Prospect 2.1 for Windows - User's Guide

Developed to encourage the sustainable use
of the world’s timber species, Prospect is
the definitive database for all who research
and use wood.

Prospect: the Wood Database
(Version 2.1 for Windows)
The following guide comprises of two parts: the first, describes Prospect’s background, the
reasoning behind its development and details links to WCMC (World Conservation
Monitoring Centre); the second part, provides a User’s Guide to the system, describing the
installation procedure and system requirements, the contents and operation of the database,
how data recorded can be presented to the user and how the relationship between a timber’s
properties and its possible uses can be used to survey that information.
Acknowledgments
The development of the Prospect database has been financed since its inception by the
Overseas Development Administration of the British Government whose support is
gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks also to Prof. Burley, Bob Plumptre, Julie Smith,
Cath Dorey, Victor Burclaff, John Brazier, Simon Forrester, Sequel Design, xylarium and
library support staff at the Oxford Forestry Institute and all those who have contributed
towards the development of the Prospect database.
Copyright Notice
Copyright of Prospect: the Wood Database, and documentation belongs to the Oxford
Forestry Institute (OFI). This product may not be used, sold, transferred, copied or
reproduced, in any manner or form, or in any medium, to any person other than with the
prior consent of the OFI.
All possible care has been taken in the preparation of this product, but the Oxford Forestry
Institute accepts no liability for any inaccuracies that may be found. The OFI will not be
held liable for any damages, however caused, arising out of the use or inability to use this
product or documentation.
The Oxford Forestry Institute reserves the right to revise all software and documentation
relating to Prospect and to make changes to the database content without obligation to
notify any person or organisation of this revision or change.
© 1997-2004 Oxford Forestry Institute. All Rights Reserved.

Contents
Part 1 - Background
1. Introduction i
2. The need for Prospect i
2.1 Forest Degradation and Destruction i
2.2 Management and Species Use ii
2.3 Effects of Creaming ii
2.4 Methods of Avoiding Creaming iii
2.5 Disadvantages of Mixed Tropical Forest as a Resource Base iii
2.6 Implications of Removing More Species iii
2.7 Advantages to Management of Being Able to Utilise More Species iv
References
v
3. Additional Data Sources vi
3.1 World Conservation Monitoring Centre vi
Part 2 - User’s Guide
1. Introduction 1
2. Database Contents 1
2.1 Species Taxonomy 1
2.2 Species Distribution 1
2.3 Timber Properties 2
2.4 End-Uses 2
2.5 Wood Surface Images 2
2.6 References 2
3. Installation 3
3.1 System Requirements 3
3.2 Installation Instructions 3
3.3 Prospect Setup 3
3.4 Text Files 3
3.5 Running Prospect 4
3.6 Troubleshooting 4
3.7 Removing Prospect 4
3.8 Problems 4
4. Basic Operating Hints 5
5. A Prospect Session 6
5.1 Search by species name 10
5.2 Search by data content 19
5.3 Search by multiple properties 25
5.4 Potential end-uses for a species 38
5.5 Summaries of database contents 44
5.6 References 51
5.7 Exit 53
6. Appendices 54
Appendix 1. Technical Aspects of Prospect 54
Appendix 2. List of Timber Properties 56
Appendix 3. List of End-Uses 62
Appendix 4. List of Countries/Geographical Regions 63
Appendix 5. List of Species 64

Prospect: The Wood Database - Background
Contents
1. Introduction i
2. The Need for Prospect i
2.1 Forest Degradation and Destruction i
2.2 Management and Species Use ii
2.3 Effects of Creaming ii
2.4 Methods of Avoiding Creaming iii
2.5 Disadvantages of Mixed Tropical Forest as a Resource Base iii
2.6 Implications of Removing More Species iii
2.7 Advantages to Management of Being Able to Utilise More Species iv
References
v
3. Additional Data Sources vi
3.1 World Conservation Monitoring Centre vi

1. Introduction
Since its inception in 1981, (as a result of a recommendation made at the 11th Commonwealth
Conference in 1980), Prospect: The Wood Database has been revised and expanded to
accommodate the needs of a wide range of people involved with forest management, timber
conversion, and utilisation. This introduction attempts to explain the increasing importance and
general usefulness of the database, whilst also considering the contribution that it can make
towards aiding decision making processes with respect to such matters as timber sourcing,
certification, and the various objectives and targets set by governments, industry and NGO's
aimed at securing supplies of timber from 'sustainable' or 'well managed' forests. It would seem
that much debate continues to centre around defining these terms, not only between interested
parties at national and international level but also between producers and consumers whose voice
is increasingly being heard with persuasive effect. Whatever the outcome of this altercation, the
definition of such terms will probably be subject to constant evaluation and revision, not only
because of the need to consider such a broad range of social and forest management objectives,
but also as a result of the need to assess how harvesting, availability, and quality of a broad range
of over/well used species effects forest composition, biodiversity, and the local economy. To
facilitate, not only the promotion of these lesser known species where it is considered to be of
benefit, but also to ensure that processing secures maximum end product value and consumer
satisfaction, access to the wide range of data on timber properties is considered essential.
Prospect: The Wood Database, has been designed to enable the user, either to undertake a broad
based search so that a general assessment can be made of a species characteristics, or specific
data can be accessed with respect to a particular property or reference. The real benefit of the
Prospect database however, lies in its ability, in an authoritative and transparent manner, to
assess a particular species for an end-use or, given an end use, rank species roughly in order of
suitability.
2. The Need for Prospect
The assertion that the Prospect database is designed to encourage the use of more timbers
(particularly those of tropical origin), is often met with disbelieve and seen as contrary to the
general desire to conserve and protect the diminishing tropical forest resource. However, apart
from the maxim 'use it or loose it', there are a number of very good reasons why the prudent
utilisation of more timber species helps to conserve, and indeed stimulate, the structure of the
forest. The following account looks at some of the causes of forest destruction, and why
increasing the range of species harvested can significantly improve the effectiveness of forest
management.
2.1 Forest Degradation and Destruction
It is important that these two terms are clearly defined and distinguished, they are frequently
misunderstood and incorrectly considered synonymous. Degradation is the impoverishment of
the forest in terms of numbers of species or their relative quantities per unit area; it also indicates
a reduction in the capacity of the forest to provide the goods and services that it was formerly
capable of providing. Destruction is a much stronger term; it involves complete removal of tree
cover and the elimination of most or all of the associated flora and fauna in that location.
Recovery from this state may take several hundred years, assuming no human interference,
(Keenan & Kimmins 1993), whereas recovery from degradation may be relatively rapid if
adequate safeguards are implemented to limit the negative effects of timber extraction such as
soil compaction.
Tropical forest degradation and destruction and possible methods of combating them have been
well documented (Lanly 1982, Brundtland et al. 1987, Poore et al. 1989, Repetto and Gillis 1988,
World Resources Institute 1992). Total destruction almost always results from clearance of forest
for agriculture, sometimes accelerated by access provided by logging roads, while degradation
can result from overlogging or a variety of other factors such as fuel cutting, charcoal burning, or
grazing. Ultimately, the prevention of these processes can only be achieved by determined and
effective management. This requires a decision not only from governments but also from wood
users and the population as a whole, that these destructive processes must be controlled. It is
essential that these forest management practices provide for the needs of the people by securing
i

oth forest and agricultural products. Depletion of timber supplies robs developing countries of a
crucial source of foreign exchange (WRI 1992). Failure to realize the full implications of not
adopting integrated land use policies nearly always results, not only in forest loss, but also in
agricultural and social degradation.
2.2 Management and Species Use
Forest Destruction
The attempts that have been made to devise methods of reducing or halting these destructive
processes are equally well documented, both in texts so far cited, and in numerous International
Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) reports, (ITTO 1990, Plumptre et al. 1991). All 53 ITTO
member countries have now pledged themselves to manage their forests sustainably by the year
2000 under the 'Sustainability 2000' agreement (ITTO 1996).
Destruction results from people cutting down the forest and turning the land over to some other
form of use. This can be the result of a planned process where there may be good reasons for
removing the forest. It is, for instance, unrealistic to expect a country with 80% forest cover, not
to clear some of it to make way for agriculture to cater for a growing population. Frequently,
however, destruction results from inadequate planning, or sometimes an inability or a lack of
determination to implement plans. Once destruction of natural forest occurs, only plantations will
re-instate forest in a reasonable length of time and invariably the full biological diversity of the
forest is lost. Shifting cultivation may not completely remove this diversity but it severely
reduces it.
Forest Degradation : ‘Creaming’
Forest degradation usually results from poor management. It frequently starts with 'creaming' of
the forest for the best species: the mahoganies, afrormosia and iroko in Africa; mahoganies,
rosewoods and cedar in South and Central America; rosewood, sandalwood and teak in India and
Burma and the blackwoods throughout the tropics. Creaming usually occurs because net revenue
per cubic metre utilised of a valuable species is greater, often very much greater, than for the less
valuable trees; the market is assured, methods of handling the timber are known, export markets
for the wood (and therefore access to foreign exchange) may be available; the timber is usually
durable, frequently stable, and consequently tolerant of misuse such as inadequate seasoning.
When the best species have been depleted the next best come into use and, in the absence of
alternative supplies, the worst will eventually be used. There are very few woods that will not
find a use if there is an acute shortage of timber. The final product may not be as good but
'beggars cannot be choosers'; throughout most of the world there are few economically feasible
alternatives to timber for most of its uses. The rule of the marketplace, therefore, is: 'take the best
and the most profitable first and the less good only when you are forced to do so'.
2.3 Effects of Creaming
The creaming of forest is an insidious, wasteful and destructive process. It removes the best
species, usually reducing their capability to regenerate and compete with other species; it may also
reduce the genetic quality of these species because there is often selection against the best
individuals in the population. Many high value tropical species are of medium density and
strength; they are neither the very fast growing, low density light demanders, nor the very high
density, slow growing shade tolerant 'ironwoods'. They are, therefore, often moderately light
demanding and regenerate best under some, but not too much shade. In Africa and South America,
where the number of species marketed is relatively small in comparison with the total number
available, creaming does not usually open the canopy sufficiently to favour regeneration of these
species, whether naturally or artificially. In South East Asia however, the large proportion of
medium density species with similar properties tends to lead to more intensive use of the forest
which may be too intensive in some places. Here creaming is often less of a danger than the failure
to control the size of trees taken and the total volume of timber removed per hectare at any given
felling. Whitmore (1991) describes in detail the results of recent research into the ecological
requirements of different species and types of forest.
ii

2.4 Methods of Avoiding Creaming
There are three main methods which can be used to reduce the incentive to cream forests. One is to
set ‘royalties’ or forest fees for standing timber at such a rate that it is equally profitable to cut,
process and market valuable as well as non-valuable species. In many tropical countries this would
be a difficult to establish, mainly because a detailed knowledge of production costs for different
species, as well as the likely revenue obtainable from the different end products, would be very
hard to quantify. There is also likely to be strong resistance from the local timber trade to such an
idea, which relies on the valuable species to produce the major part of its revenue; high fees on
valuable species may have to be balanced by very low fees on the low value trees. A second way is
to improve the technology used to process the wood so as to add value to low value timbers.
Finally, the third way, is to improve the marketing of the products and identify 'niche' uses for
previously low value timbers in order to obtain a higher value for them.
2.5 Disadvantages of Mixed Tropical Forest as a Resource Base
The large number of intimately mixed species in this forest result in low quantities of any one in a
given area. If markets are demanding in their requirements, particularly in terms of appearance of
the wood, which is common for many export markets, then it is difficult to market timbers except
as individual species; this in turn makes it difficult to supply enough of any one species to supply a
large market demand.
The result over most of the tropics, except in parts of South and South East Asia, has been low
percentage utilisation of the resource both in terms of available species and of yield per hectare
which, historically, has varied between 0.3 and 2.0 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 . More recently this has increased, in
Africa, with Benin logging 4 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 and Nigeria 35 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 . In South America, Brazil
logging 6 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 and Costa Rica 22 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 . In Asia, Laos logging 12 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 and the
Philippines 83 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 . (FAO 1990). In addition, the percentage utilisation of the individual
tree has been low with only prime logs from the bole being used and branchwood discarded
(Berger 1990).
2.6 Implications of Removing More Species
If the commercially profitable use of a larger number of species is achieved there will be less
incentive to cream the forest and trees will tend to be removed in proportion to their natural
occurrence in the forest. Even without any management this might merely result in the removal of
all trees in the forest over the diameter which can economically be processed; the result would be a
very open and immature canopy but it would probably still leave small trees on the ground roughly
in the proportions in which they originally occurred. Subsequent regeneration, because of the
openness of the canopy, would favour light demanders over shade tolerant trees but the forest
would only be set back a few stages in its natural succession and most of the natural diversity
would probably be retained. Very heavy fellings, however, cause a large amount of damage to the
saplings and regeneration on the forest floor even though the destruction is often less than might be
expected (Whitmore 1991). This type of situation, is by no means desirable but probably better
than uncontrolled creaming. Lack of effective tropical forest harvesting and silvicultural
management is, therefore, bad for the forest if many species are taken, but not necessarily any
worse, than if the forest is creamed for just a few. From the short term point of view of utilising the
existing resource, it is far better to remove and make useful products from a large volume per
hectare of many species, than a small volume per hectare of a few. In this way, a smaller area of
forest is degraded to supply a given demand for timber. The case for using more species is,
therefore, good even if management is poor.
In the worst case scenario it is possible that the indiscriminate removal of a large number of
species is worse than creaming for a few. However, it should be noted that in the latter case the
iii

temptation to re-enter the forest is often too great and further removals usually result.
Consequently, regardless of the number of species initially harvested, there is no real alternative to
some form of management, for without it, the forest will eventually be destroyed.
2.7 Advantages to Management of Being Able to Utilise More Species
The exact silvicultural requirements for species and volume removal by harvesting will vary
according to the type of forest and the objectives of management. These objectives can vary from
retaining forest composition as close as possible to the natural state of the forest at one extreme,
to optimising the growth of the valuable species without unduly affecting the diversity of the
forest. It is assumed that the conversion of the forest to a monoculture or semi-monoculture is not
desired.
Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in Central America is a good example; the species
regenerates naturally after hurricanes and fires but does not do so easily under a closed canopy.
In order to ensure that there is mahogany in the future, fairly drastic opening of the canopy will
be required. The same is true of the African mahoganies, iroko and some of the South East Asian
dipterocarps but the actual conditions required will vary from one ecological community to
another. There is a danger of removing too much, but there is also a danger of removing too little
once management is in place and providing some protection from the natural hazards to which
the forest has been exposed in the past. Complete protection would eventually result in forest
composed of mainly shade tolerant climax species, almost certainly less biodiversity and a set of
hard heavy timbers which are difficult to utilise. Conversely, overcutting can result in almost
pure crops of extreme light demanders, climber tangles and a reduction of the populations of the
shade tolerant species; this again may result in lower biodiversity. Good inventories of forest
composition provide essential information which is required before sizable management
decisions can be taken.
When effective management of production forest is established, the great advantages of being
able to harvest and use profitably a large number of species become fully apparent. If all species
can be used, management merely consists of specifying which trees should not be felled because
they must be kept for silvicultural or environmental reasons. Minimum diameter limits can be set
below which trees of any given species must not be felled and these will not be the same for all
species. Trees with sapwood that is different from the (valuable) heartwood will often be grown
to a larger size than trees whose sapwood and heartwood can both be used for the same purpose.
Trees which only grow to a small size (for instance some of the understorey trees) often inhibit
the growth of regeneration of the valuable species, these can be felled at lower diameters than the
larger trees. Many of the smaller trees grow to sizes that are quite large enough to be used in
sawmills equipped to cut logs down to 20-30cm in diameter. Equipping a sawmill to cut this size
of log is not usually costly if it is already capable of cutting larger logs. Trees that need to be kept
to provide seed, or to give shade, can be left to grow larger than others. Trees that provide food
for wildlife or non-timber products, valuable to man, can be grown to large sizes. The facility to
use all or most species provides silviculturalists with the options they need, so that a more
flexible approach to forest management can be adopted, while allowing forest managers to
supply the forest industry with sufficiently large volumes of timber per hectare to make it
profitable to operate.
Access to a thorough knowledge of the properties and potential uses of as many species as
possible is, therefore, extremely valuable to any forest manager, for without this knowledge,
effective management is very difficult.
iv

References
Berger, R. (1990) Malaysia's Forests: A Resource Without a Future? Packard Chichester. 216p.
Brundtland, G.H. et. al. (1987) Our common future: The World Commission on Environment and
Development. Oxford University Press. 383p.
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). Forest Resources Assessment
1990. (1990) FAO Forestry Paper 112. 59p.
ITTO, (1990) Selection and introduction of lesser known and lesser used species for specific enduses.
Final report of ITTO project PD 18/87 Rev 1(1). 15p.
ITTO, (1996) Ten years of progress ITTO 35p.
Keenan. R.J. and Kimmins. J.P. (1993). The ecological effects of clearcutting. Environ. Rev. Vol.1.
121-138
Lanly, J.P., (1982) Tropical forest resources. Tropical Forestry Papers No. 30., Oxford Forestry
Institute, U.K. 106p.
Plumptre, R.A., Jayanetti, L., Fraser, A.I., Fawcett, T., Elliott, G.K. and Gane M., (1991) Incentives
in producer and consumer countries to promote sustainable development of tropical forests. OFI &
TRADA report to ITTO. 71p.
Poore, D., Burgess, P., Palmer, J., Rietbergen, S. and Synnott, T. (1989) No timber without trees.
Earthscan Publications, London. 252p.
Repetto, R. and Gillis, M., Eds. (1998) Public policies and the misuse of forest resources.
Cambridge University Press. 432p
World Resources Institute, (1992) World Resources. A report by WRI, UNEP and UNDP, Oxford
University Press. 385p.
Whitmore, T.C. (1991) An introduction to tropical rainforests. Oxford University Press. 226p.
v

3. Additional Data Sources
3.1 The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC)
WCMC is internationally recognised as a centre of excellence in the location and management
of information on the conservation and sustainable use of the world’s living resources.
Since Prospect’s inception in 1981, the Oxford Forestry Institute has worked closely with
WCMC to investigate and establish improved methods of data dissemination. As a result of
these efforts we have managed to indicate which species recorded on Prospect have further
conservation status data available from WCMC (see Appendix 5). Many species are unevenly
distributed over large geographical areas with the result that variation in threat category (where
ascertained), exist from region to region, furthermore, these data on which threat categories are
based are subject to constant revision and reassessment.
The Government of the Netherlands is funding a three-year collaborative project in support of
the worldwide conservation of trees. WCMC and SSC (Species Survival Commission) are the
major partners and are working closely with a wide range of other national and international
organisations to develop a Tree Conservation Information Service. The goal of this project is to
provide a reliable and up-to-date information service on the distribution, conservation status,
local uses and economic values of tree species worldwide, in order to assist countries in the
planning of sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation, through appropriate
international or intergovernmental processes. Particular outputs of this project have been
identified as follows:
· World List of Threatened Trees using the new IUCN (World Conservation Union) threat
categories
· Report on sustainability of tree utilisation
· World Tree Database, made available to users in electronic format
· On-line access to tree conservation information
· The development of an SSC Trees Network
For further information on The Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project,
please contact:
Information Officer,
World Conservation Monitoring Centre,
219 Huntingdon Road,
Cambridge,
CB3 0DL,
U.K.
E-mail:
WCMC URL:
info@wcmc.org.uk
http://www.wcmc.org.uk
Tel: +44 1223 277314
Fax: +44 1223 277136
vi

Prospect: The Wood Database - User’s Guide
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Database Contents 1
2.1 Species Taxonomy 1
2.2 Species Distribution 1
2.3 Timber Properties 2
2.4 End-Uses 2
2.5 Wood Surface Images 2
2.6 References 2
3. Installation 3
3.1 System Requirements 3
3.2 Installation Instructions 3
3.3 Prospect Setup 3
3.4 Text Files 3
3.5 Running Prospect 4
3.6 Troubleshooting 4
3.7 Removing Prospect 4
3.8 Problems 4
4. Basic Operating Hints 5
5. A Prospect Session 6
5.1 Search by species name 10
5.2 Search by data content 19
5.3 Search by multiple properties 25
5.4 Potential end-uses for a species 38
5.5 Summaries of database contents 44
5.6 References 51
5.7 Exit 53
6. Appendices 54
Appendix 1. Technical Aspects of Prospect 54
Appendix 2. List of Timber Properties 56
Appendix 3. List of End-Uses 62
Appendix 4. List of Countries/Geographical Regions 63
Appendix 5. List of Species 64

