Nellore Vulnerability Report - Sicom

(Draft Report) 

Delineation of Setback Line for Coastal 

Regulation Zone 

Part – I: Nellore Coast, Andhra Pradesh 

Submitted to the 

Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India 

Space Applications Centre (ISRO) 

Government of India 

Ahmedabad - 380015 

March, 2007

Scientific Report 

(Draft Report) 

SAC/RESIPA/MESG/ESHD/CP/SR/60/2007 

Delineation of Setback Line for Coastal 

Regulation Zone 

Part – I: Nellore Coast, Andhra Pradesh 

Submitted to the 

Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India 

Space Applications Centre (ISRO) 

Government of India 

Ahmedabad - 380015 

March, 2007 

1

SPACE APPLICATIONS CENTRE 

AHMEDABAD 

1. Report No. and Publication 

Date 

SAC/RESIPA/MESG/ESHD/CP/SR/60/2007 

March, 2007 

2. Title and Subtitle Delineation of Setback Line for Coastal Regulation Zone, 

Part I, Nellore Coast, Andhra Pradesh 

3. Type of Report Scientific Report 

4. Pages 65 

5. Number of references 36 

6. Author (s) Project teams at SAC, CESS and SOI 

7. Originating Unit Earth Sciences and Hydrology Division, Marine and Earth 

Sciences Group, Remote Sensing Applications and 

Image Processing Area 

8. Abstract The report describes the methodology adopted and 

salient results obtained for delineating setback line as per 

Swaminathan Committee’s recommendations for 

redefining existing Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) 

boundary. Out of six selected areas details of Nellore 

coast, Andhra Pradesh have been described in the 

present report. Shoreline changes using old topographical 

maps and recent Resourcesat-1 LISS IV and 

CARTOSAT-1 PAN data of 2006 have been brought out. 

Annual rate of shoreline changes are computed and 

projected for the year 2025, 2050 and 2106 and projected 

line has been identified and mapped as hazard line for 

respective periods. Flood line has been delineated based 

on wave run up elevation, highest high tide elevation and 

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 

projected rate of Sea Level Rise (SLR) for the above 

periods. DEM has been generated using 0.5 m contour 

data supplied by the Survey of India. Flood inundation 

has been simulated for the year 2025, 2050 and 2106. 

Vulnerability line has been delineated by integrating 

hazard line and flood line by considering most landward 

segments of flood line or hazard line. Flood inundation 

scenarios have been generated for the year 2025, 2050 

and 2106 and in such cases vulnerability line is 

demarcated as union of flood and hazard line 

(considering landward segments only). 

9. Key words Coastal Regulation Zone, Setback line, Shore line 

changes, Hazard line, Flood line, Vulnerability line, Digital 

Elevation Model (DEM), Resourcesat-1 LISS-IV, 

Cartosat-1 PAN 

10. Distribution Restricted 

2

Project Team 

Project Coordination and Management 

Dr. Ajai, (SAC) 

Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad 

Shri Satadru Bhattacharya 

Ms. Suchita Jain 

Dr. A.S. Rajawat 

Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapurm 

Dr. M. Baba 

Dr. N.P. Kurian 

Dr. Shahul Hameed 

Survey of India, Dehradun 

Names awaited from SOI 

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi had set up an 

Expert Committee under the Chairmanship of Prof. M. S. Swaminathan to 

review the criterion of demarcating existing Coastal Regulation Zone 

boundary. The Swaminathan Committee recommended that use of 

vulnerability of coastline should be considered to fix the setback line. In 

order to implement the recommendations of the Swaminathan Committee, 

Ms. Meena Gupta, then Special Secretary, MoEF initiated the work on 

“Vulnerability line demarcation”, and put efforts to involve Survey of India, 

Dehradun, Centre for Earth Sciences, Thiruvananthapurm, Department of 

Ocean Development, Chennai and Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad 

(as nodal agency) for demonstrative pilot project study to assess the 

feasibility of vulnerability line demarcation for selected parts of the Indian 

coast. 

We are thankful to Dr. R.R. Navalgund, Director, SAC and Dr. K.L. 

Majumder (then Deputy Director, RESIPA, SAC) for providing overall 

guidance and encouragement. We are grateful to Major General M. Gopal 

Rao, Surveyor General of India for providing institutional support. The pilot 

project has been taken up at SAC on the basis of approach suggested by 

an advisory group formed by MoEF. We are thankful to members of the 

advisory group constituting of Prof. John Pethick, UK, Dr. Shailesh Nayak, 

Director, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), 

Hyderabad (then Group Director, MWRG, at SAC), Dr. M. Baba, Director, 

Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), Thiruvananthapuram and Dr. R. 

4

Chandramohan , (then Joint Secretary, MoEF), New Delhi for guidelines 

provided by them. 

Dr. N.H. Hosabettu, Director, MoEF and Shri A. Senthil Vel, Additional 

Director, MoEF have coordinated the work from MoEF. We are thankful to 

them. We are thankful to Dr. T.J. Majumdar, Head, ESHD/SAC for 

encouragement, going through the manuscript of the report and providing 

critical comments. We are thankful to Shri V. Tamilarasan, Scientist SG 

and Project Coordinator for Coastal Zone Studies Project, SAC for useful 

discussions. We are thankful to Shri Sashi Kant Sharma and Shri Ritesh 

Aggarwal, Scientists, SAC for help in preparing Digital Elevation model 

(DEM) and creating animation of flood inundation. We thank ICMAM 

Project Directorate, Chennai for providing bathymetry data. Dr. M.V. 

Ramana Murthy, Scientist, ICMAM is thanked for useful discussions. 

Thanks are due to NIO, Goa and NIOT, Chennai for providing the wave 

data for this work. 

5

Contents 

Page No. 

Summary 7 

List of Figures 9 

List of Tables 11 

1. Background and Introduction 12 

2. Objectives 16 

3. Participating Agencies 16 

4. Study Area 16 

5. Materials and methods 18 

5.1 Delineation of hazard line 19 

5.2 Delineation of flood line 23 

5.3 Delineation of vulnerability line 32 

6. Results and Discussions 32 

6.1 Salient characteristics and landforms 32 

6.2 Hazard line 38 

6.3 Flood line 53 

6.4 Vulnerability line 56 

7. Conclusions 59 

References 60 

6

SUMMARY 

Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) had issued a notification 

in 1991 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to regulate 

activities along the Indian coast. Under this Notification, the Coastal 

Regulation Zone (CRZ) has been defined as the area between low 

tide line and high tide line (HTL) and area up to 500 m from the HTL. 

The distance of 500 m has been defined arbitrarily. CRZ Notification 

led to large number of representations for exemption from its 

provisions. The present report describes the approach followed and 

salient results for delineating setback line on the basis of vulnerability 

assessment of the coast as per Swaminathan Committee’s 

recommendations for redefining existing Coastal Regulation Zone 

boundary. The recommendations of the Swaminathan Committee 

included: I) integrated coastal zone management; ii) Ocean part to be 

included; iii) a participatory approach to management; iv) safety of 

people and property; v) a scientific basis needed for coastal zone 

planning and landuse and; vi) Vulnerability mapping as a possible 

method. Six study areas have been identified. These are Dahej 

(Gujarat), Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra), Mangalore (Karnataka), along 

west coast and Paradip (Orissa), Nellore (A.P.) and Nagapattinam 

(Tamil Nadu) along east coast. Out of six selected areas details of 

Nellore coast, Andhra Pradesh have been described in the present 

report. Shoreline changes using old SOI topographical maps and 

recent Resourcesat-1 LISS IV and CARTOSAT-1 PAN data of 2006 

have been brought out. Annual rate of shoreline changes are 

7

computed and projected for the year 2025, 2050 and 2106. Hazard 

line has been delineated for these periods. Flood line has been 

delineated based on wave run up elevation; highest high tide 

elevation and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 

projected Sea Level Rise (SLR) for the above periods. DEM has been 

generated using 0.5 m contour data supplied by the Survey of India. 

Flood inundation maps have been simulated for the year 2025, 2050 

and 2106. Vulnerability line has been delineated by integrating 

hazard line and flood line by considering most landward segments of 

flood line or hazard line. Flood inundation scenarios have been 

generated for the year 2025, 2050 and 2106 and in such cases 

vulnerability line is demarcated as union of flood and hazard line 

(considering landward segments only). The approach has been 

applied to demarcate vulnerability line for the year 2025, 2050 and 

2106. 

8

LIST OF FIGURES 

Fig. 1: Location map of the study area (modified after Chandramohan et al., 

2001) 

Fig.2: Typical examples of computed wave heights in the nearshore off 

Mangalore. 

Fig. 3: Typical examples of computed wave heights in the nearshore off 

Mumbai 

Fig.4: Future projections of sea level (after IPCC, 2001) 

Fig. 5: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated using 0.5 m contour data 

covering the Nellore test site (Andhra Pradesh) 

Fig. 6: Study area coverage for Nellore coast shown on georeferenced 

Cartosat-1 data (Geomorphological features for A, B and C boxes 

are shown in Figs. 9a, 9b and 9c) 

Fig. 7a: Geomorphological features along the Nellore coast (northern part 

of the study area) shown on georeferenced Cartosat-1 data 

Fig. 7b: Geomorphological features along the Nellore coast (central part of 

the study area) shown on georeferenced Cartosat-1 data 

Fig. 7c: Geomorphological features along the Nellore coast (southern part 

of the study area) shown on georeferenced Cartosat-1 data 

9

Fig. 8: Shoreline changes for the Nellore coast for the period 1991 to 2006. 

Fig. 9: Hazard line for Nellore coast (northern area) predicted for next 100 

years (shown as red line) on Resourcesat-1 LISS-IV FCC image 

Fig. 10: Hazard line for Nellore coast (southern area) predicted for next 100 

years (shown as red line) on Resourcesat-1 LISS-IV FCC image 

Fig. 11: Flood line (seen as yellow) of Nellore coast for the period 2025 

(A), 2050 (B) and 2106 (C) considering Flood heights for 2025, 

2050 and 2106 as 3.74 m, 3.86 m and 4.13 m respectively shown 

on Resourcesat-1 LlSS-IV + Cartosat-1 PAN merged FCC draped 

on DEM prepared using 0.5 m contour data. Present CRZ line is 

shown in red colour. 

