Chapter 1 World's Apart

Chapter 1 

Worlds 

Rock Art carved on stone in 

the U.S. Southwest 

Apart 

Europe, Africa and 

Western Native 

American Societies prior 

to the settlement of 

North America 

Vernon Maddux 25 

Ch 1 Worlds Apart (25) 1

Humans From the Rift Valley in 

Africa Spread Around the World 

3,000,000 – 12,500 yrs ago 

From Africa through Asia to India to China north to Bering land bridge 


Bering Strait 

The first three waves of Human Beings in North 

America crossed from the West end of the Bering 

Land Bridge into Alaska perhaps 16,000 years ago 

following the migration of large animals. 

Land Bridge 

Wisconsin Glacial Period 

24,000-14,000 Years Ago 

Starting 24,000 years ago 

Glaciers covered North 

America for 10,000 years. 

Abundant evidence of 

humans is found in Eastern 

Siberia and China but not 

in N.A. before 16,000 ya 

16,0000 ya, ice free corridors 

opened south along the 

Rocky Mtns. permitting 

people to cross the landbridge 

into North America. 

14,000 ya. the glaciers melted 

flooding Bering land-bridge. 


Before Columbus, North Americans 

were transplanted Old World Asians 

• All of the oldest (by far) human 

material are found in the Old World. 

• There is no evidence that humans 

evolved first or independently in the 

New World. 

• Blood types, DNA and primary 

genetic characteristics for all Native 

American tribes are very nearly the 

same, coming from a small pool of 

original people who were all directly 

related to those found in NE Asia: 

Siberia; Mongolia; China. 

1880. Wild Hog, a Northern Cheyenne 

warrior, never grew facial hair. His DNA and 

features are similar to those found in ancient 

China 


Oldest Evidence for Humans in either North 

or South America is 12,500 years ago 

Monte Verde in Southern Chile’, the 

site of the oldest known human 

habitat in the Western Hemisphere. 

• Monte Verde, Chile, is the 

oldest human occupation site in 

the New World, dating to 

12,500 years ago, 1,300 years 

earlier than Clovis Point Man, 

(New Mexico). 

– This is the first known human 

habitation found in North or 

South America. 

• Either humans came across the 

Land Bridge earlier, perhaps 15- 

18,000 years ago, and left no 

trace or they arrived in Chile 

some other means-possibly by 

coast hopping. 


Monte Verde Map 


Ancient Technology The incredible Clovis Point 

Clovis Point (right) 5” long; Folsom Point 

(left) 3” long. Both were found in New 

Mexico in 1929. Examples have been found 

all over North America, each example made 

to the same exacting standard-as if from an 

existing model or pattern. 

• 1929. Clovis spear points for 

killing large game animals were 

first discovered in Blackwater 

Draw near Clovis, New Mexico. 

• The first Clovis point was found 

imbedded in a mammoth bone, 

which dated to 11,000 years ago. 

• Since the first discovery, 

thousands of Clovis and the 

smaller Folsom points have been 

discovered all over North 

America, across Mexico and 

even in northern South America. 


Blackwater 

Draw, NM 

• Clovis Points were first 

discovered in 1929 in 

Blackwater Draw, near 

Clovis, New Mexico. 

• Local rancher Ridgely 

Whiteman found a spear 

point imbedded in a piece 

of mammoth bone and 

sent them to the 

Smithsonian Institute but 

at first there was minimal 

interest. (National Geographic, 

Dec., 2000, p. 45). 


800-1035 Vikings Dominate Europe 

Northmen knew of North America 500 years before Columbus 

A Viking fighting 1000 AD. Longship 

“Vikings” (Denmark-N. Germany; 

Norway-Sweden) developed two 

ship designs-a slim fighting 

Longship (left) and a fat Knarr , 

carrying cargo over open oceans. 

The Scandinavian farmers took to 

the sea, raiding, pillaging, looting, 

settling on the best farmlands in 

Ireland, England, France, Iceland, 

and ultimately, in Greenland. 

Two large Greenland settlements 

were established by 1000 AD and 

flourished 400 years before 

diminishing and dying out

1000 AD, Viking Leif Eriksson explores 

but does not colonize N. America 


England before Columbus 

• 1035. The Viking Era ended when king 

Knut the Great died ruling England, 

Denmark, Norway and Sweden. 

