(ICT-ROMANIA) & Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía in Valencia

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 

ADVANCED WORKSHOP 

Timişoara, July 4-5, 2012 

Insights into Novel Solid Materials, 

their Recyclability and Integration into 

Li Polymer Batteries for EVs. 

Future research directions in this field. 

Development of novel SOlid MAterials for 

high power Li polymer BATteries (SOMABAT). 

Recyclability of components. 

COLLABORATIVE PROJECT 

(GA No. NMP3-SL-2010-266090) 

Institute of Chemistry Timisoara of Romanian Academy 

TIMISOARA, ROMANIA

M18 WORKSHOP 

Timişoara, July, 4-5, 2012 

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 

Advanced workshop 

Insights into Novel Solid Materials, their Recyclability and 

Integration into Li Polymer Batteries for EVs. 

Future research directions in this field. 

4-5 July 2012 


TIMISOARA, ROMANIA 

SOMABAT M18 July 2012 - Meeting Agenda and WORKSHOP. Page 1 of 14

SOMABAT WORKSHOP Timisoara, July 4-5, 2012 

Organised by 

SOMABAT CONSORTIUM 


(ICT-ROMANIA) 

& 

Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía in Valencia 

(ITE-Spain) 

Scientific directors: 

Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma 

Mayte Gil-Agustí 

Gheorghe Ilia 

Scientific secretariat: 

Nicoleta Plesu 

Lavinia Macarie 

Smaranda Iliescu 

Adriana Popa 

Gheorghe Fagadar-Cosma 

Edited by 


Financially supported 

The 7 th Framework Programme of the European Commission 

(GA No. NMP3-SL-2010-266090) 

SOMABAT WORKSHOP M18 July 2012 Page 2 of 14


Advanced workshop: 

Insights into Novel Solid Materials, their Recyclability and Integration into Li 

Polymer Batteries for EVs. Future research directions in this field. 

Timisoara, July 4-5, 2012 

It is our pleasure to invite you to join international scientists to discuss the cutting edge science and 

engineering aspects of Li Polymer Batteries for EVs to meet clean energy demands and to gain novel 

perspectives on the future. 

The Workshop will consist of one General Lecture, two Sessions of Invited Lectures addressed by leading 

researchers in the field, as well as contributed Oral presentations. Also, two Roundtables and a Poster 

session will be organized. 

The workshop is organized by SOMABAT CONSORTIUM: Institute of Chemistry Timisoara of Romanian 

Academy (ICT-ROMANIA) & Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía in Valencia (ITE-Spain) 

Financially supported: The 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission (GA No. NMP3-SL- 

2010-266090) 

Scientific directors: Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma, Mayte Gil-Agustí, Gheorghe Ilia 

Scientific secretariat: Smaranda Iliescu, Lavinia Macarie, Nicoleta Plesu, Adriana Popa, Gheorghe 

Fagadar-Cosma 

Topics: Materials, BMS, Recycling, Battery, EVs, Information Communication Strategy 

LOCATION: Institute of Chemistry Timisoara of Romanian Academy, 24 M. Viteazu Ave, 300223-Timisoara, 

ROMANIA 

DATE AND VENUE OF THE WORKSHOP: 2012, July 4-5 th Timisoara, Institute of Chemistry of Romanian 

Academy 

FEES: No Registration Fee is needed 

ABSTRACTS: Abstracts of contributions to be presented during the conference should be sent on maximum 

2 A4 pages. An electronic version of the abstract (Template available) has to be sent as an e-mail 

attachment to the contact persons. 

POSTERS: will be on display during the entire WS (the authors are requested to be present for questions 

and discussion). POSTER TEMPLATE available. Size. - Poster Boards 1.00 m wide and 2.00 m high will be 

available. The recommended format for posters is ISO A0 portrait (0.84 m x 1.19 m). Material to affix the 

posters will be provided. 

ACCOMMODATION & TRAVEL INFORMATION: participants are invited to accomodate at Timisoara 

HOTEL, http://www.hoteltimisoara.ro/ 

CONTACT: Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma [efagadar@yahoo.com]; Gheorghe Ilia [gheilia@yahoo.com] 



TITLE: Insights into Novel Solid Materials, their Recyclability and Integration into Li Polymer 

Batteries for EVs. Future research directions in this field. 

The main objective of the Workshop is to discuss the emerging art and science of lighter and smaller Libattery 

for EVs (environmental safety and low cost). Secondary goals are to share the state-of-the-art in 

BMS and R&D strategies for implementing performance models for Li- battery usage based on novel solid 

materials. 

Another important purpose is to share our experiences and accomplishments, to support each other, to be 

open to our common concerns, and to refresh our vision of the future! 

Education challenges will be oriented on shortfall of experience in these fields. 

Activities will include conferences, lectures and roundtables to share knowledge and discuss the Main 

Topics: Materials, BMS, Recycling, BATTERY, EVs, ICT 

� the state-of-the-art in battery materials and chemistries; 

� technical limitations; 

� future research directions and needs for obtaining and advanced characterization of materials and 

electrodes 

� BMS (including State-of -Charge and State-of-Health estimation for cells chemistries and cell 

balancing) 

� compare performance/durability/safety 

� develop and disseminate materials to improve public understanding of electric vehicle advantages 

and teach/introduce young doctoral students in the issue 

� A possible answer to the question: Is global standardization desirable/necessary? 

Program: 

� General Open Lecture (General view of Battery and EV) 

� Session I (Materials and integration: anode, cathode and solid polymer electrolytes and battery) 

� Session II (Capabilities & Recyclability: BMS, Modelling, EVs (IUG), ICT) 

� Roundtables: Experience sharing with SOMABAT application specialists 

� Poster session (a possible prize for best poster will be awarded for a young doctoral student) 

� Visit of the ICT laboratories (presentation regarding principles of Investigations) 



Expected result of the workshop: 

- Publishing program; a book of abstracts; the oral presentations (lectures and conferences) available on 

internal ICT website and SOMABAT website 

- Sharing experience to refresh our vision 

- An opening for young doctors for future research approaches 

Targeted audience: 

- PO, PTA and Consortium members of SOMABAT 

- External Experts in the field 

- Doctoral students and young doctors 

- Specialists in the fields 

Estimated number of participants: 30 specialists that are members from SOMABAT and 5 External 

experts 

Attendants: min. 20. 



Insights into Novel Solid Materials, their Recyclability and Integration into Li 

Polymer Batteries for EVs. Future research directions in this field. 

Advanced workshop AGENDA: 

Wednesday Afternoon, July 4 th , 2012 


WORKSHOP: Insights into Novel Solid Materials, their Recyclability and Integration into Li Polymer 


15:30 30´ Start of the workshop 

16:00 30-40' OPEN LECTURE: 

� Welcome to the participants by the host ICT organisation 

Erik Verhaeven (Invited IUG Expert-CTO 4ESYS) 

Continuous cell-to-cell balancing with high power lithium 

batteries 

20' Coffee break 

SOMABAT WORKSHOP M18 July 2012 Page 6 of 14 

ICT 

IUG


17:00 150´ 

20-30’ 

invited 

person 

SESSION I: MATERIALS AND ITS INTEGRATION 

1. Leire Zubizarreta (ITE) 

Polymer electrolytes: an alternative for safer EV Li batteries 

2. Fabio Rosciano (Invited IUG-EXPERT- Toyota) 

New materials for solid electrolytes. 

3. György Keglevich (Invited Expert, Professor, Department of 

Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of 

Technology and Economics, Budapest (Hungary) 

Novel synthetic method for the synthesis of phosphinates 

and phosphinic amides; The potential of the microwave 

technique 

4. Alexandre Leonard, Marie-Laure Piedboeuf, Jean-Paul Pirard 

and Nathalie Job (ULG) 

Synthesis and characterization of porous carbon xerogels 

and ordered mesoporous carbons for anode materials in Libased 

batteries 

5. Viacheslav Barsukov and Volodymyr Khomenko (KNUTD). 

Promising anode materials for lithium batteries 

6. Volodymyr Khomenko and Viacheslav Barsukov (KNUTD). 

The peculiarity of anode and cathode Integration in a whole 

lithium battery 


ITE 

IUG 

Scientific Expert 

ULG 

KNUTD 

KNUTD 

19:30 30´ FREE DISCUSSIONS on TOPICS Mayte Gil-Agustí 

20:00 Festive DINNER


Thursday, July 5 th , 2012 

WORKSHOP: Insights into Novel Solid Materials, their Recyclability and Integration into Li Polymer 


9:00 15’ Welcome and short remarks on First Day of the Workshop by the 

host ICT organisation 

9:15 150´ 

20-30’ 

invited 

person 

SESSION II: CAPABILITIES & RECYCLABILITY 

1. Iratxe de Meatza 

11:15 15´ Coffee break 

Departament of New Technologies CEGASA INTERNACIONAL 

Cell and module manufacturing of Lithium batteries for EVs 

and stationary applications 

2. Ewald Wachmann (Invited IUG Expert- Senior Manager 

Process R&D, Austriamicrosystems AG, Coordinator 

„ESTRELIA“, www.estrelia.eu) 

Advanced BMS-IC solutions for Li-Ion cell monitoring and 

active balancing 

3. Viorel Stanciu, Paula Anghelita and Mihaela Chefneux 

(Invited Expert -ICPE SA- Bucuresti, Romania) 

Energy Storage System for an Innovative Eco-Boat Equipped 

with an Integrated Hybrid Propulsion System 

4. Franz Pichler and Martin Cifrain (Kompetenzzentrum – Das 

virtuelle Fahrzeug ForschungsgesmbH (ViF) 

Estimation of Thermal and Electrical Battery Module 

Characteristics by Mathematical Modelling 

5. Lars Barkler and Karl Vestin (LB) 

Battery management systems (BMS) of Li-Batteries for 

satisfying the main demands 

6. Reiner Weyhe, Isabelle Desmuee and Farouk Tedjar 

(ACC&RE) 

Economic requirements on future Li-Ion recycling processes 


ICT 

CEGASA 

IUG 

ICPE 

VIF 

LB 

ACC&RE


11:30 75´ Round Table 1 

12:45 75´ Round Table 2 

“Li POLYMER BATTERIES and EVs. Industry Needs” 

� Nanomaterials and Li polymer Batteries 

� Solutions to increase electrochemical performance 

� Actions to implement Li polymer batteries on EVs’ market 

20 doctoral students as attendants 

R&D Emerging Directions 

Structural design and prediction of performances 

Surface modified cathode materials. Novel methods 

New flame retardants porous polymer membranes 

Economic requirements on future Li-Ion recycling processes 

20 doctoral students as attendants 

Moderators: 

Erno Vandeweert 

& Florin Babarada 

Ewald Wachmann 


CCB 

Moderators: 

Erik Verhaeven & 

Iratxe de Meatza 

14:00 15´ Seminar evaluation. End of seminar Mayte Gil-Agusti & 

14:15 60’ Lunch break 

15:15' 45’ Visit to ICT Organic Chemistry Department Laboratories 

16:00 120' Guided Visit of TIMISOARA City 

Doctoral students registered for poster award: 

Eugenia Fagadar- 

Cosma 

Iuliana Popa, Ionela Creanga, Anca Palade -doctoral students (National Institute for 

Electrochemistry and Condensed Materials-Timisoara & ICT) 

Nadia Pop-doctoral student (ICT & Laboratoire CRISMAT, UMR 6508 CNRS ENSICAEN, 14050 

CAEN Cedex, France) 

Marie-Laure Piedboeuf- doctoral student (Université de Liège, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique 

(B6a), B-4000 Liège, Belgium)


POSTER CONTRIBUTIONS 

(will be displayed during all activities) 

1. INFLUENCE OF TEXTURAL AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF MESOPOROUS 

CARBON-BASED ANODE MATERIALS ON THE ELECTROCHEMICAL 

CHARACTERISTICS OF Li-ION BATTERIES. 