Fig. 12: Inundation scenarios combining IPCC predicted SLR and local 

highest high tide level for Nellore coast (A) 0.96 m (2025); (B) 1.08 

m (2050); (C) 1.35 m (2106). Inundation is shown in blue colour 

inland on Resourcesat-1 LlSS-IV + Cartosat-1 PAN merged FCC 

draped on DEM prepared using 0.5 m contour data. 

Fig. 13: Vulnerability line for the year 2106 for the Nellore coast mapped by 

integrating hazard line and flood line under normal situation. 

Fig. 14: Vulnerability line of Nellore coast for the period 2025 (A), 2050 (B) 

and 2106 (C) under normal situation. 

10

LIST OF TABLES 

Table 1: Location of the study areas 

Table 2: SOI maps utilised for the study 

Table 3: Satellite data utilised for the study 

Table 4: The probable maximum breaker wave heights at the different 

locations 

Table 5: The Highest High Water Level at different locations 

Table 6: Flooding at different locations 

Table 7: Shoreline displacement for Nellore coast for hazard line 

delineation (in meters) 

11

1. Background and Introduction 

The Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Govt. of India issued 

a notification in February 1991 under the Environment (Protection) 

Act, 1986 to regulate activities along the Indian coast. Under this 

notification, the coastal regulation zone has been defined as the area 

between Low Tide Line (LTL) and High Tide Line (HTL) and area up 

to 500 m from the HTL. Coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, 

creek, rivers and backwaters, which are influenced by tidal action, are 

included in the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ). The distance of 500 

m has been defined arbitrarily. The CRZ notification led to large 

number of representations for exemption from its provisions and 

therefore, MoEF had set up an Expert Committee under the 

Chairmanship of Prof. M. S. Swaminathan. The Swaminathan 

Committee suggested that holistic approach should be developed for 

managing the coast in the form of Integrated Coastal Zone 

Management (ICZM). The recommendations of the Swaminathan 

Committee included: I) integrated coastal zone management; ii) 

Ocean part to be included; iii) a participatory approach to 

management; iv) safety of people and property; v) a scientific basis 

needed for coastal zone planning and landuse and; vi) Vulnerability 

mapping as a possible method (Ministry of Environment and Forests, 

2005). Within ICZM framework, the Swaminathan Committee 

recommended that the use of vulnerability of coastline should be 

considered to fix the setback line, which depends upon the physical 

response of coastal environments to water level changes and 

changes in the shoreline over a period of time. In order to implement 

12

this recommendation, MoEF requested the Space Applications 

Centre (ISRO) to develop and implement methodology for the Indian 

coast on a pilot scale for demarcating the vulnerability line. 

Vulnerability of the coast is essentially an assessment of coastal 

landform vulnerability to various natural and human induced coastal 

hazards including those due to climate change and sea level rise. 

Vulnerability is the degree of exposure of things, such as coastal 

landform features, to the impacts of the hazards. Hazard is a physical 

process or event – such as sea level rise or storm surge event. The 

term risk refers to the combination of hazard and vulnerability. The 

use of vulnerability assessment to assess the risks to valued socioeconomic 

or vital ecological habitats assets is a further addition to the 

work. Under natural conditions, the morphology of a coastline, be it 

estuarine, deltaic or open shore, reflects a responsive and dynamic 

equilibrium between the material form of the coast and the 

hydrodynamic forcing factors of waves and tidal currents. Coastal 

landforms act to attenuate wave and tidal energy and respond to 

changing energy conditions at a range of spatial and temporal scales 

(Pethick, 1996; Pethick and Crooks 2000). For instance, beach 

morphology responds to seasonal wave climate whereas adjacent 

dune complex may respond over longer (decadal) timescales to 

larger storm events. As water depths increase at the shore, there are 

enhanced wave and tidal energy resulting along the coast. In 

response, coastal landforms migrate; both normal to (orthogonal with 

the coast) and parallel with the shore in order to maintain their 

position within the energy gradient. In this way, as coastal energy 

13

levels increase, mudflats migrate landwards to a lower energy level 

and could be replaced by sand beaches, which have similarly 

migrated landwards from exposed situations (Pethick, 1996). Largescale 

coastal landforms, such as estuaries, respond to environmental 

changes in the same way, as do the smaller-scale landforms. The 

difference in spatial scale is reflected in the temporal scale of 

adjustment. A nested response means that, given adequate space, 

landward migration might not affect the wider shoreline or estuarine 

system directly other than by internal translocation of smaller 

landforms. The anticipated Sea Level Rise (SLR) due to global 

warming (Gormitz, et al., 1982; Hekstra, 1988; Church and Gregory, 

2001; IPCC, 2001; Houghton et al., 2001; Lambeck and Chappell, 

2001; Hunter et al., 2003), is expected to flood the coastal zones, as 

the coastal zones are predominantly low lying flat lands and packed 

with river mouths, creeks, estuaries, backwaters, mangrove systems, 

deltas, swales, mudflats, saltpans etc. A large number of geological 

and geomorphic evidences show that changes in sea level result in 

significant physical changes to shorelines - particularly softer sandy 

shores – as the coast adjusts to changing water levels. These 

physical changes – including shoreline erosion and increased 

flooding - may expose coastal buildings, roads and other 

infrastructure to damage; hence there is a need to identify coastal 

areas vulnerable to such changes in order to be able to effectively 

plan coastal developments. Changes in the mean level of the sea 

relative to the land, in particular a rise in relative sea level, may result 

in the initiation or acceleration of significant geomorphic (landform) 

changes in coastal areas. A number of models describing coastal 

14

ehaviour have been developed to describe and predict the response 

of various types of shorelines to sea level rise (Zhang et al. 2004; 

Stive, 2004). A SLR of 0.48 - 1.0 m by 2100 AD has been widely 

accepted and is ascribed to combination of thermal expansion of 

ocean water and melting of glaciers and ice sheets on land. On the 

Indian coast, SLR during last 25 years was of the order of 0.5 to 11.0 

mm/year as per records of the Survey of India. It has been estimated 

that (assuming no adaptation and no change in existing population) a 

1-m rise in sea level could displace nearly 7 million people from their 

homes in India. The vulnerability mapping provides indicative 

identification of shorelines potentially susceptible to two key coastal 

vulnerabilities related to sea level rise and climate change, namely 

increased storm surge flooding and the erosion and recession of 

sandy shorelines. It provides indicative mapping of a class of 

shorelines likely to be at minimal risk of significant physical impacts 

over the next century or so. It is the purpose of the indicative coastal 

vulnerability mapping to provide an initial or "precautionary" guide for 

coastal planning and management responses to sea level rise. 

Several case studies have developed methods for vulnerability 

mapping (Dutrieux et al., 2000; Harvey et al., 1999a; 1999b; Hammer 

Klose et al., 2001; Morton, 2002; Thieler et al., 2001; Pendleton et al., 

2004; Sharples, 2004). Remote sensing and geoinformation 

techniques for the Indian coast have proved to be extremely useful to 

understand coastal processes and mitigate coastal zone hazards 

(Desai et al., 1991; Nayak, 1996; Nayak et al., 1996; Navalgund et 

al., 1998; Nayak et al., 2001; Rajawat and Nayak, 2000; 2004; SAC, 

2003; Rajawat et al., 2005; 2006). The approach adopted in the 

15

present work is as per the project proposal (SAC, 2005) submitted to 

MoEF as per suggestions of the advisory group constituted by MoEF. 

This approach has been followed for identified test areas as a 

demonstrative or feasibility study. 

2. Objectives 

The major objective is to develop and demonstrate methodology for 

delineating coastal vulnerability line/construction setback line on the 

basis of vulnerability assessment of the coast as per Swaminathan 

Committee’s recommendations for redefining existing Coastal 

Regulation Zone boundary. 

3. Participating Agencies 

i) Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad (Nodal 

Agency) 

ii) Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapurm 

iii) Survey of India, Dehradun 

4. Study Area 

Six study areas namely Dahej (Gujarat), Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra) 

and Mangalore (Karnataka) along west coast and Paradip (Orissa), 

Nellore (Andhra Pradesh) and Nagapattinam (Tamilnadu) along east 

coast of India have been taken up. Locations are shown in Fig. 1 and 

Table 1. 

16

Fig. 1: Location map of the study areas (modified after Chandramohan et 

al., 2001) 

The study areas represent diversity of the Indian coast and are selected as 

one representing high tidal range (Dahej, Gujarat), highly populated and 

developed coast (Navi Mumbai), Open wave dominated coast (Mangalore), 

deltaic coasts frequently affected by flooding and cyclones (Paradip), 

(Nellore) and tsunami affected (Nagapattinam). 

17

Table 1: Location of the study areas 

Sr. Study Area 

No. 

1. Dahej 

(Gujarat) 

2. Navi Mumbai 

(Maharastra) 

3. Mangalore 

(Karnataka) 

4. Paradip 

(Orissa) 

5. Nellore (Andhra 

Pradesh) 

6. Nagapattinam 

(Tamil Nadu) 

Geographic Location 

72 0 30’00”E to 73 0 00’00”E 

21 0 30’00”N to21 0 45’00”N 

73 0 00’00”E to 73 0 15’00”E 

18 0 45’00”N to19 0 15’00”N 

74 0 45’00”E to 74 0 52’30”E 

12 0 45’00”N to12 0 52’30”N 

86 0 30’00”E to 87 0 00’00”E 

20 0 30’00”N to20 0 30’00”N 

80 0 00’00”E to 80 0 15’00”E 

14 0 15’00”N to14 0 45’00”N 

79 0 45’00”E to 80 0 00’00”E 

10 0 30’00”N to11 0 00’00”N 

5. Materials and Methods 

A broad approach being followed includes i) Preparing shoreline 

change maps using old topographical maps and recent satellite data 

(Resourcesat-1/Cartosat-1 data); ii) Delineation of hazard line using 

shoreline change data; iii) Analysis of past wave/tidal data for flood 

height computations; iv) Generation of DEM from available data sets 

(topographical maps with 0.5 m contour interval); v) Utilisation of 

inundation models for simulating inundation patterns and delineation 

18

of flood line; vi) Vulnerability/Setback line delineation using integrated 

analysis in GIS. 

