

solar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 

Total 882.5 882.5 1223.5 1323.5 1538.5 1588.5 2691.0 

Figure (6.6): Chart of the Electrical Power Generation Capacity for the ROY in (MW) – 

Mitigation Scenario by Power Plant, Year (2000 – 2025) 

6.7 Mitigation Scenario GHG-Emissions for the ROY 

The GHG-Emissions for the ROY as calculated using LEAP 2000 software based on the 

mitigation scenario data presented in the previous section for the time horizon 

under the study by Sector and by Source are shown in Tables (6.17) and (6.18). The 



GHG-Emission is measured in Billions of Kilograms of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) 

Equivalent (Billion Kg CO 2 Eq.). 

The total GHG-Emissions from the Transport Sector (66.4% of the total Demand Side 

Emissions) and the Household Sector (17.3% of the total Demand Side Emissions) are 

still the highest and constitutes together almost 83.7% of the total emissions in the 

ROY for the year 2025 (see Table (6.17) and Figure (6.7)). 

Table (6.17): Demand Side GHG Emissions for the ROY by Sector, All Fuels - Mitigation 

Scenario; Global Worming Potentials (All GWPs: Billion Kg CO 2 Eq.), Year (2000 - 2025). 


Household 1.8 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.8 4.7 

Commerce 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.8 2 2.4 2.9 

Industry 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 

Transport 7.5 10.6 13.1 13.8 14.5 16.3 18.0 

Agriculture 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 

Total 11.7 15.7 18.9 20.1 21.4 24.1 27.1 

Figure (6.7): Chart of the Demand Side GHG Emissions for the ROY by Sector, All Fuels - 

Mitigation Scenario; (All GWPs: B Kg CO 2 Eq.): Year (2000 - 2025). 

The GHG Emission resulting from the Supply Side is shown in Figure (6.8). The 

emission increases gradually from 2.3 Billion Kg CO 2 Eq. in base year reaching its 

peak in the year 2010 of 3.1 Billion Kg CO 2 Eq., than reduces gradually to about 2.4 



Billion Kg CO 2 Eq. in the year 2025. This is due to the introduction of Gas fired 

turbines for the Electricity Generation replacing the Oil fired thermal Generation. 

Figure (6.8): Chart of the Supply-Side (Power Generation) GHG Emissions for the ROY by 

Sector, All Fuels - Mitigation Scenario; (All GWPs: B Kg CO 2 Eq.): Year (2000 - 2025). 

The total GHG-Emissions resulting from both the Demand-Side and the Supply-side 

can be seen to increase (Table (6.18)) from 14.0 Billion Kg CO 2 Eq. in the Year 2000 to 

29.5 Billion Kg CO 2 Eq. in the Year 2025, almost doubling over the 25 Years time 

horizon considered (see Table (6.18)). 

Table (6.18): Total GHG Emissions for the ROY by Source, All Fuels - Mitigation 

Scenario; Global Worming Potentials (All GWPs: Billion Kg Co 2 Eq.) 

Source 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Demands 11.7 15.7 18.9 20.1 21.4 24.1 27.1 

Electricity 2.3 2.5 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.4 

Generation 

Total 14.0 18.2 22.0 22.9 24.1 26.8 29.5 



Figure (6.9): Chart of the Total GHG Emissions for the ROY by Source, All Fuels - Mitigation 

Scenario; Global Worming Potentials (All GWPs: B Kg CO 2 Eq.). 

It is worth while at this stage to highlight the reduction in GHG-Emissions that can be 

gained from considering the mitigation options stated in sections 6.2 to 6.4 above 

and mitigating these options in a Mitigation Scenario above over the Baseline 

Scenario GHG Emissions. 

Comparing both Demand Side total emissions for the Baseline Scenario (Table (5.7)) 

and Demand Side total emissions for the Mitigation Scenario (Table (6.17)) the 

percentage reductions by sector achieved can be seen in Table (6.19). A gradual 

achievement in reduction of GHG Emissions is clear starting with about 2.43% in 

2012 and reaching almost 11.5% in the year 2025 in the Demand Side GHG 

Emissions. 