Marie-Laure Piedboeuf, Alexandre Leonard, Jean-Paul Pirard and Nathalie Job (ULG) 

2. RESORCINOL-FORMALDEHYDE CARBON XEROGELS AS LITHIUM-ION 

BATTERY ANODE MATERIALS: INFLUENCE OF POROSITY ON CAPACITY AND 

CYCLING BEHAVIOUR 

Alexandre F. Leonard, Marie-Laure Piedboeuf, Volodymyr Khomenko, Ilona Senyk , Jean-Paul 

Pirard, Nathalie Job (ULG,&KNUTD) 

3. SYNTHESIS AND MORPHOLOGY CONTROL OF NOVEL NANOSTRUCTURED 

LiFePO4 CATHODE MATERIALS FOR Li-ION BATTERY 

Omar Ayyad and Pedro-Gómez-Romero (CSIC-INC&MATGAS) 

4. AGROWASTES AS PRECURSOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARBON ANODES 

FOR Li BATTERIES 

Leire Zubizarreta, Mayte Gil-Agustí, Jessica Calleja-Langa, Ilona Senyk, Volodymir Khomenko, 

Viacheslav Barsukov 

5. SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF Li4Mo5O17 AS 

POSITIVE ELECTRODE MATERIAL FOR ENERGY STORAGE 

Nadia Pop, Vincent Caignaert, Bernard Raveau, Valerie Pralong (ICT & Laboratoire CRISMAT, 

Cedex, France) 

6. NEW PHOSPHORUS SOLID ELECTROLYTES: SYNTHESIS BY INTERFACIAL 

TECHNIQUE AND PROPERTIES 

Gheorghe Ilia, Smaranda Iliescu, Mayte Gil-Agusti, Nicoleta Plesu, Lavinia Macarie, Adriana Popa 

(ICT &ITE) 

7. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW POLYMERS 

CONTAINING PHOSPHORUS GROUPS AND POLYETHERS 

Smaranda Iliescu, Nicoleta Plesu, Lavinia Macarie, Adriana Popa, Gheorghe Ilia (ICT) 

8. UV-POLYMERIZATION AND CHRACTERIZATION OF NEW POLYMERS 

CONTAINING PHOSPHORUS GROUPS AND POLYETHERS 

Lavinia Macarie, Nicoleta Plesu, Smaranda Iliescu, Adriana Popa, Gheorghe Ilia, Nicolae Hurduc 

(ICT) 



9. IONIC CONDUCTIVITY OF LINEAR PHOSPHONATE-POLY(ETHYLENE)GLYCOL 

POLYMERS 

Nicoleta Plesu, Smaranda Iliescu, Leire Zubizarreta, Gheorghe Fagadar-Cosma, Lavinia Macarie, 

Adriana Popa, Gheorghe Ilia (ICT& ITE) 

10. POLYSTIRENE-DIVINYL BENZEN GELS - COMPOSITE PROPER FOR 

REDUCTION OF Cr (VI) 

Adriana Popa, Nicoleta Plesu, Smaranda Iliescu, Lavinia Macarie, Gheorghe Ilia (ICT) 

11. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF CARBON XEROGELS 

Raphaëlle Melon, Roberto Renzoni, Alexandre Leonard, Nathalie Job, Angélique Leonard (ULG) 

12. NOVEL SENSOR BASED ON PORPHYRINS FOR MONITORING OF IRON(III) IONS 

IN RECOVERED SOLUTIONS FROM SPENT LITHIUM ION BATTERIES 

Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma, Dana Vlascici, Iuliana Popa, Ionela Creanga, Anca Palade, Mayte Gil- 

Agusti, Gheorghe Fagadar-Cosma, Leire Zubizarreta (ICT&ITE) 

13. LITHIUM BATTERY CELL TO PACK INTEGRATION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES 

Peter Dooley (Cleancarb) 



ABSTRACTS 

CONTENT 

Erik Verhaeven 

Continuous cell-to-cell balancing with high power lithium batteries, p. 14. 

Leire Zubizarreta, Mayte Gil-Agustí, Jessica Calleja-Langa, Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma, 

Gheorghe Ilia 

Polymer electrolytes: an alternative for safer EV Li batteries, pp. 15-16. 

Fabio Rosciano, Julien Roussel 

Toyota's strategy for solid state batteries applied to hybrid and full electric powertrains, p. 17. 

Alexandre Leonard, Jean-Paul Pirard, Nathalie Job 

Synthesis and characterization of porous carbon xerogels and ordered mesoporous carbons for 

anode materials in Li-based batteries, pp. 18-19. 

György Keglevich, Zs. Nóra Kiss, Erika Bálint, Tamás Körtvélyesi 

Novel synthetic method for the synthesis of phosphinates and phosphinic amides. The potential of 

the microwave technique, pp. 20-21. 

Viacheslav Barsukov, Volodymyr Khomenko 

Promising anode materials for lithium batteries, pp. 22-23. 

Volodymyr Khomenko, Viacheslav Barsukov 

The peculiarity of anode and cathode integration in a whole lithium battery, pp. 24-25. 

Ewald Wachmann, Manfred Brandl 

Advanced BMS-IC solutions for Li-ion cell monitoring and active balancing, pp. 26-27. 

Viorel Stanciu, Paula Anghelita, Mihaela Chefneux 

Energy storage system for an innovative eco-boat equipped with an integrated hybrid propulsion 

system, pp. 28-29. 

Franz Pichler, Martin Cifrain 

Estimation of thermal and electrical battery module characteristics by mathematical modelling, 

pp.30-31 

Karl Vestin 

Functional safety in large scale lithium ion battery packs, p. 32 

Leire Zubizarreta, Mayte Gil-Agustí, Jessica Calleja-Langa, Ilona Senyk, 

Volodymir Khomenko, Viacheslav Barsukov 

Agrowastes as precursor for the development of carbon anodes for Li batteries, pp. 33-34. 



Nadia Pop, Vincent Caignaert, Bernard Raveau, Valerie Pralong 

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li4Mo5O17 as positive electrode material for energy 

storage, pp. 35-36. 

Gheorghe Ilia, Smaranda Iliescu, Mayte Gil-Agusti, Nicoleta Plesu, Lavinia Macarie, 

Adriana Popa 

New phosphorus solid electrolytes: synthesis by interfacial technique and properties, pp.37-38. 

Smaranda Iliescu, Nicoleta Plesu, Lavinia Macarie, Adriana Popa, Gheorghe Ilia 

Green synthesis and characterization of new polymers containing phosphorus groups and 

polyethers, pp.39-40. 

Lavinia Macarie, Nicoleta Plesu, Smaranda Iliescu, Adriana Popa, Gheorghe Ilia, 

Nicolae Hurduc 

UV-polymerization and chracterization of new polymers containing phosphorus groups and 

polyethers, pp.41-42. 

Nicoleta Plesu, Smaranda Iliescu, Leire Zubizarreta, Gheorghe Fagadar-Cosma, 

Lavinia Macarie, Adriana Popa, Gheorghe Ilia 

Ionic conductivity of linear phosphonate-poly(ethylene)glycol polymers, pp.43-44. 

Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma, Dana Vlascici, Iuliana Popa, Ionela Creanga, Anca Palade, 

Mayte Gil-Agusti, Gheorghe Fagadar-Cosma, Leire Zubizarreta 

Novel sensor based on porphyrins for monitoring of iron(III) ions in recovered solutions from spent 

lithium ion batteries, pp.45-47. 

Omar Ayyad, Pedro-Gómez-Romero 

Synthesis and morphology control of novel nanostructured LiFePO4 cathode materials for Li-ion 

battery, pp.48-50. 

Raphaëlle Melon, Roberto Renzoni, Alexandre Leonard, Nathalie Job, Angélique Leonard 

Life cycle assessment of carbon xerogels, pp.51-52. 

Peter Dooley 

Lithium battery cell to pack integration for electric vehicles, p. 53. 

Adriana Popa, Nicoleta Plesu, Smaranda Iliescu, Lavinia Macarie, Gheorghe Ilia 

Polystirene-divinyl benzen gels - composite proper for reduction of Cr(VI), pp.54-55. 

Alexandre F. Leonard, Marie-Laure Piedboeuf, Volodymyr Khomenko, 

Ilona Senyk, Jean-Paul Pirard, Nathalie Job 

Resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon xerogels as lithium-ion battery anode materials: influence of 

porosity on capacity and cycling behaviour, pp.56-57. 



Insights into Novel Solid Materials, their Recyclability and Integration 

into Li Polymer Batteries for EVs. Future research directions in this field. 

S O M A B A T - Advanced workshop, 


Open Lecture 

CONTINUOUS CELL-TO-CELL BALANCING WITH HIGH 

POWER LITHIUM BATTERIES 

Erik VERHAEVEN 

CTO 4ESYS 

erik.verhaeven@4esys.com 

Keywords: Energy Storage System, Cell-to-Cell Balancing, Ultra High Power Lithium 

Cell, Balancing Current. 

Abstract 

After the successful introduction of the new continuous cell-to-cell balancing approach 

OPTEFLOW® with ultracapacitor based energy storage systems based on commercial 

hybrid buses and trucks, further investigations were performed to leverage this 

technology to other battery technologies like VRLA, NiMH, and Lithium in order to 

capture specific deviations and possible benefits. 

After the principals behind this cell-to-cell balancing, test results on ultra-high power 

lithium cells cycled with different charge and discharge profiles will be provided. Besides 

investigations on electrical and thermal aspects, influences of cell-to-cell balancing 

between the individual energy cells were recorded during the different operating modes. 

The obtained results lead towards new approaches for optimal energy management and 

enhancements towards durability and lifetime. 






POLYMER ELECTROLYTES: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR SAFER 

EV Li BATTERIES 

Leire Zubizarreta a , Mayte Gil-Agustí a , Jessica Calleja-Langa a , Eugenia Fagadar- 

Cosma b , Gheorghe Ilia b 

a Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía (ITE), Avenida Juan de la Cierva, 24 46980 

Paterna, Valencia, Spain; b Institute of Chemistry Timisoara of Romanian Academy, 

M. Viteazul Ave. 24, 300223-Timisoara, Romania 

Keywords: polymer, electrolyte, battery, safety, lithium 

Abstract 

Lithium ion battery technology is one of the most promising future energy resources for 

electric vehicles (EV) [1]. However, in spite of the several advantage of Li ion 

technology for its use in EV there are still different technological barriers to overcome 

and improve, such as performance of the battery, its life, recyclability, cost and safety. 

The use of polymer electrolytes for the development of lithium polymer batteries could 

resolve some of these drawbacks. 

The advantages of polymer electrolytes respect to liquid electrolytes are their excellent 

processability and flexibility, higher safety due to the absence of electrolyte leakage and 

inflammability of electrolyte, possible prevention of the growth of lithium dendrite 

crystals upon cycling, and high dimensional stability. However, in order to use them as 

possible candidate for Li batteries the performance required can be summarized as 

follows: 1) high ionic conductivity over 0.5 mS/cm, 2) chemical and electrochemical 

stability, 3) mechanical strength and flexibility, 4) thermal stability, 5) environmental 

safety, and 6) high affinity with liquid electrolyte. 

The first type of polymer electrolytes studied consisted of polymers such as 

poly(ethylene oxide) PEO and poly(propylene oxide) PPO or their blend complexed 

with suitable salts [2]. However, they showed poor room temperature conductivity. Of 

late, a new system has gained much attention wherein a polymer matrix is mixed with 

plasticizers to get plasticized or gelled polymer electrolyte. Among the host polymer 

used for such gelled polymer electrolytes are poly(vinylidenefluoride) PVDF [3], 

poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA [4], poly(vinyl chloride) PVC [5] and 

poly(acrylonitrile) PAN [6]. Compared with other polymer electrolytes, these 

plasticized or gelled polymer electrolytes possess higher room temperature ionic 

conductivity and could be useful for lithium polymer battery applications. 

15





A strategy to improve the performance of polymer electrolytes could be building gel 

polymer composites in the direction of reduce the crystallinity and improve flexibility of 

the membrane with high ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability, without losing 

the free-standing features of certain polymer materials. This fact implies the addition of 

different components to the polymeric matrix such as a plasticizer,with a low molecular 

weight and high dielectric constant. 