The major components of the methodology are as follows: 

5.1 Delineation of the Hazard Line 

High Tide Line (HTL) has been considered as shoreline. Shoreline 

change is the horizontal movement of a specific shoreline. Old SOI 

topographical maps (Table 2) (Total 25 maps pertaining to the period 

1872-1991; 10 maps at 1:25, 000 scale and 15 maps at 1:50, 000 

scale) were used to delineate HTL. Shoreline change maps 

corresponding to the test sites for the period 1975-80 and 1986-90 

prepared earlier at SAC were also utilised to get shoreline of different 

periods. Resourcesat-1 LISS-IV and Cartosat-1 PAN data of period 

2005-06 (Table 3) were also geo-referenced and interpreted to 

delineate shoreline. The horizontal displacement of shoreline has 

been measured based on HTL of 2005-06. Shoreline changes were 

used to compute an annual rate of displacement. Line topology has 

been built for all the shoreline vector files (Arc Info Coverage) and 

two attribute fields have been created viz. “YEAR” and “TRANSECT”. 

The “YEAR” attribute field for all the shorelines was filled with 

corresponding year of survey of topographical map or year of 

acquisition of the satellite images. All the shorelines of a particular 

study area were then appended and transect have been generated at 

50 meter spacing. Transect-wise analyses of the distance between 

shorelines of two or more years have been carried out. Finally, 

19

transect-wise annual rates have been calculated and future projection 

of shoreline (i.e. shoreline position for the year 2025, 2050 and 2106) 

from the latest shoreline (2006) has been carried out. The 100-year 

displacement line is designated as the Hazard Line. 

Table 2: SOI maps utilised for the study 

Sr. Study Area 

SOI Topographic Maps 

No. 

Scale 1: 

50,000/1: 

Year of 

Survey 

Scale 1: 

25,000 

Year of 

Survey 

63, 360 

1. Dahej 

46 C/10 1871-72 ------ ----- 

(Gujarat) 

46 C/14 

1955-56 

1947-48 

2. Navi Mumbai 

(Maharastra) 

47 E/4 

47 F/1 

1924-25 

1924-25 

1943-44 

1924-25 

NW 

SW 

NE 

NW 

SW 

1975-76 

1974-75 

1990-91 

1990-91 

1990-91 

3. Mangalore 

(Karnataka) 

48 L/13 1910-12 

1944-45 

NW 

SW 

1982-83 

1982-83 

4. Paradip (Orissa) 73 L/11 

& 15 

73 L/12 

1928-29 

1928-29 

------ 

NW&NE 

------- 

1982-83 

5. Nellore (Andhra 

Pradesh) 

66 B/2 

66 B/3 

1917-18 

1916-17 

SE 

NE 

1990-91 

1990-91 

20

6. Nagapattinam 

58 N/13 

1929-30 

------- ------- 

(Tamil Nadu) 

58 N/14 

1929-30 

Table 3: Satellite data utilised for the study 

Study Area Satellite Sesnsor Path/ 

Row/ 

Date 

Product 

Orbit- 

Segm 

Scene 

Type 

ent- 

Strip 

Nellore 

CARTOSAT-1 PAN 557 328 18/07/2006 Stereo- 

Ortho 

Kit, CD 

Resourcesat-1 LISS-IV 12149 

-1-2 

091 18/02/2006 LISS-IV 

MX, CD 


-1-2 

090 

shift 

60 % 

18/02/2006 LISS-IV 

MX, CD 


-1-2 

092 18/02/2006 LISS-IV 

MX, CD 

Nagapattinam 


Ortho 

Kit, CD 


Ortho 

Kit, CD 

21


-1-1 

147, 

shift 

40 % 

22/07/2006 LISS-IV 

MX, CD 

Paradip CARTOSAT-1 PAN 583 303 08/02/2006 Stereo- 

Ortho 

Kit, CD 


Ortho 

Kit, CD 


Ortho 

Kit, CD 

Resourcesat-1 LISS-IV 7801- 

1-2 

70 18/04/2005 LISS-IV 

MX, CD 

Mangalore 


Ortho 

Kit, CD 


-1-2 

120 

shift 

20 % 

05/01/2006 LISS-IV 

MX, CD 

Navi Mumbai 


Ortho 

Kit, CD 


Ortho 

Kit, CD 


1-3 

24 

shift 

30 % 

14/01/2005 LISS-IV 

MX, CD 

22

Dahej 


1-3 

25 

shift 

20 % 

14/01/2005 LISS-IV 

MX, CD 


Ortho 

Kit, CD 


Ortho 

Kit, CD 


2-2 

79 

shift 

70 % 

03/03/2005 LISS-IV 

MX, CD 

5.2 Delineation of the Flood Line 

This component requires analysis of historic data on waves and tides 

to determine the maximum elevation using past trend of the data sets 

along with rate of sea level rise and prediction for next 100 years. 

Wave run up elevation for maximum near shore breaker wave height 

(computed using beach profiles), highest high tide level and IPCC 

projected SLR are computed for different periods (2025, 2050, 

2106). The flood height is then superimposed on digital elevation 

model for delineating flood line for different scenarios. 

Predicted tidal data are used to get maximum elevation due to 

highest of high tide. NIOT data buoy and available wave atlases 

provide deep-water wave heights. Wave heights near the shore (10 m 

depth) are generated using available bathymetry data and wave 

23

transformation models. The IPCC predicted rate of 0.48 cm per year 

rise for next 100 years (IPCC, 2001) has been utilised along with 

corresponding high tide levels and wave run up elevations. The 

combined height is projected on the elevation map to delineate flood 

line. 

Waves 

Apart from the data available at CESS, the recorded data on highest 

wave height is collected from NIO, Goa and NIOT, Chennai for the six 

study areas. The waves are recorded at different depths ranging from 

2300 m to 15 m. The highest wave reported at each location is taken 

and transformed to the breaking zone using the MIKE-21 Nearshore 

Spectral Waves (NSW) model. This model is a wind-wave model, 

which describes the growth, decay and transformation of windgenerated 

waves and swells in nearshore areas. The model takes 

into account the effects of refraction and shoaling due to varying 

depth, local wind generation and energy dissipation due to bottom 

friction and wave breaking. The model also takes into account the 

effect of wave-current interaction, if present. The bathymetry data are 

essential to compute the breaker wave heights using the MIKE-21 

model. The hydrographic charts, with maximum resolution, available 

in C-MAP for the locations, with an alongshore range of ± 0.750 

latitude, are selected for computation of bathymetric grids and in turn 

for the wave transformations. Since the bathymetry is not very fine, 

the wave heights computed around 10 m water depth are taken as 

the breaker wave height. The probable maximum wave heights 

24

around 10 m depth as obtained by computation are presented in 

Table 4. 

Table 4: The probable maximum breaker wave heights at different 

locations 

Location 

Height of Highest Wave 

(m) 

Dahej 3.7 

Mumbai 3.8 

Mangalore 4.0 

Nagapattinam 3.8 

Nellore 4.8 

Paradip 5.3 

Typical examples of the computed wave heights off Mangalore and 

Mumbai are depicted in Figs. 2 and 3. 

25


Mangalore 

26


Mumbai 

Wave Run Up Elevation 

Beach profiles for the Nellore coast were studied and an average 

foreshore slope of 0.04 was obtained. Wave run up for the maximum 

breaker wave height of 4.8 m was computed. The wave run up 

elevation comes to be 2.78 m for the Nellore coast. 

Tide 

The tide data used for calculations are taken from the Indian Tide 

Tables from 1979 to 2006. The highest tidal height was noted from 

the daily heights given in the tide table. These data are reduced to 

Mean Sea Level (MSL) from the datum levels provided in the tables. 

The Highest High Water heights with respect to MSL are given in 

Table 5. 

27

Table 5: The Highest High Water Level at different locations 

Location 

Highest high water level 

(m) 

Dahej 5.61 

Mumbai 2.65 

Mangalore 0.96 

Nagapattinam 0.71 


Paradip 1.41 

Sea Level 

The past sea level changes and its future projections for a century 

are noted from the website of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 

Change (IPCC). The sea level change in the past 100 years for the 

Indian coasts have shown only 10-20 cm sea level rise 

(Unnikrishnan, et. al., 2006). IPCC (IPCC, 2001) has given 

projections for the period up to 2100 (Fig. 4). It is observed that, on 

an average 48 cm of sea level rise can be expected on a global level 

by the year 2100. Since Indian coasts fall in the average/below 

average category (of the global) maximum sea level rise that can be 

expected along our coasts shall be well within the 48 cm rise in 100 

years. So this value is considered for computation of flooding. 

28

Fig. 4: Future projections of sea level (after IPCC, 2001) 

Flooding Level 

The flooding elevation has been obtained by considering the wave 

run up elevation for maximum breaker wave height, highest high tide 

elevation and elevation due to SLR. With the above data sets, 

possible flooding height for the year 2106 is calculated. The accuracy 

of the computation is subject to the limitations arising from data 

availability for different parameters. This height is projected on the 

elevation map to delineate flood line. Table 6 gives the projected 

flooding levels at six locations for the next 100 years. However, we 

have also considered different scenarios due to flooding for the year 

2025, 2050 along with that for the year 2106. 

