Managing The Human Tiger Interface - Global Tiger Initiative
Managing The Human Tiger Interface - Global Tiger Initiative
Managing The Human Tiger Interface - Global Tiger Initiative
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MANAGING<br />
THE HUMAN – TIGER INTERFACE<br />
DR SUBRAT MUKHERJEE, IFS<br />
FIELD DIRECTOR<br />
SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVE
INDIAN<br />
SUNDARBANS<br />
(4265 SQ KM approx)<br />
STR<br />
(2585 SQ KM)<br />
BANGLADESH<br />
SUNDARBANS<br />
(6000 SQ KM approx)<br />
SOUTH<br />
24 PGS<br />
NP OF STR = WHS<br />
(1680 SQ KM)<br />
(1330 SQ KM)<br />
BUFFER AREA
THE HUMAN-TIGER<br />
INTERFACE<br />
CIVIL BLOCKS<br />
• BLOCKs – 29<br />
• GRAM PANCHAYATs – 312<br />
• TOTAL AREA – 8165.05 SQ KM<br />
• POPULATION DENSITY – 846 / SQ KM<br />
• TOTAL FRINGE POPULATION – 4.2 MILLION<br />
• MAJOR OCCUPATION –<br />
AGRICULTURE AND FISHING<br />
SOUTH 24 PGS DIST<br />
WEST BENGAL, INDIA<br />
SUNDARBANS<br />
FOREST BLOCKS<br />
TOTAL MANGROVE R.F. – 4265 SQ.KMS.<br />
SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVE – 2585 SQ.KMS<br />
S. 24 PGS FOREST DIVISION – 1680 SQ.KMS<br />
PROTECTED AREAS<br />
AREA OF SUNDARBAN N.P. – 1330 SQ.KMS<br />
AREA OF SWLS – 362 SQ.KMS<br />
AREA OF LOTHIAN WLS – 38 SQ.KMS<br />
AREA OF HALIDAY WLS – 6 SQ.KMS<br />
TIGER POPULATION AS PER<br />
PUGMARK CENSUS, 2004 - 249
HUMAN-TIGER CONFLICT IN THE<br />
UNDIVIDED SUNDERBANS<br />
YEAR<br />
No. of Men Carried<br />
Away<br />
No. of <strong>Tiger</strong>s Killed<br />
1881-82 161 3<br />
1883-84 168 8<br />
1907-08 120 9<br />
1911-12 112 61<br />
1914-1515 79 36<br />
1915-16 60 33<br />
Source: A.C. Gupta, West Bengal Forests (Centenary Commemoration Volume,1964)<br />
• A REWARD OF RS 200/- WAS ANNOUNCED FOR EACH TIGER KILL IN<br />
1910 AND CONTINUED TILL INDEPENDENCE<br />
• TILL POST INDEPENDENCE, TIGER WAS CONSIDERED AS ‘PEST’
HUMAN – TIGER CONFLICTS<br />
CLASSIFIED<br />
CONFLICT INSIDE FOREST<br />
DUE TO BIOTIC INTERFERENCE CAUSED<br />
BY FISHERMEN, HONEY COLLECTORS,<br />
WOOD COLLECTORS ETC<br />
CONFLICT OUTSIDE FOREST<br />
WHEN TIGER STRAYS IN A VILLAGE AND<br />
KILLS/INJURES LIVESTOCK AND HUMAN<br />
BEINGS
•TEMPORARY STRAYING<br />
TIGER STARYING - CLASSIFIED<br />
STRAY TO THE VILLAGE AND RETURN TO JUNGLE OF ITS OWN<br />
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS – DRIVING / TRAPPING<br />
•PERMANENT STRAYING<br />
ENTRY DEEP INSIDE VILLAGE AND LOSS OF DIRECTION ,<br />
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS O - TRANQUILIZATION, TRANSLOCATION O AND RELEASE
MAJOR CAUSES OF TIGER STARYING<br />
• TERRITORIAL FIGHT<br />
• BREEDING / LITTERING TIME<br />
• INTERMINGLED FOREST AND VILLAGE<br />
• IN SEARCH OF EASY PREY<br />
• INJURY AND OLD AGE
1 ST GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1973(PT DECLARATION) – 1988(NFP) ]<br />
STATUS<br />
• PEOPLE KILLED – MAINLY FISHERMEN, HONEY COLLECTORS, COUPE<br />
OPERATORS<br />
• TIGERS KILLED – BY POACHERS, RETALIATORY KILLING<br />
• TOTAL STRAYING CASES – 303 NOS<br />
MITIGATION METHODS<br />
• USE OF MASKS<br />
• USE OF ELECTRIC DUMMIES<br />
• EXCAVATION OF SWEET WATER PONDS<br />
USE OF MASK ELECTRIC DUMMY SWEET WATER POND
2 ND GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1988(NFP) – 2001 ]<br />
MITIGATION METHODS<br />
EMPHASIS ON REDUCING STRAYING<br />
• USE OF GORAN (Ceriops) - GEWA (Excoecaria<br />
Excoecaria) ) CHITTA FENCING ALONG FRINGE<br />
• INITIATION OF TRAINED TRANQUILIZATION SQUAD<br />
• INTRODUCTION OF NYLON NET FENCING<br />
EMPHASIS ON REDUCING NUMBER OF PEOPLE ENTRY<br />
• ECODEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN VILLAGES<br />
• EMPHASIS ON FARM BASED ACTIVITIES FROM FOREST ACTIVITIES<br />
• COUPE OPERATION STOPPED<br />
• NUMBER OF HONEY COLLECTORS REDUCED<br />
