Sealed Rad. Sources ANG.qxd - Epsilon NDT

Sealed
Radiation Sources

The company
POLATOM Sp. z o.o. is an enterprise focused on production and trade activity in the field of
isotope application. Our production range includes radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear medicine,
radiochemicals, standard solutions and reference sources for R&D, and sealed radiation sources
for industrial applications.
POLATOM Sp. z o.o. is present in the market of radioisotope products for over 50 years, until
the end of 2004 in the structure of Radioisotope Centre POLATOM and since then as a company
Ltd. The company is located in vicinity of the Nuclear Reactor in Otwock-Âwierk, near Warsaw.
Reliable supplier of sealed radiation sources
The quality sealed source for gamma radiography should have active part sizes as small as
possible. POLATOM cares for the quality of your radiographic images and supplies high activity
Ir-192 sources with the smallest active part available in the market.
We have experience, qualifications and facilities to provide the highest level of service in
handling radioactive materials and various types of gamma radiography equipment.
We can offer you reloading of sealed source in your projector or holder in our facility, including
disposal of the spent source, and send back the projector ready to work.
In case you require a source dispatched in our container – we use containers type A or the
following B(U) containers: UKI 4x135; ZKI 4x150; UK12S; UK50S.
The overall sizes, weight and maximum activity for typical containers are specified below:
maximum activity for nuclide
Container type/ Height Diameter Weight Ir-192 Co-60 Se-75 Yb-169
[mm] [mm] [kg] [TBq] [GBq] [TBq] [TBq]
UKI 4x135* 270 146 41 4.99 3.36 37 74
ZKI 4x150* 298 150 65 5.55 3.73 41.15 82.30
UK 12S 330 280 100 44 29.60 370 -
UK 50S 420 325 185 185 74.00 1630 -
* Maximum activity in each of four channels
2

Standards, quality control and safety
POLATOM Sp. z o.o. implemented Quality Assurance System according to PN-EN-ISO 9001: 2001
in desing, production, sales isotopic products and radiopharmaceuticals, services of isotopic
equipment, transport and dispatching of radioactive materials. And also follows the standards
for International Control System of radioactive materials.
ISO 2919 – this international standard establishes a system of classification of sealed
radioactive sources based on tests and specifies general requirements, performance tests,
production tests, marking and certification.
It provides a set of tests by which manufacturer can evaluate the safety of his products in use.
And also specifies the sealed sources classification (performance) requirements for typical use.
Classification of sealed source performance:
Test / Class 1 2 3 4 5 6
Temperature No test -40°C (20min) -40°C (20min) -40°C (20min) -40°C (20min) -40°C (20min)
+80°C (1h) +180°C (1h) +400°C (1h) +600°C (1h) +800°C (1h)
and thermal and thermal and thermal
shock 400°C shock 600°C shock 800°C
to 20°C to 20°C to 20°C
External No test 25kPa 25kPa 25kPa 25kPa 25kPa
pressure absolute to absolute to absolute to absolute to absolute to
atmospheric 2 MPa 7 MPa 70 MPa 170 MPa
pressure absolute absolute absolute absolute
Impact No test 50g from 1m 200g from 1m 2kg from 1m 5kg from 1m 20kg from 1m
Vibrations No test 3x10 min at 3x10 min at 3x30 min
25Hz to 50Hz 25Hz to 50Hz 25Hz to 80Hz
at 5g n peak 5g n peak 1.5mm amplitude
amplitude amplitude and peak to peak
50Hz to 90Hz and 80Hz to
at 0.635mm 2000Hz at
amplitude 20g n peak
peak to peak
and 90Hz to
500Hz at 10g n
Puncture No test 1g from 1m 10g from 1m 50g from 1m 300g from 1m 1kg from 1m
Quality control
Testing for leakage and contamination - ISO 9978.
Wipe test - with a swab or tissue, moistened with ethanol or water, the removed activity is
measured. Acceptance limit: 200 Bq (5 nCi).
Immersion test - in water or other solvent at 50°C for 4 hours and then the activity in the solvent
is measured. Acceptance limit: 200 Bq (5 nCi).
3

Safety
International basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation, personal measurements,
measurements of containers, holders, projectors etc. are applied to all our sources. Our priority is to
ensure safety to the user and anyone handling the transport.
The special form sources according to IAEA Special Form - requires tests for sealed sources given
in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material 2005 Edition
No. TS-R-1. This is to determine the acceptable maximum activity for various transport containers.
After each required test the source must be subjected to immersion testing.
Sealed Sources for Radiography
The following sources are used for approximate steel working thickness:
Source Class A Class B
Ytterbium Yb-169 1 - 15 mm 2 - 12 mm
Selenium Se-75 10 - 40 mm 14 - 40 mm
Iridium Ir-192 20 - 100 mm 20 - 90 mm
Cobalt Co-60 40 - 200 mm 60 - 150 mm
Yb-169 for Al and Ti 10 - 70 mm 25 - 55 mm
Se-75 for Al and Ti 35-120 mm –
Steel thickness may be reduced to 10mm for Ir-192 end to 5 mm for Se-75
Exposure rate at 1 meter
Nuclide Equivalent activity Exposure rate Air KERMA rate
Yb-169 37GBq (1 Ci) 0.125 R/h 1.1 mGy/h
Se-75 37GBq (1 Ci) 0.203 R/h 1.8 mGy/h
Ir-192 37GBq (1 Ci) 0.48 R/h 4.2 mGy/h
Co-60 37GBq (1 Ci) 1.30 R/h 11 mGy/h
4