29

Table 6: Flooding at different locations 

Location 

Flooding (m) 

Dahej 8.57 

Mumbai - 

Mangalore - 

Nagapattinam - 


Paradip 5.43 

Generation of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 

A contour map having 0.5-1 m contour (up to 5 m) interval is required 

for the coastal area (Area up to 20 m contour). The Survey of India 

provided this data for Nellore, Paradip and Dahej test sites. Fig. 5 

shows the DEM generated for the Nellore test site. 

Flood inundation scenarios 

Resourcesat-1 LISS-IV and Cartosat-1 merged images have been 

draped over the DEM and flood modeling has been done for different 

scenarios of flooding levels using Water Layer sub-module of ERDAS 

Imagine 9.0 Virtual GIS module. An animation has been made 

showing the flood inundation pattern in the Nellore area with rise in 

sea level using DEM generated from 0.5 m contour data. 

30

Fig. 5: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated using 0.5 m 

contour data covering the Nellore test site (Andhra Pradesh) 

31

5.3 Delineation of the Vulnerability Line 

Vulnerability line has been delineated by integrating hazard line and 

flood line by considering landward extent of flood line or hazard line 

(whichever is maximum towards land). 

6. Results and discussions 

6.1 Salient characteristics and landforms 

Nellore coast stretching for around 29.80 km in length and 7.80 km 

maximum width (from the mouth of the Penneru river) comprises the 

study area extending from south of Ramatirtham covering 

Utukurupattampupalem in north to Kotta Koderu in south (Fig. 6). 

Penneru river forms its delta in the northern part of the study area. 

Villages such as Utukuru and Kuditipalem fall along the northern and 

southern banks of the Penneru river. The entire region is low-lying 

coastal tract with a maximum elevation of 6 m. Tropical cyclones 

frequently affect this coastal tract. A number of cyclone shelters are 

present in this area such as those at Kancharapalem, Ramudupalem, 

Pattapupalem, Utukurupattapupalem, Venkattareddipalem, 

Krishnapuram, Venkannapalem, Patapattapupalem, 

Venkateshwarapalem, Mutyalatapupattapupalem, Pamudiruvu 

Khandrika, Bata and Kattapattapupalem etc. Buckingham canal 

traverses through the entire coastal tract parallel to the shore. The 

major landforms observed in the study area have developed due to 

fluvio-deltaic and marine processes (Figs. 7a, 7b and 7c). The entire 

32

coastal segment is linear with a bulge near the mouth of the Penneru 

river. The coast consists of soft sandy material highly vulnerable to 

erosion. Coast comprises of narrow sandy beaches backed by sand 

dunes and rolling plain at places. The southern part of the study area 

do not show sand dunes and forms discontinuous segment of dune 

ridges. Casuarinas plantation at some locations along such segments 

has been done to protect the storm fury. The Penneru river forms its 

delta in the northern part of the study area and the associated 

landforms observed are flood plain, channel bars, islands, deltaic 

plain, palaeochannels, mudflats with mangroves and barrier bars 

near the mouth of the Penneru river. The area near the northern part 

of Penneru river mouth shows severe erosion (Figs. 8 & 9). Spit 

observed on the southern bank of the Penneru river during 1991 has 

been completely eroded along with some other islands near the 

mouth of the Penneru river (Fig. 9). The area north of Penneru river 

shows mudflats and a wide strip comprising of rolling plain. The other 

parts of the study area comprises predominantly of low coastal plain. 

At many places casuarina/coconut plantation are observed. Absence 

of landforms formed due to longshore transport, which indicates wave 

action to be dominating in this region, and the entire coastal segment 

is vulnerable to erosion as observed by shoreline changes mapped 

for the period 1991 to 2006 (Figs. 8, 9 and 10) with negligible 

accretion at few locations. 

33

A 

B 

C 

Fig. 6: Study area coverage for Nellore coast shown on georeferenced 

Cartosat-1 data (Geomorphological features for A, B and C 

boxes are shown in Figs. 9a, 9b and 9c). 

34

Barrier 

bar 

Coastal 

plain Fig. 7a: Geomorphological features along the Nellore coast (northern 

part of the study area) shown on 

data 

georeferenced Cartosat-1 

35

Fig. 7b: Geomorphological features along the Nellore coast (central 

part of the study area) shown on georeferenced Cartosat-1 

data 

36

Fig.7c: Geomorphological features along the Nellore coast (southern part of 

6.2 Hazard 

the study 

line 

area) shown on georeferenced Cartosat-1 data 

37

Shoreline covering the Nellore coast is compared for the period 1991 

– 2006 at 1:25, 000 scale. Shoreline has been interpreted from the 

topographical maps 66 B/2 SE and 66 B/3 NE for the year 1991. 

Corresponding Resourcesat-1 LISS-IV data of February 18, 2006 has 

been interpreted for delineating shoreline. Transects at 50 m spacing 

have been generated (total 538 transects) and transect-wise 

analyses of the displacement of shorelines for the period between 

1991 and 2006 have been carried out. Result of the shoreline change 

for this period is shown graphically in Fig. 8. Transect-wise annual 

rates of shoreline change have been calculated and future projections 

of shoreline (i.e. shoreline position for 2025, 2050, 2100 and 2106 

years) are shown in Table 7. Transects 59-107 covers the Penneru 

river mouth and are not considered for the shoreline change 

calculation. The displacement of shoreline as projected for next 100 

years has been plotted and demarcated as hazard line (Figs. 9 and 

10). 

Table 7: Shoreline displacement for Nellore coast for hazard line 

delineation (in meters) 

Transect 

Nos. 

Shoreline 

changes 

during the 

period 

1991-2006 

Annual 

Rate of 

Shore 

line 

changes 

Shoreline 

changes 

after 

19 years 

(2025) 

Shoreline 

changes 

after 

44 years 

(2050) 

Shoreline 

changes 

after 

94 years 

(2100) 

Shoreline 

changes 

after 

100 years 

(2106) 