1. Introduction
This guide is designed to show how to install ‘Prospect the Wood Database’, how the system
operates, how the data it records can be presented to the user, and how the relationship between a
timber's properties and its possible uses can be used to survey that information.
An outline of the structure and content of the database is given and general guide-lines are
provided on operating the program, understanding selection procedures and accessing the
context-sensitive help. The main part of this guide takes the form of a Prospect session,
examining the functions of each section of the program.
The Prospect database currently contains information for 1552 species. Of these, there are
approximately 64 softwoods, and 45 species (coded by a ~) are listed as plantations species,
where the data has come from plantation grown timber, some species appearing twice - one
with data from plantation grown timber and one with data from natural forest grown timber. In
terms of distribution the majority of species included are tropical, approximately, 40% Asian,
30% African and 30% Central and South American species, with a small number of temperate
species.
2. Database Contents
Prospect records a wide range of information for each species, covering the following areas:-
General information
Taxonomy: botanical names and synonyms/misapplied names
Vernacular names: trade/commercial and common/local names
Distribution: occurrence by country or geographical regions
Timber information
Timber properties
Known end-uses
Wood surface images
References
Publications used in the data extraction
2.1 Species Taxonomy
Species names are recorded in terms of family, genus, specific name and authority. A list of the
species currently included in Prospect is shown in Appendix 5, ~ indicating that the data for a
particular species refers to plantation grown trees. Vernacular names are registered as either a
trade/commercial name, or a common/local name. Each common name is recorded with a link
to its associated literature source. The general content in the form of static lists relating to
properties, distribution and taxonomy can be accessed through the Summaries of database
contents section of the Program (see later section).
2.2 Species Distribution
The distribution of each species is described in terms of its known occurrence in a country or
general geographical region selected from predefined lists of countries and regions (see
Appendix 4 and the Summaries of database contents section).
1

2.3 Timber Properties
The features of the timber are based on a predefined list of 92 properties, and are grouped into
12 sections (property groups). Each property is defined by a possible list of descriptors. Data of
a numerical nature are entered into predefined size classes. The system has the capability to
record up to 20 different data sources for each timber property and any relevant conditions
under which they were evaluated. These multiple data entries can be displayed to illustrate any
variation of opinion in the published literature and allows the user to make their own
interpretation of the data. Each data item is coupled with the reference source from which it was
extracted. General comments or observations relating to any property of a given species and
also the technical definition and related information can be displayed. Detailed descriptions of
the recorded properties are shown in Appendix 2.
2.4 End-Uses
Recognised end-uses are based on a predefined list, of 175, and are recorded within the same
data structure as the timber properties, but with three fixed categories denoting the known
degree of use. Details of the end-uses and descriptors are shown in Appendix 3.
2.5 Wood Surface Images
Wood surface images are provided for the majority of species, and can be displayed throughout
the database, wherever there is access to a Species Home Page and in the Summaries of
database contents section comparisons between images can be carried out (see relevant section
for full description).
It is strongly recommended that SVGA monitors be used when viewing images, VGA monitors
will give a poor representation of each image, both in terms of the colour and scale. Images are
shown at approximately actual size - however, as different monitors will result in some
variation in the size of the displayed image, the images are displayed closest to actual size when
a 800 x 600 display option is used in the Windows Setup.
Wood samples were provided by the Forest Herbarium Wood Collection, Oxford, all samples
were well seasoned and freshly sanded, with no further treatment of the surface other than the
removal of dust. The selection of samples aimed to produce images of a certain size, along the
longitudinal grain but this was not always possible. Radial or tangentially cut surfaces were
chosen in preference to a cross (or transverse) section; as if, for example, a sample is not cut on
a true radius (quarter cut) it may well fail to show an otherwise attractive figure. Similarly
samples from young stems were not considered initially as they would not reveal any possible
contrast between heartwood and sapwood colour. It should be taken into account when viewing
images, that selection due to defects such as stains, age, inadequate dimensions or damage, may
result in an impression of that genus or species that is not typical of that obtained commercially
in a larger quantity or dimension.
2.6 References
References are recorded by author(s), date of publication, title and journal or publisher. Each
publication is given a unique code number by which it is referred to in the database. To view
references independently of the data see References section.
2

3. Installation
3.1 System Requirements
To run the Prospect program an IBM-compatible microcomputer running Windows is required
with:
· 486 processor or better (Pentium recommended)
· 4Mb RAM (8Mb or more recommended)
· 24Mb free hard disk space
· CD-ROM drive
· colour VGA monitor (SVGA 256 colours recommended)
· mouse or other pointing device
3.2 Installation Instructions
The supplied file PROSPECT.EXE will self-extract to your Windows temporary folder, then
will run the install program. By default, the files will be installed to directory C:\PROSPECT,
but you may install to any named directory (it is advisable to use folder names with maximum 8
characters). Note that the installation will overwrite files in that directory should they already
exist.
Empty sub-folders PW21USER (to contain the user’s default settings and saved searches) and
IMAGES (for wood surface image files) will be created. These names must not be changed. If
images are required they should be downloaded from the Prospect website and extracted into
this IMAGES folder.
By default, a Windows Program group called “Prospect – The Wood Database” is created with
icons for the Prospect program, three textual information files and the Uninstall program.
3.3 Prospect Setup
Should you need to move the Prospect files to a new folder, you will need to run the program
file SETUPLOC.EXE in the installation folder which will reset the location of Prospect.
3.4 Text Files
Lists of the following information are provide in Microsoft Write files. Their contents can be
viewed by double clicking on the relevant icons in the Prospect Windows group:
· Species - lists the current names of the 1552 species recorded in Prospect Version 2.1
· Properties - lists the 92 recorded tree characteristics and timber properties
· End-uses - lists the 175 recorded end-uses
3

·
3.5 Running Prospect
Prospect is started by double clicking on the “Prospect 2.1 for Windows” icon. The first time
Prospect is run it will make copies of some system default files into the user’s working
directory (PW21USER). This directory is also used to store the user’s working files, preferred
system settings and program output.
3.6 Troubleshooting (for Windows 3.1)
The user may need to modify their system’s CONFIG.SYS file to specify the number of files
which can be opened. For Prospect the value should be a minimum of FILES=70.
If SHARE is in use and while running Prospect the user gets the message ‘File accessed
denied’, it may be necessary to increase the parameter values for SHARE in the system’s
AUTOEXEC.BAT file. This should be set to SHARE /F:4096 /L:500.
The “MEMLIMIT” line in the CONFIG.FPW file in the Prospect directory controls how much
memory the program can access. The user can allocate memory by specifying the percentage of
available memory that the user would like Prospect to use. For example, specifying
MEMLIMIT = 90, 2048, 4096 allocates 90 percent of the system’s available memory to
Prospect with a minimum allocation of 2048 K and a maximum of 4096 K. For systems with
exactly 4Mb, removing the MEMLIMIT statement may improve performance.
Any modifications to the above files should be made with a text editor such as Windows
Notepad. If system files CONFIG.SYS or AUTOEXEC.BAT are modified the computer will
need to be rebooted.
3.7 Removing Prospect
Prospect does not install any files into Windows system folders or registry. To automatically
remove the Prospect database from your computer, click on the Uninstaller icon, or use the
standard Windows procedure to uninstall via the Add/Remove Programs facility in Control
Panel. You will then need to delete the Prospect installation directory and all sub-directories.
3.8 Problems
We regret that this software is no longer supported, but we will do our best to help with any
problems.
Although the program has been thoroughly tested, it is possible that a ‘Program Error’ message
might occur, in this event the user should choose to ‘Cancel’ rather than ‘Ignore’
4

4. Basic Operating Hints
Prospect has a simple interface providing extensive facilities to customise searches and
evaluations by way of picture button toolbars, check boxes and pull down menus.
A number of basic buttons appear throughout the program, which are used for the same
common operations:-
- access the context-sensitive help
- proceed to the next stage of the operation, having specified any
required options and being ready to proceed
- move back to the previous screen
- move forward to the next screen
- move up to the previous line
- move down to the next line
- view detail of selected item
- delete all displayed information
- print the displayed data to file, having specified print options
- finish the current operation and return to the previous display
Scrollable lists are used throughout the system; to choose items from these lists the normal
Windows-style procedures should be used. If a one-line popup is active (highlighted), the user
should simply click on it to open the full list. Then either use the scroll bar on the right of the list
to find the required item; or use the keyboard by typing in quick succession the first letters of a
required name. Double-clicking on an item will select it or highlight and use the tick button.
Where check boxes are used to make selections, simply clicking on the relevant box will either
select, the box will then appear crossed () or deselect the check box will appear blank().
When printing, output is always directed to a file, RESULTS.TXT, in the User directory. Output
during a Prospect session is always appended to this file and at the start of a new session the file is
cleared. To view the file the user will first need to finish the current Prospect session. The file is in
ASCII text format and can be easily imported into any word processing package; to provide the
clearest output the file contents should be converted to a non-proportional font, such as courier,
and via the page setup the margins be set to a minimum value. The file should be renamed or
closed before re-entering Prospect.
Throughout the program, species names are displayed such that: the family name is displayed in
upper case after the species name, a species name ending with "[=...]" is a synonym or alternative
for the currently accepted species name, which is shown in the brackets. If you select a synonym,
the program will automatically use the current species name. Data from species with the symbol ~
after their name are from plantation-grown timber.
5

5. A Prospect Session
The Program begins with a ‘Main Menu’ which gives access to the main sections of the program:-
· Search by species name
· Search by data content
· Search by multiple properties
· Potential end-uses for a species
· Summaries of database contents
· References
The first two sections provide access to the information recorded in the database. In the first
section ‘Search by species name’, the user restricts the data they wish to view by selecting one or
more species by taxonomic details or distribution; in the second section ‘Search by data content’,
data viewed is related to particular properties and/or end-uses.
The next two sections provide two systems of evaluating species. The ‘Search by multiple properties’
section allows the user to build up a set of property requirements against which species are evaluated
and enables direct comparisons between species. The ‘Potential end-uses for a species’ section uses
predetermined sets of property requirements relating to specific end-uses to evaluate a species in
terms of the products it might be considered suitable to produce.
‘Summaries of database contents’ provides details on the general structure and content of the
database, by way of lists of properties and end-uses, distribution details lists by countries and by
regions and taxonomic details including lists of the families, genera, scientific names, synonyms
and vernacular names found in the database. Additionally, the user may browse through all the
wood surface images and make comparisons between them.
The ‘References’ section allows the user to display and search for publications used for data
collation, either independently of the data using free text searches or by searching for references
relating to specific species and sections of the data.
6

Menu Bar
The ‘Menu Bar’ appears at the top of the Main Menu screen is accessible throughout the program.
The menu bar ‘items’ are as follows:-
· ‘Setup’ - allows the user to set a number of default options in the database
·
· ‘Help’ - allows the user to access the comprehensive help system and view information
about this version of Prospect
·
· ‘Exit’ - allows the user to exit the program directly from anywhere within a session
Setup - Prime Properties
From the setup submenu the user may select a default list of ‘Prime properties’, where prime
properties are a list of properties which can be pre-selected by the user to aid property data
selection throughout the system and may be of special interest to the user. Selecting the prime
properties option will produce the following window:-
From here the user may append and insert properties, by choosing the relevant buttons and then
selecting a property from a scrollable list, to delete a property, highlight it and then use the
‘Delete’ button. A default list is provided with the system, which can be reinstated by pressing the
‘Default’ button. Up to 17 properties may be included in the ‘prime properties’ list.
7

Setup - Benchmark Species
In a similar manner, the user may change the ‘Benchmark species’, where benchmark species are a
list of species, which can be pre-selected by the user to aid species selection, these may be wellknown
timbers for which alternatives are being sort or species of special interest to the user.
Selecting Benchmark species from the setup submenu will produce a selection window similar to
the prime properties selection window and is illustrated below, the ‘Add’ button at the bottom of
the window will access a scrollable list of all species, from which the user may select one species
at a time, to add to the benchmark list. To delete a species in the benchmark list simply highlight it
and use the ‘Delete’ button. Species are displayed alphabetically, the list may not be saved with no
species included but no maximum number is set. A default list is provided and can be reinstated
via the ‘Default’ button.
Setup - Printing Defaults
The third option in the setup submenu enables the user to set printing option defaults:-
It may be useful to set default print options to restrict the data printed to file. If, for example, the
user has selected to print from a selection of species there may be a very large amount of data, in
the form of properties, end-uses, taxonomic details, distribution, source publications and any
observations, but the user say, may not be interested in either the distribution or the vernacular
names and so the output could be restricted so as not to include this particular portion of the
data.The illustration above shows the various options, including printing a summarised form of the
output; to select or deselect simply check the appropriate boxes.
8

Setup - Colours/images
Under Colours, the user may set a default set of ‘property match indicators’, used in displaying
evaluation results (in the Search by multiple properties and Potential end-uses for a species
sections) and may adjust the image display (modify screen controls for the best representation).
Selecting ‘property match indicators’ will produce the
window illustrated here. To change any of the colours
click on the appropriate box under ‘Edit?’, which will
produce a selection of colours to choose from. A
default selection is provided.
Selecting ‘Wood Surface Image Display’ will display
on screen four images of wood surfaces, this is
provided to aid the adjustment of screen colour
settings to display as accurately as possible the onscreen
representation of the wood surface images
provided in the system. The image display should be
compared to the ‘Wood Image Colour Standards’ and
appropriate adjustments made to the user’s monitor,
e.g. to the contrast and brightness. If the user’s
computer has any graphics packages loaded it is
recommended that the user undertakes any screen
calibrations provided with that package. Please note
that the “Standards” are a page of images which have
been professionally printed to represent the exact colour of the original wood sample. These
images can therefore not be included in the downloadable User’s Guide.
Help
The help submenu enables access to the extensive help system and provides details of this version
of Prospect. Context-sensitive help is provided throughout the system.
Exit
Exit enables the user to exit the program directly from anywhere within a Prospect session.
9

5.1 Search by Species Name
This section enables the user to select one or more species by name or distribution, and to then
view all the information about the selected species.
Selecting species
The initial screen allows the user to select the species or group of species that are to be examined,
the scrollable list at the top of the screen shows which species are currently selected. A single
species can be chosen from this list either by double clicking on the species name or highlighting
and pressing the tick button, to view a selection of species choose the ‘ALL SELECTED
SPECIES’ entry at the top of the list.
The user may restrict the species selection appearing in the scrollable list by name or by
distribution. Under the Search Range heading, the user may select (by clicking on the relevant
options):-
· all species
· benchmark species - species of special interest to the user which may be set through the
setup option from the menu bar
· single genus - the user will be prompted to select a genus from a scrollable list
· single species by botanical name - the user will be prompted to select a single species from a
scrollable list
· single species by vernacular name - the user will be prompted to enter a vernacular name (or
any part of it)
Similarly, the user may restrict the list by distribution, the user may select:-
· all areas - selects species from all geographical regions
· single country - selects species from a specific country, the user will be prompted to select
the country of interest from a scrollable list
· single region - selects species from a specific region, the user will be prompted to select a
region of interest from a scrollable list
10

If, for example, the user wished to study the information available on the Hymenaea genus,
selecting to restrict by single genus using the check box, will produce a scrollable list - the user can
either scroll through the list until finding the required genus or type the first letters of the genus,
typing ‘h’ will take the list onto the first genus beginning with an ‘h’, typing ‘h’ and then ‘y’ in
quick succession will take the list onto the first genus with ‘hy’ at the beginning; having found the
required genus double clicking will select it.
This restriction will then be reflected in the scrollable list, selecting Hymenaea will produce the
following list to select from:
Species Home Page
Having selected a species or range of species the appropriate ‘Species Home Page’ will then be
accessed, as illustrated here for the chosen species - Hymenaea courbaril.
11

The Species Home Page provides access to all the information relating to each particular species.
Information displayed on the home page includes lists of the species’ synonyms, vernacular names
(common names linked to their reference source, double click on name of interest to display the
reference), lists the species distribution by country and region, and displays a scanned image of the
wood surface, shown at approximately actual size.
From a Species Home Page all the information contained in the database on one particular species
can be accessed, via the picture button toolbar at the bottom of the screen:-
· property data - any subset of the timber property data in detailed data format
· end-use data - either a single end-use or all end-uses
· species observations - any general observations relating to the species
· user notebook - any comments entered by the user relating to the species
and the user may:
· move between species, using the arrow buttons to move to the next or previous Species Home
Page, if a range of species had been specified at the initial screen
· print - selected data related to the species to file (RESULTS.TXT)
· access the context-sensitive help
· exit to the initial Search by species name screen
Timber properties
To view any subset of the timber property data select the ‘timber properties’ button from the
toolbar at the bottom of the home page screen, a property requirements box will then be accessed
as illustrated here:-
The following options are then available: -
· to view all the properties
· to view a single property chosen from a scrollable list
· to select the prime properties, properties of special interest to the user, which may be
defined through the setup option from the menu bar
· to select any number of property groups
To select simply click on the relevant choice; for property group(s) first click on property group
and then the relevant check boxes. Once the selection has been made the tick button will access the
required data.
12

Property data display
Once a property selection has been made properties will be displayed in sequence, the user can
page through a selection of properties using the arrow buttons in the toolbar. Properties in this
section are displayed in detailed format (in the Search by data content section a summarised
display is available). The example above shows the property data contained in the system for the
‘maximum crushing strength (par to grain)’ for Hymenaea courbaril.
Data are presented in tabular form, with the descriptors listed down the side and the reference
source, denoted by its code number, arranged in a vertical manner above the entries (x’s) which
stemmed from it. There may be more than one ‘x’ entered for any one reference source. For
example in the screen shot above, reference number 970 stated that the maximum crushing
strength for Hymenaea courbaril is high to very high when the moisture content is 12 - 15% .
Where properties have the provision to record the conditions or qualifiers relating to the data
values (as for maximum crushing strength) the entries are displayed in colour-coded groups so that
data recorded under the same conditions can be compared.
From the property data display screen a number of further options are available, through the
picture buttons in the toolbar:
· Reference sources
· Property observations
· Property definition
· Printing to file
Reference sources
Clicking on the ‘reference source’ button enables the user to link each item of data directly to the
reference from which it came, as shown in the example below. The data item and related reference
number appear highlighted with a grey vertical bar in the data matrix and with the corresponding
reference displayed in a box at the bottom of the screen. To move the grey bar and highlight
different data items and reference codes, use the directional arrow buttons in the reference box.
The arrow button furthest right highlights the last data item shown, the furthest left the first, and
the central arrow buttons move back or forward one.
13

Clicking on the ‘exit’ button will remove the reference display and reveal the original data display
screen.
Property observations
For a specific species, information may have been researched that was considered important, relating
to a particular property and that could not be displayed in the tabular form; for example, often for
heartwood colour a short piece of text may convey a much clearer impression of the appearance of the
timber, or an author may have made a comparison with another species, for example, stated that a
lesser known species has strength properties similar to a well known timber. When a property has a
related observation, the ‘property observations’ button will appear bright but when no such
observation has been recorded the button appears dimmed. Selecting this button when it appears
bright will produce a simple text box which can be scrolled through. Pressing the ‘exit’ button that
appears at the bottom of this box will return the user to the screen underneath.
Property definition
Selecting the ‘property definition’ button will display the property’s technical definition and any
related information; where the property is quantitative, the exact values are given for the
descriptive classes.
14

The definition shown here is for maximum crushing strength, detailing the technical definition, the
values for the descriptors and the possible conditions under which the data could have been
recorded. Pressing the ‘exit’ button will return the user to the screen underneath.
Printing
To print any of the property data to file select the ‘print’ button, this will access a print options
window as shown below:
This options box allows the user to restrict the amount of additional information that is printed to file,
by checking the required boxes, this may be useful when printing many properties. Default print
options can be set through the setup option from the menu bar. Having selected press the ‘print’
button to print the selection.
Moving between properties
To page through the properties use the left and right arrow buttons in the toolbar.
Help
The context-sensitive help may be accessed from this screen also.
15

Known uses
From the Species Home Page the user can also choose to view any end-uses that have been
recorded in the literature to have been made from the particular species. Pressing the ‘known uses’
button produces the following ‘Use Requirements’ box:-
Using the check boxes, the user can either select one single end-use, a scrollable list will appear from
which to make a choice, or to view all end-uses. Once a selection has been made, pressing the tick
button will access the required end-use data in detailed format.
The end-use data is displayed in the same tabular format as the property data, except that an
identical list of three descriptors (levels) applies to all of the recorded end-uses. The descriptors
relate to the level at which the species has been used for the relevant purpose; species are either
recorded as having been exported as suitable for this purpose (‘used commercially/exported’), or
having been sold and used locally (‘used locally’), or recorded as used, but where the extent of use
is unknown or not specified (‘used, but extent unknown’).
In a similar manner, to accessing additional information from the property data screen, the
following options are available from the end-use data display using the picture button toolbar -
viewing the reference sources, used to abstract the data displayed; viewing any end-use
observations, the button appearing dimmed when no observation has been recorded; printing to
file, with the same options to restrict the data output as for properties; accessing the contextsensitive
help and moving between end-uses using the arrow buttons.
16