Ytterbium-169
Main application:
Gamma Radiography
Half-life:
32 days
Recommended working life: 6 months
Radiation energies Eγ [MeV]:
0.063 (43.9%) 0.118 (1.9%) 0.198 (35.1%)
0.094 (2.6%) 0.131 (11.2%) 0.261 (1.7%)
0.110 (17.6%) 0.177 (21.5%) 0.308 (10.8%)
Radioactive decay:
Yb-169
Days from date of measurement 0 2 4 6 8
0 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.84
10 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.68
20 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.55
30 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
40 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.35
50 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29
60 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23
70 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18
80 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15
90 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12
Description:
Capsules:
Identification:
Double titanium capsule argon arc welded, containing
the isotope as pressed ytterbium oxide.
YA
by serial number
Code capsule type Active part Φ [mm] x h [mm] Maximum Activity [GBq] [Ci]
YB1YA YA 1x1 166.5 4.5
YB2YA YA 1.4x1.6 444 12*
YB3YA YA 1(spherical) 259 7*
* activity depends on enrichment of target material
Capsule dimensions and safety performance testing
Code Capsule type External dimensions Capsule material ISO classification
Φ [mm] x h [mm]
YB1YAT YA 5 x 8 titanium C 64445
YA Capsule
5

Selenium-75
Main application:
Gamma Radiography
Half-life:
120 days
Recommended working life: 2 years
Radiation energies Eγ [MeV]:
0.066 (1.1%) 0.121 (17.3%) 0.199 (1.5%) 0.280 (25.2%) 0.401 (11.6%)
0.097 (3.5%) 0.136 (59.0%) 0.265 (59.1%) 0.305 (1.4%) and others
Radioactive decay:
Se-75
Days from date of measurement 0 4 8 12 16
0 1.0000 0.9771 0.9548 0.9329 0.9116
20 0.8907 0.8703 0.8504 0.8310 0.8120
40 0.7934 0.7752 0.7575 0.7402 0.7232
60 0.7067 0.6905 0.6747 0.6593 0.6442
80 0.6295 0.6151 0.6010 0.5873 0.5738
100 0.5607 0.5479 0.5353 0.5231 0.5111
120 0.4994 0.4880 0.4768 0.4659 0.4553
140 0.4448 0.4347 0.4247 0.4150 0.4055
160 0.3962 0.3872 0.3783 0.3697 0.3612
180 0.3529 0.3449 0.3370 0.3293 0.3217
200 0.3144 0.3072 0.3002 0.2933 0.2866
220 0.2800 0.2736 0.2674 0.2612 0.2553
240 0.2494 0.2437 0.2381 0.2327 0.2274
260 0.2222 0.2171 0.2121 0.2073 0.2025
280 0.1979 0.1934 0.1889 0.1846 0.1804
300 0.1763 0.1722 0.1683 0.1644 0.1608
320 0.1570 0.1534 0.1499 0.1465 0.1431
340 0.1398 0.1366 0.1335 0.1305 0.1275
Description:
Capsules:
Identification:
Double capsule containing the isotope as pressed selenium powder. Internal
titanium capsule laser welded, external stainless steel capsule argon arc welded.
M12
by serial number
Code capsule type Active part Φ [mm] x h [mm] Maximum Activity [GBq] [Ci]
GS75M12.111 M12 1x1 111 3
GS75M12.311 1.5x1.5 296 8
GS75M12.711 2x2 740 20
GS75M12.112 2.5x2.5 1480 40
GS75M12.412 3x3 2960 80
Capsule dimensions and safety performance testing
Code Capsule type External dimensions Capsule material ISO classification
Φ [mm] x h [mm]
GS75M12 M12 6 x 20 Titanium/steel C 63545
6
M12 Capsule