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

2 -59.41 -3.96 -75.25 -174.26 -372.28 -396.04 

3 -43.50 -2.90 -55.10 -127.60 -272.60 -290.00 

4 -36.25 -2.42 -45.92 -106.33 -227.17 -241.67 

5 -32.97 -2.20 -41.76 -96.71 -206.60 -219.79 

6 -31.03 -2.07 -39.31 -91.03 -194.46 -206.88 

7 -32.56 -2.17 -41.25 -95.52 -204.06 -217.08 

38

8 -32.13 -2.14 -40.69 -94.23 -201.32 -214.17 

9 -27.53 -1.84 -34.87 -80.76 -172.53 -183.54 

10 -25.16 -1.68 -31.86 -73.79 -157.65 -167.71 

11 -35.44 -2.36 -44.89 -103.95 -222.08 -236.25 

12 -32.75 -2.18 -41.48 -96.07 -205.23 -218.33 

13 -38.22 -2.55 -48.41 -112.11 -239.50 -254.79 

14 -45.53 -3.04 -57.67 -133.56 -285.33 -303.54 

15 -37.97 -2.53 -48.09 -111.38 -237.94 -253.13 

16 -42.25 -2.82 -53.52 -123.93 -264.77 -281.67 

17 -42.03 -2.80 -53.24 -123.29 -263.40 -280.21 

18 -33.41 -2.23 -42.31 -97.99 -209.35 -222.71 

19 -32.44 -2.16 -41.09 -95.15 -203.28 -216.25 

20 -31.34 -2.09 -39.70 -91.94 -196.42 -208.96 

21 -27.91 -1.86 -35.35 -81.86 -174.88 -186.04 

22 -18.94 -1.26 -23.99 -55.55 -118.68 -126.25 

23 -10.19 -0.68 -12.90 -29.88 -63.84 -67.92 

24 -4.72 -0.31 -5.98 -13.84 -29.57 -31.46 

25 -4.19 -0.28 -5.30 -12.28 -26.24 -27.92 

26 -5.66 -0.38 -7.16 -16.59 -35.45 -37.71 

27 -12.19 -0.81 -15.44 -35.75 -76.38 -81.25 

28 -18.53 -1.24 -23.47 -54.36 -116.13 -123.54 

29 -21.50 -1.43 -27.23 -63.07 -134.73 -143.33 

30 -24.13 -1.61 -30.56 -70.77 -151.18 -160.83 

31 -27.72 -1.85 -35.11 -81.31 -173.70 -184.79 

32 -32.41 -2.16 -41.05 -95.06 -203.08 -216.04 

33 -49.56 -3.30 -62.78 -145.38 -310.59 -330.42 

34 -60.81 -4.05 -77.03 -178.38 -381.09 -405.42 

35 -76.88 -5.13 -97.38 -225.50 -481.75 -512.50 

36 -101.16 -6.74 -128.13 -296.73 -633.91 -674.38 

37 -532.41 -35.49 -674.38 -1561.73 -3336.41 -3549.38 

38 -597.28 -39.82 -756.56 -1752.03 -3742.96 -3981.88 

39 -608.59 -40.57 -770.89 -1785.21 -3813.85 -4057.29 

40 -621.72 -41.45 -787.51 -1823.71 -3896.10 -4144.79 

41 -628.13 -41.88 -795.63 -1842.50 -3936.25 -4187.50 

42 -631.28 -42.09 -799.62 -1851.76 -3956.03 -4208.54 

43 -643.44 -42.90 -815.02 -1887.42 -4032.21 -4289.58 

44 -655.47 -43.70 -830.26 -1922.71 -4107.60 -4369.79 

45 -658.19 -43.88 -833.70 -1930.68 -4124.64 -4387.92 

46 -666.84 -44.46 -844.67 -1956.08 -4178.89 -4445.63 

47 -676.66 -45.11 -857.10 -1984.86 -4240.38 -4511.04 

48 -675.94 -45.06 -856.19 -1982.75 -4235.88 -4506.25 

49 -664.34 -44.29 -841.50 -1948.74 -4163.22 -4428.96 

50 -630.88 -42.06 -799.11 -1850.57 -3953.48 -4205.83 

51 -587.66 -39.18 -744.36 -1723.79 -3682.65 -3917.71 

52 -380.28 -25.35 -481.69 -1115.49 -2383.10 -2535.21 

53 -319.50 -21.30 -404.70 -937.20 -2002.20 -2130.00 

39

54 -331.50 -22.10 -419.90 -972.40 -2077.40 -2210.00 

55 -327.88 -21.86 -415.31 -961.77 -2054.68 -2185.83 

56 -315.75 -21.05 -399.95 -926.20 -1978.70 -2105.00 

57 -284.75 -18.98 -360.68 -835.27 -1784.43 -1898.33 

58 -91.53 -6.10 -115.94 -268.49 -573.60 -610.21 

Transects 59 – 107 cover Penneru river mouth and are not included 

108 -2.72 -0.18 -3.44 -7.98 -17.04 -18.13 

109 41.97 2.80 53.16 123.11 263.00 279.79 

110 82.69 5.51 104.74 242.55 518.18 551.25 

111 80.69 5.38 102.20 236.68 505.64 537.92 

112 53.25 3.55 67.45 156.20 333.70 355.00 

113 25.25 1.68 31.98 74.07 158.23 168.33 

114 0.97 0.06 1.23 2.84 6.07 6.46 

115 -10.50 -0.70 -13.30 -30.80 -65.80 -70.00 

116 -21.91 -1.46 -27.75 -64.26 -137.28 -146.04 

117 -33.31 -2.22 -42.20 -97.72 -208.76 -222.08 

118 -42.69 -2.85 -54.07 -125.22 -267.51 -284.58 

119 -51.56 -3.44 -65.31 -151.25 -323.13 -343.75 

120 -57.19 -3.81 -72.44 -167.75 -358.38 -381.25 

121 -59.03 -3.94 -74.77 -173.16 -369.93 -393.54 

122 -54.19 -3.61 -68.64 -158.95 -339.58 -361.25 

123 -52.03 -3.47 -65.91 -152.63 -326.06 -346.88 

124 -50.81 -3.39 -64.36 -149.05 -318.43 -338.75 

125 -51.66 -3.44 -65.43 -151.53 -323.71 -344.38 

126 -47.09 -3.14 -59.65 -138.14 -295.12 -313.96 

127 -47.44 -3.16 -60.09 -139.15 -297.28 -316.25 

128 -46.53 -3.10 -58.94 -136.49 -291.60 -310.21 

129 -49.00 -3.27 -62.07 -143.73 -307.07 -326.67 

130 -58.06 -3.87 -73.55 -170.32 -363.86 -387.08 

131 -64.25 -4.28 -81.38 -188.47 -402.63 -428.33 

132 -67.97 -4.53 -86.09 -199.38 -425.94 -453.13 

133 -70.84 -4.72 -89.74 -207.81 -443.95 -472.29 

134 -73.38 -4.89 -92.94 -215.23 -459.82 -489.17 

135 -75.59 -5.04 -95.75 -221.74 -473.72 -503.96 

136 -77.91 -5.19 -98.68 -228.53 -488.21 -519.38 

137 -77.50 -5.17 -98.17 -227.33 -485.67 -516.67 

138 -75.09 -5.01 -95.12 -220.28 -470.59 -500.63 

139 -70.84 -4.72 -89.74 -207.81 -443.95 -472.29 

140 -66.84 -4.46 -84.67 -196.08 -418.89 -445.63 

141 -62.88 -4.19 -79.64 -184.43 -394.02 -419.17 

142 -53.56 -3.57 -67.85 -157.12 -335.66 -357.08 

143 -46.00 -3.07 -58.27 -134.93 -288.27 -306.67 

144 -42.31 -2.82 -53.60 -124.12 -265.16 -282.08 

145 -41.91 -2.79 -53.08 -122.93 -262.61 -279.38 

146 -41.38 -2.76 -52.41 -121.37 -259.28 -275.83 

147 -42.63 -2.84 -53.99 -125.03 -267.12 -284.17 

40

148 -51.47 -3.43 -65.19 -150.98 -322.54 -343.13 

149 -52.41 -3.49 -66.38 -153.73 -328.41 -349.38 

150 -55.13 -3.68 -69.83 -161.70 -345.45 -367.50 

151 -60.13 -4.01 -76.16 -176.37 -376.78 -400.83 

152 -65.25 -4.35 -82.65 -191.40 -408.90 -435.00 

153 -68.31 -4.55 -86.53 -200.38 -428.09 -455.42 

154 -73.44 -4.90 -93.02 -215.42 -460.21 -489.58 

155 -78.41 -5.23 -99.31 -229.99 -491.35 -522.71 

156 -81.56 -5.44 -103.31 -239.25 -511.13 -543.75 

157 -78.50 -5.23 -99.43 -230.27 -491.93 -523.33 

158 -82.72 -5.51 -104.78 -242.64 -518.37 -551.46 

159 -87.44 -5.83 -110.75 -256.48 -547.94 -582.92 

160 -87.63 -5.84 -110.99 -257.03 -549.12 -584.17 

161 -88.19 -5.88 -111.70 -258.68 -552.64 -587.92 

162 -82.41 -5.49 -104.38 -241.73 -516.41 -549.38 

163 -77.94 -5.20 -98.72 -228.62 -488.41 -519.58 

164 -74.56 -4.97 -94.45 -218.72 -467.26 -497.08 

165 -72.13 -4.81 -91.36 -211.57 -451.98 -480.83 

166 -68.88 -4.59 -87.24 -202.03 -431.62 -459.17 

167 -66.19 -4.41 -83.84 -194.15 -414.78 -441.25 

168 -67.91 -4.53 -86.01 -199.19 -425.55 -452.71 

169 -67.81 -4.52 -85.90 -198.92 -424.96 -452.08 

170 -67.38 -4.49 -85.34 -197.63 -422.22 -449.17 

171 -69.78 -4.65 -88.39 -204.69 -437.30 -465.21 

172 -69.84 -4.66 -88.47 -204.88 -437.69 -465.63 

173 -72.47 -4.83 -91.79 -212.58 -454.14 -483.13 

174 -74.91 -4.99 -94.88 -219.73 -469.41 -499.38 

175 -68.81 -4.59 -87.16 -201.85 -431.23 -458.75 

176 -62.06 -4.14 -78.61 -182.05 -388.93 -413.75 

177 -63.38 -4.23 -80.28 -185.90 -397.15 -422.50 

178 -72.22 -4.81 -91.48 -211.84 -452.57 -481.46 

179 -70.50 -4.70 -89.30 -206.80 -441.80 -470.00 

180 -72.56 -4.84 -91.91 -212.85 -454.73 -483.75 

181 -82.78 -5.52 -104.86 -242.83 -518.76 -551.88 

182 -94.47 -6.30 -119.66 -277.11 -592.00 -629.79 

183 -93.00 -6.20 -117.80 -272.80 -582.80 -620.00 

184 -91.38 -6.09 -115.74 -268.03 -572.62 -609.17 

185 -90.91 -6.06 -115.15 -266.66 -569.68 -606.04 

186 -91.25 -6.08 -115.58 -267.67 -571.83 -608.33 

187 -94.94 -6.33 -120.25 -278.48 -594.94 -632.92 

188 -89.19 -5.95 -112.97 -261.62 -558.91 -594.58 