Species Observations
During the research for a particular species information may have been noted of a general descriptive
nature, which was considered to be of interest, but which could not be recorded under any specific
category. Where such information has been recorded it can be found via the ‘species observation’
button, shown bright where there is data and dimmed where no such data has been recorded. A simple
text box will appear which can be scrolled through, as shown here, selecting the ‘exit’ button will
return the user to the Species Home Page.
User notebook
From the Species Home Page, the ‘user notebook’ is provided for the user to record notes on any
aspect of the current species. For example, these may include observations of facts gained from
experience with the species or comments on any aspects of the recorded data. Selecting the ‘user
notebook’ button will access a simple text box similar to the species observations box shown above;
the notebook may be used to enter, edit or delete text, changes in content are saved on exiting the box.
An additional ‘trash’ button is provided to erase all notes for the current species in one hit.
Print
Selecting the ‘print’ button from the Species Home Page will access the Species Print Options. In
order to restrict, if required, the quantities of data that may be output, the print options overlay
allows the user to select any combination of the options by checking the appropriate boxes. The
user may select from the following:- synonyms, vernacular names, distribution, references, species
observations, property observations, end-use observations, the user notebook, property data and
end-use data. The property and end-use data may be further selected. Checking the property data
box and pressing the ‘select’ button will access the property requirements window, as illustrated
earlier in the properties section, from here the user may choose to select all properties, one single
property, from a scrollable list, the prime properties list or any number of property groups;
similarly the user may select all end-uses or one single end-use, via the end-use requirements
window. If the properties check box has not been selected property observations will not be
available, similarly with the end-use options.
17

Additionally, the user may also select the format, in which the data is output: either detailed, as the
data is displayed on screen in this section, or in a summarised format, which precludes selecting to
print references, this format will be described in the next section, Search by data content. From the
species print options box, pressing the ‘print’ button will send the selected information to file
(RESULTS.TXT), pressing ‘exit’ will cancel the print and return the user to the Species Home
Page.
18

5.2 Search by Data Content
The second data search section, Search by Data Content, allows the user to search for information
by specifying the range of interest, in terms of properties and end-uses; to restrict the search range
by species and distribution; to specify display options - detailed format, the default as in the
previous section, or summarised, giving a condensed view of the data; and to highlight data from a
single reference source (which precludes the summarised display).
Data requirements then, may be restricted by selecting from the following property options:-
· none - select to view no property data
· all - select to view all property data
· single property - select from a scrollable list to view data on one single property
· prime properties - properties of special interest to the user, defined through the setup option
from the menu bar
· property group(s) - select any number of property groups
and from the following end-use options:-
· none - select to view no end-use data
· all - select to view all end-use data
· single end-use - select from a scrollable list to view data on one single end-use
The Search range may be restricted by selecting from the following species name options:-
· all species - select to view relevant data from all species
· benchmark species - select to view data only from species of special interest, which may be
set through the setup option from the menu bar
· single genus - select, from a scrollable list, to view data from a single genus,
· single species by botanical name - select a single species from a scrollable list
· single species by vernacular name - the user will be prompted to enter a vernacular name (or
any part of it)
and from the following species distribution options:-
· all areas - select to view data on species from all geographical regions
· single country - select, from a scrollable list, to view data on species from a specific country
· single region - select, from a scrollable list, to view data on species from a specific region
19

·
Once a selection has been made, through clicking on check boxes and highlighting items from
scrollable lists, pressing the tick button will produce a list of species meeting the requirements, the
user can then choose to view ‘all selected species’ or highlight one particular species. The
requested properties or end-uses are then displayed in sequence, if the display option is detailed, in
the same tabular form as in the previous section, with the descriptors down the left hand side and
the reference codes arranged vertically above the relevant data item (x). The above illustration for
Chlorocardium rodiaei displays the property data for tree height in detailed format.
In the same way, as in the previous section (Search by species name), via the picture button toolbar
the user can view the reference sources, view any property observations, the property definition, move
between properties, can print a selection to file, having specified the print options, and access the
context-sensitive help. In addition, the user may move to the next, or back to the previous, species, via
arrow buttons, and may access the Species Home Page (described in more detail later).
Single Property
Returning to consider the initial screen in more detail, and to specifying data requirements, if a
user chooses to restrict the search to one single property, further restrictions can be applied by
selecting particular descriptors or levels for the property of interest. In the following example, the
user selects to restrict to a single property, clicking on ‘single property’ producing a scrollable list
from which a property is then chosen.
20

Selecting, for example, trunk diameter, produces the following overlay box, displaying the relevant
descriptors for the property, with check boxes along side each one, which can be selected as
required. The user may choose to ‘Select all’, or to ‘Clear all’, the check boxes in one hit using the
relevant buttons. In the illustration, the user has selected to search for species with trunk diameters
of a maximum of at least 250 cm. Once a selection has been made the user should click on the
‘OK’ button in the overlay box.
Choosing to restrict to a single end-use will produce a similar overlay box, within which the user
can specify the level of use of interest, either used commercially, used locally or used but extent
unknown, where the reference has not specified the level of use. As with the property descriptors
select levels via the check boxes.
Where a single property, or end-use, with specified descriptors, is included in the requirements the
data display will reflect this, by flagging the relevant descriptors. For the example considered
previously, in relation to trunk diameter, the display would appear as illustrated below, with the
relevant descriptors, ‘250 -

Data from a single reference
From the display options box, on the initial screen, the user can choose to look at the data from one
single reference, clicking on the ‘data from single reference’ check box, will produce the following
overlay:
All references are initially displayed in a scrollable list; to select from the list either double click
on the reference or highlight and press the ‘select’ button (), alternatively either enter the
reference code directly in the ‘Reference code’ box and press enter, limiting the list to the relevant
reference, or enter some text in the ‘Text search string’, for example typing ‘timbers’ and then
pressing enter will restrict the list to all those references that contain the text ‘timbers’ within
either the author(s) name or title of the publication.
The ‘reset’ button will restore the scrollable list to the full list of references.
When a single reference has been selected this will be shown in the Display Options box on the initial
Search by data content screen, having restricted the data by this means the summarised output option
is not available and will be shown ‘dimmed’ in the box.
Having initiated the search, the list of species meeting requirements will be displayed, from which
the user may choose to view ‘all selected species’ or one specific species; the data display, with the
relevant reference code and data entries highlighted, will then be shown. For example, where
reference 63 has been chosen the data display, for a particular property, would appear as follows:-
22

The illustration shows the density data for Pinus radiata ~ (the ‘~’ signifying data from plantation
grown timber), with the data entry and its related reference code, 63, highlighted by a blue vertical
bar. The display and the additional information available via the picture button toolbar are otherwise
the same.
Summarised data display
Selecting the summarised property data level display option from the initial Search by data content
screen, will result in the data being displayed in a condensed form.
The display above is an example of a typical screen of output in summarised format, in this case
some of the timber properties for Tectona grandis.
The summarised form of the data gives an overall summary of information stored for each property
23

or end-use. For each property for which data has been entered, the number of data items recorded
for each descriptor under any conditions are shown in relation to the total number of data items
recorded for that property, i.e. in summarised format data entries are shown for each property and
condition, as the ratio of the number of data items, for that particular descriptor, to the total
number of data items recorded for that property/condition.
In the above display, for example, 20/26 means that 20 out of the 26 data entries recorded that
Tectona grandis has a density of between ‘600 - 719 air-dry’; for ‘movement in service’ 6 out of 8
entries although not specifying the conditions said that teak was stable and 3 out of 4 recorded that
teak had a reputation for being stable.
From the summarised data display screen the user may, via the toolbar, view the Species Home
Page; move between species and page through the display using the appropriate arrow buttons;
print, having specified print options, selecting to print in summarised format from any point within
the system will produce an output in the same form as appears on screen; access the contextsensitive
help and exit back to the original Search by data content screen.
Choosing to view the Species Home Page from the data display (detailed or summarised format) in
this section will display the Home Page for the species, whose data is currently being viewed.
Illustrated here is the Species Home Page for Chlorocardium rodiaei, as it would appear if
accessed from the Search by data content section. As in the previous section the species’
synonyms; vernacular names, with associated references; distribution and wood surface image are
displayed on screen and access is provided to species observations, not available when the button
is shown ‘dimmed’; the user notebook and context sensitive help. To return to view the property or
end-use data display, the user should select the ‘exit’ button.
Comparing this version of the Species Home Page to the Home Page displayed in the Search by
species name section the user will notice that the options to view any subset of the timber property
data and any subset of the known end-uses are not available when in the Search by data content
section. These options are removed as the user has already selected the data requirements of interest
from the initial Search by data content screen.
24

5.3 Search by Multiple Properties
This section of the program allows the user to evaluate and compare species by searching for
multiple property requirements. The user is first provided with a blank screen, with an extensive
picture button toolbar at the bottom of the screen.
Criteria Definition
The initial step is to compile the list of properties and their corresponding levels, in descending
order of importance, which, for example in the case of a product related search, would be those
features considered necessary to produce that product.
Compiling the list of properties
The list may be drawn up in a number of ways:-
1. Manually, using the ‘append’, ‘insert’ and ’delete’ buttons from the toolbar:
- append
- insert
- delete
Until one property has been added, only the ‘append’ button is operational. Pressing the ‘append’ or
the ‘insert’ button will produce a scrollable list from which the user should select a property, to delete
a property highlight the relevant property and press the ‘delete’ button.
25

2. Reading in a previously saved file, using the ‘from file’ button, this may additionally include
corresponding saved property levels. Files are saved to the user directory, and selecting this button
will produce the following window with a scrollable list of files, from which the user may make their
selection.
3. By restoring, via the ‘end-use related’ button, a list of properties, and corresponding levels, that
have been predefined as necessary for a particular product (end-use). These may have either been
defined by an expert, the system default criteria, or by the user, user customised criteria, for a
particular end-use. Selecting the end-use button will produce a scrollable list for the user to select
from, as shown here:-
The user should then select the end-use of interest from this list; where an ‘s’ for system or a ‘u’ for
user flag a particular end-use this denotes that an end-use criteria has been defined. In the above
example, both system and user defined criteria have been defined for ‘agricultural implements’. A ‘

4. Prime Properties - selecting the ‘prime properties’ button, will read in a list of properties,
without defined levels, that are considered to be a set of key properties by the user and may be
defined through the setup option from the menu bar, as described earlier. A default list is provided.
Properties should be ordered roughly in order of importance and will be numbered as such.
Alternative properties may be set by clicking on the ‘or’, which appears next to a property when
highlighted; this option may be useful, for example, where the user is interested in the durability of
a timber, the obvious property to consider being ‘natural durability’ as a ‘key’ property but if a
species failed under this consideration it may become acceptable if treated with a preservative, so
the ease with which preservative can be used would become a factor; for the purpose of an
evaluation the user would then, list ‘natural durability’ as the ‘key’ property, with very durable and
durable, say, set as the required minimum levels, and directly under it, as an ‘or’, ‘amenability to
preservation (heartwood)’, with the levels permeable and moderately resistant set. Any number of
alternatives may be set and these will be considered in turn.
Once a list of properties has been compiled by any of the aforementioned methods, it may be
edited using the ‘append’, ‘insert’ and ‘delete’ buttons; the ‘delete all’ button will clear the screen
of all properties and allow the user to start again. Having compiled a list, then selecting to read in a
list from file, end-use criteria or the prime properties will overwrite the original list.
Setting the property levels
The level of each property can be set up or altered, either manually or from data for a particular
species.
1. To set or edit levels manually, highlight the relevant property, either by using the up or down
arrows from the toolbar or by using the mouse to click directly on the property. The appropriate
property levels will then be displayed, to select or deselect a level simply click on the relevant check
box, in the screen shot above the levels ‘permeable’ and ‘moderately resistant’ have been set
manually for the property ‘amenability to preservation (heartwood)’, note how the check boxes appear
crossed for those two levels. The property has also been set as an alternative property notice the ‘or’
in front of the property name.
2. The user may set the levels from a ‘donor species’, which is defined as a species used to set
minimum search values for property levels when performing a search by multiple properties. This
facility can be useful when trying to find and compare species with similar properties. For
example, if the user wishes to find alternatives to a particular species, setting that species as the
donor species will enable the search process to look for species with similar property levels.
Selecting the ‘from data’ button will access the following window:
27

From this window the user should select which of the properties the levels should be set for: the
current property only, all existing properties or for all future properties. Having made a selection
pressing ‘OK’ will access a select a species screen, if a species has already been set and the user
wishes to change it pressing ‘Select species’ will also produce the following screen:-
The user should then select a species from the scrollable list of species names. Pressing the
‘Benchmark species’ button will limit the list to the benchmark species, set through the setup
option from the menu bar, pressing ‘All Species’ will return the full list. To select a species, either
double click on it or highlight and press the ‘Select’ button.
Once the donor species has been set, the user will be returned to the initial criteria definition
screen, the levels for the particular properties having been changed to correspond to the data for
that specific species, as recorded in the database.
Where a property has had no levels set, or every level has been set, the number relating to that
property will appear red. A search can not be carried out, where levels are being considered, if for
one particular property no levels have been set.
The user may remove the consideration of property levels from a search, the results will then
simply indicate the presence or absence of data.
28

The ‘level off’ button removes the levels
the ‘level on’ button returns the levels
Note that when no levels are under consideration ‘or’ properties are treated as key properties.
Throughout the evaluation, the method of compiling both the list of properties and their levels is
displayed.
Printing the criteria
Having completed the criteria, when the user is satisfied with the list of properties and
corresponding levels, the user may choose to start the search, or to save or print the property
criteria. Selecting the ‘print’ button, will prompt the user to confirm whether or not the property
criteria should be output to a file (RESULTS.TXT).
Saving the criteria
Saving the criteria may be carried out before or after a search on returning to the property list
screen. Leaving this section of the program without saving will cause the system to prompt the
user to save search requirements. Selecting the ‘save criteria’ button will access the following
window:-
The user can then choose to save the property list as a user-customised ‘Enduse-related criteria’,
where levels have been set, or to ‘File’, with or without set levels.
Selecting to save as an enduse-related criteria prompts a further window, shown on the next page,
with a scrollable list of all end-uses from which the user should select the end-use the criteria should
be saved to. Where an ‘s’ proceeds an end-use, a system criteria has already been defined, and where
a ‘u’ proceeds an end-use, a user customised enduse criteria has already been defined, which may be
overwritten. A ‘

To remove a user-customised criteria, overwrite the particular end-use criteria with an empty criteria
set.
Selecting to save to file will prompt the user to specify a criteria file name (extension ‘.crt’) that
will be saved to the Prospect User Directory.
Starting the Search
Once the criteria has been created the user should click on the ‘start search’ button, from the criteria
definition screen, and will then be prompted to set the search range.
The search range may be restricted by species and by distribution. The selection may be made by
clicking on the following options: all species, benchmark species, a single genus chosen from a
scrollable list or a single species, chosen from a scrollable list; and by distribution: all areas, a
single country chosen from a scrollable list or a single region from a scrollable list. The user might,
for example, only wish to consider species from Australasia in an evaluation.
Setting the ‘Reference species’
From the Search Range screen, the user may select a ‘Reference species’. The reference species,
will then be displayed at the top of every screen of results, produced by the search, making it easier
to relate and compare other species to this species of particular interest. If, for example, the user
has set the property levels to that of one species, the ‘donor species’, setting the ‘reference species’
as the same species will be particularly useful.
To set a Reference species clicking on the appropriate check box will access the ‘Select a species’
window:
30

From this screen, the user should select the required species from the scrollable list. Pressing the
‘Benchmark species’ button will limit the list to the benchmark species, pressing ‘All species’ will
return the full list. To select a species, either double click on it or highlight and press ‘Select’.
When a ‘donor species’ has already been set that species will initially appear highlighted in the
‘Reference species’ selection list.
Having selected a reference species the user will be returned to the Search Range window, the
selection will be displayed, and from here the tick button should be selected to initiate the search.
Species Search Results
The search results screen displays all species in the database, or in the specified search range, for
which it has some data (approximately ordered by proximity to the specified search criteria), the
species are listed on the left of the screen and may span several screens. The results screen indicates
the method by which both the properties and associated property levels were established. If the search
criteria was end-use related an additional column will appear to the right of the screen headed
‘known-market’, which shows the highest level at which each species is recorded as used for this
purpose in the literature.
In the example above, from the top of the display, it can be seen that the property list was created
by reading in the ‘prime properties’ list and that the levels were set using a ‘donor species’, here
31

Hymenaea courbaril, which was then also set as the ‘Reference species’, note how it appears at the
top of the screen and separated from the rest of the list.
The column headed ‘property matches’ shows how each of the species fulfilled the timber property
requirements. For every species, each selected property is represented by a coloured block or
diamond (shown shaded in the guide), the ‘property match indicators’, which denote how the
evaluated properties met the required minimum levels. The data for each species can fit the
property requirements in four different ways, dependent on how the data entries related to the
requested property levels. The property match indicator squares are shown in four colours (default
shown shaded here), such that:-
(light green)
(dark green)
(red)
(grey)
- property met the necessary requirements with unanimous opinion (all data entries in
the required classes)
- property met the necessary requirements but with variation in opinion (some but not
all data entries in the required classes)
- property failed to meet necessary requirements (no data entries in the required
classes)
- no data recorded for this property
The colours of the match indicators may be altered through the setup option from the menu bar (see
earlier section of the guide), a default is provided. Changing the selection will not alter an already
present results display, the new colours will only come into operation on carrying out a new search.
To view the colour key go to the setup option.
For each requested feature the program will first check the ‘key’ property, and if it proves
satisfactory, its level of suitability will be displayed through the appropriately coloured square; if
the key property fails to meet the requirements or has no data, the program will check any
alternative ‘or’ properties, that may have been specified, in turn. The first of these to appear
satisfactorily will be indicated with an appropriately coloured diamond; the colour code being the
same as for the ‘squares’.
- alternative ‘or’ property, key property having failed.
If, during the search, property levels were not under consideration, the results display will simply
indicate the presence or absence of data for each property; alternative ‘or’ properties will be
considered as ‘key’ properties. The display uses a circle symbol to indicate:
(blue)
- some data recorded for this property
(grey)
- no data recorded for this property
The following display illustrates the same search as before but with no levels set:-
32

From the species search results screen, the user may carry out a number of operations, using the
picture button toolbar at the bottom of the screen.
Move between species
Using the arrow buttons, the user may move up and down between species on the screen, and ‘page’
through the species list.
Species Home Page
Having highlighted a species, either directly using the mouse or via the arrow buttons, the user
may access the Species Home Page, which displays all taxonomic and distribution data and a wood
surface image, where available for that species; and provides access to the timber properties, enduses,
species observations and user notebook for that particular species (see ‘Species Home Page’
in the Search by species name section for an illustration and further details).
Match Detail
Match detail allows the user to examine the property matching process in detail, having
highlighted the species of interest, the user may view, in detailed data format, the data assessed for
each property used in the search, and if property levels were considered, the degree to which the
data met the required minimum values. Where levels have been set the appropriate descriptors will
be displayed in blue with a ‘>’ after them. From the display the user may, as where detailed data is
viewed (see Search by species name and Search by data content sections of the guide), access the
reference sources, property observations, and definition. Data may be printed to file and via the
arrow buttons the user may page through the properties making up the criteria.
In the display illustrated above, the data for the density of Chlorocardium rodiaei can be seen to meet
the necessary requirements but with a variation in opinion, some of the data entries fell within the
required range but a small number of references recorded Chlorocardium to have a maximum density
greater than the set requirements. The corresponding property match indicator would, therefore, have
appeared dark green on the initial search results screen.
33

Property overlay
Via the ‘property overlay’ button (a light bulb shown illuminated) the user may access an overlay
listing the properties used in the search, each property linking to the relevant ‘property match
indicator’ square as shown below. To remove the property overlay, simply select the ‘property
overlay’ button (now shown as an unlit light bulb).
Species Comparison
The species comparison button enables the user to make direct comparisons between two species
from the initial species search results screen. Clicking on the ‘compare species’ button will lead
the user to select the two species to be compared, via two further buttons, which will appear in
place of the ‘compare species’ button.
The user should highlight the first species name, directly using the mouse or through the up
and down arrow buttons and then choose the ‘mark species’ button (a red tree marked with
a ‘1’).
The second species name should then be highlighted in the same manner and the ‘mark
species’ button (now shown blue and marked with a ‘2’) chosen.
The data for each species are then visually compared for each of the specified search properties, in
turn. The display takes the form of two sets of horizontal ‘bar’ graphs indicating the number of data
entries for each descriptor for both of the selected species. Data recorded under specific conditions are
shown in appropriate colours. The requested search levels are displayed in blue with a ‘>’ after them.
34

The following illustration shows a comparison between Hymenaea courbaril and Gonystylus
bancanus, the property under consideration being ‘modulus of elasticity/bending stiffness’. The
number of data entries for each descriptor is shown under the appropriate species, and as conditions
have been recorded colour codes are used, in the example, there were 11 data entries stating that the
modulus of elasticity is medium for Hymenaea, of which five were recorded under green conditions
and six under 12% to 15% m.c.
The arrow buttons can be used to move through the selected properties, the property definition
may be viewed and the comparison, for the set of properties, printed to file; the ‘exit’ button will
return the user to the species search results screen.
Print
Selecting the ‘print’ button from the species search results screen, will print the current screen of
results and associated property criteria to file (RESULTS.TXT), the user will be asked to confirm
this. Each screen of species displayed can be printed separately, with subsequent screen
concatenated on the page. Printing the results of an evaluation from the Search by multiple
properties section of the program will show:-
· the manner in which the property list and levels were drawn up
· the requested properties and their desired levels
· the actual evaluation with the colour-coded symbols represented by printable characters
preceded by an interpretation of those characters.
35