Iridium-192
Main application:
Gamma Radiography
Half-life:
74 days
Recommended working life: 1 year
Radiation energies Eγ [MeV]:
0.206 (3.4%) 0.308 (30.7%) 0.468 (47.0%) 0.589 (4.4%) 0.612 (5.3%)
0.296 (29.6%) 0.316 (82.7%) 0.484 (2.9%) 0.604 (8.2%)
Radioactive decay:
Ir-192
Days from date
of measurement 0 5
0 1.00 0.95
10 0.91 0.87
20 0.83 0.79
30 0.75 0.72
40 0.69 0.66
50 0.63 0.60
Radioactive decay:
Ir-192
Days from date
of measurement 0 5
60 0.57 0.54
70 0.52 0.49
80 0.47 0.45
90 0.43 0.41
100 0.39 0.37
110 0.36 0.34
Description:
Capsules:
Identification:
Stainless steel capsule argon arc welded, containing iridium pellets.
HA, HB, YA
by serial number
Code capsule type Active part Φ [mm] x h [mm] Maximum Activity [GBq] [Ci]
IR1HA HA 1.0x0.4 148 4
1.0x0.6 222 6
1.0x1.0 370 10
1.5x1.0 666 18
1.5x1.2 777 21
1.5x1.6 1110 30
2.0x1.0 1184 32
2.0x1.2 1460 38
2.0x1.6 1850 50
2.0x2.0 2294 62
IR1HB HB 3.0x2.0 3700 100
3.0x2.2 4255 115
3.0x2.4 4440 120
3.0x3.0 6475 175
IR1YA YA 3.0x4.0 8140 220
Capsule dimensions and safety performance testing
Code Capsule type External dimensions Capsule material ISO classification
Φ [mm] x h [mm]
IR1HA HA 4x5 Stainless steel (1H18N9T) C 64344
IR1HB HB 4x6 Stainless steel (1H18N9T) C 64344
IR1YA YA 5x8 Stainless steel (1H18N9T) C 64344
7

HA Capsule
HB Capsule
YA Capsule
Cobalt-60
Application:
Gamma radiography and process control, point or linear sources.
Half-life:
5.27 years
Recommended working life: 10 years
Radiation energies Eγ [MeV]:
1.17 (100%) 1.33 (100%)
Radioactive decay Cobalt-60:
Co-60
Months from date of measurement 0 2 4 6 8
0 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92
10 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82
20 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.74
30 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66
40 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.59
50 0.58 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.53
8

Point sources in capsules: HB, YA, HB/HK
Description:
Identification:
Nickel plated disks of cobalt are sealed in stainless steel capsule welded
in argon arc. Alternatively in double stainless steel capsule.
by serial number
Code capsule type Active part Φ [mm] x h [mm] Maximum Activity [GBq] [Ci]
CO1HB HB 3x3 37 1
CO1YA YA 3x3 37 1
CO1HK HB/HK 3x3 370 10
Capsule dimensions and safety performance testing
Code Capsule type External dimensions Capsule material ISO classification
Φ [mm] x h [mm]
CO1HB HB 4x6 Stainless steel C 64344
(1H18N9T)
CO1YA YA 5x8 Stainless steel C 64344
CO1HK HB/HK 5x10 Stainless steel C 64344
HB Capsule
YA Capsule
HB/HK Capsule
9

Linear Sources in capsules: LA - LG
Description:
Identification:
Nickel plated rods 40mm long, diameter 1mm. The active rods of cobalt are sealed
in aluminium and stainless steel capsules welded in argon arc.
by serial number
Code Capsule type External dimensions Active part Maximum Activity
Φ [mm] x h [mm] Φ [mm] x h [mm] [GBq] [mCi]
CO1LA LA 8x50-490 1x40-480
CO1LB LB 8x500 1x490
CO1LC LC 8x600 1x590
CO1LD LD 8x750 1x740 1.85 50
CO1LE LE 8x900 1x890
CO1LF LF 8x1100 1x1090
CO1LG LG 8x1300 1x1290
Container for linear sources
Source loading services
The sources may be loaded
to various types of projector
holders
Gammamat holder
Sentinel holder
10

SI Units
The following units are recommended for radioactivity and absorbed dose. The equivalence
between the SI units and traditional units is specified in the table below.
Physical quantity SI unit Traditional unit Relationship
Radioactivity becquerel [Bq] curie [Ci] 1 Ci = 3.7x10 10 Bq
1Bq = 2.7x10 -11 Ci
Absorbed dose gray [Gy] rad 1 rad = 0.01 Gy
1 Gy = 100 rad
Changing the units
Curies to Becquerels
0.1 mCi 3.7 MBq
0.2 mCi 7.4 MBq
0.5 mCi 18.5 MBq
1 mCi 37 MBq
2 mCi 74 MBq
5 mCi 185 MBq
10 mCi 370 MBq
20 mCi 740 MBq
50 mCi 1.85 GBq
100 mCi 3.7 GBq
200 mCi 7.4 GBq
500 mCi 18.5 GBq
1 Ci 37 GBq
2 Ci 74 GBq
5 Ci 185 GBq
10 Ci 370 GBq
100 Ci 3.7 TBq
Becquerels to Curies
1 MBq 0.027 mCi
2 MBq 0.054 mCi
5 MBq 0.135 mCi
10 MBq 0.270 mCi
20 MBq 0.540 mCi
50 MBq 1.350 mCi
100 MBq 2.703 mCi
200 MBq 5.405 mCi
500 MBq 13.50 mCi
1 GBq 27.03 mCi
2 GBq 54.04 mCi
5 GBq 135.0 mCi
10 GBq 270.3 mCi
20 GBq 540.5 mCi
50 GBq 1.350 Ci
100 GBq 2.703 Ci
1 TBq 27.03 Ci
11

POLATOM Sp. z o.o. 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, POLAND
phone: (+48 22) 718 07 37; 718 07 64; 718 07 54, fax: (+48 22) 779 73 81
e-mail: polatom@polatom.pl, www.polatom.pl
2007