Table (6.19): The Percentage Reduction in GHG Emissions Achieved from Comparing 

the Mitigation Scenario to the Baseline Scenario for the ROY by Sector, All Fuels, 

as (%), Year (2000 – 2025) 


Household 0.0 0.0 6.90 6.45 8.57 9.52 7.84 

Commerce 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.76 7.69 9.38 

Industry 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.69 7.14 7.14 7.14 

Transport 0.0 0.0 1.50 1.43 4.61 8.43 11.76 

Agriculture 0.0 0.0 0.0 25 25 25 40 

Total 0.0 0.0 2.58 2.43 4.89 8.71 11.44 



A similar reduction in GHG Emissions on the Supply Side, are shown in Table (6.20), 

but with a better percentage reduction starting with 6.67% reduction in 2012 and 

reaching 33.33% in 2025. This is due to the introduction of Natural Gas Turbines for 

the generation of Electrical Energy as well as introducing Renewable Energy Sources 

for the same purpose which are GHG Emission free. 

The overall reduction achievement in GHG Emission however, is shown in Table 

(6.20). The combined percentage reduction for both the Demand Side and Supply 

Side is clearly illustrated and starts with about 3% in the year 2012 and gradually 

increasing to reach about 14% in the year 2025. This is a reasonably reachable level 

providing the options suggested are considered and taken seriously for 

implementation. 

Table (6.20): The Total Percentage Reduction in GHG Emissions Achieved from 

Comparing the Mitigation Scenario to the Baseline Scenario for the ROY by Source, 

All Fuels, as (%), Year (2000 – 2025) 

Source 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 

Demands 0.0 0.0 2.58 2.43 4.89 8.71 11.44 

Electricity 0.0 0.0 6.9 6.67 12.90 25.00 33.33 

generation 

Total of 

Combined 

0.0 0.0 1.35 2.97 5.86 10.07 13.74 

These options can be further elaborated and summarized for the Government of the 

ROY so that the above calculated percentage reduction in GHG Emissions can be 

achieved in reality over the time horizon of the this study and these are: 

1) Issuing new regulations to improve fuel economy in road vehicles and 

activate these regulations. 

2) Continuing on implementing electrification program in urban and rural areas. 

3) Supplying NG to the Industrial Sector (Cement & Other Industries) and the 

Commercial Sector (Bakeries etc.). 

4) Replacing existing electricity generations technologies, which depend on 

Mazot and diesel fuels, by NG and Renewable electricity generation 

technologies 

5) Issuing and activating new regulation to replace conventional lighting and 

refrigerating systems by efficient new ones. 



7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 

7.1 Difficulties 

The Mitigation Team faced two main difficulties during the study. The first main difficulty 

was how to get consistent data from the different authorities and organizations approached. 

The second main difficulty was the lack of clear future plans and strategies by the different 

sectors investigated, when we came to develop the Mitigation Scenarios. 

The team overcame the first main difficulty by following two methods of collecting the data. 

The first of which was by collecting data from the official authorities and organizations such 

as the Public Electricity Corporation (PEC), the Ministry of Electricity, General Census 

Publications of 2004, Statistical Year Books, World Bank Reports, UNDP Reports, Yemen 

Country Profiles and Internet Sites containing information about ROY. Due to the 

inconsistency in the data collected a filtration process was carried out to arrive at the most 

figures agreed upon. 

The second approach was to carry a sampled field survey where data were collected from 

the field and covered the following sectors: 

1- Household Sector - Rural Households use of energy for Cooking and Lighting 

2- Commercial Sector – Use of energy in Restaurants, Bakeries etc.. 

3- Industrial Sector – Use of energy in Cement Factories, Food Processing Factories and 

other small industries. 