PROMISING 

PROPERTIES 

oHigher safety (avoid 

problems related 

withleakage and 

inflamability of electrolyte) 

o Good flexibility 

o Good flexibility 

o Possible prevention of 

dendrite growth 

oHigh dimensional stability 

POLYMER 

ELECTROLYTE 

REQUIREMENTS FOR THEIR USE IN 

Li POLYMER BATTERIES 

o High ionic conductivity 

oChemical and 

electrochemical stability 

o Mechanical strengh 

oThermal stability 

oEnvironmental safety 

Figure 1. Scheme with the promising properties of polymer electrolytes and the 

requirements for their use in Li polymer batteries for EV 

Poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VdF-HFP)] is semi-crystalline and 

chemically resistant copolymer with excellent mechanical strength and relatively high 

dielectric constants. Besides, it also exhibits lower glass transition and melting 

temperatures, and a higher solubility in organic solvents as compared to pure PVdF. All 

these credits make it an ideal candidate as polymer host for polymer electrolytes. 

In the core of SOMABAT project, the role of ITE is the development of PVdF-HFP 

based polymer electrolyte with high ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability and 

good mechanical properties studying different PVdF-HFP based membranes with 

different compositions. 

References: 

[1] Sailia D.., Wu H., Pan Y., Chi-Pin L., Huang K., Chen K., Fey G.and Kao H., Journal of Power 

Sources, vol. 196, pp. 2826-2834, 2011 

[2] Croce F., Appetecchi G.B., Persi B., Scrosati B., Nature, vol 394, pp.456-X, 1998 

[3] .Saito Y, Capigila C., Yamamoto H., Mustarelli P., Journal of Electrochemical Society, vol. 147 

(5), pp. 1645-X, 2000 

[4] Bohnke O., Frand G., Rezrazzi M., Rousselot C., Truche C., Solid State Ionics, vol. 66, pp. 97-X, 

1193 

[5] Alamgir M., Abraham K.m., Journal of Electrochemical Society, vol. 140, pp. 96-X, 1993 

[6] Peramunage D., Pasquariello D.M., Abraham K.M., Journal of Electrochemical Society, vol. 41, 

1789-X, 1995 

16





TOYOTA'S STRATEGY FOR SOLID STATE BATTERIES 

APPLIED TO HYBRID AND FULL ELECTRIC POWERTRAINS 

Fabio Rosciano, Julien Roussel 

Toyota Motor Europe, Hoge Wei 33, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium 

Keywords: solid electrolytes, sulfide-type, oxide-type, safety 

Abstract 

Toyota‟s strategy for sustainable mobility is using Hybrid as the core technology. 

Indeed, Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) can be applied to various environmental 

powertrains, on the way to full-zero emission mobility with Battery and Fuel Cells. This 

broad portfolio of technologies requires reliable batteries as buffer or main energy 

sources. Safety being the top priority, Toyota places great hopes in all-solid batteries 

which avoid the use of liquid electrolytes. In fact, Toyota has carried out in-house 

research in battery systems for many years now, developing technologies from the 

materials all the way up to the real world applications. 

In this contribution, Toyota will elaborate on the strategy for introducing all-solid 

batteries in hybrid and full electric powertrains with particular focus on solid state 

battery systems using sulfide and oxide based electrolytes. 

17





SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POROUS CARBON 

XEROGELS AND ORDERED MESOPOROUS CARBONS FOR 

ANODE MATERIALS IN LI-BASED BATTERIES 

Alexandre F. Leonard, Jean-Paul Pirard, Nathalie Job 

Université de Liège, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique (B6a), B-4000 Liège, Belgium 

alexandre.leonard@ulg.ac.be 

Keywords: Li-ion batteries, Porous Carbon, Xerogel, OMC 

Abstract 

In the aim of developing new high performance C-based anode materials for Li-ion 

batteries, carbon xerogels (hard carbons) as well as ordered mesoporous carbons (OMC) 

are promising candidates since their specific capacities widely exceed that of 

conventional graphitic structures. Nevertheless, hard carbons are also well-known to 

exhibit quite high irreversible capacity losses due to their intrinsic high 

microporosity[1]. In order to reduce such losses and to enhance the cycling 

performances, the structural and textural characteristics of such materials need to be 

carefully controlled. OMC in turn still remain difficult to prepare under reasonable time 

constraints and in green conditions, say aqueous syntheses for instance. 

The polymerization, drying and pyrolysis of aqueous Resorcinol-Formaldehyde gels 

lead to carbon materials with a dual porosity, i.e. they are composed of microporous 

nodules delimiting meso-or macroporous voids, the average size of which depends on 

both the composition of the precursor solution (pH, mainly) and the drying 

procedure.[2] The application of such xerogels as anode component is however not 

straightforward since too a high microporosity can induce considerable irreversible 

capacity losses and too small mesopores hinder the proper chemical diffusion of lithium 

ions within a bulk electrode material. The latter is often a rate-limiting step and 

optimized transport pathways could be provided by creating large mesopores or even 

macropores within the microporous carbon structure.[3-4] 

Here we report on the control of the textural characteristics of meso-microporous RF 

xerogels prepared by vacuum drying procedure. The improvement of accessibility in the 

framework was achieved (i) by adjustment of the pH of the RF precursor solution and 

(ii) by addition of a block-copolymer non-ionic surfactant (Pluronic F127) to the 

reaction mixture prepared with different Resorcinol/Na-Carbonate (R/C) molar ratios. 

The micropore volume was tuned upon addition of a supplementary aqueous carbon 

precursor, either via direct synthesis or by post-modification of (i) dried and (ii) 

pyrolysed xerogels. 

18





Investigation of mesopore size adjustment shows that the structural features of the final 

pyrolyzed carbons remains unchanged, whereas the mesopore sizes can be enlarged by 

decreasing the pH of the precursor solution. Indeed, the lower pH leads to larger 

primary carbon nodules, delimiting larger voids in-between them. A more fine-tuning of 

mesopore sizes can be achieved upon addition of the non-ionic block-copolymer 

surfactant. In this case, it is believed that the surfactant acts as a scaffold preventing the 

structure from shrinking during the drying procedure. The increase in mesopore sizes is 

accompanied by an enlargement of the volume of pores >7.5 nm, determined by Hg 

intrusion porosimetry, demonstrating an increased accessibility within the pore 

framework, with values that become near those found for cryogels and aerogels. 

Moreover, all of these features are maintained when the synthesis is scaled-up to 15 g of 

final porous carbon material. 

The micropore volume of these materials can be decreased and tuned upon 

impregnation with a secondary carbon precursor. It is shown that micropores can 

selectively be filled at least partially, but also that the particle sizes of the starting 

xerogels govern the success of this route. Moreover, the final pyrolysis step inevitably 

induces the development of micropores. 

Ordered Mesoporous Carbons offer a complementary strategy towards the development 

of high-performance anodes for Li-based batteries [4-5]. Indeed, such materials have 

been shown to offer high capacities and long-lasting cycling performances. The last part 

of the talk will highlight the recent developments made in the field of OMC synthesis 

via rapid aqueous routes. 

References: 

[1] T. Tran, B. Yebka, X. Song, G. Nazri, K. Kinoshita and D. Curtis, J. Power Sources, 85, 269, 2000. 

[2] N. Job, A. Théry, R. Pirard, J. Marien, L. Kocon, J.-N. Rouzaud, F. Béguin and J.-P. Pirard, Carbon, 

43, 2481, 2005. 

[3] M.D. Levi and D. Aurbach. J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 4641, 1997. 

[4] F. Cheng, Z. Tao, J. Liang and J. Chen, Chem. Mater., 20, 667, 2008. 

[5] H. Zhou, S. Zhu, M. Hibino, I. Honma, M. Ichihara, Adv. Mater., 15, 2107, 2003. 

19





NOVEL SYNTHETIC METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 

PHOSPHINATES AND PHOSPHINIC AMIDES; 

THE POTENTIAL OF THE MICROWAVE TECHNIQUE 

György Keglevich 1 , Zs. Nóra Kiss 1 , Erika Bálint 1 , Tamás Körtvélyesi 2 

1 Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology 

and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary 

2 Department of Physical Chemistry and Material Science, University of Szeged, 6701 

Szeged, Hungary 

E-mail: gkeglevich@mail.bme.hu 

Keywords: phosphinic acids, phosphinates, phosphinic amides, transesterification, 

microwave, theoretical calculations 

Abstract 

Phosphinic, phosphonic and phosphoric acid derivatives are of synthetic and biological 

importance and receive a broad-scale application. We studied the possibility of 

converting phosphinic acids (1), to phosphinates (2) and phosphinic amides (3) in 

reaction with alcohols and primary amines, respectively. 

These reactions do not take place under thermal conditions, but the microwave (MW) 

irradiation promotes the reactions. Using longer chain alcohols and applying ca. 210 °C, 

the esterifications are quantitative [1]. 

A variety of phosphinic acids, especially cyclic derivatives, such as 1-hydroxy-3phospholene-1-oxides, 

1-hydroxy-phospholane-1-oxides and a 1-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,5,6hexahydrophosphinine-1-oxide 

were converted to the corresponding esters. However, 

the amidations could only be performed in low conversions. This experience is the 

consequence of the thermodinamics of the reactions. B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) calculations 

suggested that while the direct esterifications are thermoneutral (by the reaction 

enthalpy), the direct amidations are by ca. 30-40 kJ/mol endothermic. 

The mechanism of the esterifications and amidations was also evaluated by B3LYP/6- 

31++G(d,p) calculations. 

It was found that both the esterifications and amidations take place via a four-centered 

transition state, like A and B, whose energy content (activation enthalpy of reaction) is 

20





rather high (ca. 70-160 kJ/mol and ca. 60-90 kJ/mol, respectively). 

It may be said that the esterifications are kinetically controlled and the high barrier can 

be overcome by the beneficial effect of MW. 

Further evidences have been collected that the esterifications are indeed 

phosphorylations (acylations) and do not involve alkylations taking place via the SN 2 or 

SN 1 mechanism, or via the formation of olefins from the alcohols under the 

circumstances of the reaction. 

According to another method, phosphinates were prepared by the alkylation of 

phosphinic acids. 

In the solid-liquid solventless accomplishment, the use of MW and a phase transfer 

catalyst synergized each other. 

Finally, the transesterification of dialkyl phosphites was performed efficiently in the 

presence of the 15-20 fold excess of the alcohol on MW irradiation. 

It was possible to optimize the synthesis for the mixed ester (5). 

References (as general information): 

[1] Kiss N. Zs., Ludányi K., Drahos L. and Keglevich G. Synthetic Commun, vol. 39, pp. 2392–2404, 

2009. 

[2] Keglevich G., Bálint E., Kiss N. Zs., Jablonkai E., Hegedűs L., Grün A. and Greiner I. Curr Org 

Chem, vol. 15, pp. 2802–1810, 2011. 

[3] Keglevich, G., Kiss, N. Zs., Mucsi, Z. and Körtvélyesi, T. Org. Biomol. Chem. vol. 10, pp. 2011-2018, 

2012. 

21





PROMISING ANODE MATERIALS FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES 

Viacheslav Barsukov, Volodymyr Khomenko 

Kiev National University of Technologies and Design, Department of Electrochemical 

Power Engineering & Chemistry, 2, Nemirovich-Danchenko str., 01011, Kiev, Ukraine; 

E-Mail: v-barsukov@i.ua 

Keywords: lithium battery, anode materials, nano-composites 

Obviously, lithium metal could be the best material for producing Li batteries (LBs), 

such as Li-ion and Li-polymer batteries. However, its combining high reactivity with 

peculiar properties of the surface film resulting from interaction with electrolyte 

components poses a problem of efficient cycling (recharge) of metallic lithium, which is 

unsolvable so far. The most efficient and promising way of solving the problem of 

cycling lithium is the employment of lithium-containing materials capable of reversible 

electrochemical insertion and extraction during charge-discharge cycles instead of 

metallic Li. In fact, the use of such materials is a compromise between high specific 

energy and long life of LBs, as the increasing number of charge-discharge cycles should 

compensate for some loss in specific energy characteristics. 

By the nature of their interaction with Li the anode materials can be divided into two 

groups: 

- materials which do not undergo phase transformations and, therefore, a substantial 

transformation of their crystal structure during intercalation-deintercalation of Li; 

- materials which form Li compounds with a structure different from that of the 

electrode material. 