189 -82.72 -5.51 -104.78 -242.64 -518.37 -551.46 

190 -83.22 -5.55 -105.41 -244.11 -521.50 -554.79 

191 -83.81 -5.59 -106.16 -245.85 -525.23 -558.75 

192 -84.00 -5.60 -106.40 -246.40 -526.40 -560.00 

193 -83.97 -5.60 -106.36 -246.31 -526.20 -559.79 

41

194 -87.84 -5.86 -111.27 -257.68 -550.49 -585.63 

195 -89.47 -5.96 -113.33 -262.44 -560.67 -596.46 

196 -89.75 -5.98 -113.68 -263.27 -562.43 -598.33 

197 -87.44 -5.83 -110.75 -256.48 -547.94 -582.92 

198 -79.91 -5.33 -101.21 -234.39 -500.75 -532.71 

199 -72.50 -4.83 -91.83 -212.67 -454.33 -483.33 

200 -65.31 -4.35 -82.73 -191.58 -409.29 -435.42 

201 -64.06 -4.27 -81.15 -187.92 -401.46 -427.08 

202 -66.38 -4.43 -84.08 -194.70 -415.95 -442.50 

203 -68.81 -4.59 -87.16 -201.85 -431.23 -458.75 

204 -7.84 -0.52 -9.94 -23.01 -49.15 -52.29 

205 -52.63 -3.51 -66.66 -154.37 -329.78 -350.83 

206 -74.69 -4.98 -94.60 -219.08 -468.04 -497.92 

207 -85.53 -5.70 -108.34 -250.89 -536.00 -570.21 

208 -123.94 -8.26 -156.99 -363.55 -776.68 -826.25 

209 -71.22 -4.75 -90.21 -208.91 -446.30 -474.79 

210 -63.56 -4.24 -80.51 -186.45 -398.33 -423.75 

211 -58.69 -3.91 -74.34 -172.15 -367.78 -391.25 

212 -61.91 -4.13 -78.41 -181.59 -387.95 -412.71 

213 -66.28 -4.42 -83.96 -194.43 -415.36 -441.88 

214 -64.69 -4.31 -81.94 -189.75 -405.38 -431.25 

215 -62.50 -4.17 -79.17 -183.33 -391.67 -416.67 

216 -63.34 -4.22 -80.24 -185.81 -396.95 -422.29 

217 -21.91 -1.46 -27.75 -64.26 -137.28 -146.04 

218 -29.28 -1.95 -37.09 -85.89 -183.50 -195.21 

219 -30.88 -2.06 -39.11 -90.57 -193.48 -205.83 

220 -33.53 -2.24 -42.47 -98.36 -210.13 -223.54 

221 -40.44 -2.70 -51.22 -118.62 -253.41 -269.58 

222 -47.38 -3.16 -60.01 -138.97 -296.88 -315.83 

223 -53.63 -3.58 -67.93 -157.30 -336.05 -357.50 

224 -49.72 -3.31 -62.98 -145.84 -311.57 -331.46 

225 -46.44 -3.10 -58.82 -136.22 -291.01 -309.58 

226 -37.19 -2.48 -47.10 -109.08 -233.04 -247.92 

227 -40.16 -2.68 -50.86 -117.79 -251.65 -267.71 

228 -44.56 -2.97 -56.45 -130.72 -279.26 -297.08 

229 -47.22 -3.15 -59.81 -138.51 -295.90 -314.79 

230 -44.81 -2.99 -56.76 -131.45 -280.83 -298.75 

231 -45.47 -3.03 -57.59 -133.38 -284.94 -303.13 

232 -47.22 -3.15 -59.81 -138.51 -295.90 -314.79 

233 -44.81 -2.99 -56.76 -131.45 -280.83 -298.75 

234 -24.44 -1.63 -30.95 -71.68 -153.14 -162.92 

235 -20.38 -1.36 -25.81 -59.77 -127.68 -135.83 

236 -35.50 -2.37 -44.97 -104.13 -222.47 -236.67 

237 -35.03 -2.34 -44.37 -102.76 -219.53 -233.54 

238 -41.16 -2.74 -52.13 -120.73 -257.91 -274.38 

239 -46.50 -3.10 -58.90 -136.40 -291.40 -310.00 

42

240 -48.41 -3.23 -61.31 -141.99 -303.35 -322.71 

241 -41.47 -2.76 -52.53 -121.64 -259.87 -276.46 

242 -37.81 -2.52 -47.90 -110.92 -236.96 -252.08 

243 -39.47 -2.63 -49.99 -115.78 -247.34 -263.13 

244 -43.38 -2.89 -54.94 -127.23 -271.82 -289.17 

245 -43.91 -2.93 -55.61 -128.79 -275.15 -292.71 

246 -41.34 -2.76 -52.37 -121.28 -259.09 -275.63 

247 -38.91 -2.59 -49.28 -114.13 -243.81 -259.38 

248 -39.19 -2.61 -49.64 -114.95 -245.58 -261.25 

249 -42.88 -2.86 -54.31 -125.77 -268.68 -285.83 

250 -45.88 -3.06 -58.11 -134.57 -287.48 -305.83 

251 -44.47 -2.96 -56.33 -130.44 -278.67 -296.46 

252 -44.19 -2.95 -55.97 -129.62 -276.91 -294.58 

253 -44.69 -2.98 -56.60 -131.08 -280.04 -297.92 

254 -47.97 -3.20 -60.76 -140.71 -300.60 -319.79 

255 -53.00 -3.53 -67.13 -155.47 -332.13 -353.33 

256 -57.25 -3.82 -72.52 -167.93 -358.77 -381.67 

257 -61.53 -4.10 -77.94 -180.49 -385.60 -410.21 

258 -64.19 -4.28 -81.30 -188.28 -402.24 -427.92 

259 -61.44 -4.10 -77.82 -180.22 -385.01 -409.58 

260 -57.81 -3.85 -73.23 -169.58 -362.29 -385.42 

261 -55.75 -3.72 -70.62 -163.53 -349.37 -371.67 

262 -55.47 -3.70 -70.26 -162.71 -347.61 -369.79 

263 -56.16 -3.74 -71.13 -164.73 -351.91 -374.38 

264 -55.66 -3.71 -70.50 -163.26 -348.78 -371.04 

265 -56.00 -3.73 -70.93 -164.27 -350.93 -373.33 

266 -54.56 -3.64 -69.11 -160.05 -341.93 -363.75 

267 -55.19 -3.68 -69.90 -161.88 -345.84 -367.92 

268 -57.59 -3.84 -72.95 -168.94 -360.92 -383.96 

269 -60.88 -4.06 -77.11 -178.57 -381.48 -405.83 

270 -61.59 -4.11 -78.02 -180.68 -385.99 -410.63 

271 -58.91 -3.93 -74.61 -172.79 -369.15 -392.71 

272 -56.34 -3.76 -71.37 -165.28 -353.09 -375.63 

273 -54.84 -3.66 -69.47 -160.88 -343.69 -365.63 

274 -52.78 -3.52 -66.86 -154.83 -330.76 -351.88 

275 -49.91 -3.33 -63.21 -146.39 -312.75 -332.71 

276 -44.59 -2.97 -56.49 -130.81 -279.45 -297.29 

277 -39.53 -2.64 -50.07 -115.96 -247.73 -263.54 

278 -28.38 -1.89 -35.94 -83.23 -177.82 -189.17 

279 -27.22 -1.81 -34.48 -79.84 -170.57 -181.46 

280 -26.47 -1.76 -33.53 -77.64 -165.87 -176.46 

281 -28.41 -1.89 -35.98 -83.33 -178.01 -189.38 

282 -28.78 -1.92 -36.46 -84.43 -180.36 -191.88 

283 -24.16 -1.61 -30.60 -70.86 -151.38 -161.04 

284 -19.72 -1.31 -24.98 -57.84 -123.57 -131.46 

285 -16.84 -1.12 -21.34 -49.41 -105.55 -112.29 

43

286 -15.81 -1.05 -20.03 -46.38 -99.09 -105.42 

287 -16.59 -1.11 -21.02 -48.68 -103.99 -110.63 

288 -12.03 -0.80 -15.24 -35.29 -75.40 -80.21 

289 -3.03 -0.20 -3.84 -8.89 -19.00 -20.21 

290 128.78 8.59 163.12 377.76 807.03 858.54 

291 45.97 3.06 58.23 134.84 288.07 306.46 

292 -11.13 -0.74 -14.09 -32.63 -69.72 -74.17 

293 -21.91 -1.46 -27.75 -64.26 -137.28 -146.04 

294 -22.66 -1.51 -28.70 -66.46 -141.98 -151.04 

295 -25.13 -1.68 -31.83 -73.70 -157.45 -167.50 

296 -23.75 -1.58 -30.08 -69.67 -148.83 -158.33 

297 -27.75 -1.85 -35.15 -81.40 -173.90 -185.00 

298 -29.47 -1.96 -37.33 -86.44 -184.67 -196.46 

299 -25.34 -1.69 -32.10 -74.34 -158.82 -168.96 

300 -22.03 -1.47 -27.91 -64.63 -138.06 -146.88 

301 -17.84 -1.19 -22.60 -52.34 -111.82 -118.96 

302 -20.59 -1.37 -26.09 -60.41 -129.05 -137.29 

303 -18.50 -1.23 -23.43 -54.27 -115.93 -123.33 

304 -11.16 -0.74 -14.13 -32.73 -69.91 -74.38 

305 -2.03 -0.14 -2.57 -5.96 -12.73 -13.54 

306 -3.72 -0.25 -4.71 -10.91 -23.30 -24.79 

307 -10.38 -0.69 -13.14 -30.43 -65.02 -69.17 

308 -14.69 -0.98 -18.60 -43.08 -92.04 -97.92 

309 -23.16 -1.54 -29.33 -67.93 -145.11 -154.38 

310 -28.66 -1.91 -36.30 -84.06 -179.58 -191.04 

311 -30.94 -2.06 -39.19 -90.75 -193.88 -206.25 

312 -23.81 -1.59 -30.16 -69.85 -149.23 -158.75 

313 -19.78 -1.32 -25.06 -58.03 -123.96 -131.88 

314 -16.03 -1.07 -20.31 -47.03 -100.46 -106.88 

315 -12.06 -0.80 -15.28 -35.38 -75.59 -80.42 

316 -14.16 -0.94 -17.93 -41.53 -88.71 -94.38 

317 -15.69 -1.05 -19.87 -46.02 -98.31 -104.58 

318 -11.59 -0.77 -14.69 -34.01 -72.65 -77.29 

319 -8.72 -0.58 -11.04 -25.58 -54.64 -58.13 

320 -11.44 -0.76 -14.49 -33.55 -71.68 -76.25 

321 -10.44 -0.70 -13.22 -30.62 -65.41 -69.58 

322 -5.22 -0.35 -6.61 -15.31 -32.70 -34.79 

323 -3.16 -0.21 -4.00 -9.26 -19.78 -21.04 

324 -0.91 -0.06 -1.15 -2.66 -5.68 -6.04 

325 0.47 0.03 0.59 1.38 2.94 3.13 

326 0.72 0.05 0.91 2.11 4.50 4.79 

327 -3.34 -0.22 -4.24 -9.81 -20.95 -22.29 

328 -15.91 -1.06 -20.15 -46.66 -99.68 -106.04 

329 -17.78 -1.19 -22.52 -52.16 -111.43 -118.54 

330 -16.78 -1.12 -21.26 -49.23 -105.16 -111.88 

331 -15.81 -1.05 -20.03 -46.38 -99.09 -105.42 

