Cells: The Living Units Cell Theory Cytology Cellular Diversity ...
Cells: The Living Units Cell Theory Cytology Cellular Diversity ...
Cells: The Living Units Cell Theory Cytology Cellular Diversity ...
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<strong><strong>Cell</strong>s</strong>: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Living</strong> <strong>Units</strong><br />
<strong>Cell</strong> <strong>The</strong>ory<br />
• 1) <strong><strong>Cell</strong>s</strong> = basic functional & structural units of<br />
the body<br />
• 2) All cells come from pre-existing cells<br />
• 3) All cells have the same DNA<br />
• 4) Maintain homeostasis<br />
<strong>Cell</strong><br />
Division<br />
<strong>Cytology</strong><br />
US Debt =<br />
16 trillions <strong>Cell</strong>ular <strong>Diversity</strong><br />
• 1) <strong><strong>Cell</strong>s</strong> = basic structural and functional units<br />
of all living things<br />
– A) 30-75 trillion cells<br />
– B) <strong>Cell</strong>ular diversity = 200 different types<br />
• diverse in size, shape, and function<br />
Figure 2.18b<br />
<strong>Cell</strong>ular <strong>Diversity</strong><br />
3 principal parts of a cell<br />
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Plasma Membrane<br />
• 1) defines the extent of the cell<br />
• 2) Structure<br />
– A) lipid bilayer<br />
– B) membrane proteins<br />
• Integral proteins<br />
• Peripheral proteins<br />
Plasma Membrane<br />
• 1) Functions<br />
– A) act as receptors<br />
– B) Separates two major fluid compartments<br />
– C) Semi-permeable<br />
• Selective transport across membrane<br />
• 2) Membrane Transport Mechanisms<br />
– A) Passive transport: simple vs. facilitated diffusion<br />
– B) Active transport<br />
• Small molecules: primary vs. secondary active transport<br />
• Macromolecules: vesicular transport (endocytosis vs.<br />
exocytosis)<br />
Osmosis<br />
Vesicular Transport<br />
Cytoplasm<br />
A<br />
• major elements<br />
– 1) Cytosol<br />
• Consists of water, ions, and enzymes<br />
– 2) Organelles<br />
– 3) inclusions<br />
• Melanin<br />
• Lipid droplets<br />
B<br />
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organelles<br />
Hereditary Information<br />
• 1) Mitochondria<br />
• 2) Endoplasmic<br />
reticulum<br />
– Protein synthesis<br />
– lipid metabolism<br />
– detoxify poisons & drugs<br />
• 3) Golgi apparatus<br />
• 4) Lysosomes<br />
• 5) peroxisomes<br />
– neutralize free radicals<br />
• 6) Ribosomes<br />
• 7) Centrosomes =<br />
Microtubule-organizing<br />
center<br />
– Centrioles - cylindrical<br />
bodies<br />
• 8) Cytoskeleton<br />
– Maintains cell shape<br />
– <strong>Cell</strong> transport<br />
• 1) Genome = hereditary<br />
information<br />
– 30,000 genes<br />
• 2) 46 chromosomes<br />
• 3) DNA<br />
– Chromatin<br />
– Chromosome<br />
Central Dogma of Biology<br />
• DNA => RNA => Protein<br />
– Transcription<br />
– Translation<br />
• Modification &<br />
Processing<br />
• Export<br />
<strong>Cell</strong> Division<br />
• 1) Meiosis – sex cells<br />
• 2) Mitosis – somatic cells<br />
– A) Interphase: Preparation<br />
– B) Mitotic phase: cell<br />
division<br />
• 1) Mitosis: duplication<br />
of DNA and division of<br />
the nucleus<br />
– Chromosomes<br />
distributed to 2 daughter<br />
nuclei<br />
• 2) Cytokinesis: division<br />
of the cytoplasm<br />
Mitotic phase<br />
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