Typical representatives of the first group are graphite and graphitized carbon materials 

layered by structure. It is such constantly improved materials that are mainly used in 

commercial lithium-ion batteries. The best of them enable reversible lithium 

intercalation in graphite to form LiC6. In this case, the graphite hosts lithium atoms in its 

interlayer space, due to which the change in volume during intercalation-deintercalation 

does not exceed 10-30%. Nevertheless, even theoretical specific capacity of graphite is 

quite small (372 mA∙h/g). 

The other type of host-materials includes some metal and non-metal electrodes which 

form intermetallic compounds with lithium. Si, Sn, Sb, Al, Ge, Pb, Bi, Sb, Zn, Cd and 

some other have been referred to as the most promising ones in terms of their possible 

use in lithium batteries (see, for example, [1-4]). 

Theoretical analysis of the most essential characteristics of these materials enables one 

to evaluate both advantages and disadvantages of each type of the materials. Generally, 

by their theoretical specific capacity (Fig.1) Li alloys surpass graphite considerably. 

22

5000 

4000 

3000 

2000 

1000 

0 

3830 



372 

4200 

900 990 

Specific capacity, mAh/g 


370 


Li 

LiC6 

Li4.4Si 

Li4Sn 

LiAl 

Li3Sb 

10000 

8000 

6000 

4000 

2000 

0 

1915 

600 

9660 

6570 

2673 2442 

Specific capacity, mAh/cc 

Fig.1. Specific capacity of promising intermetallic compounds in mA∙h/g and mA∙h/cc 

Li 

LiC6 

Li4.4Si 

However, compared to lithiated graphite such alloys have a very serious disadvantage. It 

is a dramatic change in the volume of metal during intercalation or deintercalation of Li 

ions, which is estimated from 100% for LiAl to 300% for Li22Si5. Due to the sharp 

volume changes there occurs mechanical tension in charge-discharge, which, in its turn, 

causes a loss of contact between the particles of active material and also in degradation 

of the electrode as a whole. An important factor enabling morphological stability of 

composite materials on cycling Li is a high degree of dispersion of the reactant‟s 

particles. The following conclusions for further practical work can be drawn from the 

theoretical analysis of anode materials and the ways of their improvement: 

- nanosized particles of Si, Sn and Al are among the most promising anode materials for 

LBs; 

- different-type materials should be present in the composition of electrode materials 

based on intermetallic compounds, a reliable matrix being of primary importance due to 

its role in the interaction of the metals with lithium and morphological stability of the 

system; 

- the phase separation of the components should be maintained in cycling Li. 

It was shown practically by our team on the moment that usage of nano-composite 

materials is a realistic way to reach a specific capacity of LBs anode at least at the level 

of 600-650 mA∙h/g under quite stable cyclization. 

References: 

[1] Besenhard J.O., Gurtler J., Komenda P. Negatives for secondary Li-batteries: Li-alloys or metallic Li, 

Chemical physics of intercalation, Eds.: Legrand A.P. and Flandrois S., Plenum, 1987. 

[2]. New Carbon Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems. Eds.: Barsukov I., 

Johnson Ch., Doninger J. and Barsukov V., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Springer, 2006. 

[3] Khomenko V., Barsukov V., Doninger J. and Barsukov I., J. Power Sources, vol. 165/2, pp. 598 – 608, 

2007. 

[4] Khomenko V. and Barsukov V., Electrochimica Acta, vol. 52/8, pp. 2829 – 2840, 2007. 

Li4Sn 

LiAl 

Li3Sb 

23





THE PECULIARITY OF ANODE AND CATHODE INTEGRATION 

IN A WHOLE LITHIUM BATTERY 

Volodymyr Khomenko, Viacheslav Barsukov 

Kiev National University of Technologies and Design, Department of Electrochemical 

Power Engineering & Chemistry, 2, Nemirovich-Danchenko str., 01011, Kiev, Ukraine 

E-Mail: vkg@ukrpost.ua 

Keywords: lithium battery; cathode, anode balancing; optimization 

The following essential aspects must be taken into consideration in the research and 

design of lithium battery (LB): а) the capacities of the cathode and anode should be 

properly balanced; b) the battery as a whole should possess maximum values of specific 

energy. 

Let us first consider the situation where the cathode material does not change, for 

example LiCoO2 with a specific capacity of about 140 mА∙h/g, and common graphite 

with а specific capacity of about 350 mА∙h/g (№1) and modified graphite with аn 

increased specific capacity of about 600 mА∙h/g (№2) are used as an anode. Fig. 1 and 

Fig. 2 present a scheme of balancing the electrodes in the coin prototypes of LB (2016 

size) and its charge-discharge curves, correspondingly. 

Fig. 1. The ratio of the cathode thickness 

to the anode thickness in the LB based on 

common graphite (№ 1- 350 mА∙h/g) and 

modified graphite (№2 - 600 mА∙h/g) 

Fig. 2. Charge-discharge curves of LBs 

with anodes based on common graphite 

(№ 1- 350 mА∙h/g) and modified graphite 

(№2 - 600 mА∙h/g) 

It is seen from Fig. 1 that the thickness of a higher-capacity anode can be decreased to 

0.058 mm against 0.073. The space left in such a cell can be filled with the cathode 

material, the thickness of cathode being increased to 0.099 against 0.088. Thus, the LB‟s 

capacity will be increased in proportion to the additional mass of the cathode material. 

The proposed conception was implemented and investigated in laboratory LB 

prototypes. 

24





Fig. 2 presents charge-discharge curves for LBs based on LiCoO2 and common graphite 

with a capacity of 350 mА∙h/g (curve 1), and graphite modified with silicon 

nanoparticles with a capacity of 600 mА∙h/g (curve 2). As it was expected, the LB based 

on the modified anode definitely shows higher capacity and energy than that based on 

common graphite. 

Yet, further improving the energy characteristics of the LB should be attained at the 

expense of developing and using new cathode materials with higher specific capacity 

rather than increasing the anode capacity. 

To find out an optimum ratio of the cathode specific capacity to that of the anode, the 

dependence of the LB specific capacity on the anode specific capacity was estimated for 

the LB with a LiCoO2 cathode (specific capacity 140 mА∙h/g) and with a hypothetical 

new cathode (specific capacity 250 mА∙h/g). Results are shown Fig. 3. 

The results show that increasing the cathode capacity results in proportionally 

increased LB capacity. That is to say, the increase in the cathode capacity from 140 to 

250 mА∙h/g enables the LB specific capacity almost to double provided the anode 

capacity has reached its optimum value. As the data given show there is an optimum in 

increasing the anode specific capacity. 

(a) (b) 

Fig. 3. Estimated specific capacity of the LB vs the anode specific capacity on using 

cathodes with specific capacities of (a) 140 and (b) 250 mА∙h/g 

The LB specific energy increases dramatically with increasing the anode specific 

capacity to a maximum of 1000 mА∙h/g. Further increasing the anode specific capacity 

does not practically affect the LB specific energy. This is observed for both the systems 

with a conventional cathode (140 mА∙h/g) and those with a higher-capacity cathode 

(250 mА∙h/g). So, increasing the anode specific capacity over 1000-1500 mА∙h/g is not 

expedient. 

The preliminary estimates prove that the proposed technique and laboratory modeling of 

LBs can be used for studying the principles of optimum LB design and predicting their 

energy characteristics. 

25





ADVANCED BMS-IC SOLUTIONS FOR LI-ION CELL 

MONITORING AND ACTIVE BALANCING 

Ewald Wachmann, Manfred Brandl 

Austriamicrosystems AG, 8141 Unterpremsätten, Austria 

ewald.wachmann@austriamicrosystems.com 

Keywords: Battery Management System BMS IC, lithiumbattery, passive and active 

balancing 

Battery Management Systems BMS for Li-ion batteries for FEVs require an intelligent 

and robust control electronic to balance different cell voltages. Passive balancing has 

dominated Li-ion battery packs in the past. Economic pressures are forcing automotive 

OEMs to choose more advanced, active balancing systems to optimize the long term 

energy retrieval from the battery pack. Recent progress in Li-ion battery technology 

increased the power and energy density of battery cells and reduced their cost, but lead 

for some material compositions to very flat charge characteristics [1]. 

High performance BMS with a high accuracy of cell voltage measurement together with 

active balancing is the answer to the limitations of HEV and EV battery packs [2]. 

Instead of bypassing the cells and dissipating power, the active balancing system 

transfers charge between cells by the means of DCDC converters. The charge can be 

transferred during charging, discharging or idle state. The cells can always be kept 

balanced. The cells are being equalized faster and higher charging current rates are 

possible. 

During the idle state, even the perfectly balanced cells lose charge at a different rate due 

to varying internal leakage resulting from temperature gradients. The active balancing 

allows rebalancing of the cells during idle state thus being able to utilize all the energy 

stored in the battery pack. In the BMS IC solutions we developed the reference voltage 

is either broadcasted as a digital value to all of the balancer IC‟s in the stack during low 

speed chained SPI communication slot or provided as an external analog reference. 

By this development the communication can be strongly reduced and no synchronisation 

with current measurement is required as a further cost reduction potential to skip the 

current sensor for specific applications were Coulomb counting is not mandatory. 

The balance current is targeted to be 100 mA, enabling to integrate all of the required 

switches to shuttle charge packages either in passive or active balancing. 

26





The concept enables active balancing at little additional cost for better efficiency and 

faster equalization. The required high accuracy of cell voltage measurement has been 

addressed by development of a highly accurate curvature compensated reference and 

offset compensation for the cell voltage comparators. 

These BMS ICs developments are being evaluated for use in such different storage 

components as Lithium Ion batteries and supercapacitors for applications in EVs in 

project ESTRELIA [3]. 

References: 

1. Dirk Uwe Sauer, Wladislaw Waag, Jochen Gerschler: “Monitoring and state-of-charge 

diagnostics of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors Energy Management & Wire Harness 

Systems, March 2011, Essen 

2. Manfred Brandl, Low Voltage Storage and Battery Management, Elektrik/Elektronik in 

Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 24. - 25. April 2012, 

München 

3. www.estrelia.eu 

27





ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR AN INNOVATIVE ECO- 

COMPATIBLE BOAT EQUIPPED WITH AN INTEGRATED 

HYBRID PROPULSION SYSTEM 

Viorel Stanciu, Paula Anghelita, Mihaela Chefneux 

ICPE SA, Splaiul Unirii 313, 030138, Bucuresti, Romania, 

viorel.stanciu@icpe.ro 

Keywords: electric propulsion systems, boats, energy storage, hybrid system 

Abstract 

Global warming represents a great problem today that need to be approached by every 

field that have a potential impact in this direction. That is why research and 

technological development activities are encouraged to provide clean and efficient 

transportation systems, especially in European countries, USA and Japan. The laws 

regarding environmental protection are aiming greenhouse gas emissions limitation and 

Romania must and wishes to follow the same direction. Nowadays there is a worldwide 

interest about development of high efficiency, environmental friendly and competitive 

transportation systems such as boats and land vehicles. 

The development of an eco-friendly boat, that would have minimal impact on the 

natural habitat and contribute to the discovery and appreciation of nature, with 

minimised or no polluting emission and drastically reduced noise represent a big 

challenge. 

An answer to the problems of environmental pollution is Eco-boats as an alternative 

mean of water transport. That is why the authors of the paper are involved in several 

projects dealing with propulsion systems in order to offer competitive products to fit on 

boats. 

The authors are now carrying out a project in a consortium from three countries – Italy, 

Romania and Turkey- a project that aims at the design, development and subsequent 

prototyping and testing, of a small ship, based on an integrated hybrid propulsion 

system, coupled with a very compact storage system for energy, partially generated 

through renewable sources and the recovery of the engine‟s waste heat: the ECO-Boat 

intends to be suitable for the tourist hire market, thanks to its operational flexibility. 

The energy management system coordinates the performance of the generators, the 

distribution system and the power consumers: basically it manages and optimizes the 

28





power-flow in the whole system. One of the most important target is to provide the 

system with an intelligent energy management concept, in order to optimize the 

characteristics of the whole boat. 

A preliminary analysis of the state of the art has identified a number of boat designs 

around the world that incorporate new and advanced technologies, with particular 

reference to hybrid propulsion and eco-friendly innovations. Most are privately owned, 

in development programmes or are technology demonstrators developed by large 

corporations. 