44

332 -11.88 -0.79 -15.04 -34.83 -74.42 -79.17 

333 -7.00 -0.47 -8.87 -20.53 -43.87 -46.67 

334 5.28 0.35 6.69 15.49 33.10 35.21 

335 116.75 7.78 147.88 342.47 731.63 778.33 

336 54.28 3.62 68.76 159.23 340.16 361.88 

337 20.91 1.39 26.48 61.33 131.01 139.38 

338 13.84 0.92 17.54 40.61 86.75 92.29 

339 13.63 0.91 17.26 39.97 85.38 90.83 

340 14.22 0.95 18.01 41.71 89.10 94.79 

341 16.47 1.10 20.86 48.31 103.20 109.79 

342 17.56 1.17 22.25 51.52 110.06 117.08 

343 14.31 0.95 18.13 41.98 89.69 95.42 

344 9.56 0.64 12.11 28.05 59.93 63.75 

345 6.19 0.41 7.84 18.15 38.78 41.25 

346 2.81 0.19 3.56 8.25 17.63 18.75 

347 2.16 0.14 2.73 6.33 13.51 14.38 

348 2.47 0.16 3.13 7.24 15.47 16.46 

349 2.38 0.16 3.01 6.97 14.88 15.83 

350 11.38 0.76 14.41 33.37 71.28 75.83 

351 59.19 3.95 74.97 173.62 370.91 394.58 

352 50.81 3.39 64.36 149.05 318.43 338.75 

353 5.50 0.37 6.97 16.13 34.47 36.67 

354 -1.19 -0.08 -1.50 -3.48 -7.44 -7.92 

355 -0.91 -0.06 -1.15 -2.66 -5.68 -6.04 

356 0.94 0.06 1.19 2.75 5.88 6.25 

357 3.22 0.21 4.08 9.44 20.17 21.46 

358 7.63 0.51 9.66 22.37 47.78 50.83 

359 5.84 0.39 7.40 17.14 36.62 38.96 

360 10.13 0.68 12.83 29.70 63.45 67.50 

361 101.34 6.76 128.37 297.28 635.09 675.63 

362 8.25 0.55 10.45 24.20 51.70 55.00 

363 -8.66 -0.58 -10.96 -25.39 -54.25 -57.71 

364 0.41 0.03 0.51 1.19 2.55 2.71 

365 2.50 0.17 3.17 7.33 15.67 16.67 

366 7.16 0.48 9.06 20.99 44.85 47.71 

367 14.00 0.93 17.73 41.07 87.73 93.33 

368 9.75 0.65 12.35 28.60 61.10 65.00 

369 7.66 0.51 9.70 22.46 47.98 51.04 

370 5.84 0.39 7.40 17.14 36.62 38.96 

371 6.47 0.43 8.19 18.98 40.54 43.13 

372 8.91 0.59 11.28 26.13 55.81 59.38 

373 9.78 0.65 12.39 28.69 61.30 65.21 

374 5.38 0.36 6.81 15.77 33.68 35.83 

375 1.22 0.08 1.54 3.58 7.64 8.13 

376 -4.72 -0.31 -5.98 -13.84 -29.57 -31.46 

377 0.97 0.06 1.23 2.84 6.07 6.46 

45

378 7.81 0.52 9.90 22.92 48.96 52.08 

379 6.22 0.41 7.88 18.24 38.97 41.46 

380 2.59 0.17 3.29 7.61 16.25 17.29 

381 -2.34 -0.16 -2.97 -6.88 -14.69 -15.63 

382 -2.50 -0.17 -3.17 -7.33 -15.67 -16.67 

383 1.44 0.10 1.82 4.22 9.01 9.58 

384 6.38 0.43 8.08 18.70 39.95 42.50 

385 5.56 0.37 7.05 16.32 34.86 37.08 

386 1.53 0.10 1.94 4.49 9.60 10.21 

387 -5.97 -0.40 -7.56 -17.51 -37.40 -39.79 

388 -6.63 -0.44 -8.39 -19.43 -41.52 -44.17 

389 -5.03 -0.34 -6.37 -14.76 -31.53 -33.54 

390 -0.78 -0.05 -0.99 -2.29 -4.90 -5.21 

391 80.63 5.38 102.13 236.50 505.25 537.50 

392 8.53 0.57 10.81 25.03 53.46 56.88 

393 -1.47 -0.10 -1.86 -4.31 -9.20 -9.79 

394 -1.25 -0.08 -1.58 -3.67 -7.83 -8.33 

395 0.56 0.04 0.71 1.65 3.53 3.75 

396 1.00 0.07 1.27 2.93 6.27 6.67 

397 -1.75 -0.12 -2.22 -5.13 -10.97 -11.67 

398 -1.22 -0.08 -1.54 -3.58 -7.64 -8.13 

399 3.84 0.26 4.87 11.28 24.09 25.63 

400 -1.16 -0.08 -1.46 -3.39 -7.25 -7.71 

401 3.22 0.21 4.08 9.44 20.17 21.46 

402 30.84 2.06 39.07 90.48 193.29 205.63 

403 -2.28 -0.15 -2.89 -6.69 -14.30 -15.21 

404 -3.44 -0.23 -4.35 -10.08 -21.54 -22.92 

405 -1.81 -0.12 -2.30 -5.32 -11.36 -12.08 

406 -3.38 -0.23 -4.28 -9.90 -21.15 -22.50 

407 -5.59 -0.37 -7.09 -16.41 -35.05 -37.29 

408 -9.03 -0.60 -11.44 -26.49 -56.60 -60.21 

409 -13.91 -0.93 -17.61 -40.79 -87.15 -92.71 

410 -15.03 -1.00 -19.04 -44.09 -94.20 -100.21 

411 -14.63 -0.98 -18.53 -42.90 -91.65 -97.50 

412 -11.72 -0.78 -14.84 -34.38 -73.44 -78.13 

413 -14.66 -0.98 -18.56 -42.99 -91.85 -97.71 

414 -11.72 -0.78 -14.84 -34.38 -73.44 -78.13 

415 -10.44 -0.70 -13.22 -30.62 -65.41 -69.58 

416 -10.72 -0.71 -13.58 -31.44 -67.17 -71.46 

417 -12.09 -0.81 -15.32 -35.48 -75.79 -80.63 

418 -8.06 -0.54 -10.21 -23.65 -50.53 -53.75 

419 -4.25 -0.28 -5.38 -12.47 -26.63 -28.33 

420 -0.94 -0.06 -1.19 -2.75 -5.88 -6.25 

421 9.31 0.62 11.80 27.32 58.36 62.08 

422 10.09 0.67 12.79 29.61 63.25 67.29 

423 5.75 0.38 7.28 16.87 36.03 38.33 

46

424 7.00 0.47 8.87 20.53 43.87 46.67 

425 14.53 0.97 18.41 42.63 91.06 96.88 

426 14.28 0.95 18.09 41.89 89.50 95.21 

427 12.13 0.81 15.36 35.57 75.98 80.83 

428 4.22 0.28 5.34 12.38 26.44 28.13 

429 0.66 0.04 0.83 1.93 4.11 4.38 

430 2.84 0.19 3.60 8.34 17.82 18.96 

431 0.41 0.03 0.51 1.19 2.55 2.71 

432 -2.97 -0.20 -3.76 -8.71 -18.60 -19.79 

433 -3.88 -0.26 -4.91 -11.37 -24.28 -25.83 

434 -1.03 -0.07 -1.31 -3.03 -6.46 -6.88 

435 -3.06 -0.20 -3.88 -8.98 -19.19 -20.42 

436 -9.38 -0.63 -11.88 -27.50 -58.75 -62.50 

437 -8.84 -0.59 -11.20 -25.94 -55.42 -58.96 

438 -9.41 -0.63 -11.91 -27.59 -58.95 -62.71 

439 -6.75 -0.45 -8.55 -19.80 -42.30 -45.00 

440 -8.25 -0.55 -10.45 -24.20 -51.70 -55.00 

441 -8.94 -0.60 -11.32 -26.22 -56.01 -59.58 

442 -4.72 -0.31 -5.98 -13.84 -29.57 -31.46 

443 -3.22 -0.21 -4.08 -9.44 -20.17 -21.46 

444 -2.81 -0.19 -3.56 -8.25 -17.63 -18.75 

445 -2.41 -0.16 -3.05 -7.06 -15.08 -16.04 

446 -1.78 -0.12 -2.26 -5.23 -11.16 -11.88 

447 -6.81 -0.45 -8.63 -19.98 -42.69 -45.42 

448 -5.69 -0.38 -7.20 -16.68 -35.64 -37.92 

449 -3.63 -0.24 -4.59 -10.63 -22.72 -24.17 

450 -7.91 -0.53 -10.01 -23.19 -49.55 -52.71 

451 -12.72 -0.85 -16.11 -37.31 -79.70 -84.79 

452 -15.81 -1.05 -20.03 -46.38 -99.09 -105.42 

453 -18.63 -1.24 -23.59 -54.63 -116.72 -124.17 

454 -23.66 -1.58 -29.96 -69.39 -148.25 -157.71 

455 -21.72 -1.45 -27.51 -63.71 -136.10 -144.79 

456 -21.44 -1.43 -27.15 -62.88 -134.34 -142.92 

457 -24.72 -1.65 -31.31 -72.51 -154.90 -164.79 

458 -30.56 -2.04 -38.71 -89.65 -191.53 -203.75 

459 -29.44 -1.96 -37.29 -86.35 -184.48 -196.25 

460 -27.38 -1.83 -34.68 -80.30 -171.55 -182.50 

461 -22.69 -1.51 -28.74 -66.55 -142.18 -151.25 

462 -16.41 -1.09 -20.78 -48.13 -102.81 -109.38 

463 -10.47 -0.70 -13.26 -30.71 -65.60 -69.79 

464 -12.22 -0.81 -15.48 -35.84 -76.57 -81.46 

465 -9.16 -0.61 -11.60 -26.86 -57.38 -61.04 

466 -2.09 -0.14 -2.65 -6.14 -13.12 -13.96 

467 -10.69 -0.71 -13.54 -31.35 -66.98 -71.25 

468 -6.44 -0.43 -8.15 -18.88 -40.34 -42.92 

469 -2.63 -0.18 -3.33 -7.70 -16.45 -17.50 

47

470 -4.63 -0.31 -5.86 -13.57 -28.98 -30.83 

471 -14.34 -0.96 -18.17 -42.08 -89.89 -95.63 

472 -15.59 -1.04 -19.75 -45.74 -97.72 -103.96 

473 -17.91 -1.19 -22.68 -52.53 -112.21 -119.38 

474 -21.06 -1.40 -26.68 -61.78 -131.99 -140.42 

475 -20.75 -1.38 -26.28 -60.87 -130.03 -138.33 

476 -14.88 -0.99 -18.84 -43.63 -93.22 -99.17 

477 -9.00 -0.60 -11.40 -26.40 -56.40 -60.00 

478 -12.50 -0.83 -15.83 -36.67 -78.33 -83.33 

479 -21.31 -1.42 -27.00 -62.52 -133.56 -142.08 

480 -26.13 -1.74 -33.09 -76.63 -163.72 -174.17 

481 -29.00 -1.93 -36.73 -85.07 -181.73 -193.33 

482 -32.13 -2.14 -40.69 -94.23 -201.32 -214.17 

483 -34.13 -2.28 -43.23 -100.10 -213.85 -227.50 

484 -33.53 -2.24 -42.47 -98.36 -210.13 -223.54 

485 -19.94 -1.33 -25.25 -58.48 -124.94 -132.92 

486 -20.00 -1.33 -25.33 -58.67 -125.33 -133.33 

487 -30.59 -2.04 -38.75 -89.74 -191.72 -203.96 

488 -27.84 -1.86 -35.27 -81.68 -174.49 -185.63 

489 -29.41 -1.96 -37.25 -86.26 -184.28 -196.04 

490 -29.06 -1.94 -36.81 -85.25 -182.13 -193.75 

491 -30.59 -2.04 -38.75 -89.74 -191.72 -203.96 