The sampled field survey data were analyzed and used to verify existing data as well as 

update old data and as we found introduced new data of energy use in some of the above 

sectors which did not exist or considered in the 1 st YNC or been mentioned in the official 

data collected. 

The second main difficulty faced the team during the study was when the Mitigation Team 

started to develop the Mitigation Scenarios. It was found that the authorities for the 

different sectors investigated did not have clear future plans or clear strategies. Due to this 

difficulty it was not possible to identify clear Tiers and develop the necessary mitigation 

scenarios for them. Therefore, the effort was focused on identifying the best options which 

are as practical as possible and which fits as closely as possible to the reality and the 

economical growth of the ROY. These options were then incorporated and feed to the LEAP 

2000 software to produce the Mitigation Scenario for the GHG Emissions. 



7.2 Conclusions 

The year 2000 has been chosen to be the base year for this study with a time horizon 

of 25 years which takes the projection up to the year 2025. Two scenarios have been 

developed and the LEAP 2000 software model has been used as the tool for analysis. 

The first of these scenarios is the Baseline Scenario which has been developed based 

on the assumptions of existing situations and changes in the future which are 

governed by the available official indicators and the socioeconomic projections. 

Two energy sides were considered for the Baseline Scenario, the Energy Demand- 

Side and the Energy Supply-Side. The Energy Demand-Side consisted of five energy 

consuming sectors and these include: 

1- Household Sector, 

2- Transport Sector, 

3- Commercial Sector, 

4- Industrial Sector and 

5- Agricultural Sector. 

The total Demand-Side energy consumption, in all of its form, has been calculated 

for the Base Year and projected over the time horizon as an estimated energy 

demand for the Baseline Scenario (see section 4.0). 

The Energy Supply-Side consisted of the Power Generation Sector only as consumer 

of primary fuel energy and supplying secondary electrical energy to the rest of the 

sectors. The total Supply-Side fuel energy consumption and electrical energy 

produced and supplied were estimated for the Base Year and projected over the 

time horizon of the study. An Energy Balance Profile was then formulated. 

The LEAP 200 software model has been used to establish the corresponding Green 

House Gas Emissions (GHG Emissions) for the Baseline Scenario. The GHG Emissions 

has also been calculated for the projected time horizon up to the year 2025. 

The Global Warming Potential CO 2 Eq. for the Baseline Scenario for the ROY (Table 

(5.8), section 5.0) shows a value of 14.0 Billion Kg CO 2 Eq. (14.0 million Tones’ CO 2 

Eq.) of GHG Emission in the year 2000 and increases gradually to 34.2 Billion Kg CO 2 

Eq. (34.2 million Tones CO 2 Eq.) in the year 2025, an increase of a little less than two 

and half folds. 

This 2 nd YNC updated Baseline Scenario compares quite closely to that of the 1 st YNC 

where the predicted Emission for the year 2000 (Base year for 2 nd YNC) was 15.08 

Billion Kg CO 2 eq. (15.08 million Tones CO 2 eq.). A reduction of 1.08 Billion Kg CO 2 

Eq. (about 7%) has been achieved. For the year 2020 the Emission predicted by the 

1 st YNC was 36.15 Billion Kg CO 2 Eq. (36.15 million Tones CO 2 Eq.) while for this study 



(2 nd YNC) the Emission estimated reached about 29.84 Billion Kg CO 2 Eq. (29.84 

million Tones CO 2 Eq.), a reduction of 6.31 Billion Kg CO 2 Eq. ( about 17.5%). This 

clearly indicates that an improvement has taken place by the Government of Yemen 

to reduce the emission through the measures identified and recommended by the 

GHG Mitigation analysis in the 1 st YNC. 