Because of the high development involved costs that companies must invest in 

innovative technologies, only applications characterized by high revenue streams have 

been designed. 

Within this paper, the authors propose an innovative hybrid propulsion system and an 

intelligent power management system, to control the hybrid propulsion system and the 

on-board devices, based on the propulsion currently in use. 

29





ESTIMATION OF THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL BATTERY 

MODULE CHARACTERISTICS BY MATHEMATICAL 

MODELLING 

Franz Pichler, Martin Cifrain 

Kompetenzzentrum – Das virtuelle Fahrzeug ForschungsgesmbH (vif) 

Inffeldgasse 21A, 8010 Graz, Austria 

martin.cifrain@v2c2.at 

Keywords: battery modelling, multiscaling, homogenization, thermal characterization, 

electrical characterization 

Abstract 

A multiscale thermal/electrical model of a battery module is presented. The casing, a 

battery of fourteen cells in series, separated by cooling plates as well as two channels for 

liquid cooling are modeled using a classical thermal approach [1] by solving the heat 

equation with appropriate boundary and initial conditions (Fig. 1a). 

The cells physically consist of a stack of layers (Fig. 1c), namely the current collectors 

(Cu and Al-foils), the electrode‟s active layers (anodes and cathodes) and the separators 

(electrolyte). In order to minimize calculation efforts, the effective thermal as well as 

electrical behavior is captured through a homogenization technique [2]. The use of this 

technique leads to effective global equations and - mathematically speaking – cell 

problems. Instead of resolving the exact layered geometry over the whole domain, these 

cell problems support effective coefficients for the global equations. When it comes to 

numerical computations this allows for the use of coarser grids than those which would 

be necessary in the classical approach. 

In the classical approach, the governing equations of the electrical potentials in the 

cathodic and anodic current collectors are standard homogeneous elliptic equations on 

two separated domains. The homogenization [3] of such equations leads to a system of 

coupled elliptic equations with source terms, which represent the current that is collected 

from the electrodes. The size of this source term depends on the modeling of the 

electrochemical behavior inside the cells. Because of a possible under-determination of 

the equations these source terms have to be dependent on the potentials in every point. 

This can be interpreted as physically meaningful and describes the potential difference 

and the overpotential of an electrode pair. 

30





In a first step and for simplification reasons, this dependency on the potentials is chosen 

to be linear. However, in order to capture the electrode‟s microstructure in detail, the 

simulation can be extended to the next level of multiscaling by homogenization of the 

electrodes at a level of the layers. The global equation now gives an anodic and a 

cathodic potential at every point in a cell (Fig. 1b), allowing module optimization, 

provided that the model was properly parameterized. 

(a) (b) (c) 

Figure 1. Temperature distribution in the module (left), potential distribution of both 

electrodes of a single cell (center), schematic view of the layered micro structure (right) 

References: 

1. Incropera F. P., Dewitt D.P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 4 th Edition University 

of Michigan, 1996 

2. Cioranescu D., Donato P., An Introduction to Homogenization, Oxford University Press, New 

York, 1999 

3. Hornung U., Homogenization and Porous Media, Springer, New York,1996 

31





FUNCTIONAL SAFETY IN LARGE SCALE LITHIUM ION 

BATTERY PACKS 


Lithium Balance A/S, Baldershøj 26C, 2635 Ishøj, Denmark 

k.vestin@lithiumbalance.com 

Keywords: battery management, functional safety 

Abstract 

Increasing awareness of the risks inherent to large scale lithium ion battery packs is 

creating a demand for formal methods to mitigate risks and prevent accidents. This 

presentation will provide a brief overview of such methods, and their applicability for 

the SOMABAT project. 

Agenda for presentation: 

- What is functional safety? Definition of the topic. 

- Overview of functional safety standards and references for further reading. 

- Safety culture. What are the organizational characteristics required in order to 

develop safe systems? 

- Safety lifecycle. During a products lifecycle from design, development, 

operations to decommissioning it exposes users to hazards. A brief introduction 

to how functional safety is addressed in different stages of the products lifecycle. 

- Hazards, faults and risk. Notation and concepts for defining dangers inherent in 

the use of the product. 

- Safety integrity levels (SIL). Setting the bar for functional safety. 

- Practical application of functional safety. The SOMABAT battery management 

system. 

- Questions and answers. 

References: 

1. Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems – 

IEC 61508, 2010. 

2. Road vehicles -- Functional safety – ISO 26262, 2011. 

32





AGROWASTES AS PRECURSOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF 

CARBON ANODES FOR LI BATTERIES 

Leire Zubizarreta a , Mayte Gil-Agustí a , Jessica Calleja-Langa a , Ilona Senyk b , 

Volodymir Khomenko b , Viacheslav Barsukov b 

a Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía (ITE), Avenida Juan de la Cierva, 24 46980 

Paterna, Valencia, Spain; b Kiev National University of Technology and Design, 

Nemirovich-Danchenko str., 01011, Kiev (Ukraine) 

Keywords: agrowastes, carbon, anode, lithium, battery 

Abstract 

Many of the research efforts have been made in the search of suitable carbon materials 

as the alternative anodes, because lithium batteries containing lithium metal as negative 

electrode has limited cycle life performance. An intense research has been done in order 

to obtain carbon materials with adequate properties in order to obtain large reversible 

and low irreversible capacity of the carbon anodes, although this research is still in 

progress. Most of carbon materials tested as carbon anodes in Li ion batteries are 

obtained from precursors which are either directly or indirectly related to the petroleum 

products or fossil fuels such as graphite, etc. For synthesizing novel carbon material as a 

viable product, it is necessary to select a precursor, which is not derived from fossil 

fuels or related to petroleum products. Furthermore, another priority for the large-scale 

implementation of Li battery systems is actually focused on the development of lowcost 

carbons. The search for environmentally friendly and lower-cost carbons is a 

priority. In this context, the utilization of residues as precursors of carbons is an 

interesting strategy 1 . In this work, carbon materials obtained from agricultural wastes 

has been developed and characterised for its application as carbon anode materials in Li 

ion batteries. For that, olive stones (HA) and orange skin (CN) were selected as carbon 

precursors and carbonized under nitrogen flow in a tubular oven at 1100 ºC. The carbon 

materials obtained were characterised by N2 and CO2 adsorption isotherms at -196 ºC 

and 0ºC respectively, elemental analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, the 

electrochemical characterisation of carbon obtained was also performed. 

As can be seen in Table 1 the textural properties of carbon materials obtained depend 

strongly on nature of agrowaste used. The use of olive stones as precursor gives carbon 

materials with higher specific surface area and micropore volume. 

Table 1. Textural properties of the carbon materials obtained 

SAMPLE SBET (m 2 g -1 ) VmicN 2 (cm 3 g -1 ) VmicCO 2 (cm 3 g -1 ) 

CN 2 0.01 0.005 

HA 94 0.03 0.8 

33





Table 2 shows the elemental analysis of the carbon materials obtained. It can be 

observed that the carbon materials obtained from olives stones present high carbon and 

oxygen content and low ash content. However, orange skin gives carbon with very high 

ash content. 

Table 2. Elemental analysis of carbon materials obtained 

SAMPLE C (wt.%) H (wt.%) N S (wt.%) O (wt.%) Ash 

(wt.%) 

(wt.%) 

CN 69.64 1.34 1.65 0.00 4.80 22.5 

HA 86.15 0.80 0.63 0.20 10.55 1.87 

These differences in carbon materials properties are traduced in different 

electrochemical behavior of materials as carbon anodes as can be seen in Table 3. 

Carbon anodes obtained from olives stones give higher reversible capacity and lower 

irreversible capacity in the first cycle than the ones obtained from orange skin. For this, 

olive stones is more adequate precursor for the development of carbon anodes However, 

in view of applications above materials in lithium-ion battery, the characteristics ASA 

and value of specific surface should be further optimized. 

Table 3. Specific capacity of carbon samples at the current density of 30 mA/g 

SAMPLE 

Specific capacity at first cycle Specific capacity at second 

Qr, mAh/g 

(±15 mAh/g) 

Qirr, mAh/g 

(±10 mAh/g) 

Qr, mAh/g 

(±10 mAh/g) 

cycle 

Qirr, mAh/g 

(±5 mAh/g) 

CN 85 145 78 5 

HA 196 135 190 10 

References: 

1. Aworn A., Thiraveetyan P., Nakbanpote W., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolisis, 

vol. 82 pp. 279-285, 2008 

34





Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li4Mo5O17 as positive 

electrode material for energy storage 

Nadia Pop 1,2 , Vincent Caignaert 1 , Bernard Raveau 1 ,and Valerie Pralong 1 

1) Laboratoire CRISMAT, UMR 6508 CNRS ENSICAEN, 

6 bd. Marechal Juin, 14050 CAEN Cedex, France 

http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr 

2) Institute of Chemistry, Timisoara of Romanian Academy 

Bvd. Mihai Viteazul Nr.24, 300223 Timisoara, ROMANIA 

E-Mail: nadia_dana_pop@yahoo.com 

Keywords: molybdenum oxides, lithium insertion, batteries 

Abstract 

The search of new materials potential electrode for Li-ion batteries took us to the 

exploration of the Li-Mo-O system. Curiously, no lithium molybdate Mo(VI) was 

investigated neither for ionic conductivity, nor for the electrochemical Li intercalation 

viewpoint, in spite of the existence of several phases such as Li4Mo5O17 [1, 2], Li2MoO4 

and Li2Mo4O13 [2-5]. 

Bearing in mind the ribbon structure of Li4Mo5O17, we have explored the ionic 

conductivity of this phase and its ability to intercalate lithium. The parent phase was 

prepared by a sol gel synthesis. Intercalation of lithium in the ribbon structure 

Li4Mo5O17 [6] has been achieved, using both electrochemistry and soft chemistry. A 

maximum of 8 Li/f.u. could be inserted, leading to the phase Li12Mo5O17. 

The ab initio structure determination of the “Mo-O” framework of Li12Mo5O17 shows 

that the [Mo5O17]∞ ribbons keep the same arrangement of edge sharing MoO6 octahedra, 

and the same orientation as in the parent structure, but that a topotactic anti-distortion of 

the ribbons appears, due to the larger size of Mo 4+ in “Li12” compared to Mo 6+ in “Li4”. 

Based on bond valence calculations, it is observed that 12 octahedral sites are available 

for Li + in the new structure so that an ordered hypothetical rock salt type structure can 

be proposed for Li12Mo5O17 [7]. The exploration of the Li mobility in those oxides 

shows that Li4Mo5O17 is a cationic conductor with �=10-3.5 S/cm at 500°C and 

Ea=0.35eV. 

In the case of Li4Mo5O17 a reversible topotactic transformation takes place during the 

lithium insertion/extraction between 2.0-3.0V potential windows at very low rate. 

35





The electrochemical characterization was performed by galvanostatic cycling and 

electroanalytical methods such: PITT, GITT and EIS. The deintercalation of Li in 

Li12Mo5O17 is shown to be reversible with a stable reversible capacity of 250mAh/g. 

References: 

[1] M. Wiesmann, H. Heitzel, I. Svoboda, H. Fuess, Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie, 1997, 

212, 795 

[2] W. S. Brower, H. S. Parker, R. S. Roth , J. L. Waring, J.Cryst.Growth, 1972, 16, 115 

[3] B. M. Gatehouse, B. M. Miskin, J. Solid State Chem., 1974, 9, 247 

[4] B. M. Gatehouse, B. M. Miskin, J. Solid State Chem., 1975, 15, 274 

[5] J. P. Smit, P. C. Stair, K. R. Poppelmeier, Crystal Growth & Design, 2007, 7, 521 

[6] Pop N, Pralong V, Caignaert V, Colin, JF, Malo S, Van Tendeloo G. and Raveau B., Chem 

Mater, 2009, 21, pp. 3242-3250 

[7] V.Pralong, Progr. Solid St. Chem., 2009, 37, pp. 262-277 

36





NEW PHOSPHORUS SOLID ELECTROLYTES: SYNTHESIS BY 

INTERFACIAL TECHNIQUE AND PROPERTIES 

Gheorghe Ilia 1* , Smaranda Iliescu, 1 Mayte Gil-Agusti, 2 Nicoleta Plesu, 1 Lavinia 

Macarie, 1 Adriana Popa 1 

1Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 24 Mihai Viteazul Bvd. 300223 Timisoara, 

Romania, email: ilia@acad-icht.tm.edu.ro; gheilia@yahoo.com. 

