Destinos: 27-52 The Main Grammar Points, and Exercises with ...

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22 We have perfect tenses, also known as compound tenses, in English: examples are “we have written,” (present perfect tense) “they had gone” (past perfect, or pluperfect tense). These same two tenses exist in Spanish, and they are used in much the same way as they are in English. In Spanish, however, because mood is a much more active part of the language, we must discuss four, rather than two, compound tenses: (1) the present perfect indicative and (2) the present perfect subjunctive; (3) the past perfect indicative and (4) the past perfect subjunctive. Before considering these perfect tenses individually, it will be helpful to offer a brief overview of compound vs. simple tenses. Compound vs. Simple tenses. Any verb form in Spanish contains four important elements (in English, most verbs contain only one): 1. WHO (subject) 2. WHEN (tense) 3. HOW (mood) 4. WHAT (content) A verb like tengamos, for instance, tells us not only what (the act of possessing), but also who is doing the possessing (we), when the possessing is occurring (present), and in which mood (=how) the possessing is occurring (subjunctive). Most verbs in Spanish operate this way: a single word provides all four elements listed above. [If we compare English, we find that the verb word often tells only WHAT: write, for example, does not tell us WHO (I write, we write, they write), or WHEN (I did write, I shall write, I may write, I could write, etc.), or HOW (I write, they want me to write) The word write appears in each and every one of these verb phrases. Write does not distinguish subject, tense or mood, the way that escribo, escriba, escribí, escribiré, etc. do in Spanish]. Tengamos is considered a simple verb, because it consists of only one word. Compound verbs consist of more than one word, and just as perfect tenses in English always contain some form of the auxiliary verb to have, so too in Spanish each perfect tense contains some form of the auxiliary verb haber. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE A. Indicative Mood. The present perfect tense of the indicative mood is formed by joining a present indicative form of haber with the past participle of another verb. The form of haber contributes the WHO, WHEN and HOW of the verb (subject, tense, and mood), and the past participle of the other verb contributes the WHAT, the fourth element possessed by all verbs in Spanish, as stated above. Forms of HABER: present indicative he hemos has habéis ha han Forms of the Past Participle Regular formation for -AR verbs: take off the infinitive ending, then add -ado: HABLARhablado; JUGAR-jugado; ESTAR -estado; ACOSTAR-acostado
23 Regular formation for -ER and -IR verbs: take off the infinitive ending, then add -ido: COMER-comido; VIVIR-vivido; BEBER-bebido; SALIR-salido There are a number of verbs that have irregular past participles, and these must be memorized. abrir-abierto morir-muerto decir-dicho poner-puesto descubrir-descubierto resolver-resuelto escribir-escrito ver-visto hacer-hecho volver-vuelto Forms of the present perfect tense of the indicative mood. HABER + PAST PARTICIPLE he hablado has hecho ha comido hemos hablado habéis escrito han salido Examples. Hemos visto París. We have seen Paris. Ellas han escrito la carta. They have written the letter. Te has levantado temprano hoy. You’ve gotten up early today. Note that the past participle form is invariable when it is part of a perfect tense: it does not “agree” with the subject in gender or number. (We do not say “Hemos vistos” or “Las muchachas han salidas;” these are incorrect. We say “Hemos visto,” and “Las muchachas han salido.”) Note also that object pronouns always precede forms of perfect tenses in Spanish. They are never attached to the end of the past participle, nor can they be placed in between the past participle and the form of haber. B. Subjunctive Mood of the Present Perfect Tense. Suppose we had a sentence like “I hope they have arrived.” The dependent noun clause “that they have arrived” contains a verb in the present perfect tense, “they have arrived.” There is also a subjunctive trigger, “I hope,” along with a change of subject (I am doing the hoping, they are doing the arriving), so we have a classic situation where the subjunctive mood is called for in the dependent noun clause. We cannot use the indicative “ellas han llegado” in this situation, but rather must use the subjunctive form of the present perfect tense, hayan llegado.
Page 1 and 2: 1 Destinos: 27-52 The Main Grammar
Page 3 and 4: 3 VI. The Present Perfect Tense: In
Page 5 and 6: 5 I. THE FUTURE TENSE FORMS. The fo
Page 7 and 8: 7 We shall begin our study of the s
Page 9 and 10: 9 command, the verb in the dependen
Page 11 and 12: 11 BUT: No creo que Marta vaya a sa
Page 13 and 14: 13 In sentence two, where the adver
Page 15 and 16: 15 ∗ Finally, some adverbial conj
Page 17 and 18: 17 A Caution. When we examined the
Page 19 and 20: 19 (which means that our arriving w
Page 21: 21 tener-ten venir-ven ser-sé ir-v
Page 25 and 26: 25 Examples. Ya habíamos visto Par
Page 27 and 28: 27 (You can see that in the other t
Page 29 and 30: 29 Taking the verb tense of the ind
Page 31 and 32: 31 IX. FORMATION OF ADVERBS (This m
Page 33 and 34: 33 II. PRACTICE WITH FORMING THE PR
Page 35 and 36: 35 Use either the present tense of
Page 37 and 38: 37 I have spoken- You (tú) have ea
Page 39 and 40: 39 2. La bicicleta (THAT) es nueva
Page 41 and 42: 41 1. HABLAR: 2. COMER: 3. VIVIR: 4
Page 43 and 44: 43 2. Ellas no creen que (tú) (VIV
Page 45 and 46: 45 2. Anoche salimos después de qu
Page 47 and 48: 47 4. Si (yo) (TENER) dinero, compr
Page 49 and 50: 49 Traduzca. 1. She spoke very rapi
Page 51 and 52: 51 (past perfect subjunctive) I wou
Page 53 and 54: 53 (past perfect subjunctive) she w
Page 55 and 56: 55 (past perfect subjunctive) we wo
Page 57 and 58: 57 I would have eaten- (conditional
Page 61 and 62: 61 I had lived- (past perfect indic
Page 65 and 66: 65 (past perfect subjunctive) we wo
Page 67 and 68: 67 (past perfect subjunctive) I wou
Page 69 and 70: 69 2. Quiero que él ponga la luz.
Page 71 and 72: 71 PRACTICE WITH UD. AND UDS. COMMA
Page 73 and 74:
73 PRACTICE WITH USING THE PRESENT,
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75 THE PAST PERFECT TENSE Indicativ
Page 77 and 78:
77 (past perfect subjunctive) I wou
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79 (past perfect subjunctive) she w
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81 (past perfect subjunctive) we wo
Page 83 and 84:
83 I would have eaten-(YO) HABRÍA
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
87 I had lived- HABÍA VIVIDO (past
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
91 (past perfect subjunctive) we wo
Page 93:
93 (past perfect subjunctive) I wou
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