A page of output from a multiple properties search is shown here, the property list having been
drawn up by reading in the prime properties and the levels set from a donor species Hymenaea
courbaril, which was also set to be the reference species.
================================================================================
Species search evaluation
properties based on prime list, levels based on H. courbaril
================================================================================
1 density (kg/m3) 400-499 basic 480- 599 air-dry
or 500-599 basic 600- 719 air-dry
or 600-699 basic 720- 839 air-dry
or 700-799 basic 840- 959 air-dry
or 800-899 basic 960-1079 air-dry
2 bole length (m) 10 -

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
property assessment indicators:
O property met the necessary requirements with unanimous opinion
o property met the necessary requirements, but variation in opinion
x property failed to meet necessary requirements
· no data recorded for this property
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
property
species name
matches
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hymenaea courbaril
OOOOOooOOoOOOOO
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byrsonima spicata
OOOOoOOOxoOOOoO
Brachystegia spiciformis
OoOOOOOoOxOOOOx
Berlinia grandiflora
OoOOoooOOxOOOOo
Quercus robur
OOoOoooOOxOOOOo
Betula alleghaniensis
OOOOOooooxOoOoo
Pentacme contorta
OOOOoOOOxOOOOOo
Patagonula americana
OOOOoOOOxOOOOoO
Lagerstroemia speciosa
OoOooOOOOxOOOoO
Gilbertiodendron dewevrei
OoOOoooOOxOOOoO
Albizia versicolor
OoOooOOOOxOOOoO
Dipteryx odorata
oOOOOOOOO·OOxOo
Ekebergia capensis
OoOOOOOoxOOOOOO
Staudtia stipitata
oOOoOooOOxOOOOo
Balanocarpus heimii
OooOoOOOOxOOooo
Afzelia quanzensis
OoOooOOOOxoOOOo
Parashorea stellata
OOOooooOOxOOOOO
Terminalia catappa
OOOoOo·ooOOOOoo
Pygeum africanum
oOOOooOoOxOOOOO
Casuarina litorea
OoOOoooOOxOOooo
Help
From the results screen, context-sensitive help is available, via the ‘help’ button.
Exit
The ‘exit’ button will return the user to the initial criteria definition screen.
Once returned to the criteria definition screen, the property list and associated levels are still
displayed on screen and may be edited or the user may clear and build a new set of properties and
levels, to initiate another search.
Exiting from the criteria definition screen will return the user to the Main Menu; if the current criteria
set has not been saved the user will be prompted to save before exiting, see earlier in this section for
more detail on saving to end-use or file.
37

5.4 Potential End-Uses for a Species
The second evaluation section can be used to evaluate the suitability of potential end-uses for one
particular species. The end-use criteria, sets of properties and associated levels considered
necessary for a particular product, held in the system and created by the user, are used in
comparison to the species property data to establish which products the species could produce.
Search Details
The user must first specify a species of interest either by botanical name or by vernacular name;
clicking on ‘Species name (by botanical name)’ will produce a scrollable list from which the user
can select a species.
Clicking on ‘Species name (by vernacular name)’ will prompt the user to enter the vernacular name
(or any part of the it), this may produce a selection of names, with the associated botanical name, from
which the user should then select by double clicking.
Secondly, the user should select whether the ‘system default’ end-use criteria, those criteria predefined
in the system, or the ‘user-defined’ end-use criteria, those defined by the user, either in the
Search by multiple properties section of the program or in this section, should be used to evaluate
38

the species. Only those end-uses that have defined criteria can be considered in the search, when
user-defined criteria are under consideration, system defined criteria will be used where no userdefined
exist for a particular end-use and vice versa.
The search criteria may be viewed, edited or created at this stage by clicking on the ‘Check
criteria?’ check box. The Criteria Definition screen, as in the previous section, will then be
displayed.
The picture buttons from the toolbar can be used, in exactly the same way as in the Search by multiple
properties section (see previous section of the Guide for exact details), to create property sets and
associated levels.
Properties may be compiled:-
· manually using the ‘append’, ‘insert’ and ‘delete’ buttons
· by reading in previously saved file (with or without associated levels)
· by restoring a predefined end-use related criteria, defined by the system or the user (with
associated levels)
· by reading in the prime properties (with no associated levels)
The associated levels can then be set (where necessary):-
· manually, by clicking on relevant check boxes
· from a ‘donor species’, using the property data for a particular species to set the levels for the
selected properties
Exactly as in the previous section, properties should be ordered roughly in order of importance,
and will be numbered as such. Where a property has no associated levels set, the property number
will appear red. Alternative ‘or’ properties may also be set as in the previous section.
The property lists and associated levels can be saved to file or as ‘user-defined’ enduse criteria. If a
user criteria for a particular end-use already exists this may be overwritten. If a property list has
been created and not saved, exiting this screen will prompt the user to do so. Property sets may
also, as in the previous section, be printed to file (RESULTS.TXT) from this screen. However, in
this section a search may not be initiated from here and the only criteria sets that will be
considered in the evaluation are the end-use related criteria.
39

End-use criteria
If the user simply wishes to view predefined end-use criteria, the ‘end-use related’ button will, as
in the previous section, produce a list of all end-uses, from which the user may select, by
highlighting, the relevant end-use and clicking on the ‘select’ button; those end-uses flagged by an
‘s’ having a predefined system criteria and those flagged by a ‘u’, a user criteria.
Pressing the ‘exit’ button, from the criteria definition screen, will return the user to the Enduse Search
Details screen from where the Potential end-uses for a species search may be initiated, via the tick
button.
Potential End-Uses Search Results
The search results are displayed in a similar manner to the Search by multiple properties results,
with the end-uses under assessment (as opposed to species under assessment for one particular
criteria set in the previous section) displayed roughly in order of potential. End-use names are
displayed on the left of the screen, with a column, to the left of this list, headed ‘sys/user criteria’,
showing which type of criteria was used to evaluate each end-use. If user-defined assessment
criteria have been requested, as in the above example, for each end-use the program will try to use
the ‘user-defined’ property requirements, but where this does not exist will use the system defined
criteria, and vice versa.
40

Also, an additional column is displayed, to the right of the screen, headed ‘known market
(literature)’, as in the Search by multiple properties section where an end-use has been considered,
showing the highest known level of use, recorded in the literature for each product, in relation to
the particular species, and enables a comparison to be made between the assessment and the
known degree of use. Degrees of use being defined as ‘export’, known to be sold on commercial
markets; ‘local’, known to be sold in local markets; ‘unknown’, reported used, but the extent of use
unknown; and ‘-’, no record of use.
The particular species under consideration, is named by botanical name above the results, and where
the species was identified by vernacular name this is also displayed at the top of the screen. In the
example, the species was chosen by vernacular name ‘gum-anime tree’, the botanical name being
Hymenaea courbaril.
The column headed ‘property matches’ shows how the particular species fulfilled the timber
property requirements for each of the end-uses. For every product the selected property is
represented by a ‘property match indicator’, a coloured block or diamond (shown shaded in the
guide), denoting how the evaluated properties met the required minimum levels. The data for the
species can fit the property requirements in four different ways, dependent on how the data entries
related to the requested property levels. The property match indicators are shown in four colours
(default shown shaded here), such that:
(light green)
(dark green)
(red)
(grey)
- property met the necessary requirements with unanimous opinion (all data entries in
the required classes)
- property met the necessary requirements but with variation in opinion (some but not
all data entries in the required classes)
- property failed to meet necessary requirements (no data entries in the required
classes)
- no data recorded for this property
The colours of the match indicators may be altered through the setup option from the menu bar, a
default is provided. Changing the selection will not alter an already present results display, the new
colours will only come into operation on carrying out a new search. To view the colour key go to
the setup option.
For each requested feature the program will first check the ‘key’ property, and if it proves
satisfactory, its level of suitability will be displayed through the appropriately coloured square; if
the key property fails to meet the requirements or has no data, the program will check any
alternative ‘or’ properties, that may have been specified, in turn. The first of these to appear
satisfactorily will be indicated with an appropriately coloured diamond; the colour code being the
same as for the ‘squares’.
- alternative ‘or’ property, key property having failed.
From the Potential end-uses search results screen, the user may carry out a number of operations,
using the picture button toolbar at the bottom of the screen.
Move between end-uses
Using the arrow buttons, the user may move up and down between end-uses displayed on screen,
and page through the end-uses listed. Highlighting an end-use, either with the arrow buttons or by
clicking directly on it using the mouse, will enable the user to view further details relating to that
criteria.
41

Species Home Page
Via the ‘Species Home Page’ button, the user may access the Species Home Page, which displays all
taxonomic and distribution data and a wood surface image, where available, for the particular species,
and provides access to the timber properties, end-uses, species observations and user notebook for that
particular species (see Species Home Page in the Search by species name section for an illustration
and further details).
Match Detail
The ‘match detail’ button allows the user to examine the property matching process in detail,
having highlighted the end-use of interest, the user may view, in detailed data format, the data
assessed for each property used in the search, and the degree to which the data met the required
minimum values. The appropriate levels set for the search displayed in blue and flagged by a ‘>’
(see the previous section for an illustration). From the Match Detail display the user may as,
wherever detailed data is viewed (see Search by species name and Search by data content sections
of the guide) access the reference sources, property observations and definition. The user should
use the arrow buttons to page through the properties, and may print property matches to a file
(RESULTS.TXT), having specified print options.
Property overlay
Via the ‘property overlay’ button (shown as an illuminated light bulb), the user may access an
overlay listing the properties used to create each of the end-use criteria; each property name
linking to the appropriate property match indicator and shown in the corresponding colour. In the
illustration below, the overlay identifies the properties used in the evaluation of ‘furniture: chairs’
as a potential product of Hymenaea courbaril, the colours of the property match indicators and
appropriate property name indicating how the species met the minimum property requirements for
that particular end-use.
To remove the property match overlay, simply click on the ‘property overlay’ button,
(shown as an unlit light bulb, when the overlay is present).
42

Print
Selecting the ‘print’ button, from the Potential end-uses results screen, will print the current screen
of results to file (RESULTS.TXT), the user will be asked to confirm this. Each screen of end-uses
displayed can be printed separately with each subsequent screens concatenated on the page. The
output of an evaluation from the Potential end-uses for a species section shows:
· the actual evaluation with the colour coded symbols represented by printable characters,
preceded by the interpretation of those characters
· whether user or system criteria were used for each end-use
· the level of use recorded in the literature for each end-use
A page of output, for ‘gum-anime tree’, Hymenaea courbaril, the example used here, is shown
below:-
================================================================================
Potential End-uses for gum-anime tree
================================================================================
property assessment indicators:
O property met the necessary requirements with unanimous opinion
o property met the necessary requirements, but variation in opinion
x property failed to meet necessary requirements
· no data recorded for this property
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sys/user user criteria
property known market
criteria end-use
matches (literature)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
user furniture: general oo·oOoO··OOoOOox local
user boats: fittings ooo·oOoo·OOoOO· -
system cladding (external): agric./industrial ooOoOooo·Oox·O -
system cladding (external): domestic ooOoOooo·Oox·O -
system furniture: table/counter tops ooOO·oO·oooOOo -
user furniture: cabinet work oo·oOoO··OOoOOo unspecified
system house framing, carcassing oooo·ooooOx·oxo -
system handles: wood working tools ooo·OoooO···OOO -
system joinery (external): ground contact oOoOO·ooO···Oo -
user furniture: laboratory & other bench tops oOo·oO·oooOOo· -
system joinery (external): non-ground contact oOooO·ooO···oo -
user furniture: chairs ooo·oo·Oo··oOOO -
system mouldings, picture frames, etc. oo·ooo·oo··OOOo -
system gates ooo·oo·OOO·Oo· -
system tool handles: unspecified oooOOO··OOO· local
user boats: decking ooo·oo·oo·xOoo· unspecified
system construction: light oOooooo··oxo local
user handles: axe, hammer oooOOO··OOO· -
user agricultural implements ooo···ooo·ooOOO local
system cladding (external): unspecified ooOoo·oxo·Oox· -
system laminated products/beams oo·ooO·xo·OooOo -
Help
From the results screen pressing the ‘help’ button will access the context-sensitive help.
Exit
The ‘exit’ button will return the user to the initial End-uses search details screen, from where the user
may start another search or exit back to the Main Menu.
43

5.5 Summaries of Database Contents
From the Main Menu, the fifth option examines the general content of the database, in terms of
predefined static lists, species distribution and taxonomic material; as well as providing a pictorial
catalogue of all wood surface images included in the database. In general this section lists the basic
elements of the database, i.e. properties, end-uses, species etc., but does not show any timber
information.
While in the Summaries of database contents section, the ‘System Status’ is displayed, this simply
details the overall number of entries for species, synonyms, genera, families, vernacular names,
timber properties, end-uses and references in the database.
The display takes the form of a menu bar at the top of the window with four sections of
information, namely properties/end-uses, distribution, taxonomy and images. Only one of these
sub-menus can be active at any one time.
Properties
From the Properties sub-menu choosing the various options accesses the following lists of timber
properties and end-uses:-
all properties
property groups
properties in a given group
descriptions of properties
recorded end-uses
a simple list of properties with relevant groups
a simple list of groups
a simple list of properties - having selected property
group of interest from a scrollable list
detailed descriptions of properties
- having selected property range or group of interest
a simple list of all end-uses, with an indication as to whether
end-use related criteria have been defined for each end-use.
44

Selecting ‘descriptions of properties’ invokes a further menu:
Descriptions of properties
The detail of how each property is recorded within the database can be shown by choosing
‘descriptions of properties’.
The following options for displaying details for any subset of the property list are available:
all properties
specific property group
individual property
describes all timber properties
describes properties in a given group
- having selected a group of interest from a scrollable list
describes a specific property
- having selected a particular property from a scrollable
The description for each property displays the property name, the group the property belongs to,
database structure and a definition. Under the heading ‘database structure’ are displayed the
descriptors (levels) used to depict the property, and if relevant the possible conditions under which
data were collected; generally, qualitative data are described by a list of possible descriptions and
quantitative data by a range of size classes. Under the heading ‘definition and related information’,
a technical definition and any related information are displayed; and if a quantitative property the
exact values for the descriptors.
In the following example, for ‘shrinkage - radial’, the display shows that the property belongs to
the movement/shrinkage property group, that data can be recorded under 5 different descriptors,
from very small to large, specifying which of 2 conditions, green to 12% m.c. or green to oven dry,
the data items were collected under; a definition is provided and the exact values for the different
descriptors specified.
45

If the user has selected to view more than one property, the arrow buttons at the bottom of the screen
may be used to page through the properties. Property definitions are available throughout the system,
wherever detailed property data are presented and the ‘property definition’ button displayed.
Where a simple list is displayed, for example having selecting ‘all properties’ (the resulting list
illustrated below) in order to close it the user should select ‘File’ and then ‘close’ and to print the
list to file (RESULTS.TXT) the user should select ‘File’ and then ‘print’.
Distribution
The second sub-menu describes the static list of countries and geographical regions used in the
database and can also show the distribution of each species.
countries
geographical regions
countries in a given region
distribution of a given species
species from a given country
species from a given region
a list of countries, with corresponding regions
a list of geographical regions
a list of countries in a specific region
- having selected region of interest from scrollable list
a list of countries, with corresponding regions, where a
species grows - having selected a species of interest
a list of species which grow in a specific country
- having selected country of interest
a list of species which grow in a specific region
- having selected region of interest
Selecting any one of these options will produce a list in similar format to the lists of properties
described in the previous section.
46

For example, selecting the option ‘Species from a given country’ will first produce a scrollable list of
countries to select from:-
Then, having chosen a particular country, say Australia, a list of all the species from that country
in the database will be displayed, which can be printed to file or closed in the same way as the
property lists in the previous section. The top of such a list is illustrated here:
Taxonomy
The third sub-menu describes the taxonomic details of the species in the database.
families/genera
species/synonyms
vernacular names
displays all details of family/genus hierarchy
displays all or any subset of the recorded species names
including any synonyms or misapplied names
displays all or any subset of the trade/commercial names
and common/local names, together with the botanical names
of the species
Selecting each of these invokes further menus.
47

Families/genera
all genera
all families
genera in a given family
family of a given genus
displays all genus names with corresponding family
displays all family names
displays all genera belonging to a specific family
- having selected family of interest
displays the family name of a specific genus
- having selected genus of interest
Species/synonyms
all species (excl synonyms)
all species (incl synonyms)
species in a given genus
species in a given family
displays all primary species names stored in
the database, with appropriate family, excluding
those which are synonyms or misapplied names
displays all recorded species names stored, with
appropriate family, names including
synonyms/misapplied names
displays recorded species names (including
synonyms/misapplied names) belonging to a
specific genus - having selected genus of interest
displays recorded species names (including
synonyms/misapplied names) belonging to a
specific family - having selected family of interest
synonyms of a given species displays synonyms and misapplied names, with
appropriate family of a specific species - having
selected species of interest
Vernacular names
all vernacular names
all trade names
all common names
displays all the vernacular names recorded in the database,
and the botanical names of the species to which they relate
displays all the trade/commercial names recorded, and the
associated botanical names
displays all the common/local names recorded, and
the associated botanical names
vernacular names of a given species
displays the trade and common names of a specific
species - having selected a species of interest
species with a given vernacular name displays species with a trade or common name
containing a given name - having entered a
vernacular name of interest (either whole or part of
the name may be entered)
Displays are, as in the other summaries sections, in the form of lists, which may be printed to file.
48

For example, to view species with a particular vernacular name, firstly select ‘vernacular names’,
the options described above are then displayed, choosing ‘species with a given vernacular name’,
will prompt the user to enter a vernacular name (either whole or part of a name).
If, for example, ‘iron’ was entered as the vernacular name the display would then list all vernacular
names which include the text ‘iron’, along with details as to whether it was considered to be a trade
or common name (with associated reference code number if common) and the botanical name it
relates to. The illustration below show the beginning of such a list:-
Images
This section not only allows the user to browse through all the scanned wood surface images in the
database, but also enables the direct comparison of wood surface images for up to four selected
species. Selecting ‘Images’ will result in the following window displaying four images, each with
a species name below them:-
49

In order to select a species, highlight a popup bar (by clicking on one of the species names) and a
scrollable list of all species names within the database will be displayed:-
The user may then select from the scrollable list directly; pressing the first letter of the required
species will take the list on to the correct alphabetical section of the list. To browse through the
images press the up and down arrows (on the keyboard) while a popup bar is selected
(highlighted).
50

5.6 References
From the Main Menu, the sixth option is the ‘References’ section, which allows the user to peruse
the publication list independently of the data. It can also show references relating to specific species,
properties, end-uses and/or countries.
Each reference is described by the author(s), publication date, title and the journal or publisher, and
is given a unique reference code number, which enables the user to identify the reference from
which each item of data has been abstracted.
Initially, the Reference Search screen displays all the references used in the abstraction of data in a
scrollable list at the top of the screen. In order to select and view references of more particular
interest a number of ways of restricting the displayed list are provided.
1. By highlighting a particular reference in the scrollable publications list so as to view a single
reference.
2. By entering the reference code number (if known) in the ‘Reference code’ field, so as to view a
single reference.
3. By entering any combination of restrictions in the following fields, to view a list of references:
i.) The Publication date - can restrict the list of references to those from a specific year or range of
dates. The user should enter the earliest year of publication in the first box and press the enter key,
and then the latest date in the ‘to’ box and press the enter key. The range of dates are inclusive, if the
earlier date is entered but not a latest the search will assume from that date and if the first box and not
the second is completed the search will assume up to that date. In order to search for one year enter
the same year in each box.
51

ii). by using the Free text search. Text may be entered (in upper or lower case, search is not case
sensitive) in the following fields:- Author - any text within the author’s name, Title - any text
contained within the reference’s title, Journal - any text contained within the Journal or Publisher’s
name; the enter key should be pressed between entries.
For example typing ‘smith’ in the author field as shown here and
then pressing enter, will cause the scrollable list of species to
display only those references with smith included in the author’s
name as illustrated below:
iii). by clicking on Select data range to the right of the screen under the Data Restrictions heading,
which takes the user onto a further screen illustrated below, and enables references to be selected
which relate to specific data.
The reference list can be restricted here, by clicking on the relevant check boxes and selecting from
scrollable lists, by range of properties of interest (none, all, a single property, the prime properties or
any number of property groups) and/or end-uses of interest (none, all or a single end-use); and by the
search range - by species by name (all species, the benchmark species, a single genus or a single
species selected either by botanical name or by entering a vernacular name) and/or by species by
distribution (all areas, a single country or a single region).
In the example the user has restricted the search, by selecting the relevant options, to references that
contain data on the prime properties and species that grow in Australia; when satisfied with the data
restrictions clicking on the ‘search’ button (the tick button) will return the user to the initial screen
where the relevant references will then be displayed within the scrollable publications list, and the
search restrictions will be noted in the data restrictions box.
From the initial Reference search screen the following can be undertaken by using the relevant
buttons:
52