To reduce the GHG Emissions, several mitigation options were developed to consider 

in both the Demand-Side and the Supply-Side. These mitigation options can be 

summarized as follows: 

Demand-Side Mitigation Options 

1- Household Sector 

 

 

Lighting Scenario – introduce an electrification program 

Efficient Lighting Scenario – introduce efficient lighting lambs 

Efficient Refrigeration Scenario – introduce efficient refrigeration 

equipments 

2- Commercial Sector 

Fuel Switching Scenario – introduce NG in bakery fired ovens 

3- Industrial Sector 

 

Fuel Switching Scenario – introducing NG instead of Mazot in Cement 

Industries 

Fuel Switching Scenario – introducing NG instead of Diesel in the 

Other small industries 

4- Transport Sector 

 

 

Switching Fuel Scenario – introduce Gasoline instead of Diesel fuel for 

Lorries 

Switching Fuel Scenario – introduce Gasoline instead of Diesel fuel for 

Buses 

Improved Efficiencies Scenario – introduce efficiency standards for 

Vehicles exhausts and limit the running of old Vehicles 

5- Agricultural Sector 

 

Switching Fuel Scenario – introduce Solar Water Pumps instead of 

Diesel Water Pumps 

Supply-Side Mitigation Options 

In the Supply-Side only the Electrical Power Generation Sector has been considered 

since the Power Sector being one of the largest contributors to GHG Emission in the 

ROY. The most viable mitigation options taken for this sector was to introduce 

electrical power to using Natural Gas and Renewable Energy technologies for 



generation of electrical power. In other words the switching options translate to a 

gradual replacement of the Mazot and Diesel Generating Plants by the Natural Gas 

Generating Plants. Furthermore Geothermal, Wind, Biomass and Solar Power 

Generating Plants are also introduced gradually to meet future demands. This 

gradual replacement and new installments will reduce the quantity of Mazot and 

Diesel fuels burnt and thus lead to a great reduction in GHG Emission. 

The GHG Emission of the Baseline Scenario (Table (5.8) and Figure (5.8)) reached a 

value of 34.2 Billion Kg CO 2 Eq. in the year 2025 while the GHG Emission resulted 

from the Mitigation Scenario developed (Table (6.18) and Figure (6.9)) reached 29.5 

Billion Kg CO 2 Eq. for the same year. This is a clear reduction of 4.7 Billion Kg CO 2 Eq. 

of GHG Emission in the year 2025. 

In fact the study shows that if the mitigation options are taken in to account and 

implemented the reduction in GHG Emission will increase gradually starting by about 

3% reduction in the year 2012 rising to about 10% reduction in the year 2020 and 

reaching closely 14% reduction in GHG Emission in the year 2025 (see Table (6.20) 

and Figure (7.1)). The magnitudes of these reductions in Emission we believe are 

reasonable and encouraging. 

5.3 Recommendations 

To be able to achieve the above reduction in GHG Emissions and to keep them down 

to such a reasonable level for the ROY it is of a paramount importance that the 

following recommendations are taken into account seriously by all stakeholders, 

whether it is the Government, the Sectors, the Authorities concerned or the Private 

Organizations or Private Companies. These recommendations can be summarized as 

follows: 

