Influence of Soil and Binder Properties on the Efficacy of ... - Starnet
Influence of Soil and Binder Properties on the Efficacy of ... - Starnet
Influence of Soil and Binder Properties on the Efficacy of ... - Starnet
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>Influence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Soil</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Properties</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Efficacy</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Accelerated Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong><br />
L. H. Barnard, D. I. Boardman & C. D. F. Rogers<br />
The University <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Birmingham<br />
C. D. Hills, P. J. Carey, K. Canning & C. L. MacLeod<br />
The University <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Greenwich<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
GREENWICH<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
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Presentati<strong>on</strong> Overview<br />
Accelerated Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> Process<br />
Objectives <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> Research<br />
Research Methodology<br />
Results <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
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Accelerated Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong><br />
Accelerated Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> incorporates an additi<strong>on</strong>al step into <strong>the</strong><br />
S/S process, introducing carb<strong>on</strong> dioxide gas ei<strong>the</strong>r during mixing<br />
with <strong>the</strong> binder or immediately <strong>the</strong>reafter<br />
Ex-situ applicati<strong>on</strong><br />
CO 2 added in a c<strong>on</strong>fined envir<strong>on</strong>ment during mixing<br />
Rapid reacti<strong>on</strong> in minutes<br />
Exo<strong>the</strong>rmic reacti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
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Research Objectives<br />
To investigate <strong>the</strong> effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
• soil type<br />
• binder type<br />
• binder c<strong>on</strong>tent <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
• water c<strong>on</strong>tent<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> uptake <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> CO 2 during accelerated carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
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Methodology<br />
CO 2 uptake measured<br />
10 different binders<br />
11 different soil types<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 5% 10% 20%<br />
Water:solid ratio 0.2.<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
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Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong><br />
Method<br />
Gas<br />
C<strong>on</strong>trol<br />
Tap<br />
Gas Tight Lid<br />
Pressure<br />
Gauge<br />
Gas<br />
In<br />
Saturated<br />
NaCl<br />
Soluti<strong>on</strong><br />
Samples<br />
Gas<br />
Out<br />
Samples:<br />
100g soil + binder<br />
Dei<strong>on</strong>ised water<br />
Water c<strong>on</strong>tent 0.2<br />
Each sample divided in 2<br />
100% CO 2 atmosphere<br />
Pressure 300 kPa<br />
24 hours<br />
Static chamber<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
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Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> Index &<br />
Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> Capacity<br />
% CO2<br />
8<br />
7<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
CARBONATION INDEX<br />
CO 2 (THEORY)<br />
CO 2 (CAPACITY)<br />
CO 2 (CARB)<br />
CO 2 (NON-CARB)<br />
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3<br />
Water:Solid Ratio<br />
Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> Index = CO 2 (CARB) –CO 2 (NON-CARB)<br />
Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> Capacity = CO 2 (THEORY) –CO 2 (NON-CARB)<br />
CO 2 (THEORY) = 0.785(CaO – 0.7SO 3<br />
) + 1.091MgO + 1.420Na 2<br />
O + 0.935K 2<br />
O<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
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Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Variati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Water<br />
C<strong>on</strong>tent<br />
Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> Index (% CO2 )<br />
20<br />
18<br />
16<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35<br />
Water: Solid Ratio<br />
S<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> + 10% <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1 100% <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1<br />
Variati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> different<br />
soil types<br />
High binder c<strong>on</strong>tents<br />
more critical?<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
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Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Surface Area <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> Index (% (% CO<br />
CO 2)<br />
2 )<br />
4.5<br />
4.0<br />
3.5<br />
3.0<br />
2.5<br />
2.0<br />
1.5<br />
1.0<br />
0.5<br />
0.0<br />
0 5 10 15 20<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> (% by mass)<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 3 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 4<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 5 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 6 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 7<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1 350 m 2 /kg<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2 625-675 m 2 /kg<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
GREENWICH
Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Compositi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
2)<br />
Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> Index (% CO<br />
4.5<br />
4.0<br />
3.5<br />
3.0<br />
2.5<br />
2.0<br />
1.5<br />
1.0<br />
0.5<br />
0.0<br />
0 5 10 15 20<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> (% by mass)<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 3<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 4 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 5 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 6<br />
CaO %<br />
1 63.0<br />
2 62.2<br />
6 63.8<br />
4 59.1<br />
5 48.4<br />
3 36.3<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
GREENWICH
Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Compositi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
7<br />
Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> Index (% CO2 )<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15<br />
CO 2 Capacity (% CO 2 )<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 3<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 4 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 5 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> 6<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
GREENWICH
Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Mineralogy <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Finer Grained <str<strong>on</strong>g>Soil</str<strong>on</strong>g>s<br />
4.5<br />
Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> Index (% CO2 )<br />
4.0<br />
3.5<br />
3.0<br />
2.5<br />
2.0<br />
1.5<br />
1.0<br />
0.5<br />
0.0<br />
0 5 10 15 20<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> (% by mass)<br />
Bent<strong>on</strong>ite Greens<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lambeth S<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Loess L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> Clay China Clay<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
GREENWICH
Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Particle Size Distributi<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Soil</str<strong>on</strong>g>s<br />
4.5<br />
Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> Index (% CO<br />
2 )<br />
4.0<br />
3.5<br />
3.0<br />
2.5<br />
2.0<br />
1.5<br />
1.0<br />
0.5<br />
0.0<br />
0 5 10 15 20<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> (% by mass)<br />
Bent<strong>on</strong>ite Greens<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lambeth S<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Loess L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> Clay China Clay<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
GREENWICH
C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
Water c<strong>on</strong>tent affects uptake – high binder c<strong>on</strong>tents<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> compositi<strong>on</strong> – oxide c<strong>on</strong>tent & CaAl / CaSi based<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> surface area<br />
Mineralogy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> finer grained soils<br />
Limiting mechanism at higher binder c<strong>on</strong>tents<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
GREENWICH
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Influence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Soil</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Binder</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Properties</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Efficacy</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Accelerated Carb<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong><br />
L. H. Barnard, D. I. Boardman & C. D. F. Rogers<br />
The University <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Birmingham<br />
C. D. Hills, P. J. Carey, K. Canning & C. L. MacLeod<br />
The University <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Greenwich<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
GREENWICH<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
GREENWICH
Particle Size Distributi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Soil</str<strong>on</strong>g>s<br />
100<br />
90<br />
80<br />
70<br />
% Passing<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
0.0000 0.0001 0.0010 0.0100 0.1000 1.0000 10.0000 100.0000<br />
Sieve Size (mm)<br />
S<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lambeth S<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Greens<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bent<strong>on</strong>ite English China Clay Loess L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> Clay<br />
THE UNIVERSITY<br />
OF BIRMINGHAM<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
GREENWICH