2 Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía, Av. Juan de la Cierva, 24 Parque Tecnológico de 

Valencia, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain 

Keywords: polyphosphoesters, solid polymer electrolyte, interfacial polycondensation 

Abstract 

Phosphorus-containing polymers are of interest because they confer low flammability, 

plasticity, thermal stability and lubrication properties on polymers. 1 The synthetic 

flexibility of phosphorus-containing polymers allows the development of copolymers 

with poly(ethylene glycol), poly (ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide) etc in order to 

obtain solid polymer electrolytes. 

Among the main ways of obtaining phosphorus containing polymers, phase transfer 

catalysis (PTC) has been frequently used in the synthesis of these polymers, due to its 

simplicity, low reaction temperatures and the linearity of the resulting polymers. 2 The 

method follows the trend of green chemistry resulting in the reduction of environmental 

pollution and steady development of chemistry. 

In order to prevent the degradation of polymer and terminating competing reactions and 

to get data for preparing thermally stable heteroatom polymers with high molecular 

weights we have synthesized new phosphorus solid electrolytes (PSE) by a new method, 

respectively PTC in solid-liquid system, when potassium phosphate is used as an unique 

base. 

This paper presents in detail the novel method for the synthesis of PSE by solid-liquid 

PTC polycondensation of phenylphosphonic dichloride with poly(ethylene glycol) 

(PEG of 4000) and 1,10-decandiol in order to obtain optimal conditions for the reaction. 

(Scheme 1) 

37

Cl 



O 

P 

C6H5 O 

P 

Cl 



+ HO(CH 2CH 2O) nH/HO[(CH 2) 10]OH 

O(CH 2CH 2O) n 

C6H5 x C6H5 y 

Scheme 1. Linear polyphosphonate random copolymers 

O 

P 

O[(CH 2) 10O] m 

+4K 3PO 4 

-4K 2HPO 4 +2KCl 

The conversion of liquid-liquid PTC into solid-liquid PTC proves to be advantageous 

from the point of view of suppression of side reactions, respectively hydrolysis of the 

phosphoryl chloride groups of the reagent or of the chain end-groups of the polymer. 

The synthesized copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, FT- 

IR, 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. 

These copolymers and membrane based on these copolymers showed good LOI values 

(34) and begin to lose weight in the range 360 o -428 o C. The PSE/LiCF3SO3 electrolyte 

exhibited ionic conductivity of 1.05.10 -7 S.cm -1 at 25°C. 

Acknowledgments 

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European 

Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant 

Agreement n° 266090 (SOMABAT) and also by the Romanian Ministry of Education, 

Research and Innovation Agency through PNCDI 2 Program(Romanian co-financing 

EU-7FP- SOMBAT - Module III - nr. 128 EU/2011, which are gratefully 

acknowledged. 

References: 

[1] S. Minegishi, S. Komatsu, A. Kameyama, T. Nishikubo, J. Polym. Sci. Part. A: Polym. Chem., 37, 

959-964, 1999 

[2] N. Narendran, K. Kishore, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 87, 626-630, 2003 

38





GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW 

POLYMERS CONTAINING PHOSPHORUS GROUPS AND 

POLYETHERS 

Smaranda Iliescu, 1 Nicoleta Plesu, 1 Lavinia Macarie, 1 Adriana Popa, 1 Gheorghe 

Ilia 1* 



Keywords: polyphosphoesters, ionic liquid, solid polymer electrolyte 

Abstract 

Phosphorus-containing high performance polymers have been extensively studied 

during the last years. They have aroused wide interest, mainly due to their excellent fire 

resistance and good mechanical properties.[1-3] Polyphosphoesters can also form 

another interesting class of phosphorus containing polymers which were developed as 

biomaterials.[4] 

Solid polymer electrolytes systems with fire-retardant polymer matrixes have been 

investigated in only few cases. In order to reduce the risk of fire in lithium-ion battery 

new polymers containing phosphorus groups and polyethers were developed. 

In this paper, novel linear Phosphonate-PEG polymers composed of phosphonate (4chlorophenyldichlorophosphonate) 

as a linking agent with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 

with different molecular weights (MW of 200 and 2000) as soft segment increasing 

chain flexibility) were synthesized to increase segmental motion to aid the ion transport 

and ionic conductivity at ambient temperatures. (Scheme 1) 

Triethylamine and 1-methylimidazole as acid scavengers were used. A convenient 

method for synthesizing Phosphonate-PEG polymers by adopting 1- methylimidazole as 

an HCl scavenger is presented. 

The advantages are: an ionic liquid is formed and the products can be easily recovered 

by a simple layer separation; the enhancing of polymer yield; reducing of the corrosion 

problem. 

Best results (yield 88%, inherent viscosities 0.48 dl/g and Mn 2.6) were obtained with 

1-methylimidazole as an acid scavenger and PEG 2000. 

39

Cl 

O 

P 

Cl 



Cl 

+ HO 



H P 

O 

n 

-HCl 

O 

Scheme 1. Synthesis of Phosphonate-PEG polymers 

The synthesized polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, FT- 

IR, 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. These polymers and membrane based 

on these polymers showed good LOI values (in the range 23-29, 30) and begin to lose 

weight in the range 330 o -412 o C. 

The novelty of this study is the use of 1-methylimidazole as an acid scavenger and of 

1,3-dioxolane as a green solvent. 







acknowledged. 

References: 

[1] H. Ren, J. Sun, B. Wu, Q. Zhou, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 92, 956-961, 2007 

[2] O. Petreus, T. Vlad-Bubulac, C. Hamciuc, Eur. Polym. J., 41, 2663-2670, 2005 

[3] Y.-L. Chang, Y.-Z. Wang, D.-M. Ban, B. Yang, G.-M. Zhao, Macromo. Mater. Eng., 289, 703-707, 

2004 

[4] S. Monge, B. Canniccioni, A. Graillot, J.-J. Robin, Biomacromolecules, 12, 1973-1982, 2011 

O 

O 

Cl 

O 

n 

P 

O 

O 

Cl 

40





UV-POLYMERIZATION AND CHRACTERIZATION OF NEW 

POLYMERS CONTAINING PHOSPHORUS GROUPS AND 

POLYETHERS 

Lavinia Macarie, 1 Nicoleta Plesu, 1 Smaranda Iliescu, 1 Adriana Popa, 1 Gheorghe 

Ilia 1* , Nicolae Hurduc 2 



2 Technical University «Gheorghe Asachi» Iasi, Department of Natural and Synthetic 

Polymers, Mangeron Ave No. 73, 700050-Iasi, Romania 

Keywords: UV-curing, polyphosphoesters, solid polymer electrolyte 

Abstract 

Nowadays, the replacement of conventionally used liquid electrolytes by a polymer 

membrane to form lithium-based polymer batteries is an effective approach to the 

optimization of some critical operational features such as safety, design flexibility, etc. 

[1–3]. Solid polymer electrolyte membranes formed by the dissolution of lithium salts in 

suitable polymer matrixes such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) which has a high 

solvating ability for inorganic salts and shows homogeneous solution mixing because of 

interactions with polar ether groups and coordination with dissociated cations were 

obtained [4]. Solid polymer electrolyte membranes prepared by UV curing could be an 

interesting alternative to the present products, because the photoinitiated polymerization 

is one of the fastes and efficient methods to obtain membranes based on polymeric 

materials [5-7]. 

This paper illustrates the possibility of using a facile and rapid free-radical 

photopolymerization (UV curing) process to prepare solid polymer electrolyte 

membranes based on novel linear phosphonate-PEG polymers, which do not contain 

any kind of organic solvent. Hence, the drawbacks, such as solvent volatility and 

leakage, poor mechanical property at high degree of plasticization, and reactivity of 

polar solvents with the lithium electrode solvent are avoided. 

The linear phosphonate-PEG polymers composed of phosphonate (4-chlorophenyldichlorophosphonate) 

as a linking agent with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with 

different molecular weights (MW of 400, 1000, 4000, 12000 and 35000) as soft 

segment increasing chain flexibility were used, and 10% w/w 

bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (LiFMS) was added. To this mixture 

aliphatic urethane diacrylate oligomer (Photomer 6210), at different mass ratios and 

photoinitiator Darocure 4265 3% w/w were added. The photopolymerization 

41





formulation was laid on PTFE plate and exposed to UV-lamp for 3 min. 

The mechanically stable, flexible, free-standing uniform film was peeled off from the 

PTFE plates and analyzed. The obtained membranes were characterized by FT-IR (the 

disappearance of the acrylic double bonds) and ionic conductivity was determined by 

impedance spectroscopy using stainless steel (SS) as blocking electrodes and direct 

current (DC) method respectively. 

Best results of conductivity 4.067 x 10 -7 Scm -1 was obtained for the membrane 

containing PEG 1000, at mass ratios 2:1 acrylate monomer: phosphonate-PEG 

polymers. 

The novelty of this study is the use of UV-curing to a photopolimerizable formulation 

containing synthesized phosphonate-PEG polymers, Li salt and diacrylate oligomer. 







acknowledged. 

References: 

[1] M. Watanabe, M. Itoh, K. Sanui, N. Ogata, (1987) Macromolecules, 20, 569, 1987. 

[2] L.A. Guilherme, R.S. Borges, E. Mara, S. Moraes, G. Goulart Silva, M.A. Pimenta, A. Marletta, R.A. 

Silva, Electrochimica Acta, 53, 1503–1511, 2007 

[3] K. W. Oh, J. H. Choi, S. H. Kim, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 103, 2402–2408, 2007 

[4] S. H. Kim, J. Y Kim, H. S. Kim, H. N. Cho, Solid State Ionics, 124, 91, 1999 

[5] A. Munch Elme´r, P. Jannasch, Solid State Ionics, 177 573 – 579, 2006 

[6] C. Gerbaldi, Ionics, 16, 777–786, 2010 

[7] J.R. Nair, C. Gerbaldi, G. Meligrana, R. Bongiovanni,S. Bodoardo, N. Penazzi, P. Reale, V. Gentili, 

Journal of Power Sources, 178, 751–757, 2008 

42





IONIC CONDUCTIVITY OF LINEAR PHOSPHONATE- 

POLY(ETHYLENE)GLYCOL POLYMERS 

Nicoleta Plesu, 1* Smaranda Iliescu, 1 Leire Zubizarreta 2 Gheorghe Fagadar- 

Cosma 3 , Lavinia Macarie, 1 Adriana Popa, 1 Gheorghe Ilia 1 


Romania, email: nplesu@acad-icht.tm.edu.ro; plesu_nicole@yahoo.com. 

2 Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía, Av. Juan de la Cierva, 24 Parque Tecnológico de 

Valencia, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain 

3 "Politehnica" University of Timisoara, T. Lalescu Street, No. 2, 300223-Timisoara, 

Romania 

Keywords: polyphosphoesters, ionic liquid, solid polymer electrolyte 

Abstract 

Improvement of solid polymer electrolytes conductivity can be achieved by the 

modification of polymer architecture and by using additives. Flame retardancy in 

lithium batteries is also a major challenge for battery manufacturers. Fire-retardant 

polymer electrolytes are key materials for safer operation of lithium batteries. 

New membranes based on phosphonate-PEG polymers and Li triflate were prepared (P- 

Li). Phosphonate-PEG polymers were synthesized in our laboratory by the reaction of 

4-chlorophenyldichlorophosphonate and PEG (MW of 2000) in the presence of 1methylimidazole. 

After the complexation with Li triflate, ionic conductivity and 

transference ion number were determined by means of impedance spectroscopy using 

stainless steel (SS) as blocking electrodes and direct current (DC) method respectively. 

The Bode plots for P-Li at Open Circuit Potential (OCP), V, and the evolution of 

polarization current as a function of time after the application of a DC potential (1.5 V) 

across the SS/P-Li/SS cell is presented in Figures 1a and 1b. 

The ionic conductivity (σ) value was calculated at room temperature according to Eq. 