• 1066. French-Viking Duke William 

Ragnvald, “William the Conqueror,” 

invades England; creates feudal system. 

– 1154. King Stephen Ragnvald is replaced 

by Norse-Frenchman Henry II, starting 

the Plantagenet line of English kings. 

• 1485. Henry VII Tudor kills Richard 

III, the last Plantagenet, in battle. He 

marries Richard’s sister Elizabeth of 

York, uniting all claims to the throne. 

• Henry VII claimed Anglo-Saxon lineage to 

Alfred the Great (871-899). 

The British Isle 


Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Ireland, 

Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, North 

Africa viewed from space. A nice day. 

Europe & Africa 

Impoverished on the eve of Discovery 

• 1492. Spain wins its 700 

year protracted war 

against Islamic Moors. 

– Iterant Italian sailor 

Christopher Columbus 

presents his (not new) 

idea to Queen Isabelle 

and King Ferdinand. 

• Spanish-Portuguese had the 

best ships and navigators 

but the English, Dutch and 

French are eager to learn. 

– Columbus’ success results 

in the Columbian 

Exchange. 

• At this time, West African 

Societies are nearly as 

advanced as Europe. 


. Timbuktu 

Zimbabwe 

Ancient Kingdoms of North & Central Africa 

Africa 

Just before 1492 

• Great African Empires 

existed from Egypt to 

Zimbabwe. 

• Most Africans brought 

to Americas came from 

West-Southwest Africa. 

• Timbuktu with 70,000 

people on the Niger 

River was capitol of the 

Songhai empire. Its wars 

provided hundreds of 

thousands captives to the 

Portuguese and Spanish 

between 1500-1600. 


Christopher 

Columbus 

• Born c. 1451 Genoa, Italy 

• Died May 20, 1506 

• Valladolid, Spain 

• Occupation maritime 

explorer for the Crown of 

Castile 

• Portrait by Alejo 

Fernández, painted 

between 1505 and 1536. 


16 th century Tudor England 

King at age 17, he married 6 times and created Protestant England 

King Henry VIII Tudor 

Henry Tudor ruled England for half 

of the 16 th century (1509-1547). 

Thwarted in gaining a divorce decree 

from the Pope, he accidentally 

created the Protestant Reformation 

by making himself head of the 

English Church. 

Threatened by Catholic Europe, he 

developed English nationalism and 

broke England free of European 

domination. 

As part of the deal to let him head the 

church, he agreed to permit 

scholars to translate the Bible from 

Latin to English. 


Catherine 1485-1536 

she is buried at Peterborough Abbey a 

Royal Queen of England. 

Catherine 

of Aragon 

1488. Youngest child of the Spanish 

monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella who 

sponsored Columbus, Catherine was 

betrothed at age 3 to the English 

Prince Arthur age 2 son of Henry VII. 

1509. Arthur died and his brother Henry 

became king. He married Queen 

Catherine who, with difficulty, bore 

the infamous “Bloody Mary.” 

1536. Imprisoned for years as Henry’s 

ex-wife, Catherine died at age 51 at 

Kimbolton Castle the same year that 

Henry executed her replacement, Ann 

Boleyn. 


1533. Henry’s great flame was 

Anne Boleyn, who became 

pregnant with Elizabeth even 

though the Pope still had not 

granted an annulment for Henry 

from Catherine. 

Desperate, Henry VIII ordered the 

Archbishop of Canterbury to 

grant him an annulment and to 

cut ties with Rome. This raised 

the king to be the head of the 

English church. 

1536. Unfortunately for Anne, 

Henry’s jealous court suspected 

her of adultery and he was forced 

to cut off her head. 

Anne Boleyn 

Anne Boleyn 1502-1536 


Mary Tudor 1515-1558 

Henry’s eldest daughter is the First Queen 

Regent of England, reigning 1553-58 

“Bloody Mary” 

• Mary was the first English Queen who 

reigned in her own right rather than through 

a marriage to the king. 

• A devout Catholic, she was courageous, 

stubborn, tough, her fierce character molded 

by her difficult early years. 

• After her half-brother Edward VI's death, 

most nobles backed her against her uncle 

Lord Northumberland who pressed for his 

daughter-in-law Lady Jane Grey to be queen. 

• Queen Mary captured the throne then 

executed her uncle, Duke of Northumberland, 

his son and Lady Jane Grey, both innocents. 