Reset
Having made any restrictions, by whatever method, the user may wish to return to the complete list
of references, in order to do this the ‘reset’ button should be used to clear any restrictions made.
View
Once any required restrictions have been made to the list of selected references, to view a particular
reference the user should either double click on that reference or highlight it and then click on the
‘view’ button. To view all the selected references, choose the ‘ALL SELECTED REFERENCES’
entry, at the top of the list.
When viewing the selection, details displayed for each reference include: its code number, author(s),
publication date, publication title, and the journal or publisher. The example below was selected
from a search for ‘smith’ in the author field as described under ‘Free text search’, 10 references
were found to include this text in the author field and the user has chosen to view ‘ALL
SELECTED REFERENCES’ of which this is the fourth (Reference 4 of 10):-
Having chosen to view a selection the user may page through the references using the arrow keys at
the bottom of the window; the arrow at the extreme left will take the user to the first reference of a
list, the second left facing arrow will take the user to the previous reference, and similarly with the
right facing arrows, the inner right facing arrow will take the user on to the next reference and the
furthest right arrow will take the user to the end of the list. Pressing the ‘exit’ button will take the user
back to the initial search screen.
Print
From the initial screen, having made any required restrictions to the list of selected references, the
‘print’ button will enable the user to print a selection of references to file (RESULTS.TXT).
Help
Context-sensitive help is available throughout the section via the ‘help’ button.
Exit
From the initial screen, the ‘exit’ button will take the user back to the Main Menu.
5.7 Exit
The final option from the Main Menu is Exit,
53

6. Appendices
Appendix 1: Technical Aspects of Prospect
Hardware
The Prospect database was developed to make timber information accessible to a wide range of
users by making a portable and user-friendly package for use on affordable computer equipment.
The database has been designed to operate on IBM-compatible microcomputers running Windows
3.1 or Windows 95 and requires a minimum configuration of:
· 486 processor or better (Pentium recommended)
· 4Mb RAM (8 Mb or more recommended)
· 24Mb of hard disk space (full version)
· CD-ROM drive
· colour VGA monitor (SVGA 256 colours recommended)
· mouse or other pointing device
Software
The FoxPro package was chosen as the database management system to handle the information for
Prospect for several reasons:
It has flexible facilities for data presentation, file handling and menu control, together with a
capacity to store and manage large amounts of data. It is also fast; with the vast wealth of
information that Prospect records, speed of operation was an essential consideration.
Using the FoxPro Distribution Kit, a run-time version of the Prospect program can be produced so
that is can be easily distributed to users at other sites without incurring copyright problems or royalty
charges
System default end-use related criteria - classifications
In order to make some assessment of the potential uses of a timber, it is necessary to decide which
qualities of the timber are most desirable, or indeed essential, for that product. The consultant on
the project has had many years of experience in this field, and with his expert advice it has been
possible to implement these judgements for end-uses recorded in Prospect.
Based on the recorded timber properties and their descriptions, a list of required properties and
their minimum acceptable levels has been built up for several end-uses. This involves simply
indicating which descriptors are acceptable for each required property. The program makes
provision for alternative or compensating properties to be specified. For example, where a timber
is not naturally durable it may be acceptable if it was amenable to preservation treatment.
The program attempts to display the species/use matches very approximately in descending order
of suitability so that the user need only scan the first few screens of results. To do this it uses a
very basic ‘scoring’ system.
Each property in the list of required features is examined in turn. Should there be no satisfactory
data for a ‘key’ property (i.e. either there are no data recorded or all data entries show it is an
unacceptable feature) it will consider, in turn, data for any alternative properties if they have been
specified. If an alternative property is satisfactory, it will be shown in the results but these will be
scored slightly lower than a key feature.
To perform this assessment, the program examines the ‘summarised’ form of the data. For any
given end-use and species, the program looks at the total number of recorded data entries (x) for
each descriptor. There are four possible situations which may arise, each of which is given a score
as follows:
54

Situation Meaning Score
(key
property)
All data entries (x) are in the
range of required descriptors
Some of the data entries (x) are in
the range of descriptors
Complete data match - all reference
sources show property completely
satisfactory
partial data match - some reference
sources show property satisfactory,
but others indicate contradictory
opinion
Score
(alternative
property)
10 8
9 7
There are no recorded data No information to form an opinion 0 0
None of the data entries (x) are in
the range of required descriptors
Failed data match - all reference
sources show property unsuitable
-30 -30
For each species, the scores for each property are totalled and recorded. In addition to this, each
property is given a weighting according to its position in the property requirements list. The properties
should be specified in order of importance; the weighting is allocated linearly with the first property
given a high weighting and the last a low. This is so that the most essential features are stressed.
As a final stage, a score is also given for the level of known use recorded in the published sources.
This is only a small addition, mainly to provide distinction where only literature data are displayed.
Scores are given as follows:
Recorded level of use
Score
Available on commercial markets (i.e. exported) 3
Available on local markets 2
Used, but degree of use unknown 1
No information recorded 0
The species or uses are then displayed in descending order of score. When potential end-uses for a
given species are being assessed, the distinction between the most and least suitable is complicated by
the fact that for each end-use a different set of property requirements is being considered. To
overcome this, the score for each use is divided by the number of features being considered, i.e. the
mean score per feature is used.
55

Appendix 2: List of Timber Properties
Characteristic Descriptors Details/Conditions Definition
tree feature
tree height (m) 0 -

Characteristic Descriptors Details/Conditions Definition
deposits
whitish deposits in vessels
yellowish deposits in vessels
stone/gum aggregates
gum/resin exudation
growth features of the wood gum/resin streaks
latex or other ducts
included phloem
The occurrence of gums and
mineral deposits in the structure
of the wood.
The occurrence of generally
undesirable growth features of
the wood.
silica present
slight
moderate
severe
0.5%
The extent of silica deposits in
the heartwood.
grain
straight
wavy
spiral
interlocked
other
The alignment of cells relative
to the axis of the tree or the
longitudinal edge of an
individual piece of sawn timber.
figure
growth ring
stripe
ripple
mottle
dimple
burr
ray
irregular colour
other
The distinctive ornamental
markings on the longitudinal
surface of wood as a result of
the arrangement of its
constituent tissues, irregular
colouration, defects or the
nature of the grain.
figure (occurrence)
very fine & distinct
distinct
weak
variable
The intrinsic quality of the
figure.
texture
lustre
fine
fine/medium
medium
medium/coarse
coarse
pronounced
lustrous
slightly lustrous
dull
Structural characteristics of
wood as revealed by touch or
reaction to cutting tools.
(Largely determined by
distribution and size of the
various cells).
The reflective properties of cell
walls before any finish is
applied.
toxicity
non-toxic
respiratory effects
dermatitic effects
poisonous
unspecified toxicity
A characteristic that provides an
indication of the reactive
effects which may arise when
handling or working a wood.
staining properties
non-staining
coloured water-soluble extract
reacts with Fe to discolour wood
other staining characteristics
Extractives in wood which react,
usually in the presence of water,
to cause discolouration of the
wood or adjacent materials.
corrosive properties
non-corrosive
reacts with metals
density (kg/m 3 ) 0-199 basic 0- 239 air-dry
200-299 basic 240- 359 air-dry
300-399 basic 360- 479 air-dry
400-499 basic 480- 599 air-dry
500-599 basic 600- 719 air-dry
600-699 basic 720- 839 air-dry
700-799 basic 840- 959 air-dry
800-899 basic 960-1079 air-dry
900-999 basic 1080-1199 air-dry
>1000 basic >1200 air-dry
movement in service
shrinkage - radial
shrinkage - tangential
shrinkage - volumetric
small
medium
large
stable
not stable/prone to move
very small
small
moderate
fairly large
large
very small
small
moderate
fairly large
large
very small
small
moderate
fairly large
large
movement/shrinkage characteristics
4.5%
conditions:
experiment
reputation
(a)
(b)
up to 2% up to 3%
2.1-2.5% 3.1-4.0%
2.6-3.0% 4.1-5.0%
3.1-3.5% 5.1-6.0%
>3.5% >6.0%
conditions:
green to 12% m.c.(a)
green to o.d. (b)
(a)
(b)
up to 3% up to 5%
3.1-4.0% 5.1-6.5%
4.1-5.0% 6.6-8.0%
5.1-6.0% 8.1-9.5%
>6.0% >9.5%
conditions:
green to 12% m.c.(a)
green to o.d. (b)
(a)
(b)
up to 5% up to 8%
5.1-6.5% 8.1-10.5%
6.6-8.0% 10.6-13.0%
8.1-9.5% 13.1-15.5%
>9.5% >15.5%
conditions:
green to 12% m.c.(a)
green to o.d. (b)
The corrosive action when a
timber comes into contact with
metal, such as screws, nails,
bolts and plates.
The “air” dry density of wood at
12-15% moisture content (kg/m 3 )
related to basic density (ovendry
weight, green volume).
Movement records dimensional
stability subsequent to drying.
It is calculated as the sum of
the percentage radial and
tangential changes consequent
upon a change in relative
humidity from 90% to 60%.
Shrinkage that occurs
perpendicular to the growth
rings, it is approximately
proportional to moisture loss.
Radial shrinkage is roughly half
that of tangential shrinkage.
Shrinkage that occurs
perpendicular to the grain and
parallel to the growth rings.
Volumetric shrinkage is slightly
less than the sum of axial,
radial and tangential shrinkage.
mechanical characteristics
57

Characteristic Descriptors Details/Conditions Definition
very low
(a)
(b)
low
85
maximum crushing strength
(parallel to grain)
modulus of rupture/
bending strength
modulus of elasticity/
bending stiffness
toughness - total work
toughness - work to maximum
load
toughness - hammer drop
toughness - pendulum
very low
low
medium
high
very high
very low
low
medium
high
very high
very low
low
medium
high
very high
very low
low
medium
high
very high
very low
low
medium
high
very high
very low
low
medium
high
very high
conditions:
green
(a)
12% to 15% m.c. (b)
(a)
(b)
175
conditions:
green
(a)
12% to 15% m.c. (b)
(a)
(b)
20.0
conditions:
green
(a)
12% to 15% m.c. (b)
0.440
(a)
(b)
0.220
conditions:
green
(a)
12% to 15% m.c. (b)
1.60
71.2
The maximum compressive strength
of the specimen parallel to the
grain.
The highest stresses in the
outermost fibres of the wood when
the beam breaks under the
influence of a load.
The linear relationship between
stress and strain within the
elastic range of a material,
providing an indication of
stiffness.
The energy required to cause
complete failure in a beam when
the load is applied rapidly.
Work to maximum load represents
the ability of the specimen to
absorb shock with some permanent
deformation.
A hammer of a given weight is
dropped on a beam from
successively increasing heights
until rupture occurs. The height
of the maximum drop that causes
failure represents the ability of
wood to absorb shocks that cause
failure beyond the proportional
limit.
A pendulum weight is
progressively raised and released
until it causes failure.
hardness (Janka side grain) very soft
soft
medium
hard
very hard
(a)
(b)
12000
conditions:
green
(a)
12% to 15% m.c. (b)
The load required to imbed a
11.3mm diameter hardened steel
ball into the sample surface to
one half the diameter of the
ball.
shear(parallel to grain)
very low
low
medium
high
very high
(a)
(b)
22.0
The measure of the resistance of
the timber to shearing, tests
being made in both the tangential
and radial plane.
conditions:
green
(a)
12% to 15% m.c. (b)
natural durability
very durable
durable
moderately durable
non durable
perishable
wood staining fungal attack resistant
sapwood susceptible
heartwood susceptible
Pinworm attack (ambrosia unusual or absent
beetle)
commonly present
present in standing tree
attack of felled log
occurrence in heartwood
Powder post attack (Lyctid resistantsusceptible
& Bostrychid)
durability characteristics
(a) (b) (c)
years years av. dry wt. loss %
>25 >10 nil or negligible
15-

Characteristic Descriptors Details/Conditions Definition
termite attack (Isoptera) resistantmoderately
resistantsusceptible
Marine borer attack
amenability to preservation
(heartwood)
amenability to preservation
(sapwood)
drying (rate)
drying (ease)
kiln drying rate(green to
12% m.c.)
resistantmoderately
resistantsusceptible
permeable
moderately resistant
resistant
extremely resistant
permeable
moderately resistant
resistant
extremely resistant
fast
moderate
slow
easy
moderate
difficult
variable
rapid
fairly rapid
rather slow
slow
kiln schedule UK=A US=T2D4/T2D3 Fr=1
UK=B US=T2C2/T2C1 Fr=2
UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3
UK=D US=T3D2/T3C1 -
UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5
UK=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6
UK=G US=T8B3/T5B1 -
UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7
UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4
UK=K US=T13C4S/T11D3S -
UK=L US=T14C6S/T12C5S -
UK=M - -
drying degrade - surface
checking
drying degrade - end
splitting
none
slight
moderate
severe
none
slight
moderate
severe
conditions:
field tes
laboratory test
observation/reputation
conditions:
salt water test
observation/reputation
tropical waters
temperate waters
permeability characteristics
complete penetration by preservative
lateral penetration 6-18mm
lateral penetration 3-6mm
effectively untreatable
complete penetration by preservative
lateral penetration 6-18mm
lateral penetration 3-6mm
effectively untreatable
drying characteristics
conditions:
air drying
kiln drying
conditions:
air drying
kiln drying
(a) (b) (c)
84
conditions:
up to 32mm thickness (a)
33 to 63mm thickness (b)
>63mm thickness (c)
Damage caused by insects of the
Order Isoptera.
Damage caused in marine or
brackish water by marine molluscs
and marine crustaceans.
The extent to which heartwood can
be impregnated with preservatives
under pressure to protect against
fungal, insect or marine attack.
The extent to which sapwood can
be impregnated with preservatives
under pressure to protect against
fungal, insect or marine attack.
The rate at which timber dries
from a green condition.
The ease or difficulty with which
timber can be dried from a green
condition.
The time in days to kiln dry
timber from green to 12% moisture
content.
Equivalent kiln schedules used in
the U.K. (United Kingdom), U.S.
(United States of America), and
Fr (France).
Separation of wood fibres along
the grain forming a crack or
fissure that does not penetrate
through the timber from one
surface to the other.
Split at the end of a log or
piece.
drying degrade -
collapse/honeycomb
drying degrade - cup
none
slight
moderate
severe
none
slight
moderate
severe
Collapse is the flattening or
buckling of cells during drying
which become manifest in
excessive or uneven shrinkage.
Honeycomb is the separation of
the fibres in the interior of a
piece induced by drying stresses.
Curvature of a piece of timber
across the width of the face.
drying degrade - spring/bow none
slight
moderate
severe
drying degrade - twist/warp none
slight
moderate
severe
Bow: curvature of a piece of
timber lengthwise in a plane
normal to the edge, Spring:
curvature of a piece of timber
lengthwise in a plane normal to
the face.
Spiral distortion of a piece of
timber lengthwise.
drying degrade - knots
splits/loosening
none
slight
moderate
severe
The splitting or loosening of
knots during drying.
resin/gum exudation on
drying
absent
present
Movement of mobile extractives
(gums and resins) which occur
when timber is dried as ambient
temperatures increase.
sawing - general (green)
easy
moderate
difficult
variable
sawing characteristics
The ease or difficulty with which
a timber can be sawn when green.
sawing - general (dry)
easy
moderate
difficult
variable
The ease or difficulty with which
a timber can be sawn when “air”
dry (12-15% moisture content).
59

Characteristic Descriptors Details/Conditions Definition
mild
moderate
severe
sawing - blunting effect
(green)
The effect of a timber on the
performance of a saw when the
timber is green.
sawing - blunting effect
(dry)
mild
moderate
severe
The effect of a timber on the
performance of a saw when the
timber is dry.
machining - general
easy
moderate
difficult
variable
machining - blunting effect slight
moderate
fairly severe
severe
variable
machining characteristics
The ease or difficulty with which
a timber can be machined.
The effect of a timber on the
performance of a machine when the
timber is processed.
planing (ease)
planing (finish)
mortising (ease)
mortising (finish)
moulding (ease)
moulding (finish)
turning (ease)
turning (finish)
boring
recessing & routing (ease)
easy
moderate
difficult
good
satisfactory
poor
easy
moderate
difficult
good
satisfactory
poor
easy
moderate
difficult
good
satisfactory
poor
easy
moderate
difficult
good
satisfactory
poor
easy
moderate
difficult
easy
moderate
difficult
recessing & routing (finish) good
satisfactory
poor
steam bending
very good
good
moderate
poor
very poor
750
conditions:
radius of curvature supported
radius of curvature not supported
The ease or difficulty with which
a timber can be machined planed.
The quality of finish when a
timber is planed.
The ease or difficulty with which
a mortise can be cut in a timber
either by hand or with a machine.
The quality of finish when a
timber is mortised.
The ease or difficulty with which
a timber can be shaped.
The quality of finish when a
timber is moulded.
The ease or difficulty with which
a timber can be machined on a
lathe.
The quality of finish when a
timber is machined on a lathe.
The ease or difficulty with which
a timber can be bored
perpendicular to the grain.
The ease or difficulty with which
a timber can be slotted, rebated
or routed.
The finish achieved when a timber
is slotted, rebated, or routed.
The curvature to which a 1 inch
(25mm) thick sample may be steam
bent with an expectation of a 5%
failure rate.
nailing (ease)
easy
difficult
possible if prebored
fastening characteristics
The ease or difficulty of nailing
a timber.
nailing (hold)
good
satisfactory
poor
The tenacity with which a timber
holds a nail.
screwing (ease)
easy
difficult
possible if prebored
The ease or difficulty of
screwing a timber.
screwing (hold)
good
satisfactory
poor
The tenacity with which a timber
holds a screw.
resistance to splitting
(nail & screw)
excellent
good
fair
poor
very poor
The resistance of a timber to
splitting when nailed or screwed.
gluing (solid wood)
easy
moderate
difficult
surfacing characteristics
The ease or difficulty with which
a timber can be glued.
finishing - general
good
satisfactory
poor
The general quality of the
finished surface.
sanding (ease)
easy
moderate
difficult
The ease or difficulty with which
a timber can be finished using a
paper or cloth backed abrasive.
60

Characteristic Descriptors Details/Conditions Definition
sanding (finish)
good
satisfactory
poor
The quality of the surface finish
obtained when using a paper or
cloth backed abrasive.
staining
painting
good
satisfactory
poor
good
satisfactory
poor
conditions: requires filling
conditions: requires filling
The ease with which a timber can
be uniformly stained, using
either a water or spirit based
stain, and the quality of the
resulting stained surface.
The ease with which a timber can
be painted and the quality of the
finished surface.
varnishing
good
satisfactory
poor
conditions: requires filling
The ease with which a timber can
be varnished and the quality of
the finished surface.
polishing
good
satisfactory
poor
conditions: requires filling
The ease with which a timber can
be polished, e.g. French
polished, and the quality of the
finished surface.
veneer - bolt preparation
veneer- ease of cutting
veneer - drying degrade
veneer - gluing
steaming required
no steaming needed
easy
moderately easy
difficult
no degrade - dries flat/no split
slight/moderate - buckles/splits
moderate/severe - collapse +b/s
good
variable
difficult
veneer production characteristics
conditions:
rotary cutting
slicing
conditions:
uf resin
pf resin
other resin
Treatment of a timber in order
for it to produce an acceptable
veneer.
The ease or difficulty with which
a bolt or flitch of timber can be
peeled or sliced.
The extent of degrade, typically
splits and distortion, of a
veneer on drying.
The ease or difficulty with which
a veneer of a timber can be glued
and the resulting tenacity of the
bond.
61