(1) 

σ = L/ Rb.A (1) Where: � - ionic conductivity, Rb – the resistance corresponding to 

the angle closest to zero in the Bode diagram, L – the height of the sample between the 

electrodes, A – the cross-sectional contact area of the measured sample with the 

electrodes. 

43

IZI / � cm 2 

10 6 

10 5 

10 4 

10 3 



0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 

f / Hz 



I,A 

2.0x10 -6 

1.5x10 -6 

1.0x10 -6 

5.0x10 -7 

0.0 

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 

a) b) 

Figure 1. a) Bode plots at OCP potential and b) Polarization current as a function of 

time for membrane P-Li sandwiched between two SS electrodes 

The total ionic transference number was calculated from plots of the polarization current 

versus time with the equation (2): 

I f t �1 � (2) 

ion Ii 

Where Ii is the initial current and If is the final residual current. The conductivity for this 

membrane was 9.18 x 10 -7 S.cm -1 . This value is higher than the conductivity observed 

for pure PEG 2000, about 1.67 × 10 –9 S.cm -1 and close to 7.27 × 10 –7 S.cm -1 for 

(PEG)xLiClO4 system. [1] The total ionic transference number was found to be in the 

range of 0.94–0.96 in these polymer electrolyte systems and suggests that the charge 

transport in this electrolyte membrane is predominantly due to ions. 







acknowledged. 

References: 

[1] T.H.J. Singh, S.V. Bhat, Bull. Mater. Sci., 26, 707-714 , 2003. 

t,s 

44





NOVEL SENSOR BASED ON PORPHYRINS FOR MONITORING 

OF IRON(III) IONS IN RECOVERED SOLUTIONS FROM SPENT 

LITHIUM ION BATTERIES 

Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma 1 , Dana Vlascici 2 , Iuliana Popa 3 , Ionela Creanga 1 , Anca 

Palade 1 , Mayte Gil-Agusti 4 , Gheorghe Fagadar-Cosma 1 , Leire Zubizarreta 4 

1Institute of Chemistry Timisoara of Romanian Academy, M. Viteazul Ave. 24, 300223- 

Timisoara, Romania, email: efagadar@yahoo.com; 

2 West University of Timisoara, Faculty of Chemistry-Biology-Geography, Pestalozzi 

Street 16, 300115-Timisoara, Romania, danavlascici@yahoo.com; 

3 National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 

Timisoara, Aurel Paunescu Podeanu Street 144, 300860-Timisoara, Romania, 

iuliana_p19@yahoo.com; 

4 Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía (ITE), Avenida Juan de la Cierva, 24 46980 

Paterna, Valencia, Spain, mayte.gil@ite.es 

Keywords: porphyrins; ion-selective electrode; potentiometry; batteries; iron(III); 

PVC membrane 

Abstract 

Three A3B porphyrins mixed functionalized on meso-phenyl groups with carboxy-, 

phenoxy-, pyridyl- and dimethoxy- substituents [1] were obtained by multicomponent 

synthesis, fully characterized and used as ionophores for preparing PVC-based 

membrane sensors selective to iron(III). 

The membranes have the composition ionophore: PVC: plasticizer in the ratio 1:33:66. 

Sodium tetraphenylborate was used as additive (20 mol.% relative to ionophore). The 

performance characteristics (linear concentration range, slope and selectivity) of the 

sensors were investigated. 

The best results were obtained for the membrane based on 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)- 

10,15,20-tris(4-phenoxyphenyl)-porphyrin (P1, Figure1) plasticized with bis(2ethylhexyl)sebacate, 

in a linear range from 1x10 -7 – 1x10 -1 M with a slope of 21.9 

mV/decade. 

The electrode showed high selectivity with respect to alkaline and heavy metal ions 

(Figure 2) and a response time of 20 s. The influence of pH on the sensor response was 

studied. 

The sensor may be used in a pH range from 2.0 – 3.8. Above this value of the pH the 

precipitation of iron(III) hydroxide occurs. 

45





The sensor was used for a period of six weeks and the utility has been tested for the 

quantitative determination of Fe(III) in recovered solutions from spent lithium ion 

batteries [2]. 

HOOC 

N N H 

H 

N 

O 

O 

Figure 1. The chemical structure of 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)- 10,15,20-tris(4phenoxyphenyl)-porphyrin 

E (mV) 

660 

640 

620 

600 

580 

560 

540 

520 

500 

480 

460 

440 

N 

5 4 3 2 1 

-log[conc] 

O 

Fe3+ 

Ni2+ 

Mn2+ 

Zn2+ 

Co2+ 

Cu2+ 

Na+ 

Li+ 

Figure 2. Potentiometric response of porphyrin P1-based sensors having the optimum 

composition of the membrane toward different metal ions 



Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement 

46





n° 266090 (SOMABAT), Romanian PNCDI2 Program-Module III-EU 128/2011 and is 

a result of collaboration between the coauthors within the project 

POSDRU/21/1.5/G/38347. 

References: 

[1] Fagadar-Cosma, E.; Cseh, L.; Badea, V.; Fagadar-Cosma, G.; Vlascici, D. Combinatorial 

synthesis and characterization of new asymmetric porphyrins as potential photosensitizers in 

photodynamic therapy, Comb. Chem.High T. Scr., 10, 466-472, 2007. 

[2] Georgi-Maschler, T.; Friedrich, B.; Weyhe, R.; Heegn, H.; Rutz, M. Development of a 

Recycling Process for Li-Ion Batteries, J. Power Sources 207, 173-182, 2012. 

47





SYNTHESIS AND MORPHOLOGY CONTROL OF NOVEL 

NANOSTRUCTURED LiFePO4 CATHODE MATERIALS 

FOR Li-ION BATTERY 

Omar Ayyad 1 , Pedro Gómez-Romero 1,2 

1. Centro de Investigación en Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia, CIN2 (CSIC-ICN) and 2. 

MATGAS. 

Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. 

omar.ayyad@cin2.es, pedro.gomez@cin2.es 

Keywords: LiFePO4, cathode, Li-ion battery, solvothermal, hydrothermal, reflux, 

morphology 

Abstract 

Lithium-ion batteries are most advanced battery technology for modern portable 

electronics such as mobile phones and notebook computers. Since the introduction of 

olivine type lithium metal phosphate as potential cathode material for Li-ion batteries by 

Goodenough and coworkers in 1997, [1] significant progresses have been made in 

understanding the chemistry of this system and in manufacturing lithium metal 

phosphate materials and batteries. [2] This compound has demonstrated competitive 

electrochemical properties, although its use in pure form is limited by low ionic and 

electronic conductivity. This highly limits the electron transfer through the material. 

Therefore the use of additional electronically conductive materials as additives and/or 

C-coating of the active material particles are needed to enhance conductivity and thus 

improve the kinetics of LiFePO4 electrochemical reactions. [2,3] These drawbacks, 

however, can also be reduced by: downsizing the particles for reducing the lengths of 

ionic and electronic transport; [3,4] selective doping with supervalent cations to increase 

the intrinsic conductivity; [3] and/or morphological and textural tuning. [5] 

There are big potentials for Li-ion batteries to be used for electric vehicles, hybrid 

electric vehicles and stationary power storage. Materials research plays a key role in the 

development of the next generation of advanced Li-ion batteries with high energy 

density, high power density, and long cycle life. 

Solid state syntheses methods, which rely on using very high temperatures and multiple 

step procedures, are still the most commonly used method for commercial production of 

LiFePO4 although these methods normally lead to a poor control of morphology and 

larger particles sizes. On the other hand, other approaches, such as solvothermal and 

48





reflux reactions have provide a better alternative, offering the possibility to use cheaper 

precursor materials, lower working temperatures (≤200 ºC) and leading to better 

morphology and size control. 

This work aims to verify the solvothermal and reflux approaches for improving the size, 

morphology and electrochemical properties of lithium iron phosphates. In this work, 

solvothermal and reflux reactions were used to synthesize novel architectures of 

LiFePO4 cathode materials, and their particle sizes and shapes were controlled from the 

nanometer to sub-micrometer scales leading to peculiar self-organized sheave 

formations. In these lower temperature (180-200ºC) approaches, environmentally 

benign and inexpensive precursors have been used. These approaches are shown to be 

simple, highly reproducible and cost-effective. Therefore, they could be a good 

alternative to replace the commonly used high-energy solid state techniques employed 

for the production of LiFePO4. The crystalline structures of the synthesized cathode 

materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, and their morphologies were 

analyzed by SEM and TEM. 

The LiFePO4 nanostructure materials synthesized by reflux approach (LFPR) in this 

work exhibited uniform and beautiful morphology. A SEM photograph shows a very 

homogeneous sample consisting of intricate agglomerates (approx. 4 µm lengths and 3 

µm widths; Figure 1.A) in the shape of dense, space-filling sheaves. The grown sheaf 

particles are formed of self-assembled needles (approx. 2-4 µm length and 30-40 nm 

diameters; Figure 1.B). Each sheaf consisting of two urchin-like sub-structures. The 

nanostructured LiFePO4 material shown in Figure 1.B was synthesized using a 

solvothermal method ((LFPS) by using a different iron precursor, different synthetic 

method, and different molar ratios from the one obtained using the reflux approach 

described above. This method has led to those astonishing superstructures formed in 

turn by sheave blocks. 

The resulting fuzzy octahedra (approx. 5 µm diameter) consist of monodispersed sheaflike 

units with a diameter ranging from 1 to 2 µm formed in turn by nanometer sized 

self-assembled needle primary particles. Additionally, it has been proven that this 

unusual and previously unreported morphology is directed simply by controlling the 

synthesis parameters such as temperature, time, precursor‟s type and precursor‟s molar 

ratio. This curious morphology is possibly grown via solvothermal Ostwald ripening 

process of sheaf-like units. Nevertheless, the detailed formation mechanism of the 

presented nanostructured LiFePO4 materials has not been fully explained yet. 

49





Figure 1. SEM and TEM images of pristine LiFePO4 nano and microstructures 

synthesized through Reflux method (A) and Solvothermal method (B). 

References: 

[1] Padhi A.K. et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 (4): 1188-1194, 1997. 

[2] Dunn B. et al., Science, 334 (6058): 928-935, 2011. 

[3] Chung S.Y., et al., Nat. Mater. 1 (2): 123-128, 2002. 

[4] Wang Y.G. et al., Angew Chem.Int. Ed., 47 (39): 7461-7465, 2008. 

[5] Liu J. et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 4 (3): 885-888, 2011. 

50





LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF CARBON XEROGELS 

Raphaëlle Melon, Roberto Renzoni, Alexandre Leonard, Nathalie Job, Angélique 

Leonard 

Laboratory of chemical Engineering, University of Liège 

17 allée de la chimie, 4000 Liège, Belgium 

Raphaelle.melon@ulg.ac.be; r.renzoni@ulg.ac.be; a.leonard@ulg.ac.be 

Keywords: LCA, ReCiPe, carbon xerogels, comparison, drying technology 

Introduction 

In the framework of the SOMABAT European project, a life cycle assessment applied 

to the production of carbon xerogels was carried out. These carbon materials with 

controlled texture are thought to be used as active material at the anode side. 

Methodology 

This analysis focuses on the transport of raw materials and the synthesis of carbon 

xerogels. Their use as active material in the anode of lithium-polymer batteries will be 

considered later. The functional unit is the synthesis of 1 kg of carbon xerogels and the 

used method is ReCiPe endpoint. The synthesis is carried out in four steps: (1) transport 

of reagents by truck and homogenization of synthesis reagents by mechanical agitation, 

(2) reaction, gelification, and gel aging in an oven at 85 °C for two or three days, (3) 

drying and (4) pyrolysis under a nitrogen flow. For drying, three technologies were 

compared: 

- Vacuum drying („vacuum‟): the sample is simply kept at 60 °C and the pressure is 

progressively decreased in one day from 10 5 Pa to 10 3 Pa. The sample is then heated 

to 150 °C at 10 3 Pa during 5h. 

- Convective drying („conv.‟): the sample is dried in a classical convective rig under a 

hot air flow at 115 °C with a superficial velocity of 2 m/s and ambient humidity. 

- Microwave drying („MW‟): the sample is dried in a cavity oven using a power of 

1000 kW for 30 minutes. 