1- Activate new regulations to improve fuel economy in all types of vehicles, 

2- Continue implementing the electrification programs in urban and rural area 

3- Supply NG to industrial and Commercial Sectors so that it can be used in the 

Cement Industry, Other Industries and Bakery Fired Systems, 

4- Gradually replacing the existing Electricity Generation Technologies, which 

depend on the Mazot and Diesel Fuels, by Natural Gas and Renewable Energy 

Electricity Generation Technologies, 

5- Introduce new regulations to gradually replace conventional lighting and 

refrigerators systems by more efficient ones. This can be done by issuing 



specific standards and norms on imports of lighting bulbs and refrigerator as 

well as on those locally manufactured, 

6- Reduce taxation on new Gasoline Vehicles which have emission reduction 

equipment fitted into them. The reduction should also apply to any vehicles 

imported which runs on new and renewable technologies, 

7- Introduce a yearly vehicle tests that includes emission levels so that 

inefficient old cars, buses and lorries can gradually be phased out, 

8- Raise taxations on new imported diesel vehicles to minimize their presence 

on the road and hence reduce the emissions, 

9- Continue the existing ban on importing vehicles of 5 years old and above, 

10- Introduce Standards and Norms for all imported used vehicles, 

11- Make use of the media and launch awareness programs to educate vehicle 

users of the importance of keeping a pollutant efficient vehicle to our 

environment, 

12- Reduce the cost of LPG cylinders so that those households who cannot 

presently afford them can switch to LPG stoves. This is important to 

encourage a large number of rural households to use LPG stoves, 

13- Reduce or abolish taxation on LPG cooking equipment, 

14- Introduce awareness programs to educate the public of the benefit of using 

LPG stoves to the environment, 

15- On the Electrical Energy Sector it is recommended that the Government take 

measures that Natural Gas Turbines (NGT) plants are used in any future 

replacement that take place for aging Mazot and diesel plants, 

16- The Government should plan to introduce renewable energy plants such as 

Geothermal, Solar and Wind Plants in the future to meet the electricity 

demand, 

17- The Government should encourage local and external private investment in 

the generation of electrical power using renewable energies such as Wind 

and Solar energies in large quantities and sell to the national grid. This will 

assist the power sector to meet demand as early as 2020. 

18- Update the assessment of mitigation study in the future, 

19- Make assessment and evaluation of the projected change of this study and its 

corresponding actual changes of the mitigation GHG emission, 

20- Investigate how effective the Government policies on reducing the GHG 

emission during the lapsed period up to the start of the new national 

communication (3 rd YNC) for Yemen or the update of the study. 



References 

[1] www.en.wikipedia.org Library of Congress Federal Research Division, “Yemen 

Country Profile”, Dec., 2006. 

[2] Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation, Central Statistical Organization 

(CSO) “Yemen General Census of the Year 2004”. 

*3+ Public Electricity Corporation (PEC), “Annual Report – 2004”. 

*4+ Ministry of Electricity & Water, “Renewable Energy Strategy and Work Plan”, 

Final Report, June 2008. 

[5] Abdullah S. Bin Ghauth and Salim M. Bin Qaddhi, “Economic Aspects of 

Electrification of Rural Households using PV – Technology in Yemen”, JST, Vol. 4, No. 

2, Special Issue, Oct., 1999, pp. 23-26. 

*6+ Towfick Sufian, Faher Hiati and Abdul Raqib Asaad, “Assessment of Mitigation 

Options in the Republic of Yemen”, June, 2000. 

*7+ Sufian T. and Asaad A., “Rural Households Field Survey 2008 – 2009”, Part of 

YSNC Mitigation Team Study. 

*8+ Sufian T. and Asaad A., “Cement Industry Field Survey 2008 – 2009”, Part of YSNC 

Mitigation Team Study. 

*9+ Sufian T. and Asaad A., “Commercial Sector (Restaurants, Bakeries etc.) end uses 

Field Survey 2008 – 2009”, Part of YSNC Mitigation Team Study. 

*10+ Sufian T. and Asaad A., “Food Industry Field Survey 2008 – 2009”, Part of YSNC 

Mitigation Team Study. 

[11] Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation, Central Statistical 

Organization (CSO), “Statistical Year Books 1997 – 2008”. 

[12] www.eiadoe.goy Energy Information Administration, “Country Analysis Briefs – 

Yemen”, Oct., 2007. 

*13+ Abdo A. Almakaleh, “Monthley Design Values for Solar Energy Collectors and 

Concentrators System in Yemen”, JST, Vol. 4, No. 2, Special Issue, Oct., 1999, pp 27- 

44. 

*14+ Economist Intelligence Report, “Yemen: Country Profile, 2004”. 

*15+ UNDP, “Human Development Report: 2007-2008”. 



Appendix (A)

2YNC GHG Mitigation Final Draft Report 30 06 10 .pdf

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