Appendix 3: List of End-Uses
agricultural implements
artificial limbs
axles
bakers items
baskets
battery separators
bearings, cogs, pulleys, brake blocks
beehives
boats: building (general)
boats: decking
boats: fittings
boats: framing
boats: masts / flag masts
boats: masts/spars (laminated)
boats: masts/spars (single pole)
boats: planking
boxes, crates, pallets, packing cases
bridges: unspecified
brushbacks
bungs, stoppers, plugs
canoes
carving
charcoal
chemical derivatives
cladding (external): agric./industrial
cladding (external): domestic
cladding (external): unspecified
coffins
combs
compressed wood
construction: heavy
construction: hydraulic
construction: light
cooperage: slack
cooperage: tight
cooperage: unspecified
decking
doors: unspecified
draining boards
drawing boards
fencing: paling
fencing: posts/stakes
fencing: rails
fencing: unspecified
fibre building board/hardboard
floats & lifebelts
flooring: commercial heavy traffic
flooring: commercial normal traffic
flooring: domestic light traffic
flooring: general
flooring: industrial heavy traffic
flooring: industrial light traffic
food containers
footwear
fuelwood/briquettes
furniture: cabinet work
furniture: chairs
furniture: general
furniture: laboratory & other bench tops
furniture: table/counter tops
furniture: upholstered furniture
gates
gums, resins, tannins, oils
handles: axe, hammer
handles: broom, brush
handles: cutlery/knife
handles: unspecified
handles: wood working tools
house framing, carcassing
insulation
joinery (external): ground contact
joinery (external): non-ground contact
joinery (external): unspecified
joinery (general): internal & external
joinery (internal)
ladders: rungs
ladders: stiles
ladders: unspecified
laminated products/beams
lasts, shoe/boot
liquid fuel
manicure sticks
matches: boxes
matches: splints
mathematical instruments, rulers
millwork
mining timber, pitprops
model making
mouldings, picture frames, etc.
musical instruments: percussion
musical instruments: piano/organ parts
musical instruments: strings
musical instruments: unspecified
musical instruments: wood wind
nails, treenails, screws
oars, paddles
panelling
particleboard/chipboard
patterns
pencils
picking sticks
piers: unspecified
piling, groynes
plywood corestock
plywood: core (laminboard, blockboard)
plywood: general
plywood: veneer (exterior)
plywood: veneer (interior)
plywood: veneer (marine)
poles: scaffolding
poles: shunting
poles: telegraph, transmission
printers blocks
pulp/paper
rifle furniture
rollers, mangles
roof trusses: agricultural/industrial
roof trusses: domestic
roof trusses: unspecified
ropes & fibres
scaffold boards
shingles, shakes
shuttering (concrete)
sleepers, cross ties
sports items: archery bows
sports items: baseball bats
sports items: billiard cues
sports items: cricket bats
sports items: fishing rods
sports items: golf club heads
sports items: golf club shafts
sports items: hockey sticks
sports items: lacrosse sticks
sports items: polo sticks
sports items: skis
sports items: tennis rackets
sports items: unspecified
steps (sides/treads)
structural beams: unspecified
structures: agricultural
structures: domestic
structures: freshwater
structures: industrial
structures: marine
textile bobbins, shuttles, cotton reels
textile machinery
tobacco pipes
tool handles: unspecified
tools: mallets
tools: planes
tools: spirit levels
toothpicks
toys
turnery: architectural & furniture
turnery: dairy & kitchen
turnery: ornamental
turnery: unspecified
vats, tanks
vehicles: decking/flooring
vehicles: framing
vehicles: sidings, cab timber, etc.
veneer: decorative
veneer: general purpose
veneer: unspecified
waferboard
walking sticks
water associated products: unspecified
water cooling towers
well construction
wharves: unspecified
wheels: rims
wheels: spokes
wood flour
wood wool
yokes
descriptors:
used commercially/exported
used locally
used, but extent unknown
known to be used and exported for this application
known to be used locally for this application
known to have been used for this application but extent of use unknown
62

Appendix 4: List of countries/geographical regions
Australasia
Australia
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
West Irian
Central America
Belize
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Central Southern Africa
Angola
Malawi
Mozambique
Zambia
Zimbabwe
East Africa
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Kenya
Somalia
Tanzania
Uganda
East Asia
China
Japan
North Korea
South Korea
Taiwan
Equatorial Africa
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Rwanda
Zaire
Indian Ocean
Comoro Islands
Madagascar
Maldives
Mauritius
Reunion
Seychelles
Middle Europe
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Germany
Hungary
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Poland
Slovakia
Switzerland
North Africa
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Sudan
Tunisia
Western Sahara
North America
Canada
U.S.A.
North Atlantic
Bermuda
Canary Islands
Cape Verde Islands
Madeira
Northern Europe
Denmark
Finland
Great Britain
Iceland
Ireland
Norway
Sweden
Pacific
Fiji
French Polynesia
Hawaii
New Caledonia
Norfolk Island
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Vanuatu
Western Samoa
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
French Guiana
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Surinam
Uruguay
Venezuela
South Eastern Europe
Albania
Bosnia
Bulgaria
Croatia
Greece
Italy
Macedonia
Romania
Serbia
Slovenia
South Western Europe
France
Portugal
Spain
South East Asia
Andaman Islands
Borneo
Brunei
Burma
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Philippines
Sabah
Sarawak
Sumatra
Thailand
Vietnam
Southern Africa
Botswana
Lesotho
Namibia
South Africa
Swaziland
Southern Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
West Africa
Benin
Burkina
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Sao Tom‚ & Principe
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
West Indies
Antigua
Bahamas
Barbados
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Rep.
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Haiti
Jamaica
Martinique
Montserrat
Netherlands Antilles
Puerto Rico
St. Kitts, Nevis & Anguilla
St. Lucia
St. Vincent
Trinidad & Tobago
Virgin Islands
Western Asia
Bahrain
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
South Yemen
Syria
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
63

Appendix 5: List of Species (All species, excluding synonyms and misapplied names)
q a ‘w’ after the species name indicates that conservation status data for that species is available from the
World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
q a ‘~’ in the species name indicates that the data came from plantation grown timber.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
WCMC provides information services on the conservation and sustainable use of species and ecosystems.
The information on plants comes from wide ranging sources, including The Species Survival Commission
of the IUCN - World Conservation Union and The Nature Conservancy (USA), National Botanical
Institute (South Africa) and CSIRO (Australia). An information service providing details relevant to the
status and conservation of the threatened tree species of the world and their potential for sustainable
utilization will be available in electronic and hard copy form in 1998.
Species appearing on Prospect were compared to those species found on the World Conservation
Monitoring Centre Plants Database on the 26th of November, 1996 and those found to be in common at
that time are those that appear flagged in the following species list. The WCMC database is updated
continually and so other species may now be in common with those appearing on Prospect. To obtain more
information relating to WCMC and the flagged species contact:-
The Information Officer,
World Conservation Monitoring Centre,
219 Huntingdon Road,
Cambridge,
CB3 0DL, U.K.
Tel: +44 (0)1223 277314
Fax: +44 (0)1223 277136
E-mail: info@wcmc.org.uk
for more information on WCMC please go to:
http://www.wcmc.org.uk
or http://www.unep-wcmc.org/forest/homepage.htm
64

Abelia triflora Br.
Abies alba Mill.
w
Alseis yucatanensis Standley
Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Nees
w
Abies amabilis Forb.
Alstonia congensis Engl.
w
Abies balsamea Mill.
w Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.
w
Abies grandis Lindl.
w Altingia excelsa Nor.
w
Abies procera Rehd.
w Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm.
Acacia aneura F.Muell
Amaioua corymbosa H.B.K.
w
Acacia arabica Willd.
Amanoa grandiflora Muell.Arg.
w
Acacia auriculiformis~
Amblygonocarpus andongensis
w
Acacia catechu Willd.
w Amburana cearensis (Fr.Allem.) A.C.Smith.
w
Acacia confusa Merr.
Amoora cucullata Roxb.
w
Acacia mangium~ Willd.
Amoora wallichii King
Acacia mearnsii De Wild.
w Ampelocera hottlei (Standl.) Standl.
Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.
w Amphimas ferrugineus Pierre ex Pellegr.
Acacia melanoxylon~ R.Br.
Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms
Acacia polyacantha Willd.
Amyris balsamifera L.
w
Acacia richii A.Gray
w Amyris elemifera L.
Acanthosyris falcata Griseb.
Acer catalpifolium Rehd.
w
Amyris simplicifolia Karst.
Anacardium excelsum (Bert & Balb) Skeels
w
Acer cultratum Wall.
Anacardium occidentale L.
w
Acer pseudoplatanus L.
w Anacardium occidentale~ L.
Acer rubrum L.
Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan
w
Acer saccharum Marsh.
w Andira coriacea Puller
w
Achras zapota Linn.
Andira inermis (H.B.K.) (Wright) D.C.
w
Acioa barteri Engl.
w Andira surinamensis (Bondt) Splitg. ex Pulle
w
Ackama paniculata Engl.
Androstachys johnsonii Prain
w
Acnistus arborescens Schl.
Angelesia splendens Korth.
w
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Arn.
w Aniba ovalifolia Mez
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius~ Arn.
Aningeria adolfi-friederici Robyns & Gilbert
w
Acronychia porteri Hook. F.
w Aningeria altissima (A.Chev.) Aubr. & Pellegr.
Adansonia digitata L.
w Anisophyllea laurina R.Br.
Adenanthera pavonina L.
w Anisoptera costata Korth.
w
Adenaria floribunda H.B.K.
w Anisoptera curtisii Dyer ex King
w
Adina microcephala (Del.) Hiern.
w Annona glabra L.
w
Adinandra lamponga Miq.
w Annona squamosa L.
w
Aegiceras floridum Roem. & Schult.
w Anogeissus acuminata Wall.
Aegiceras majus Gaertn.
Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr.
Aegle marmelos Correa
Anopyxis klaineana (Pierre) Engl.
w
Aesculus hippocastanum L.
w Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) A.Rich. ex Walp. w
Aesculus turbinata Bl.
Anthocephalus chinensis~ (Lam.) A.Rich ex Walp.
Aextoxicon punctatum Ruiz & Pav.
w Antiaris africana Engl.
w
Afrocrania volkensii (Harms) Hutch
w Antiaris spp.
Afzelia africana Pers.
Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn.
Afzelia quanzensis Welw.
w Antrocaryon micraster A.Chev. & Guill.
w
Afzelia spp.
Apeiba aspera Aubl.
Agathis alba Foxw.
Apeiba tibourbou Aubl.
w
Agathis australis Steud.
w Aphanamixis rohituka Pierre
Agathis microstachya Bail et White
w Aphananthe philippinensis Planch.
Agathis palmerstonii F.v.M.
Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey ex Bernh.
w
Agathis robusta F.M.Baill.
Aporrhiza talbotii Bak.f
Agathis robusta~ F.M.Bail.
Aporusa aurea Hook. f.
w
Agathis vitiensis Benth et Hook
w Aporusa maingayi Hook. f.
w
Aglaia odoratissima Bl.
w Aporusa nigricans Hook. f.
w
Agonandra brasiliensis Benth. & Hook. F.
w Apuleia leiocarpa (Vog.) Macbride
Agrostistachys borneensis Becc.
w Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.
w
Ailanthus altissima Saingle
w Aralidium pinnatifidum Miq.
w
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.
Araucaria angustifolia O.Ktze.
w
Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms
w Araucaria angustifolia~ O.Ktze
Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W.Wight
Araucaria araucana K.Koch.
w
Albizia antunesiana Harms
Araucaria cunninghamii~ Sweet.
Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth.
Araucaria hunsteinii~ K.Schum
Albizia gummifera (Gmel.) C.A.Sm. Arbutus unedo L. w
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. w Ardisia lanceolata Roxb. w
Albizia odoratissima (L.F.) Benth. Aromadendron elegans Bl. w
Albizia spp.
Arthrophyllum diversifolium Blume
Albizia versicolor Welw. ex Oliv. w Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg
Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F.Macbr. Artocarpus bracteata Hook. f w
Aleurites fordii Hemsl.
Artocarpus gomeziana Wall.
Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. w Aspidosperma album (Vahl) R.Ben ex P. w
Alexa imperatricis (Schomb.) Baill. w Aspidosperma megalocarpon Mull. Arg
Alibertia edulis A.Rich. w Aspidosperma peroba S.da Gama.
Allanblackia floribunda A.Chev.
Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schl.
Allanblackia stuhlmannii Engl. w Asteriastigma macrocarpa Bedd. w
Allophylus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk. w Asteropeia rhopaloides Bak.
Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. w Astronium fraxinifolium Schott. w
Alnus rubra Bong. Astronium graveolens Jacq. w
Alphitonia philippinensis Braid. Astronium le-cointei Ducke w
Alphitonia zizyphoides A.Gray w Atamisquea emarginata Miers
65

Atherosperma moschatum Labill.
Bucida buceras L.
Aucoumea klaineana Pierre
w Bucklandia populnea R.Br.
w
Autranella congolensis (De Wild.) A.Chev.
Bulnesia arborea Engl.
w
Averrhoa bilimbi L.
Bumelia obtusifolia R.& Sch.
Averrhoa carambola L.
Burkea africana Hook.
Avicennia nitida Jacq
w Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.
Azadirachta indica A.Juss.
w Bussea occidentalis Hutch.
Azadirachta indica~ A.Juss.
Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub.
Baccaurea motleyana Muell.Arg.
w Butea superba Roxb.
Bagassa guianensis Aubl.
w Buxus sempervirens L.
w
Baikiaea insignis Benth.
w Byrsonima coriacea (Sw.) DC.
Baikiaea plurijuga Harms
Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H.B.K.
Baillonella toxisperma Pierre
w Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) DC.
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.
w Cabralea cangerana Sald.
Balanocarpus heimii King
Cabralea oblongifoliola C.DC.
Balfourodendron riedelianum Engl.
w Cadaba trifoliata W.& A.
Balsamodendron mukul Hook. ex Stocks
Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd.
Banara guianensis Aubl.
Caesalpinia granadillo Pittier
Baphia nitida Lodd.
Caesalpinia sappan L.
w
Baphia pubescens Hook. f.
Calatola costaricensis Standl.
Barringtonia acutangula Gaertn.
Caldcluvia paniculata Don
w
Barringtonia scortechinii King
Calliandra guildingii Benth.
Barringtonia speciosa Forst.
Callicarpa arborea Roxb.
Bastardiopsis densiflora Hassl.
Callitris columellaris~ F.Muell.
Beilschmiedia kweo (Mildbr.) Robyns & Wilczek w Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb.
Beilschmiedia mannii (Meissn.) Benth. & Hook. f.
Caloncoba brevipes Gilg
Beilschmiedia spp.
Calophyllum brasiliense Camb.
w
Beilschmiedia tawa (A.Cunn.) Kirk
Calophyllum costatum F.M.Bail.
Bellucia costaricensis Cogn.ex Th.Dur. et Pitt.
Calophyllum kajewskii A.C. Smith
w
Belotia panamensis Pitt.
Calophyllum leucocarpum A.C.Smith
w
Berlinia auriculata Benth.
Calophyllum vitiense Turr.
w
Berlinia bracteosa Benth.
Calpocalyx brevibracteatus Harms
Berlinia grandiflora (Vahl) Hutch. & Dalz.
Calycolpus glaber (Benth.) Berg
Berrya cordifolia (Willd.) Burret
w Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl) DC.
Bersama abyssinica Fres.
Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook
w
Bertholletia excelsa Berg.
w Calyptranthes pallens Griseb.
Bertiera guianensis Aubl.
Calyptranthes zuzygium (L.) Sw.
w
Betula alleghaniensis Britt.
Calyptrella cucullata Triana
Betula alnoides Ham.
Campnosperma auriculata (Bl.) Hook. f.
w
Betula papyrifera Marsh.
w Campnospermum panamensis Standl.
Betula pendula
w Camptostemon philippinense (Vidal) Beccari
Betula pubescens Ehrh.
w Canangium odoratum (Lam.) Baill.
Billia columbiana Planch. & Lind.
Canarium euphyllum Kurz
Bischofia javanica Blume
w Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.
w
Bixa orellana L.
Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn.
w
Blastemanthus grandiflorus Spruce
Canotia holacantha Torr.
Blepharocarya involucrigera F.Muell. w Canthium rubrocostatum Robyns w
Blighia sapida Koenig w Capparis cynophallophora L.
Blighia unijugata Bak.
Carallia calycina Thw.
Boehmeria rugulosa Wedd. w Carapa grandiflora Sprague w
Bombacopsis quinata (Jacq.) Dugand w Carapa guianensis Aubl. w
Bombacopsis quinata~ (Jacq.) Dugand
Carapa procera DC.
Bombacopsis sepium Pitt.
Carapa slateri Standl.
Bombax ceiba L.
Cardwellia sublimis F.Muell.
Bonyunia aquatica Ducke Careya arborea Roxb. w
Boschia griffithii Mast.
Cariniana excelsa Casar.
Bouea burmanica Griff. Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze w
Bouea macrophylla Griff. w Cariniana pyriformis Miers. w
Bourreria ovata Miers
Carissa spp.
Bowdichia nitida Spruce ex Benth. w Carpinus betulus L. w
Brachylaena hutchinsii Hutch. w Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb.
Brachystegia cynometroides Harms
Carya spp. (true hickory)
Brachystegia eurycoma Harms Caryocar costaricense Donn.Sm. w
Brachystegia mildbraedii Harms Caryocar glabrum Pers. w
Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. Caryocar villosum Pers. w
Brassaiopsis hainla Seem. Casearia battiscombei R.E.Fries w
Bravaisia integerrima Standl. w Casearia dinklagei Gilg
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. w Casearia engleri Gilg. w
Brosimum alicastrum Sw. Cassia nodosa (Roxb.) K & S.Larsen w
Brosimum caloxylon Standl. w Cassia siamea Lamk. w
Brosimum costaricanum Liebm.
Cassia siamea~ Lamk.
Brosimum paraense Hub.
Cassia timoriensis DC.
Brosimum utile (HBK) Pittier Cassine buchananii Loes. w
Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.
Cassine crocea O.Ktze
Brya ebenus DC.
Cassipourea afzelii (Oliv.) Alston
Buchanania lancifolia Roxb.
Cassipourea elliptica Poir.
Buchanania lanzan Spreng. w Cassipourea malosana (Bak.) Alston w
Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eichl. w Cassipourea verticillata N.E.Br.
66

Castanea dentata Borkh.
w Citrus medica L.
w
Castanea sativa Mill.
w Clarisia racemosa R.& P.
Castanopsis cuspidata Schott
Clathrotropis brachypetala Kleinh.
w
Castanopsis junghuhnii (Miq.) Hayata
Clathrotropis macrocarpa Ducke
w
Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata
w Cleistanthus collinus Benth.
w
Castanopsis sumatrana A.DC.
Cleistanthus myrianthus Kurz
w
Castanospermum australe Cunn. & Fraser
Cleistopholis glauca Pierre ex Engl. & Diels
Castela coccinea Griseb.
Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. & Diels.
w
Castilla elastica Cerv.
w Clerodendrum disparifolium Bl.
w
Castilla fallax Cook
w Clethra lanata Mart. & Gal.
Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.
w Clidemia naevula (Naud.) Triana
Casuarina equisetifolia~ Forst.
Clusia rosea Jacq.
w
Casuarina litorea L.
Cneorum trimerum (Urb.) Chod.
Casuarina torulosa Dryand. ex Ait.
Cochlospermum orinoccense Steud.
Catalpa longissima Jacq.
Coelocaryon oxycarpum Stapf
Catostemma commune Sand.
w Coelocaryon preussii Warb.
w
Catostemma fragrans Benth.
w Coelostegia griffithii Benth.
w
Cavanillesia platanifolia H.B.K.
Cola acuminata (P.Beauv.) Schott & Endl.
Cecropia juranyana A.Rich.
Cola spp.
Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol.
Colophospermum mopane J.Leonard
Cecropia peltata L.
w Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.
Cedrela fissilis Vell.
w Colubrina cubensis (Jacq.) Brongn.
w
Cedrela odorata L.
w Colubrina reclinata (L'Her.) Brongn.
Cedrela odorata~ L.
Columbia floribunda Kurz
Cedrelinga catanaeformis Ducke
w Combretum binderianum Kotschy
w
Ceiba occidentalis Burk.
w Combretum lamprocarpum Diels
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.
w Combretum schumannii Engl.
w
Ceiba samauma Schum.
w Compsoneura sprucei (A.DC.) Warb.
Celtis adolfi-friderici Engl.
w Condalia lineata A.Gray
Celtis africana Burm. f.
w Condalia obovata Hook.
Celtis australis L.
w Conocarpus erectus L.
w
Celtis durandii Engl. w Conopharyngia durissima Stapf
Celtis mildbraedii Engl. w Conostegia xalapensis (Bonpl.) D.Don
Celtis occidentalis L.
Copaifera mildbraedii Harms
Celtis philippensis Blanco w Copaifera panamensis (Britton) Standley w
Celtis prantlii Priemer ex Engl.
Cordia africana Lam.
Celtis zenkeri Engl. w Cordia alliodora Oken w
Centrolobium paraense Tul.
Cordia alliodora~ Oken.
Centrolobium patinense Pittier
Cordia caffra Sond.
Centronia excelsa (Bonpl.) Triana Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. w
Cephalosphaera usambarensis (Warb.) Warb. Cordia dodecandra DC. w
Ceratonia siliqua L. Cordia gerascanthus L. w
Ceratopetalum apetalum D.Don
Cordia goeldiana Hub.
Cerbera odollam Gaertn. w Cordia millenii Bak. w
Cercidiphyllum japonicum S.& Z. w Cordia obliqua Willd. w
Cercidium praecox (R. & P.) Harms Cordia platythyrsa Baker w
Cercis canadensis L. w Cordia spp. (African)
Ceriops tagal C.B.Rob. w Cordia trichotoma Vell. ex Steud.
Cervantesia colombiana A.C.Smith Cordyla africana Lour. w
Cestrum panamense Standl.
Cornus macrophylla Wall.
Chaetocarpus castanocarpus Thw.
Cornus peruviana Macbride
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Parl. w Cosmocalyx spectabilis Standley
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Spach. w Cotylelobium malayanum V.Sl. w
Chilopsis linearis P.DC. Coula edulis Baill. w
Chlorocardium rodiaei (Schomb.) J.G. Rohwer w Couma macrocarpa B.R. w
Chlorophora regia A.Chev. w Coumarouna oleifera (Benth.) Taub.
Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. Couratari guianensis Aubl. w
Chloroxylon swietenia (B.C.) w Couratari panamensis Standley w
Chorisia insignis H.B.K. w Couroupita darienensis Pittier
Chorisia speciosa St Hill. w Couroupita odoratissima Seem.
Christiania africana DC. Coutarea hexandra K.Schum. w
Chrysochlamys membranacea Tr. & Pl.
Craibiodendron shanicum W.W.Smith
Chrysophyllum albidum G.Don w Crataegus oxyacantha L.
Chrysophyllum cainito L.
Cratoxylon arborescens (Vahl) Bl.
Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. Crescentia cujete L. w
Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Mildr. w Crinodendron tucumanum Lillo w
Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum (Pierre) Monach. Croton argyratus Bl. w
Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss. w Croton glabellus Linn. w
Chytroma idatimon Miers
Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Rich.
Cinchona ledgeriana Moens ex Trimen
Croton megalocarpus Hutch.
Cinnamomum camphora Nees. & Eberm.
Croton oblongifolius Roxb.
Cinnamomum iners Reinw.
Crudia obliqua Griseb.
Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Meissn. w Crypteronia paniculata Blume. w
Cipadessa fruticosa Bl.
Cryptocarya chinensis Hemsl.
Citharexylum caudatum L. Cryptomeria japonica D.Don. w
Citharexylum fruticosum L.
Ctenolophon englerianus Mildbr.
Citharexylum macradenium Greenm.
Ctenolophon grandifolius Oliv.
Citrus aurantium L. Cuervea kappleriana (Miq.) A.C.Smith w
67