Elizabeth I Tudor Queen Regent 1558-1603 

“The Virgin Queen” • Daughter of Henry and Anne 

Boleyn, Elizabeth was a half-sister 

to the future Queen Mary. She took 

over when Mary died in 1558. 

• A gentle Protestant, she restored the 

Reformation and encouraged the 

Puritan reforms. 

– She refused to marry (hence “The 

Virgin Queen”). 

She promoted intense competition with 

Spain and encouraged her admirals 

to loot their treasure ships. 

1586. Given free reign, her inspired 

admirals defeated the Great Armada. 

Elizabeth Tudor 1533-1603 

• 1603. Leaving no heir, her Scottish 

cousin, James Stuart, king of Scotland, 

succeeded her. 


Sir Francis Drake 

1540-1596 

Born on a Devonshire farm, he 

ran away in 1558 to sail with his 

cousin, Capt. Jack Hawkins 

The Spanish feared Drake so 

much that he was called "El Draque" 

The Dragon. He is one of the most 

renowned sailors in history. He led 

several expeditions against the 

Spanish Main as well as daring to 

attack the Spanish city of Cadiz. 

• 1577. Drake was the first Englishman 

to circumnavigate the globe. 

• 1588. Drake helped defeat the Spanish 

Armada off the English coast. 

• No other seaman, not even Nelson, 

played a more important role in 

English Naval history than Francis 

Drake. 


The Spanish Armada 

June-Dec 1588 

• 1587. King Phillip decided to 

use his American gold and 

silver to build and outfit 

enough ships to attack and 

invade England to forcibly 

bring the island back into the 

Catholic sphere. 

A Spanish war galleon of the Armada 

• 1588. Sea captains Hawkins, 

Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh 

defeated the great armada and 

by doing so, drove Spain into 

economic ruin. 


Sir Walter Raleigh and the 

Sir Walter Ralegh b. 

Devonshire 1554- executed 1618 

New World 

• Raleigh was Elizabeth’s favorite beau 

and a great explorer. He never landed 

in North America but organized and 

financed two “Virginia” expeditions. 

• 1590. On one voyage, an employee, 

Thomas Hariot, brought the first 

potatoes from South America to 

Ireland. 

– Planted on Raleigh's Irish estate 

potatoes quickly became the main food 

item all across Ireland. 

• 1618. Disdained by King James who 

desired peace with Spain, Raleigh was 

executed in the Tower as scapegoat for 

English piracy against the Spanish. 


1 st and 2 nd Roanoke 

First Attempts at English Settlements 

• 1584, July 13. Raleigh financed an 

expedition to Roanoke Is (NC). 

– Governor Ralph Lane greeted the 

brother of the local chieftan who 

warmly welcomed the English to the 

New World. 

1 st Roanoke 

* 1584 

2 nd Roanoke 

1587 

“The Lost Colony.” 

Two colonies at Roanoke 

• Originally 90 men, 17 women, 9 

children went ashore. They were 

picked up after 10 months (leaving 

behind 15 sailors). 

• 1587 2 nd Roanoke is founded by 90 

men, 17 women and 9 children. The 

settlers are discovered missing in 

1590. 2 nd Roanoke Colony 

vanished. 


Settlement of N. America and the Flourishing of 

English Arts under Elizabeth-King James Stuart 

Before Elizabeth & Shakespeare, most documents in England were written in Latin 

• Between 1572-1599, 

Shakespeare wrote Love’s 

Labours Lost; The Merchant 

of Venice; A Midsummer 

Night’s Dream; Twelfth 

Night and As You Like It . 

• Shakespeare’s The Tempest 

(1610) was inspired by the loss 

of a Second Re-supply ship 

which wrecked on Bermuda on 

its way to Jamestown. 

William Shakespeare 1555-1617 


James I Stuart 

Scottish Stuart King of England, ruled 1603-1627 

1566-1627 

• Grandson of Henry VII, son of Mary 

Queen of Scots who 

Queen Elizabeth executed, James was 

born to be king of Scotland. 

• When Elizabeth died with no heir, he 

was invited by Parliament to rule 

England as a Protestant king. 

• Raised Catholic, he agreed to honor 

the English Protestant Church. 

• A caretaker king and weak ruler, he 

acted cautiously and permitted 

commoners, the Virginia Company, 

to explore and settle the New World 

without interference.

Chapter 1 World's Apart

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