Results and discussion 

The results (Table 1) show that vacuum drying is the technique that uses the most 

energy with 96.8% of the environmental impacts associated with this step. Microwave 

drying uses less energy compared to the vacuum technique but presents an important 

environmental contribution of 58.6 %. For convective drying under a hot air stream, it 

represents only 6.4% of the total impact of the synthesis because its low energy demand. 

Moreover, the energy demand corresponds to a heat consumption and not electricity as 

in the other two cases. Heat production is assumed to be produce from natural gas. 

51





Vacuum Convective Microwave 

Reagents 2.2 65.4 28.9 

Aging 0.4 11.5 5.1 

Drying 96.8 6.4 58.6 

Pyrolysis 0.6 16.7 7.4 

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Table 1 : Environmental contributions of synthesis steps 

The single score chart (Figure 1) which identifies the involved impact categories for the 

whole production process, confirms the previous results. The vacuum technology has a 

single score around 64 points while the two other drying technologies are below 10 

points. The involved impact categories are mainly due to the energy needs of processes, 

particularly the high demand for electricity. 

Figure 1 : Single score for the 3 production way of carbon xerogels 

Conclusions 

From this analysis, it appears that convective drying, in view of its lower environmental 

impact, is the most appropriate drying technique for an industrial-scale production of 

carbon xerogels. 

References 

1. ADEME, Les procédés de séchage dans l’industrie, (2000) Angers. 

2. Arlabosse, P., Séchage industriel ; Aspects pratiques, Techniques de l‟ingénieur. 

3. Vachet, F., Séchage dans l’industrie chimique, Techniques de l‟ingénieur. 

4. Vasseur, J., Séchage : principes et calcul d’appareils. Séchage convectif par air chaud, Techniques 

de l‟ingénieur. 



Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement n°NMP3-SL- 

2010-266090. 

52





LITHIUM BATTERY CELL TO PACK INTEGRATION 

FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES 

Peter Dooley 

Cleancarb, 2a Rue Schmitz, 8190 Kopstal, Luxembourg 

pdooley@pt.lu 

Keywords: pouch cells, cylindrical and block type, integration, energy density, 

mechanical interfaces, servicability. 

Abstract 

Here different type of Lithium battery packs is discussed.Most Lithium battery packs 

for Evs are based on several different cell architectures.The most common types of 

battery cells in use are cylindrical type, block type and pouch type cells. All of these 

types of cells have their advantages and disadvantages. 

Cylindrical and block types have excellent mechanical properties and relatively low 

energy densities. 

Pouch type cells on the other hand are lightweight but suffer in terms of mechanical 

strength and stability. However they offer many advantages over block and cylindrical 

cells in terms of volume packaging. 

Joining pouch cells together is usually carried out using mechanical fixing clamps , 

ultrasonice welding, brazing etc. 

Cylindircal and block cells are usually fixed together mechanically using screws, bolts 

and busbars. 

This paper will also address areas such as safety and serviceability of Lithium Battery 

packs etc. 

References: 

1. A.A. Pesaran, G.-H. Kim, and M. Keyser., Integration Issues of Cells into battery pack for Plug-In 

and Hybrid Electric Vehicles,EVS 24, 2009 

2. McBride M.W., Title of the book, 2nd Ed., vol. 3, New York, Academic Press, pp. 270 – 373, 2000. 

53





POLYSTIRENE-DIVINYL BENZEN GELS - COMPOSITE 

PROPER FOR REDUCTION OF Cr (VI) 

Adriana Popa, 1* Nicoleta Plesu, 1 Smaranda Iliescu, 1 Lavinia Macarie, 1 Gheorghe 

Ilia 1 


Romania, email: apopa@acad-icht.tm.edu.ro 

Keywords: polystyrene-divinilbenzene gels, hexavalent chromium reduction, 

composite, pollution prevention 

Abstract 

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines Green Chemistry (GC) as the use 

of chemistry for pollution prevention at molecular level. [1] The mission of GC is to 

promote innovative chemical technologies that reduce or eliminate the use or generation 

of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and use of chemical products. [2] 

There are many types of battery which utilize one or more toxic heavy metals. Heavy 

metals from batteries can leach out of landfills and pollute water sources. When 

batteries are incinerated, the heavy metals present in them can contaminate the 

environmental media (water, ash and air). 

The common household alkaline batteries, AAA, AA, C, D, 9-volt can contain mercury, 

chromium and zinc. The lead-acid one used in vehicles, wheelchairs, forklifts, and 

portable generators contains lead and lithium battery used in some cameras can contain 

chromium. It is necessary to find proper method to eliminate or recover the heavy 

metals from pollute sources. 

The aim of this paper was to obtain a composite polystyrene-divinylbenzene gels 

(Dovex 1)- polyaniline (PANI) and to study the possibility of reduction of hexavalent 

chromium present in pollute water sources with the composite. 

The composite was obtained by absorption onto a Dowex1 of emeraldine base form of 

PANI from DMF solution. The prepared composite was used to reduce the Cr (VI) to Cr 

(III). In order to study the reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium, the 

potassium dichromate solution with a concentration of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/l and 

adjusted to pH=1.0 with hydrochloric acid is used. The composite is suitable for 

treatment of polluted water with 0.5-1.5 mg/l of Cr (VI). 

54











acknowledged. 

References: 

[1] Nelson, W.M. Green Solvents for Synthesis. Perspectives and Practice, Oxford University Press, New 

York, 2003. 

[2] Anastas, P.T; Heine, L.G; Williamson, T.C. In Green Chemical Syntheses and Processes, American 

Chemical Society, Washington, DC, Chapter 1, 2000. 

55





RESORCINOL-FORMALDEHYDE CARBON XEROGELS AS 

LITHIUM-ION BATTERY ANODE MATERIALS: INFLUENCE OF 

POROSITY ON CAPACITY AND CYCLING BEHAVIOUR 

Alexandre F. Leonard 1 , Marie-Laure Piedboeuf 1 , Volodymyr Khomenko 2 , Ilona 

Senyk 2 , Jean-Paul Pirard 1 , Nathalie Job 1 

1 Université de Liège, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique (B6a), B-4000 Liège, Belgium 

2 Kiev National University of Technologies and Design, 2, Nemirovich-Danchenko str., 

Kiev 01011 Ukraine. 

alexandre.leonard@ulg.ac.be 

Keywords: anode, carbon xerogel, electrochemical characterization 

Abstract 

Carbon xerogels are promising candidates in the development of new high performance 

C-based anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Indeed, their specific capacities widely 

exceed that of conventional graphitic structures, and they can be 

intercalated/deintercalated in a low-cost electrolyte based on propylene carbonate (PC), 

which has an excellent conductivity at low temperatures. In addition, such carbonaceous 

materials show very small changes of volume during the charge/discharge, providing a 

long cycle life of such an anode. Nevertheless, hard carbons also exhibit quite high 

irreversible capacity losses due to their intrinsic high microporosity and, compared to 

graphite, a poor rate performance related to slow diffusion of Li in the internal 

structure[1]. To reduce these disadvantages, the structural and textural characteristics 

need to be carefully controlled. 

Porous carbon xerogels can easily be prepared from resorcinol-formaldehyde aqueous 

mixtures, which are polymerized, dried and pyrolysed. The porosity of these xerogels is 

mainly governed by the pH of the precursor solution as well as by the drying procedure. 

Globally, these materials are composed of microporous nodules delimiting meso- or 

macroporous voids, the size of which is adjusted via the synthesis pH. Too a high 

microporosity can induce considerable irreversible capacity losses and too small 

mesopores may hinder the proper chemical diffusion of lithium ions within a bulk 

electrode material. The latter is often a rate-limiting step and optimized transport 

pathways could be provided by creating large mesopores or even macropores within the 

microporous carbon [3]. 

Here we report on the preliminary electrochemical characterization of porous carbon 

xerogels prepared by vacuum drying procedure. By adjusting the pH of the precursor 

solution, the materials obtained develop low to high values of specific surface areas and 

56





exhibit homogeneous pore sizes that range from several microns to several nanometers. 

The electrochemical performance of these materials as electrode compounds was tested 

by galvanostatic charge-discharge of 16-mm disc electrodes assembled in CR2016 coin 

cells or of 13-mm disc electrodes in home-made Swagelok-type cells. 

The first results show that all the samples show quite a high irreversible capacity during 

the first cycle; this irreversible capacity is proportional to the specific surface area. Its 

value nevertheless remains quite low for the low-surface area macroporous sample. The 

latter also shows the best reversible capacity after the second cycle, with values 

approaching that of commonly used graphite. For example, when cycled at a rate of 

C/20 for 10 cycles, this sample showed a capacity of 320 mAh/g; the value was kept at 

200 mAh/g when increasing the rate up to C/5. The long-term cycling performance was 

investigated by cycling the anodes at C/20 and C/5. Again, the macroporous sample 

behaves best, with superior capacity retention and invariable discharge capacity of ~175 

mAh/g after more than 100 cycles. The electrochemical properties of carbon xerogels 

was evaluated in the conditions which are used typically for graphite (cycles in the 

potentials range from 0.003 to 1.5 V vs. Li + /Li). A higher reversible capacity of 400 

mAh/g could be obtained for the macroporous sample using a discharge with plating of 

Li as described in [4], but this method could not be accepted in the case of Lithium-ion 

batteries. 

These first results show that carbon xerogels are very promising candidates as anode 

materials for Li batteries, providing the textural characteristics are carefully controlled. The 

ongoing work is dealing with the establishment of possible relationships between textural 

features and electrochemical performance in order to shed light on the requirements that 

will dictate the best synthesis procedures. 

References: 

[1] T. Tran, B. Yebka, X. Song, G. Nazri, K. Kinoshita and D. Curtis, J. Power Sources, 85, 269, 2000. 

[2] N. Job, A. Théry, R. Pirard, J. Marien, L. Kocon, J.-N. Rouzaud, F. Béguin and J.-P. Pirard, Carbon 

43, 2481, 2005. 

[3] F. Cheng, Z. Tao, J. Liang, and J. Chen, Chem. Mater., 20, 667, 2008. 

[4] W. Xing, J. S. Xue, J.R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc, 143, 3046, 1996. 

57



LIST of PARTICIPANTS 



European Commision PO: Dr. Erno Vandeweert 

Project Technical Assistant: Dr. Florin Babarada 

Invited EXPERTS: 

Erik Verhaeven (Invited IUG Expert-CTO 4ESYS) 

Fabio Rosciano (Invited IUG-EXPERT- Toyota) 

György Keglevich (Invited Expert, Professor, Department of Organic 

Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and 

Economics, Budapest (Hungary) 

Ewald Wachmann (Invited IUG Expert- Senior Manager Process R&D, 

Austriamicrosystems AG, Coordinator „ESTRELIA“, www.estrelia.eu) 

Viorel Stanciu (Invited Expert -ICPE SA- Bucuresti, Romania) 

SPONSOR: 

S.C. COROZIN S.R.L. 

58





Participants - Members of SOMABAT-FP7 Project 

COMPANY 

ITE 

Université de Liege 

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones 

Científicas 

Das Virtuelle Fahrzeug 

Forschungsgesellschaft MBH (VIF) 

University of Kiev 

Institute of Chemistry Timisoara of 

Romanian Academy 

Cleancarb 

Recupyl 

Accurec 

Litthium Balance 

Cegasa 

Umicore 

Atos Origin 

NAME/SURNAME 

Esther Mocholi 

Mayte Gil -Agusti 

Leire Zubizarreta 

Alexandre Leonard 

Nathalie Job 

Marie-Laure Piedboeuf 

Raphaëlle Melon 

Pedro Gómez Romero 

Omar Ayaad 

Martin Cifrain 

Franz Pichler 

Viacheslav Barsukov 

Volodymir Khomenko 


Georghe Ilia 

Nicoleta Plesu 

Lavinia Macarie 

Smaranda Iliescu 

Adriana Popa 

Gheorghe Fagadar-Cosma 

Peter Dooley 

Galina Pouzankova 

Farouk Tedjar 

Isabelle Desnuee 

Reiner Weyhe 


Iratxe de Meatza 

David Merchin 

Silvia Castellvi 

59

Notes 





60

Notes 





61

(ICT-ROMANIA) & Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía in Valencia

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