Cullenia exarillata A.Robyns
Diospyros xanthochlamys Gurke
Cunonia capensis L.
Dipholis salicifolia (L) ADC.
Cupressus lusitanica Mill.
w Diphysa robinioides Benth.
w
Cupressus lusitanica~ Mill.
Diplodiscus paniculatus Turczaninow
w
Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw.
w Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Muell. Arg.) Pichon
Curtisia faginea Ait.
Diplotropis martiusii Benth.
w
Cussonia arborea Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Diplotropis purpurea (Rich.) Amsh.
Cyclobalanopsis gilva Oerst.
Dipterocarpus rotundifolius Foxworthy
w
Cyclobalanopsis morii (Hayata) Hayata
Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.
w
Cylicodiscus gabunensis (Taub.) Harms
w Dipterodendron costaricense Radlk.
Cynometra alexandri C.H.Wright
Dipteryx odorata Willd.
w
Cynometra insularis A.C. Smith
w Discoglypremna caloneura (Pax) Prain
w
Cynometra megalophylla Harms
Discophora panamensis Standley
w
Cynometra polyandra Roxb. Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill. w
Cynometra ramiflora L. w Distylium racemosum S. & Z. w
Cyrilla racemiflora L. Doerpfeldia cubensis Urb. w
Dacrydium cupressinum Sol. Dombeya goetzenii K.Schum w
Dacrydium elatum Wall. w Dorstenia kameruniana Engl.
Dacryodes buettneri (Engl.) J.H.Lam. w Doryphora sassafras Endl. w
Dacryodes edulis (G.Don) H.J.Lam Dracontomelon mangiferum Blume w
Dacryodes excelsa Vahl. w Drimys granatensis L. f.
Dacryodes igaganga Aubr. & Pell. w Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f.
Dactylocladus stenostachys Oliv.
Drypetes brownii Standl.
Dalbergia cearensis Ducke w Drypetes diversifolia Krug & Urb.
Dalbergia frutescens Britton w Drypetes lateriflora (Sw.) Krug & Urb.
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.
Drypetes principum (Muell.Arg.) Hutch.
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. w Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp.
Dalbergia nigra Fr.Allem. w Duboisia myoporoides R.Br.
Dalbergia oliveri Gamble w Dyera costulata Hook. f. w
Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. w Dysoxylum fraseranum Benth.
Dalbergia sissoo DC. w Dysoxylum pilosum A.C. Smith
Dalbergia sissoo~ DC. Dysoxylum richii C.DC w
Dalbergia stevensonii Standl.
Ehretia acuminata R.Br.
Daniellia klainei A.Chev.
Ehretia anacuna (Berl.) Johnston
Daniellia ogea (Harms) Holland w Ehretia cymosa Thonn.
Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel Ehretia tinifolia L.
Daniellia thurifera Bennett w Ekebergia capensis Sparrm.
Daphnandra micrantha Benth. Ekebergia rueppelliana (Fresen) A.Rich w
Daphniphyllum lancifolium Hook.
Ekmanianthe actinophylla (Gris.) Urb.
Daphnopsis macrophylla Gilg Elaeocarpus floribundus Bl. w
Daphnopsis philippiana Krug & Urban w Elateriospermum tapos Bl.
Dehaasia curtisii Gamble Embothrium coccineum Forst. w
Delonix regia (Hook.)Raf. w Enallagma latifolia (Mill.) Sm. w
Dendropanax arboreus L. w Enantia chlorantha Oliv.
Deplanchea bancana V.Steenis w Endiandra palmerstoni (F.M.Bail.) C.T.White w
Dermatocalyx parviflora Oerst. Endospermum macrophyllum Pax et Hoffm. w
Desbordesia glaucescens (Engl.) Van Tiegh. Endospermum malaccense Muell.Arg. w
Desmostachys vogelii Stapf
Engelhardtia formosana Hayata
Detarium senegalense J.Gmelin w Engelhardtia nudiflora Hook.
Dialium dinklagei Harms. w Engelhardtia pterocarpa (Oerst.) Standl. w
Dialium guianense Willd.
Engelhardtia roxburghiana Lindl.
Dialium spp. Engelhardtia spicata Bl. w
Dialyanthera otoba Warb. Enicosanthum fuscum (King) Airy-Shaw. w
Dichrostachys glomerata (Forsk.) Chiov. Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A.Rich. w
Dicorynia guianensis Amsh.
Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C.DC.
Didelotia brevipaniculata J.Leon. w Entandrophragma candollei Harms w
Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl) Dene et Planch. Entandrophragma cylindricum Sprague w
Dillenia reticulata King w Entandrophragma utile (Dawe & Sprague) Sprague w
Dimorphocalyx malayanus Hook. Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. w
Dinizia excelsa Ducke Enterolobium schomburgkii Benth. w
Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern.) F.White w Eperua falcata Aubl.
Diospyros atropurpurea Gurke Eperua grandiflora (Aubl.) Benth. w
Diospyros batocana Hiern w Eperua jenmannii Oliv. w
Diospyros burmanica Kurz
Erblichia odorata Seem.
Diospyros confertiflora (Hiern) Bakh. w Eremophila mitchellii Benth.
Diospyros crassiflora Hiern. w Erinocarpus nimmoanus Grah. w
Diospyros ehretioides Wall. Eriobotrya bengalensis Hook. f.
Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. w Eriolaena candollei Wall.
Diospyros gabunensis Gurke
Eriolaena quinquelocularis Wight
Diospyros insculpta Hutch. & Dalz.
Eriolaena spectabilis Planch.
Diospyros kaki L. f. Erisma uncinatum Warm. w
Diospyros kamerunensis Gurke w Erithalis fruticosa L.
Diospyros mannii Hiern w Ervatamia corymbosa King & Gamble
Diospyros marmorata Parker w Erythrina berteroana Urb.
Diospyros mespiliformis (Hochst.) ex A.DC. w Erythrina glauca Willd. w
Diospyros sanza-minika (A. Chev.) w Erythrina mildbraedii Harms
Diospyros spp.
Erythrophleum africanum (Benth.) Harms
Diospyros thomasii Hutch. & Dalz. Erythrophleum guineense G.Don w
68

Erythrophleum ivorense A.Chev.
Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan
Erythroxylum mannii Oliv.
Escallonia myrtillioides L.
Eschweilera amara (Aubl.) Ndz.
Eschweilera longpipes Miers
Eschweilera odora (Poepp.) Miers
Eschweilera sagotiana Miers
Eschweilera subglandulosa Miers.
Esenbeckia alata (Karst. & Tr.) Tr. & Pl.
Esenbeckia atata Pitt.
Esenbeckia pilocarpoides H.B.K.
Esenbeckia spp.
Eucalyptus botryoides Sm.
Eucalyptus calophylla R.Br.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis~ Dehn.
Eucalyptus citriodora Hook
Eucalyptus citriodora~ Hook.
Eucalyptus corymbosa Sm.
Eucalyptus deglupta Bl.
Eucalyptus deglupta~ Bl.
Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Bak.
Eucalyptus diversicolor F.v.M.
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Eucalyptus globulus~ Labill.
Eucalyptus grandis Maid.
Eucalyptus grandis~ Maid.
Eucalyptus maculata Hook.
Eucalyptus maidenii F.Muell.
Eucalyptus marginata Sm.
Eucalyptus melliodora A.Cunn.
Eucalyptus microcarpa Maiden
Eucalyptus microcorys F.Muell.
Eucalyptus obliqua L.Herit.
Eucalyptus obliqua~ L.Herit.
Eucalyptus paniculata Sm.
Eucalyptus pilularis Smith
Eucalyptus regnans~ F.Muell.
Eucalyptus resinfera Sm.
Eucalyptus robusta Sm.
Eucalyptus robusta~ Sm.
Eucalyptus saligna Smith
Eucalyptus saligna~ Smith
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm
Eucalyptus tereticornis~ Sm.
Eucalyptus viminalis Labill.
Eucalyptus wandoo Blakely
Euclea lanceolata E.Mey.
Eucryphia cordifolia Cav.
Eucryphia lucida Druce
Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd.
Eugenia confusa DC.
Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Euroschinus falcatus Hook. f.
Eusideroxylon zwageri T. & B.
Euxylophora paraensis Hub.
Evodia glabra Blume
Excoecaria agallocha L.
Exocarpos latifolia R.Br.
Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) R. & S.
Fagara amaniensis Engl.
Fagara brieyi Vermoesen & Gilbert
Fagara flava Krug & Urb.
Fagara heitzii Aubrev. & Pellegr.
Fagara leprieurii Engl.
Fagaropsis angolensis (Engl.) Dale
Fagraea fragrans Roxb.
Fagraea gigantea Ridl.
Fagraea gracilipes A.Gray
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.
Fagus sylvatica L.
Faidherbia albida (Del.) A.Chev.
Faramea occidentalis (L.) A.Rich.
Faurea macnaughtonii Phill.
Faurea saligna Harv.
Ficalhoa laurifolia Hiern.
Ficus aurea Nutt.
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Ficus glabrata H.B. & K.
Ficus glaucescens Miq.
Ficus laevigata Vahl
Fillaeopsis discophora Harms
Fitzroya cupressiodes Johnst.
Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.
Flindersia brayleyana F.Muell.
Forestiera acuminata Poir.
Fraxinus americana L.
Fraxinus excelsior L.
Fraxinus nigra Marsh.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.
Funtumia africana (Benth.) Stapf
Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms.
Gallesia scorododendrum Casar.
Gambeya africana Pierre
Gambeya lacourtiana (De Wild.) Aubr. & Pell.
Gamblea ciliata Clarke
Ganua motleyana Pierre
Garcinia cowa Roxb.
Garcinia gerrardii Harv.
Garcinia kola Heckel
Garcinia myrtifolia A.C.Smith
Gardenia coronaria Ham.
Gardenia latifolia Ait.
Gavarretia terminalis Baill.
Geissois benthami F.Muell.
Genipa americana L.
Gevuina avellana Mol.
Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J.Leonard
Gironniera nervosa Planch.
Gironniera reticulata Thw.
Glandonia macrocarpa Gris.
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.
Gluta elegans (Wall.) Hook. f.
Gmelina arborea Roxb.
Gmelina arborea~ Roxb.
Goethalsia meiantha (D.Sm.) Burret
Gomidesia lindeniana Berg.
Gonioma kamassi (Eckl.) E.Mey.
Goniothalamus griffithii Hook. f. & Th.
Gonocaryum calleryanum (Baill.) Becc.
Gonystylus bancanus (Miq.) Kurz
Gonystylus macrophyllus (Miq.) A.Shaw.
Gonystylus punctatus A.C.Smith
Gordonia papuana Kobuski
Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum (Verm.) Harms
Gossypiospermum praecox (Gris.) P.Wils.
Goupia glabra Aubl.
Grevillea robusta A.Cunn.
Grewia microcos L.
Grias fendleri Seem.
Grislea secunda Loefl.
Guaiacum officinale L.
Guaiacum sanctum L.
Guarea cedrata (A.Chev.) Pell.
Guarea glabra Vahl.
Guarea thompsonii Sprague & Hutch.
Guarea trichilioides L.
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.
Guettarda combsii Urb.
Guibourtia arnoldiana (De Wild.& Th.Dur.) J.Leonard
Guibourtia coleosperma (Benth.) J.Leonard
Guibourtia demeusei (Harms) J.Leonard
Guibourtia ehie (A.Chev.) J.Leon.
Guibourtia pelligriniana J.Leonard
Guibourtia spp.
Guibourtia tessmannii (Harms) J.Leonard
Guilandina echinata (Lam.) Spreng.
Gymnacranthera farquhariana Warb
Gymnanthes lucida Sw.
Gynocardia odorata R.Br.
Gynotroches axillaris Bl.
Haematoxylum campechianum L.
Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel.
Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsd.
Halfordia scleroxyloa F.Muell.
Hallea ledermannii B.Verd.
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69

Hallea stipulosa Leroy.
Halleria lucida L.
Haloxylon ammodendron Boiss.
Hannoa klaineana Pierre & Engl.
Haplolobus floribundus (K.Sch.) H.J.Lam
Haplormosia monophylla (Harms) Harms
Hardwickia binata Roxb.
Harungana madagascarensis Lam. ex Poir.
Hasseltiopsis dioica (Benth.) Sleumer
Heinsia crinata (Afzel.) G.Taylor
Heisteria macrophylla Oerst.
Heisteria parvifolia Smith
Helicostylis latifolia Pittier
Helicostylis tomentosa Mac.
Helietta cuspidata (Engl.) Chod. & Hassl.
Heliocarpus popayanensis H.B.K.
Heritiera javanica (Blume) Katerm.
Heritiera littoralis (Dryand.) Ait.
Heritiera macrophylla Wall.
Heritiera ornithocephala Kosterm.
Heritiera utilis (Sprague) Sprague
Hernandia guianensis Aubl.
Hernandia ovigera L.
Hernandia sonora L.
Heterophragma adenophyllum Seem.
Heterotrichum cymosum (Wendl.) Urb.
Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.
Hevea brasiliensis~ Muell. Arg.
Hevea guyanensis Aubl.
Heynea trijuga Roxb.
Hibiscus elatus Sw.
Hibiscus floccosus Mast.
Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxb.
Hibiscus mutabilis Linn.
Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
Hieronyma alchorneoides Fr. AU.
Hieronyma laxiflora M.Arg.
Himatanthus articulata (Vahl) Woodson
Hippomane mancinella L.
Hippophae rhamnoides L.
Hippophae salicifolia Don
Holigarna helferi Hook. f.
Holoptelea grandis (Hutch.) Mildbr.
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.
Holopyxidium jarana (Huber) Ducke.
Homalium angustistipulatum Keay
Homalium aylmeri Hutch. & Dalz.
Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) Benth
Homalium letestui Pellegr.
Homalium longifolium Benth.
Homalium tomentosum Benth.
Homalium zeylanicum Benth.
Hopea beccariana Burck.
Hopea ferrea Lanessan
Hopea odorata Roxb.
Hopea papuana Diels.
Humboldtia bourdilloni Prain
Humiria balsamifera (Aubl.) St. Hil.
Humiria floribunda Mart.
Humiria procera Little
Hunteria corymbosa Roxb.
Hura crepitans L.
Hydnocarpus alpina Wight.
Hydnocarpus castanea Hook.f. & Thoms.
Hymenaea courbaril Linn
Hymenodictyon excelsum (Roxb) Wall.
Hymenolobium excelsum Ducke
Hymenostegia afzelii Harms.
Hypelate trifoiata Sw.
Ichthyomethia piscipula (L.) Hitchcock
Ilex aquilifolium L.
Ilex belizensis Lundell
Ilex casiquiarensis Loes.
Ilex cymosa Bl.
Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk.
Ilex panamensis Standley
Ilex paraguensis St. Hil.
Ilex repanda Griseb.
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Ilex sideroxyloides Griseb.
Inga alba Willd.
Inga edulis Mart.
Intsia bijuga (Cole BR.) O.Ktze.
Intsia palembanica Miq.
Intsia retusa (Kurz) Merr
Irvingia gabonensis Baillon
Irvingia grandifolia Engl.
Irvingia oliveri Pierre
Iryanthera lancifolia Ducke
Isoberlinia scheffleri (Harms) Greenway
Isoberlinia tomentosa Craib & Stapf.
Isolona campanulata Engl. & Diels
Isoptera borneensis Schieff
Ixora arborea Roxb ex Sm.
Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D.Don
Jacaranda rhombifolia G.F.W. Mey.
Jackiopsis ornata Wall.
Jacquinia keyensis Mez
Joannesia heveoides Ducke.
Jodina rhombifolia Hook. & Arn.
Juglans mandshurica Maxim.
Juglans w nigra L.
Juglans w regia L.
Juglans sieboldiana Maxim.
Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin
Julbernardia pellegriniana Troupin
Juniperus procera Hochst.
Kalopanax pictus Nakai
Kandelia rheedii W. & A.
Kermadecia vitiensis Turr.
Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C.DC.
Khaya grandifoliola C.DC.
Khaya ivorensis A.Chev.
Khaya nyasica Stapf. ex E.G. Baker
Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A.Juss.
Khaya spp.
Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC.
Kiggelaria africana L.
Kirkia acuminata Oliv.
Klainedoxa gabonensis Pierre ex Engl.
Kleinhovia hospita L.
Knema furfuracea Warb.
Koompassia excelsa (Becc) Taub.
Koompassia malaccensis Maing. ex Benth.
Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urb.
Kurrimia paniculata Wall
Kurrimia pulcherrima Wall
Kydia calycina Roxb.
Lachnopylis floribunda (Benth.) C.A.Sm.
Lacistema aggregatum (Berg) Rusby
Laetia procera (Poepp & Endl.) Eichl.
Lagerstroemia calyculata Kurz
Lagerstroemia hypoleuca Kurz
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.
Lagerstroemia subcostata Loehne
Lagerstroemia tomentosa Presl.
Lagetta lintearia Lam
Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merrill
Lannea kerstingii Engl. & Krause
Lannea welwitschii (Hiern.) Engl.
Lansium domesticum Jack
Laplacea fruticosa (Schrad.) Kobuski
Larix decidua Mill.
Larix larcinia Koch.
Larix leptolepis Gord.
Larix occidentalis Nutt.
Laurelia sempervirens (R. & P.) Tul.
Laurelia serrata Bert.
Lecythis paraensis (Huber) Ducke
Leucaena glauca (L) Benth
Leucaena trichodes (Jacq) Benth.
Libocedrus decurrens Torr.
Licania buxiflora Sandw.
Licania densiflora Kleinh.
Licania heteromorpha Benth.
Licania hypoleouca Benth
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70