492 -36.47 -2.43 -46.19 -106.98 -228.54 -243.13 

493 -41.19 -2.75 -52.17 -120.82 -258.11 -274.58 

494 -42.44 -2.83 -53.75 -124.48 -265.94 -282.92 

495 -42.31 -2.82 -53.60 -124.12 -265.16 -282.08 

496 -40.91 -2.73 -51.81 -119.99 -256.35 -272.71 

497 -46.00 -3.07 -58.27 -134.93 -288.27 -306.67 

498 -52.22 -3.48 -66.14 -153.18 -327.24 -348.13 

499 -56.34 -3.76 -71.37 -165.28 -353.09 -375.63 

500 -55.13 -3.68 -69.83 -161.70 -345.45 -367.50 

501 -52.63 -3.51 -66.66 -154.37 -329.78 -350.83 

502 -48.13 -3.21 -60.96 -141.17 -301.58 -320.83 

503 -43.78 -2.92 -55.46 -128.43 -274.36 -291.88 

504 -40.19 -2.68 -50.90 -117.88 -251.84 -267.92 

505 -28.34 -1.89 -35.90 -83.14 -177.62 -188.96 

506 -8.44 -0.56 -10.69 -24.75 -52.88 -56.25 

507 -1.81 -0.12 -2.30 -5.32 -11.36 -12.08 

508 5.94 0.40 7.52 17.42 37.21 39.58 

509 6.78 0.45 8.59 19.89 42.50 45.21 

510 5.06 0.34 6.41 14.85 31.73 33.75 

511 6.00 0.40 7.60 17.60 37.60 40.00 

512 5.44 0.36 6.89 15.95 34.08 36.25 

513 5.09 0.34 6.45 14.94 31.92 33.96 

514 10.72 0.71 13.58 31.44 67.17 71.46 

515 -0.75 -0.05 -0.95 -2.20 -4.70 -5.00 

48

516 -4.03 -0.27 -5.11 -11.83 -25.26 -26.88 

517 9.22 0.61 11.68 27.04 57.77 61.46 

518 6.66 0.44 8.43 19.53 41.71 44.38 

519 4.97 0.33 6.29 14.58 31.14 33.13 

520 4.81 0.32 6.10 14.12 30.16 32.08 

521 0.78 0.05 0.99 2.29 4.90 5.21 

522 -17.88 -1.19 -22.64 -52.43 -112.02 -119.17 

523 -17.22 -1.15 -21.81 -50.51 -107.90 -114.79 

524 -23.25 -1.55 -29.45 -68.20 -145.70 -155.00 

525 -22.63 -1.51 -28.66 -66.37 -141.78 -150.83 

526 -23.22 -1.55 -29.41 -68.11 -145.50 -154.79 

527 -21.03 -1.40 -26.64 -61.69 -131.80 -140.21 

528 -19.94 -1.33 -25.25 -58.48 -124.94 -132.92 

529 -20.28 -1.35 -25.69 -59.49 -127.10 -135.21 

530 -20.06 -1.34 -25.41 -58.85 -125.73 -133.75 

531 -15.28 -1.02 -19.36 -44.83 -95.76 -101.88 

532 -16.34 -1.09 -20.70 -47.94 -102.42 -108.96 

533 -15.78 -1.05 -19.99 -46.29 -98.90 -105.21 

534 -5.09 -0.34 -6.45 -14.94 -31.92 -33.96 

535 -4.38 -0.29 -5.54 -12.83 -27.42 -29.17 

536 -8.13 -0.54 -10.29 -23.83 -50.92 -54.17 

537 -13.19 -0.88 -16.70 -38.68 -82.64 -87.92 

538 -21.16 -1.41 -26.80 -62.06 -132.58 -141.04 

539 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

49

20 

10 

0 

-10 

-20 

-30 

-40 

-50 

Shoreline changes for Nellore coast for the period 1991 to 2006 period 

Penner 

Rive r 

Mouth 

1 

11 

21 

31 

41 

51 

61 

71 

81 

91 

101 

111 

121 

131 

141 

151 

161 

171 

181 

191 

201 

211 

221 

231 

241 

251 

261 

271 

281 

291 

301 

311 

321 

331 

341 

351 

361 

371 

381 

391 

401 

411 

421 

431 

441 

451 

461 

471 

481 

491 

501 

511 

521 

531 

Transects 

Fig. 8: Shoreline changes for the Nellore coast for the period between 1991 and 2006. 

1991-2006 

50 

Shoreline change rate in m/yr

Predicted for 100 years 

Resourcesat-1 LISS IV 

FCC (Year 2006) 

Fig. 9: Shoreline changes during the period 1991 – 2006 and Hazard line for Nellore coast 

(northern area) predicted for next 100 years (shown as red line) on Resourcesat-1 

LISS-IV FCC image 51

Resourcesat-1 LISS IV 

FCC (Year 2006) 

Fig. 10: Shoreline changes during the period 1991 – 2006 and Hazard line for Nellore coast 

(southern area) predicted for next 100 years (shown as red line) on Resourcesat-1 

LISS-IV + Cartosat PAN merged FCC image 

52

6.2 Flood line 

Digital elevation model (DEM) has been primarily utilised as a base 

for delineating flood line. Inundated area (seen as blue) and flood line 

(seen as yellow line) of Nellore coast for the period 2025 (A), 2050 

(B) and 2106 (C) considering flood heights for 2025, 2050 and 2106 

as 3.74 m, 3.86 m and 4.13 m respectively are shown in Fig. 11. In 

this case we have considered wave run up elevation for highest 

breaker wave height and highest tidal level and corresponding 

elevation due to predicted sea level rise. Red line shows present CRZ 

line. Inundation is shown on Resourcesat-1 LlSS-IV + Cartosat-1 

PAN merged FCC draped over DEM. It is observed that flood line 

exceeds the hazard line and present CRZ line at all places and forms 

the vulnerability line. 

Inundation scenarios combining IPCC predicted SLR rate and local 

highest high tide level for Nellore coast (A) 0.96 m (2025); (B) 1.08 m 

(2050); (C) 1.35 m (2106) were generated and are shown in Fig. 12. 

Inundation is shown in blue colour inland on Resourcesat-1 LlSS-IV + 

Cartosat-1 PAN merged FCC draped on DEM prepared using 0.5 m 

contour data. It has been possible to delineate the flood line for the 

year 2106 as shown in Fig. 14 (C). It is observed that area north of 

the Penneru river and mouth of the Penneru river show inundation. 

The inundation is upto Pattepalem along the Penneru river. Similarly, 

area around Pallepalem (south of the Penneru river) and area 

adjoining the Buckingham canal in the southern parts of the study 

area also show flood inundation. 

54

2025 2106 

2050 

A 

B 

C 

Fig. 11: Flood line (seen as yellow) of Nellore coast for the period 

2025 (A), 2050 (B) and 2106 (C) considering Flood heights for 

2025, 2050 and 2106 as 3.74 m, 3.86 m and 4.13 m 

respectively shown on Resourcesat-1 LlSS-IV + Cartosat-1 

PAN merged FCC draped on DEM prepared using 0.5 m 

contour data. Present CRZ line is shown in red colour. 

55

2025 

2050 

2106 

Fig. 12: Inundation scenarios combining IPCC predicted SLR and 

local highest high tide level for Nellore coast (A) 0.96 m 

(2025); (B) 1.08 m (2050); (C) 1.35 m (2106). Inundation is 

shown in blue colour inland on Resourcesat-1 LlSS-IV + 

Cartosat-1 PAN merged FCC draped on DEM prepared 

using 0.5 m contour data. 

56

6.3 Vulnerability line 

The work includes integration of hazard line and flood line for 

demarcating vulnerability line. The landward side of the union of two 

lines is demarcated as vulnerability line. Vulnerability line for the year 

2106 is shown in Fig. 13. Here hazard line for the year 2106 is 

integrated with flood line for the year 2106. Vulnerability line for the 

year 2025, 2050 and 2106 is shown in Fig. 14. 

57

Hazard line 

Flood line 

Vulnerability 

line 

Vulnerability line: Hazard line 

CRZ line 

Flood line 

Fig. 13: Vulnerability line for the year 2106 for the Nellore coast 

mapped by integrating hazard line and flood line under 

normal situation. 

58

2025 

2050 

2106 

A B C 

Vulnerability line: Hazard line 

CRZ line 

Flood line 

Fig. 14: Vulnerability line of Nellore coast for the period 2025 (A), 2050 (B) and 

2106 (C) under normal situation. 

59

7. Conclusions 

The present study has demonstrated an approach to map hazard and 

flood line for the Nellore coast of Andhra Pradesh and demarcation of 

vulnerability line has been carried out by considering union of hazard 

and flood line. The approach has been applied to demarcate 

vulnerability line for the year 2025, 2050 and 2106. 

60

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