GORAN CHITA FENCING AGRICULTURE INPUT TRANQUILIZATION
2 ND GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1988(NFP) – 2001 ]<br />
STATUS OF CONFLICT<br />
• TOTAL TIGER STRAYING CASES – 280<br />
• HUMAN DEATH REDUCED<br />
No.<br />
Persons Killed by <strong>Tiger</strong> in Sunderban <strong>Tiger</strong> Reserve since 1985-86<br />
Tota<br />
l N u m b e r<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
43<br />
38<br />
34<br />
32<br />
31<br />
25<br />
21<br />
14<br />
15<br />
13<br />
14<br />
12<br />
9<br />
8<br />
4 5<br />
6 7<br />
5<br />
3 2 2<br />
0 0<br />
1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09<br />
Year
3 RD GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 2002 – TILL DATE (REASONING,ANALYSIS) ]<br />
STATUS OF CONFLICT<br />
• 2 STRAYED TIGER WERE KILLED BY PEOPLE (2001)<br />
• HUMAN DEATHS REDUCED<br />
• STRAYING REDUCED<br />
MITIGATION METHODS<br />
• USE OF NYLON NET FENCING ( 48 KM OUT OF 65 KM INTERFACE )<br />
• REDUCED REACTION TIME<br />
• 6 EQUIPPED ‘TSCF’<br />
• LARGE SCALE ECODEVELOPMENT WORKS<br />
• HRD & CAPACITY BUILDING<br />
METAL RUNNER<br />
8-10 FT<br />
MESH – 4”X4”<br />
‘TSCF’ WITH TIGER GUARD<br />
NYLON NET FENCE ALONG FOREST
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT<br />
(A)<br />
EARLIER THE<br />
STRAYED OUT<br />
CAPTURED<br />
TIGER WAS<br />
RELEASED ‘ON<br />
LAND’<br />
TILL<br />
2001<br />
(A)<br />
(B)<br />
NOW THE TIGER IS BEING<br />
RELEASED FROM<br />
FROM ‘BOAT’<br />
(B)
REASEARCH & DEVELOPMENT<br />
• CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ‘ALP’ FOR<br />
FUTURE PLANING OF PARTICIPATORY<br />
FOREST MANAGEMENT - AN ‘IUCN-MFF’<br />
SMALL GRANT PROJECT<br />
• EAR-TAGGING<br />
AND MICROCHIPPING –<br />
TILL DATE 2FEMALES<br />
AND 2MALES<br />
TIGER<br />
HAVE<br />
BEEN EAR-TAGGED<br />
AND<br />
MICROCHIPPED TO STUDY THEIR STRAYING<br />
BEHAVIOUR - ONLY ONE FEMALE SHOWED<br />
SUCH REPEATED STRAYING TENDENCY
1 ST CAPTUTE<br />
(30 TH JUNE’09)<br />
1 ST RELEASE<br />
(3 RD JULY’09)<br />
CAPTURE<br />
& RELOCATION<br />
OF A SAME TIGRESS<br />
(WLWB/0001)<br />
PIRKHALI-1<br />
JHILLA-1<br />
2 ND CAPTUTE<br />
(31 ST JULY’09)<br />
2 ND RELEASE<br />
(2 ND AUGUST’09)<br />
DULIBHASANI-3<br />
BAGMARA-7
REASEARCH & DEVELOPMENT<br />
• TREATMENT OF INJURED TIGER –<br />
TILL DATE 3MALE<br />
TIGERS AND 1FEMALE<br />
TIGER HAVE BEEN FOUND STRAYING DUE<br />
HUNTING INCAPABILITY AND THEY WERE TREATED AT KOLKATA ZOO AND 2(TWO)<br />
OF THEM TRANSLOCATED BACK TO THE WILD<br />
13.03.2009 22.07<br />
07.2009<br />
• BEHAVIOURAL STUDY –<br />
STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SUNDARBAN TIGERS ARE LESS IN BODY<br />
WEIGHT & SMALLER IN SIZE COMPARED TO MAIN LAND TIGERS<br />
ANIMAL<br />
<strong>Tiger</strong><br />
SEX<br />
DATE<br />
ACTUAL<br />
WEIGHT<br />
Nose<br />
tip to<br />
Head<br />
LENGTH (Cm.)<br />
Head<br />
Tail<br />
to<br />
length<br />
Anus<br />
Total<br />
NECK<br />
GIRTH<br />
(cm.)<br />
CHEST<br />
GIRTH<br />
(cm.)<br />
SHOULDER<br />
HEIGHT<br />
(cm.)<br />
Ml Male 22.05.10 97 kg 32.5 137 83 252.5 5 53 89 89<br />
<strong>Tiger</strong><br />
Male 22.05.10 115 kg 35 133 84 252.0 56 92 94<br />
<strong>Tiger</strong><br />
<strong>Tiger</strong><br />
Female 27.06.10 72 kg 30 127 82 239.0 48 87 67<br />
Male 22.10.10 98 kg 33 148 80 261 57 89 94
THE WAY AHEAD<br />
• RESEARCH ON TIGER ETHOLOGY & STRAYING BEHAVIOUR<br />
• PROVISION OF ‘ALP’ TO REDUCE DEPENDENCY ON NATURAL RESOURCES<br />
• COVERING THE ENTIRE 68 KM FRINGE BY NYLON NET FENCING<br />
• RESTOCKING OF PREY BASE<br />
• CONSTRUCTION OF RELOCATION CENTER FOR TIGER AT JHARKHALI<br />
• INSTALLATION OF SOLAR LIGHT ALONG THE FRINGE EMBANKMENT<br />
• COMMUNITY PATROLLING ON VOLUNTARY BASIS<br />
• AWARENESS GENERATION & OUTREACH PROGRAM
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