Licania macrophylla Benth.
Licania micrantha Miq.
Licania mollis Benth.
Licania persaudii Fanshawe & Maguire
Licania platypus Kuntze.
Licania ternatensis Hook. f.
Licania venosa Rusby.
Licaria canella (Meissn) Kosterm.
Licaria triandra (Sw) Kostem
Liquidambar styraciflua Linn.
Liriodendron tulipfera L.
Lithocarpus megalophylla Rehd.
Lithraea molleoides (Vell) Engl.
Litsea sebifera Pers.
Lonchocarpus castilloi Standley
Lonchocarpus hedyosmus Miq.
Lophira alata Banks ex Gaertn.
Lophira spp.
Lophopetalum littorale Kurz
Lophopetalum maingayi Ridl
Lophopetalum wallichii Kurz
Lovoa swynnertonii Bak f
Lovoa trichilioides Harms
Loxopterygium sagotii Hook f.
Luehea divaricata Mart
Lumnitzera coccinea W et A
Lysiloma bahamensis Benth
Lysiloma latisliqua (L) Benth
Maba cooperi Hutchinson & Dalziel
Macaranga conglomerata Brenan
Macaranga kilimandsharica Pax.
Macaranga puncticulata Gage
Macoubea guianensis Aubl.
Macrolobium acaciaefolium Benth
Macropanax oreophilum Miq.
Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) McBride
Madhuca malaccensis H.J.Lam
Madhuca tomentosa H.J.Lam
Madhuca utilis (Ridl.) H.J.Lam
Maesa ramentacea A.DC.
Maesopsis eminii Engl.
Maesopsis eminii~ Engl.
Malacantha alnifolia (Baker) Pierre.
Malache scabra B.Vog.
Mallotus macrostachyus Muell.Arg.
Mallotus muticus (Muell. Arg.) Airy Shaw
Mallotus penangensis Muell.Arg.
Mallotus philippinensis Muell. Arg.
Mammea africana Sabine (G.Don)
Mangifera foetida Lour.
Mangifera indicata Linn.
Manglietia fordiana Oliv
Manihot glaziovii Muell Arg
Manilkara bidentata (A.Dc) Chev.
Manilkara cuneifolia Dubard.
Manilkara kauki Dubard
Manilkara lacera Dubard.
Manilkara littoralis (Kurz) Dub
Manilkara zapota (L) V. Royen
Mansonia altissima A. Chev.
Mansonia gagei J.R.Drumm.
Mappia racemosa Jacq.
Mareya micrantha (Benth) Muell.Arg.
Marila grandiflora Griseb.
Markhamia hildebrandtii (Baker) Sprague
Markhamia platycalyx Sprague
Marmaroxylon racemosum Killip
Marquesia macroura Gilg
Matayba scrobiculata (HBK) Radlk.
Mauria birringo Tul.
Meiogyne virgata Miq.
Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake
Melanorrhoea torquata King
Melanoxylon brauna Schott
Melia azedarach Linn.
Melia composita Willd
Memecylon afzelii G.Don.
Memecylon edule Roxb.
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Mesua ferrea L.
Metopium brownei (Jacq) Urban.
Metrosideros collina A.Gray
Metrosideros robusta A Cinn
Mezilauris itauba (Meissn.) Taub.
Mezzetia leptopoda Oliv
Michelia champaca Linn
Michelia formosana Masamume
Miconia argentia Swartz
Microberlinia bisulcata A. Chev.
Microberlinia brazzavillensis A. Chev
Microdesmis puberula Hook f. ex Planch
Micromelum pubescens Bl
Mildbraediodendron excelsum Harms
Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg
Millettia laurentii de Wild
Millettia pendula Benth
Millettia rhodantha Baili
Millettia stuhlmannii Taub.
Mimusops dariensis Pitt
Mimusops jaimiqui (C.Wright) Dub.
Minquartia guianensis Aubl
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb) Korth.
Mitragyna rubrostipulacea Havill
Monodora myristica Dunal
Monopetalanthus heitzii pellegr.
Monopetalanthus letestui Pellegr.
Monotes kerstingii Gilg.
Mora excelsa Benth.
Mora gonggrijpii (Kleinh) Sandw
Mora megistosperma (Pittier) Britt & Rose
Morelia senegalensis A.Rich
Moringa oleifera Lamk.
Morus alba L.
Morus celtidifolia H.B.K
Morus lactea Mildbr
Morus laevigata Wall
Morus mezozygia (Stapf.)
Mosquitoxylum jamaicense K & Urb.
Mouriri parvifolia Benth
Mouriri pseudo-geminata Pittier
Musanga cecropioides R.Br.
Myrianthus libericus Rendle
Myrianthus serratus (Trecul) Benth & Hook f.
Myrica cerifera L.
Myristica castaneaefolia A.Gray
Myristica chartacea Gillespie
Myrocarpus fastigiatus Fr All.
Myrospermum frutescens Jacq
Myroxylon balsamum (L) Harms
Myrsine capitellata Wall.
Napoleonaea vogelii Hook. & Planch.
Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild. ex Th. Dur.) Merr. w
Nauclea junghuhnii (Miq.) Merr.
Nauclea maingayi Hook. f.
Nauclea pobeguinii (Pellegr.) Petit
Naucleopsis macrophylla Miq.
Necepsia afzelii Prain
Neesia synandra Mast.
Neoboutonia macrocalyx Pax
Neonauclea peduncularis Merrill
Nephelium longana Camb.
Nesogordonia papaverifera (A.Chev.) R.Capuron
Newtonia buchananii (Bak.) Gilb. & Bout.
Newtonia paucijuga (Harms) Brenan
Niemeyera prunifera F.Muell.
Norrisia malaccensis Gardn.
Nothofagus dombeyi Blume
Nothofagus menziesii Oerst.
Nothofagus moorei (F.Muell.) Krasser
Nothofagus procera (P. & E.) Oerst.
Nothofagus truncata (Colenso) Cockayne
Nothopegia colebrookiana Bl.
Nuxia floribunda Benth.
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn.
Nycticalanthus speciosus Ducke
Nyssa aquatica L.
Ochanostachys amentacea Masters
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71

Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC.
Ochna holstii Engl.
Ochna wallichii Planch.
Ochroma lagopus Sw.
Ochthocosmus africanus Hook. f.
Ocotea barcellensis Mez
Ocotea bullata E.Mey.
Ocotea canaliculata (Rich) Mez.
Ocotea coriacea (Sw.) Britt.
Ocotea leucoxylon Gomez de la Maza
Ocotea porosa L. Barroso
Ocotea puberula Nees
Ocotea rubra Mez.
Ocotea usambarensis Engl.
Ocotea wachenheimii R.Benoist
Octoknema borealis Hutch. & Dalz.
Octomeles sumatrana Miq.
Odyendea zimmermannii Engl.
Oldfieldia africana Benth. & Hook. f.
Olea capensis L.
Olea ferruginea Royle
Olea hochstetteri (A.Chev.) Bak.
Olea welwitschii (Knobl.) Gilg & Schell.
Olinia cymosa Thunb.
Olinia usambarensis Gilg
Olmedia aspera R & P
Omphalocarpum elatum Miers.
Omphalocarpum procerum P. de Beaux
Ongokea gore (Hua) Pierre
Orites excelsa R.Br.
Oroxylum indicum Benth
Osyris compressa (Berg) A.DC.
Ougenia dalbergioides Benth
Oxandra lanceolata (Sw) Baill
Oxystigma oxyphyllum (Harms) J.Leonard
Pachira aquatica Aubl.
Pachira insignis Sw.
Pachyanthus cubensis A. Rich.
Pachypodanthium staudtii (Engl. & Diels) Engl.
Pahudia cochinchinensis Pierre ex Laness.
Pajanelia rheedii D.C.
Palaquium fidjiense Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium galactoxylum (F.Muell) H.J.Lam
Palaquium hornei (Hartog ex Baker) Dubard
Pangium edule Reinw.
Parahancornea amapa (Huber) Ducke
Paramacherium schomburgkii (Benth.) Ducke
Parartocarpus triandrus J.J.Smith
Parartocarpus venenosus (Zoll.& Mor.) Becc.
Paraserianthes falcataria L.
Paraserianthes falcataria~ L.
Parashorea lucida (Miq.) Kurz
Parashorea plicata Brandis
Parashorea stellata Kurz
Parastemon urophyllus A.DC.
Paratecoma peroba (Record) Kuhlm.
Paratrophis glabra (Merrill) v.Steenis
Parinari campestris Aublet
Parinari excelsa Sabine
Parinari goetzeniana Engl.
Parinari insularum A.Gray
Parinarium griffithianum Benth.
Parishia insignis Hook. f.
Parkia bicolor A.Chev.
Parkia filicoidea Welw. ex Oliv.
Parkia javanica (Lam.) Merr.
Parkinsonia aculeata L.
Paropsia vareciformis Mast.
Patagonula americana L.
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.
Pausinystalia lane-poolei Hutch.
Payena lucida A.DC.
Pelliciera rhizophorae Planch. & Triana
Peltogyne porphyrocardia Griseb.
Peltogyne pubescens Benth.
Peltogyne venosa Benth.
Peltophorum dasyrachis Kurz ex Bak.
Pentace burmanica Kurz
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Pentace triptera Mast.
Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze
Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth.
Pentacme contorta Merr. & Rolfe.
Pentadesma butyracea Sabine
Pentaphylax arborea Ridley
Pentaspadon motleyi Hook. f.
Perebea laevigata Standl.
Pericopsis angolensis (Baker) van Meeuwen
Pericopsis elata (Harms) van Meeuwen
Pericopsis mooniana Thw.
Pericopsis spp.
Peronema canescens Jack.
Persea americana Mill
Persea caerulea (Ruiz et Pavon) Mez.
Persea lingue Nees.
Petersianthus macrocarpus (P.Beauv.) Liben
Petitia domingensis Jacq.
Phoebe porphyria (Gris) Mez
Phyllanthus discoideus (Baill.) Mull. Arg.
Phyllostylon brasiliensis Cap.
Picea abies Karst.
Picea engelmanii Engelm.
Picea glauca Voss.
Picea mariana B.S.P.
Picea rubens Sarg.
Picea sitchensis Carr.
Picramnia pentandra Sw.
Picrasma quassioides Benn
Pinus banksiana Lamb.
Pinus caribaea Morelet
Pinus caribaea~ Morelet
Pinus contorta Dougl.
Pinus elliottii~ Engelm.
Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gord.
Pinus kesiya~ Royle ex Gord.
Pinus lambertiana Dougl.
Pinus merkusii~ Jungh & de Vr.
Pinus monticola Dougl. ex Lamb.
Pinus nigra Arn.
Pinus oocarpa Schiede
Pinus oocarpa~ Schiede
Pinus palustris Mill.
Pinus patula~ Schiede & Deppe
Pinus pinaster Ait.
Pinus ponderosa Laws.
Pinus radiata D.Don
Pinus radiata~ D.Don.
Pinus resinosa Ait.
Pinus strobus L.
Pinus sylvestris L.
Pinus taeda~ Linn.
Piptadenia rigida Benth
Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook. f.) Brenan
Piratinera guianensis Aubl.
Piscidia communis (Blake) I.M. Johnst.
Pistacia chinensis Bunge
Pithecellobium arboreum Urb.
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth.
Pithecellobium jupunba (Willd.) Urb.
Pittoniotis trichantha Gris
Planchonia papuana Knuth.
Platanus hybrida
Platanus occidentalis L.
Plathymenia reticulata Benth
Platonia insignis Mart.
Platylophus trifoliatus D.Don
Platymiscium pinnatum (Jacq) Dugand
Platymiscium trinitatis Benth
Platypodium elegans
Plumeria sucuuba R. Spruce.
Podocarpus dacrydioides A.Rich.
Podocarpus ensiculus Melv.
Podocarpus ferrugineus D.Don.
Podocarpus gracilior Pilg.
Podocarpus guatemalensis Standl.
Podocarpus hallii Kirk.
Podocarpus milanjianus Rendle
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72

Podocarpus spicata R.BR.
Podocarpus totara G.Benn
Podocarpus usambarensis Pilg.
Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd.
Poga oleosa Pierre
Polyalthia oliveri Engl. & Diels
Polyscias ferruginea Harm
Polyscias kikuyuensis Summ.
Pometia pinnata Jacobs
Pongamia pinnata (Linn) Pierre
Populus deltiodes Marsh.
Populus tremuloides Mich.
Poulsenia armata (Miq.) Standl.
Pouteria micropholis (Pierre) Baehni
Premna angolensis Gurke
Premna maxima T.C.E. Fries
Prioria copaifera Gris
Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taubert
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.
Protium crenatum Sandwith
Protium decandrum (Aublet) Marchand
Protomegabaria stapfiana Hutch
Prunus avium L.
Prunus serotina Ehrh.
Pseudocedrela kotschyi Harms
Pseudosamanea guachapele Harms.
Pseudosindora palustris Sym
Pseudospondias microcarpa Engl.
Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco.
Psidium guajava L.
Ptaeroxylon obliquum Radlk.
Pteleopsis hylodendron (Mildbr.)
Pteleopsis myrtifolia Engl. et Diels
Pterocarpus angolensis D.C.
Pterocarpus antunesii (Taub) Harms
Pterocarpus dalbergioides Roxb.
Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz.
Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq.
Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.
Pterogyne nitens Tul
Pterospermum acerifolium Willd
Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw) Warb
Pygeum africanum Hook f.
Pyrus communis L.
Qualea rosea Aubl.
Quararibea asterolepis Pittier
Quassia amara L.
Quassia indica (Gaertn.) Nooteboom
Quercus cerris L.
Quercus dentata Thunb.
Quercus ilex L.
Quercus petraea Liebl.
Quercus robur L.
Quercus rubra L.
Randia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merrill
Randia exaltata Griff.
Randia scortechinii King & Gamble
Rapanea guianensis Aubl.
Rapanea laetevirens Mez
Rapanea melanophleos Mez
Rapanea rhododendroides (Gilg.) Mez.
Raputia magnifica Engl.
Recordoxylon amazonicum Ducke
Reynosia septentrionalis Urb.
Rhabdodendron macrophyllum (Spruce) Huber
Rheedia edulus Planch. & Triana
Rhizophora apiculata Bl.
Rhizophora mangle Linn.
Rhodamnia cinerea Jack
Rhodamnia trinervia Blume
Rhodoleia teysmannii Miq.
Rhus cotinus L.
Rhus semialata Murray
Rhus succedanea L.
Rhus typhina Torn.
Rhus wallichii Hook. f.
Ribes glaciale Wall.
Ricinodendron heudolottii (Baill) Pierre
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Ricinodendron rautanenii Schinz.
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Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.
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Sabinea florida (Vahl) DC.
Saccopetalum unguiculatum C.E.C. Fischer
Sacoglottis gabonensis (Baill.) Urb.
Sacoglottis obovata Urb.
Sageraea ellptica Hook. f. & Thomas
Sageretia oppositifolia Brongn.
Sagotia racemosa Baill.
Salix alba L.
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Salix fragilis L.
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Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merrill.
Sandoricum indicum Cav.
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Santalum album L.
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Sapindus detergens Roxb.
Sapindus drummondii Hook. & Arn.
Sapindus saponaria L.
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Sapium aucuparium Jacq.
Sapium baccatum Roxb.
Sapium ellipticum (Hochst.) Pax
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Sapium insigne Benth.
Schefflera paraensis Huber Apud Ducke
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Schima noronhae Reinw.
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Schinopsis balanse Engl.
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Schinopsis lorentzii (Gris.) Engl.
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Schizolobium parahybum (Vell.) Blake
Schizomeria ovata D.Don
Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Okan.
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Schrebera alata (Hochst) Welw.
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Schrebera arborea Chev.
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Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst.
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Sclerolobium melinonii Harms
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Scorodocarpus borneensis (Bail) Becc
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Scottellia coriacea A.Chev
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Scyphocephalium mannii (Benth) Warb.
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Scytopetalum tieghemii Hutch. et Dalz.
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Sebestena sebestena (L) Britton
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Sequoia sempervirens Endl.
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Serianthes melanesica Fosberg var. Melanesica
Shorea balanocarpoides Sym
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Shorea kunstleri King.
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Shorea negrosensis Foxw.
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Shorea polysperma Merr.
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Shorea robusta Gaertn f
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Shorea siamensis Miq
Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq.
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Simarouba amara Aubl.
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Simarouba glauca DC.
Siphonodon australis Benth.
Siphonodon celastrineus Griff.
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Spirostachys africana Sond
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Spondias mombin L.
Spondias pinnata (Linn.F.) Kurz
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Staudtia kamerunensis Warb.
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Staudtia stipitata Warb.
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Sterculia apetala Karst.
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Sterculia caribaea R.Brown
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Sterculia oblonga Mast.
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Sterculia pruriens (Aublet) Schumann
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Sterculia quinqueloba (Garcke) K.Schum
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Sterculia rhinopetala K.Schum.
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Sterculia rugosa R.Brown
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Stereospermum chelonoides (Linn F) DC
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Stereospermum kunthianum Cham.
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Strephonema pseudocola A Chev.
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Strombosia glaucescens Engl.
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Strombosia grandifolia Hook f ex Benth
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Strombosia javanica Blume
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Strombosia pustulata Oliv.
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Strombosia scheffleri Engl.
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Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.
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Swartzia bannia Sandw.
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Swartzia fistuloides Harms.
Swartzia leiocalycina Benth . w
Swartzia madagascariensis
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Swietenia macrophylla King
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Swietenia macrophylla~ King
Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.
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73

Swintonia floribunda Griff
Swintonia schwenkii Teysm.
Swintonia spicifera Hook f
Symphonia globulifera L.f.
Syncarpia glomulifera (Sm) Niedenzu
Syncarpia hillii Bailey
Syzygium cordatum Hochst.
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC
Tabebuia Donnell-Smithii J.N.Rose
Tabebuia guayacan Hemsl.
Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton
Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandw.
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.
Tabebuia serratifolia Vahl.
Tabebuia stenocalyx Sprague & Stapf.
Tabernaemontana arborea Rose
Tabernaemontana citrifolia L.
Talauma sambuensis Pittier
Tamarindus indica L.
Tambourissa thouvenotii P.Dang.
Tapirira guianensis Aubl.
Taralea oppositifolia Aubl.
Taxodium distichum Rich.
Taxus baccata L.
Teclea nobilis Del.
Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.K.
Tectona grandis Linn.f.
Tectona grandis~ Linn.F.
Terminalia aemula Diels.
Terminalia amazonia (Gmel) Ecell.
Terminalia bialata Steudel
Terminalia brassii Excell
Terminalia catappa Linn
Terminalia chebula (Gaertn) Retz
Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev.
Terminalia paniculata W.& A.
Terminalia procera Roxb.
Terminalia prunioides Laws.
Terminalia superba Engl. and Diels.
Terminalia tomentosa W et A
Tessmannia africana (Harms)
Tessmannia anomala (Micheli) Harms.
Testulea gabonensis Pellegr.
Tetraberlinia bifoliolata (Harms)
Tetraberlinia tubmaniana J.Leonard
Tetractomia roxburghii Hook F
Tetragastris balsamifera (Sw.) Kuntze
Tetrameles nudiflora R.Br. ex Benn
Tetramerista glabra Miq.
Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. & Thonn) Taub.
Theobroma bernouillii Pittier.
Theobroma subicanum Mart.
Thespesia populnea (L) Soland ex Correa
Thuja occidentalis L.
Thuja plicata Lamb
Tieghemella africana H.Chev w
Tieghemella heckelii Hutch. et Dalz
Tilia americana L.
Timonius wallichianus Valet
Toona ciliata M.J. Roem.
Toona ciliata~ M.J. Roem.
Tournefortia argentea Linn.
Trachylobium verrucosum Oliv
Trema micrantha (L) Blume.
Trema orientalis (Linn) Bl.
Trewia nudiflora Linn.
Tricalysia singularis K Schum.
Trichadenia philippinensis Merr.
Trichilia emetica Vahl.
Trichilia havanensis Jacq
Trichilia hirta L.
Trigonobalanus verticillatus Forman
Trilepisium madagascariense DC.
Triplaris surinamensis Cham.
Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum
Tristania conferta R.Br.
Trochodendron aralioides Sieb. et Zucc.
Trophis racemosa (L) Urb.
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Tsuga canadensis Carr.
Tsuga heterophylla Sarg.
Turraeanthus africanus (Welw. ex C.DC.) Pelergry
Uapaca guineensis (Don) Muell.Arg.
Uapaca kirkana Muell.Arg.
Ulmus mexicana Planch.
Ungnadia speciosa Endl.
Unona latifolia Hook. f. & Th.
Upuna borneensis Sym.
Urophyllum corymbosum Korth.
Vaccinium leschenaultii Wight
Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link
Vangueriopsis discolor Robyns
Vatairea lundellii (Standl.) Killip.
Vataireopsis araroba (Aguiar) Ducke
Vateria indica L.
Vatica cinerea King
Vatica heteroptera Symington
Vatica stapfiana (King) V.Sl.
Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn.
Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don
Vernonia arborea Ham.
Villebrunea integrifolia Gaud.
Virgilia divaricata Adamson
Virola bicuhyba (Schott) Warb.
Virola koschnyi Warb
Virola melinonii (Benoit) A.C. Smith
Virola sebifera Aubl.
Virola surinamensis (Rol) Warb
Vitex cofassus Reinw.
Vitex divaricata Sw.
Vitex doniana Sweet.
Vitex gaumeri Greenm.
Vitex quinata Will.
Vochysia guianensis Aubl.
Vochysia hondurensis Sprague.
Vochysia lanceolta Staf.
Vochysia surinamensis Stafl.
Vochysia tetraphylla DC.
Vouacapoua americana Aubl.
Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord.
Wallenia laurifolia (Jacq.) Sw.
Walsura villosa Wall.
Waltheria americana L.
Warburgia ugandensis Sprague
Warscewiczia coccinea (Vahl) Klotsch
Weinmannia trichosperma Cav.
Wendlandia tinctoria DC.
Wercklea insignis Pitt. & Stand.
Wightia gigantea Wall.
Wormia pulchella Jack
Wrightia tinctoria R.Br.
Wrightia tomentosa R. & Sch.
Xanthophyllum flavescens Roxb.
Ximenia americana L
Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub.
Xylopia parviflora (A.Rich.) Benth.
Xylopia parvifolia Hook. f. & Th.
Xylopia quintasii Engl. & Diels
Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Baill.
Zanthoxylum elephantiasis McFad.
Zanthoxylum fagara (L) Sarg.
Zanthoxylum gillettii (De Wild.) Waterman
Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam.) DC.
Zelkova formosana Hayata
Zelkova serrata Makino
Zinowiewia integerrima Turcz.
Ziziphus jujuba Lamk.
Zollernia paraensis Hub.
Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britt. & Millsp.
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